1245:, or Brahman without form or qualities. It is a state of complete knowledge of self as being identical with the transcendental Brahman, a state of mental-spiritual enlightenment (Jnana yoga). It contrasts with Saguna Brahman which is a state of loving awareness (Bhakti yoga). Advaita Vedanta non-dualistically holds that Brahman is divine, the Divine is Brahman, and this is identical to that which is
55:
1433:. It is neither wakefulness, dreaming, nor deep sleep. It exists in the junction between any of these three states, i.e. between waking and dreaming, between dreaming and deep sleep, and between deep sleep and waking. In Kashmir Shaivism there exists a fifth state of consciousness called Turiyatita –
1268:
The knowers of Truth declare knowledge alone as the
Reality——that knowledge which does not admit of duality (the distinction of subject & object), in other words, which is indivisible & one without a second, & which is called by different names such as Brahman (the Absolute), Paramatma
1263:
Advaita describes the features of a nondualistic experience, in which a subjective experience also becomes an "object" of knowledge and a phenomenal reality. The
Absolute Truth is both subject and object, so there is no qualitative difference:
1861:
For monist school of
Hinduism, see: B Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis – Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages
1798:
Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English
Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European languages, Oxford University Press, Article on
2247:
1851:
For dualism school of
Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press,
1423:
In
Kashmir Shaivism, Svachhanda Bhairava is considered as the supreme form of Shiva. Kashmir Shaivism consider Svachhanda Bhairava as Para Brahman. Kashmir Shaivism holds
2209:
1276:"Whoever realizes the Supreme Brahma attains to supreme felicity. That Supreme Brahma is Eternal Truth (satyam), Omniscient (jnanam), Infinite (anantam)." (
2224:
2186:
1504:, the four-armed Vishnu describes Mahā Kāli as Nirguna, creatrix and destructrix, beginningless and deathless. The Kāli Sahasranama Stotra from the
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1256:
is a "state of being" in which all dualistic distinctions between one's own soul and
Brahman are obliterated and are overcome. In contrast,
2403:
1127:" that which is beyond all descriptions and conceptualisations. It is described as the formlessness (in the sense that it is devoid of
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1563:, worshipped by Shiva himself, the great absolute (māhāparā), supreme (paramā), the mother of the highest reality (parāparāmba) and
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1249:(one's soul, innermost self) and nirguna (attribute-less), infinite, love, truth, knowledge, "being-consciousness-bliss".
1893:
1876:
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1839:
1819:
693:
1871:
Stephen
Philips (1998), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida (Editor; Edward Craig), Routledge,
2173:
2196:
2350:
1068:
1296:"The One is Bliss. Whoever perceives the Blissful One, the reservoir of pleasure, becomes blissful forever." (
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is where the distinctions are harmonized after duality between one's own soul and
Brahman has been accepted.
1673:
17:
1547:
or
Primordial Kali, who is the origin, protectress and devourer of all things. In Chapters 13 and 23 of
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in the universe. In major schools of Hindu philosophy it is the immaterial, efficient, formal and final
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in its energetic state, the ultimate reality. According to the Devi Suktam and Sri Suktam in the
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62:
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vadanti tat tattva-vidas tattvam, yaj jnanam advayam brahmeti paramatmeti, bhagavan iti sabdyate
2100:
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2049:
The Mahabharata of Khrisna-Dwaipayana Vyasa; XII. The Book of Peace Part Two: Vol. XII Part. 2
2003:
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1608:
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is a Sanskrit word that means "higher" in some contexts, and "highest or supreme" in others.
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Michael Comans (2002), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta, Motilal Banarsidass,
1688:
1643:
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Mahā Kāli's own form is referred to as Para Brahman (parabrahmasvarūpiṇī) in the
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The Upanishads state that the Supreme Brahma is Eternal, Conscious, and Blissful
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is considered to be the Para Brahman both with and without qualities, and also
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Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (31 December 1972).
1814:, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing.
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Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent
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describes Vishnu to be the Para Brahman, and is also identified with both
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Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016).
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describes the ten-headed Kāli as the Unborn, the Eternal, Mahamari and
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brahma-vid apnoti param, tad eshabhyukta, satyam jnanam anantam brahma
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Malkovsky, B. (1997), "The Personhood of Samkara's" Para Brahma"",
1986:
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is the supreme form of Adi Parashakti. Her eternal abode is called
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1477:'s epithet is Brahmamayi, meaning "She Whose Essence is Brahman".
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which represents Parabrahman. Turiyatita, also called the void or
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attributes, causing him to be the only one worthy of the epithet
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2404:"VEDA - Vedas and Vedic Knowledge Online - Vedic Encyclopedia"
1269:(the Supreme Spirit or Oversoul) & Bhagavan (the Deity). (
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1581:. She is also variously referred to as Soul of the universe,
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is the state where one attains liberation otherwise known as
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is considered to be Para Brahman, especially in his form of
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1397:, Shiva is described to be the only deity to possess both
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is regarded to be Para Brahman, especially in his form of
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of all that exists. Brahman is a key concept found in the
2076:
Srimad-Bhagavatam, Second Canto: The Cosmic Manifestation
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1834:
PT Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge,
1429:, or the fourth state of consciousness, as the state of
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sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBrihan_Nila_Tantram1938 (
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Para Brahman is conceptualised in diverse ways. In the
54:
2002:
Vishwananda, Paramahamsa Sri Swami (12 January 2017).
1899:
1968:
1935:
1911:
1987:
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda (13 July 2021).
1144:, i.e., the attribute-less Absolute. Conversely, in
2216:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKalika_Kulasarvasva (
2212:
1241:In Advaita Vedanta, the Para Brahman is defined as
1766:. University of California Press. pp. 55–56.
1740:raso vai sa, rasam hy evayam labdhvanandi bhavati
29:Metaphysical concept, Supreme Brahman in Hinduism
2424:
2201:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVijñanananda1921 (
2359:White, C.S.J. (1970), "Krsna as Divine Child",
2290:Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction
2129:Siva Purana - English Translation - Part 1 of 4
2105:. Himalayan Academy Publications. p. 407.
1753:
1508:states that she is supreme (paramā) and indeed
1288:. The realisation of this truth is the same as
1391:, the supreme form of Shiva. According to the
2079:. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. p. 700.
1069:
2192:
2178:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPargiter1904 (
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1303:"Verily know the Supreme One to be Bliss." (
1138:tradition, the Para Brahman is a synonym of
2269:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAvalon1913b (
2265:
2028:
2001:
1152:traditions, the Para Brahman is defined as
2072:
2008:. Bhakti Marga Publications. p. 854.
1842:, page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII
1229:and is extensively discussed in the early
1076:
1062:
2304:
2046:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (24 January 2024).
1929:
1158:, i.e., the Absolute with attributes. In
2340:
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2143:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (10 March 2010).
2005:Shreemad Bhagavad Gita: The Song of Love
1905:
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2406:. www.veda.harekrsna.cz. Archived from
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1974:
1962:
1950:
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1551:she is called the cause of everything,
1217:in Hinduism connotes the Absolute, the
14:
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2299:Living Religions: A Brief Introduction
2296:
2052:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 610.
1917:
1473:she is the womb of all creation. Thus
2358:
1825:
1786:
2146:Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition
2035:. Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 89.
2029:Ritajananda, Swami (15 July 2022).
1412:
1233:and in Advaita Vedanta literature.
24:
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1186:is held to be Para Brahman by the
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1371:is described to be Para Brahman.
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1995:
1980:
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1722:
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1182:respectively are Para Brahman.
1882:
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1311:
13:
1:
1747:
1324:. He is also depicted as the
2433:Hindu philosophical concepts
2345:, Rowman & Littlefield,
2292:, University of Hawaii Press
2102:Merging with Siva pocketbook
1252:According to Eliot Deutsch,
1201:
7:
1674:Padanilam Parabrahma Temple
1596:
1452:
1374:
1115:
10:
2454:
2280:
2032:The Practice Of Meditation
1989:"Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 1.2.11"
1506:Kalika Kulasarvasva Tantra
1416:
1004:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
633:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
277:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
2297:Fisher, Mary Pat (2012),
1104:
1050:Other Indian philosophies
798:
778:
762:
746:
1896:, pages 129–130, 216–231
1705:
1305:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
694:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
2341:Sullivan, B.M. (2001),
2307:The Journal of Religion
2288:Deutsch, Eliot (1973),
1859:, pages 51–58, 111–115;
1435:the state beyond Turiya
679:Nigamananda Paramahansa
2343:The A to Z of Hinduism
1150:Vishistadvaita Vedanta
321:Shakti Vishishtadvaita
1609:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1555:, Lakshmi, Mahāmāyā,
1501:Devi Bhagavata Purana
568:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
548:Achintya Bheda Abheda
256:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
249:Achintya Bheda Abheda
2361:History of Religions
2126:J.L.Shastri (1950).
1298:Taittiriya Upanishad
1278:Taittiriya Upanishad
893:Principal Upanishads
558:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
2214:Kalika Sahasranama.
2193:Vijñanananda (1921)
1328:, according to the
401:Raghunatha Siromani
1810:James Lochtefeld,
1541:Mahanirvana Tantra
2156:978-0-7914-8011-3
2132:. pp. 62–63.
2112:978-1-934145-11-1
2086:978-91-7149-635-5
2059:978-3-385-32443-5
2015:978-3-940381-70-5
1773:978-0-520-28847-8
1491:Markandeya Purana
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1413:Kashmir Shaivism
1364:Bhagavata Purana
1316:In Vaishnavism,
1271:Bhagavata Purana
1219:Ultimate Reality
1123:is the "Supreme
1121:Hindu philosophy
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905:Other scriptures
898:Minor Upanishads
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293:Shaiva Siddhanta
270:Ekasarana Dharma
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1644:Parbrahm Ashram
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1286:sat-chit-ânanda
1254:Nirguna Brahman
1243:nirguna brahman
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1237:Advaita Vedanta
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1141:nirguna brahman
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2410:on 1 June 2022
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2397:External links
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1463:Adi Parashakti
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2017:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1977:, p. 12.
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1953:, p. 13.
1952:
1947:
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1096:Param Brahman
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945:Brahma Sutras
943:
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912:Bhagavad Gita
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729:Radhakrishnan
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528:Shuddhadvaita
526:
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351:Integral yoga
348:
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335:Shiva Advaita
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242:Shuddhadvaita
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44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
27:
19:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2364:
2360:
2342:
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2226:
2211:
2188:
2165:
2145:
2138:
2128:
2121:
2101:
2095:
2075:
2068:
2048:
2041:
2031:
2024:
2004:
1997:
1982:
1975:Deutsch 1973
1970:
1963:Deutsch 1973
1958:
1951:Deutsch 1973
1925:
1913:
1901:
1884:
1867:
1847:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1782:
1762:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1649:Mahaganapati
1571:
1569:
1557:Parameshwari
1548:
1540:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1456:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1402:
1398:
1394:Shiva Purana
1392:
1378:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1315:
1292:this truth:
1289:
1283:
1262:
1257:
1253:
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1242:
1240:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1184:Mahaganapati
1153:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1095:
1094:
1090:Para Brahman
1089:
1088:
1087:
1021:
994:Arthashastra
989:Dharmaśāstra
960:Nyāya Sūtras
930:
929:
904:
883:
852:
828:
643:Swaminarayan
508:Madhvacharya
499:(Tattvavada)
462:Adi Shankara
365:
349:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
300:Pratyabhijna
298:
291:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
201:
184:
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
31:
26:
1918:Fisher 2012
1879:, pages 1–4
1549:Nila Tantra
1537:Brahmavidya
1522:Mahalakshmi
1346:Mahabharata
1312:Vaishnavism
1160:Vaishnavism
970:Yoga Sutras
922:Vachanamrut
877:Atharvaveda
830:Major texts
780:Vaisheshika
719:Vivekananda
709:Neo-Vedanta
603:Chakradhara
593:Mahanubhava
518:Vyasatirtha
343:Neo-Vedanta
314:Pramanavada
307:Panchartika
263:Mahanubhava
211:Vaishnavite
185:Sub-schools
98:Vaisheshika
18:Parabrahman
2438:Hindu gods
2427:Categories
2367:(2): 156,
2352:8170945216
2313:(4): 541,
2174:Canto XCII
1822:, page 122
1787:White 1970
1748:References
1659:Mahavishnu
1604:Nondualism
1583:Paramatman
1561:omniscient
1443:jivanmukti
1326:Paramatman
1322:Mahavishnu
1231:Upanishads
1180:Adi Shakti
1116:parabrahma
999:Kama Sutra
885:Upanishads
513:Jayatirtha
443:(Mayavada)
431:Prabhākara
221:Bhedabheda
2389:162216194
2335:170842690
2235:Chapter 4
1684:Parashiva
1679:Paramatma
1572:Devyāgama
1539:. In the
1526:Saraswati
1498:. In the
1483:Manidvipa
1389:Parashiva
1361:. In the
1337:Yajurveda
1202:Etymology
1192:Kartikeya
1188:Ganapatya
1110:romanized
1009:Tirumurai
867:Yajurveda
771:Patanjali
724:Aurobindo
689:Bamakhepa
623:Sankardev
452:Gaudapada
126:Heterodox
1664:Narayana
1597:See also
1579:Shastras
1475:Mahakali
1459:Shaktism
1453:Shaktism
1381:Shaivism
1375:Shaivism
1369:Narayana
1358:prakriti
1300:2.7.1–2)
1196:Kaumaram
1168:Shaktism
1164:Shaivism
1105:परब्रह्म
1101:Sanskrit
1045:Hinduism
932:Shastras
872:Samaveda
807:Valluvar
578:Nimbarka
538:Vallabha
482:Ramanuja
370:Acharyas
366:Teachers
285:Shaivite
193:Smartist
154:Buddhism
140:Charvaka
63:Orthodox
39:a series
37:Part of
2381:1061907
2327:1206747
2281:Sources
1812:Brahman
1694:Vedanta
1591:Nirguna
1553:Gayatri
1496:Lakshmi
1479:Tridevi
1471:Rigveda
1467:Brahman
1431:Brahman
1407:Ishvara
1399:nirguna
1352:purusha
1334:in the
1307:2.9.28)
1273:1.2.11)
1214:Brahman
1194:by the
1125:Brahman
1112::
984:Puranas
862:Rigveda
800:Secular
748:Samkhya
441:Advaita
421:Jaimini
411:Mīmāṃsā
203:Advaita
161:Jainism
147:Ājīvika
112:Vedanta
105:Mīmāṃsā
77:Samkhya
2387:
2379:
2349:
2333:
2325:
2153:
2109:
2083:
2056:
2012:
1892:
1875:
1855:
1838:
1818:
1770:
1629:Brahma
1624:Bhakti
1576:Tantra
1518:Smriti
1447:moksha
1439:shunya
1426:turiya
1403:saguna
1318:Vishnu
1280:2.1.1)
1190:sect,
1178:, and
1172:Vishnu
1166:, and
936:Sutras
845:Smriti
787:Kaṇāda
755:Kapila
738:Others
661:Shakta
656:Tantra
497:Dvaita
235:Dvaita
168:Ajñana
2414:5 May
2385:S2CID
2377:JSTOR
2331:S2CID
2323:JSTOR
1862:18–35
1706:Notes
1639:Jnana
1565:Ātman
1533:Vidya
1530:Ātman
1514:Śruti
1510:Durga
1385:Shiva
1290:being
1247:Atman
1227:Vedas
1223:cause
1176:Shiva
1119:) in
1031:Kural
854:Vedas
840:Śruti
381:Nyaya
91:Nyaya
2416:2008
2347:ISBN
2271:help
2256:help
2241:help
2218:help
2203:help
2180:help
2151:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1800:Para
1768:ISBN
1699:Yoga
1634:Jiva
1589:and
1587:Bīja
1545:Adya
1535:and
1488:The
1401:and
1355:and
1343:The
1207:Para
1148:and
1129:Maya
934:and
764:Yoga
84:Yoga
2369:doi
2315:doi
1457:In
1445:or
1379:In
1340:.
1093:or
2429::
2383:,
2375:,
2365:10
2363:,
2329:,
2321:,
2311:77
2309:,
2233:,
2195:,
2172:,
1937:^
1827:^
1669:Om
1593:.
1585:,
1567:.
1559:,
1528:,
1524:,
1520:,
1516:,
1512:,
1485:.
1461:,
1449:.
1409:.
1383:,
1367:,
1198:.
1174:,
1170:,
1162:,
1107:,
1103::
789:,
41:on
2418:.
2371::
2317::
2273:)
2267:.
2258:)
2252:.
2243:)
2237:.
2220:)
2205:)
2199:.
2182:)
2176:.
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2115:.
2089:.
2062:.
2018:.
1991:.
1776:.
1099:(
1077:e
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372:)
368:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
