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object in free fall, with no air resistance, would follow. Engine thrust is used to exactly compensate for drag. Weightlessness begins while ascending and lasts all the way "up-and-over the hump," until the aircraft reaches a downward pitch angle of around 30 degrees. At this point, the craft is pointing downward at high speed and must begin to pull back into the nose-up attitude to repeat the maneuver. The forces are then roughly twice that of gravity on the way down, at the bottom, and up again. This lasts all the way until the aircraft is again halfway up its upward trajectory, and the pilot again reduces the thrust and lowers the nose.
65:
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while remaining stationary relative to the aircraft. Objects orbiting the earth follow elliptical orbits and are in a constant state of free fall. The flight parabola is a small section of one of these elliptical orbits, but one where the perigee (lowest point) is well inside the earth. The aircraft, of course, does not follow this section of the orbit, which is why it pulls up at the start and end of the parabolas.
386:
232:
405:
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According to former
Reduced Gravity Research Program director John Yaniec, anxiety contributes most to passengers' airsickness. The stress on their bodies creates a sense of panic and therefore causes the passenger to vomit. Yaniec gives a rough estimate of passengers, that "one third violently ill,
189:
Parabolic paths are used for the reduced gravity portion of the flight because that is the path that objects follow when acted upon only by gravity and no other outside forces such as supports or air resistance. That way, objects inside the aircraft can be in free fall and experience weightlessness
170:
Initially, the aircraft climbs with a pitch angle of 45 degrees using engine thrust and elevator controls. The sensation of weightlessness is achieved by reducing thrust and lowering the nose to maintain a neutral, or "zero lift", configuration such that the aircraft follows the same path that an
130:
Parabolic flights are sometimes used to examine the effects of weightlessness on a living organism. While humans are by far the most common passengers, non-human animals have occasionally been involved in experiments, including a notable experiment on how weightlessness affected a
427:
were used until
December 2004 and later retired. One, a KC-135A registered N930NA (also known as NASA 930, formerly USAF serial no. 59-1481), flew more than 58,000 parabolas after NASA acquired it in 1973, before being retired in 1995. It is now on display at
502:
jets. Each flight consists of around 15 parabolas, including simulations of the gravity levels of the Moon and Mars, as well as complete weightlessness. This profile allows ZERO-G's clients to enjoy weightlessness with minimal motion discomfort.
595:
where a zero-gravity intercourse scene was filmed aboard a reduced-gravity aircraft. The filming process was particularly difficult from a technical and logistical standpoint. Budget constraints allowed for only one
507:
95:
Reduced
Gravity Research Program, and one is currently operated by the Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration Programmes of the European Space Agency. The unofficial nickname "
475:
NASA concluded the
Reduced Gravity Research Program and ended operations in July 2014, due to aircraft technical problems. It is replaced with private company contracts.
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since May 2008. On June 19, 2008, this plane carried a seven-year-old boy, setting the
Guinness world record for the youngest person to fly in microgravity.
315:
806:
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178:. During such training, the airplane typically flies about 40–60 parabolic maneuvers. In about two thirds of the passengers, these flights produce
878:
174:
This aircraft is used to train astronauts in zero-g maneuvers, giving them about 25 seconds of weightlessness out of 65 seconds of flight in each
107:
Parabolic flight as a way of simulating weightlessness was first proposed by the German aerospace engineer Fritz Haber and his brother, physicist
215:
used for microgravity research. The small plane is normally not used for people to float freely and experience weightlessness; however, comedian
1565:
1387:"Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology"
681:
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1111:
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788:
752:
Campbell, Mark R. (2009). "Classics in space medicine. Possible methods of producing the gravity-free state for medical research".
1585:
326:
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Incredible
Adventures is a Florida company established in 1995, offering private zero-gravity flight training in Tampa, Florida
1385:
Phipps, WS; Yin, Z; Bae, C; Sharpe, JZ; Bishara, AM; Nelson, ES; Weaver, AS; Brown, D; McKay, TL; Griffin, D; Chan, EY (2014).
1064:
580:" on a reduced-gravity aircraft, which involved acrobatic choreography created specifically for the zero-gravity environment.
38:
1606:
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aircraft is used also to realize commercial flights for public passengers in partnership between operator
Novespace and the
1135:
511:
1595:
1190:"From Fighter Pilots To Astronauts – How IL-76 Aircraft Helped India Train Its 'Vyomnauts' For 1st Manned Space Mission"
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aircraft. ISS has flown annual microgravity research campaigns to evaluate space suits and other technologies with
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17:
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Haber, Fritz; Haber, Heinz (1950). "Possible methods of producing the gravity-free state for medical research".
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1519:
Haber, Fritz and Haber, Heinz: "Possible
Methods of Producing the Gravity-Free State for Medical Research",
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on a custom flight path to replicate the Moon's gravity. This allowed Savage to replicate the footage of
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the next third moderately ill, and the final third not at all." Vomiting is referred to as being "ill".
882:
451:
240:
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Vegitel ltd is a
Russian company that offers zero-gravity flights in an IL-76 MDK wide-body aircraft
1541:
612:
of
Private Media Group, said in 2000 "You would not want to be afraid of flying, that's for sure!"
498:
became the first company in the United States to offer zero-g flights to the general public, using
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479:
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in Switzerland. Since 1997 CNES subsidiary Novespace has handled the management of these flights.
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609:
64:
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1371:
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30:
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1112:"French astronaut performs "Moonwalk" on parabolic flight - Air & Cosmos - International"
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company, under Air Zero G brand. The aircraft has also been used for cinema purposes, with
252:
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8:
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have flown reduced-gravity missions in a variety of aircraft, including NASA's KC-135, a
136:
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159:. The aircraft is used in this way to demonstrate to astronauts what it is like to
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1601:
436:. The other (N931NA or NASA 931, formerly AF serial no. 63-7998) was also used by
1528:"The dynamics of parabolic flight: flight characteristics and passenger percepts"
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for the US market, offering comprehensive reduced-gravity services on a modified
450:; it made its final flight on October 29, 2004, and is permanently stored in the
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The aircraft gives its occupants the sensation of weightlessness by following a
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1343:"Private Spacesuit Undergoes Zero-G Testing to Prepare for Commercial Flight"
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flight path. While following this path, the aircraft and its payload are in
1416:
868:
William Tyrrell Thomson, Introduction to Space Dynamics, Dover 1986. p. 91.
773:
745:
601:
412:
NASA flew zero gravity flights on various aircraft for many years. In 1959
132:
112:
622:
617:
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108:
1160:"Zero-gravity flights go mainstream - Technology & science - Space"
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also used them to train the first batch of Indian Astronauts for the
212:
156:
85:
45:
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27:
Fixed-wing aircraft that provides brief near-weightless environments
997:
633:
walking on the Moon, disarming claims that the footage was forged.
331:
175:
152:
1398:
1136:"'The Mummy': Behind the Scenes of That Zero-G Stunt (Exclusive)"
483:
536:. It is also used to simulate the gravity of the Moon and Mars.
510:, began serving as the research and education integrator of the
385:
482:(ZERO-G) and used its aircraft, G-FORCE ONE, a modified Boeing
300:
231:
179:
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The first zero G plane to enter service in Latin America is a
99:" became popular among those who experienced their operation.
84:
that provides brief near-weightless environments for training
1590:
573:
160:
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filmed many scenes aboard NASA's KC-135 parabolic aircraft.
287:. In 2014 the A300 was phased out in favor of a more modern
163:
the Earth. During this time the aircraft does not exert any
88:, conducting research, and making gravity-free movie shots.
1272:
1243:
1214:"Mercury Astronauts in Weightless Flight on C-131 Aircraft"
881:. Jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov. 2009-03-17. Archived from
684:. Jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov. 2009-03-17. Archived from
374:
268:
124:
92:
1602:
C-135 Variants Part 6 – includes scale drawing of NASA 930
998:"Exa And Fae Develops First Zero-G Plane In Latin America"
789:"Fritz Haber, 86, Dies; Simulated Weightlessness of Space"
478:
As of 2015 NASA had a microgravity services contract with
167:
on its contents, causing the sensation of weightlessness.
465:
444:
for filming scenes involving weightlessness in the movie
362:
jet; several U.S. companies book flights on these jets.
127:, which helped lead to the creation of the vomit comet.
1086:"CNES : PR56-2004 - New parabolic flight campaign"
901:
899:
621:
NASA Moon Landing Conspiracy episode, in which it flew
303:, operated by Novespace, and has also been flown from
828:"Weightless Cats - Do Space Cats Land On Their Feet?"
896:
1547:Overbye, Dennis (March 1, 2007), "Stephen Hawking
1384:
358:In Russia, commercial flights are offered on the
72:on board a reduced-gravity aircraft in April 2007
1613:
1229:. Page hosts a NASA photograph dated 01/01/1959.
1194:Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News
91:Versions of such airplanes were operated by the
1586:About the NASA Reduced Gravity Research Program
1063:(in Dutch). Spaceflight.esa.int. Archived from
186:, giving the plane its nickname "vomit comet".
143:'s attempts to navigate in a weightless state.
111:in 1950. Both had been brought to the US after
1607:Reduced Gravity Experiment in a Nasa's KC-135A
1432:"The Physics of OK Go's Epic New Zero-G Video"
990:
918:
908:"Flying The Vomit Comet Has Its Ups And Downs"
807:"New chancellor took her own path | News"
1019:"Youngest person to experience microgravity"
457:In 2005 NASA replaced these aircraft with a
754:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
615:The ZERO-G corporation was featured in the
583:The adult entertainment production company
60:KC-135 0-G aircraft nicknamed "Vomit Comet"
1496:"'To Boldly Go': Star Trek, Sex and Space"
731:
558:
555:during reduced-gravity-aircraft training.
1406:
1206:
905:
576:recorded a music video for their single "
1011:
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751:
403:
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230:
63:
55:
37:
29:
1596:Virtual tour of the Airbus A-300 Zero-G
682:"NASA Reduced Gravity Research Program"
146:
14:
1614:
1429:
1187:
1535:NASA's weightless aircraft is retired
1526:Karmali, Faisal and Shelhamer, Mark.
1291:
1466:"Zero Gravity Sex Film Up for Award"
1294:"Zero-gravity flights go mainstream"
906:Golightly, Glen (October 20, 1999).
34:Trajectory for zero gravity maneuver
1430:Allain, Rhett (February 12, 2016).
951:"Falcon 20 - Facilities - NRC-CNRC"
926:"Reduced Gravity: Vomit Comet Blog"
512:National Research Council of Canada
420:aircraft dubbed the "vomit comet".
52:flying as the "vomit comet" in 1959
24:
1513:
1488:
1458:
489:
235:Ecuadorian crew in weightlessness.
25:
1648:
1559:
1319:"Integrated Spaceflight Services"
123:studied nausea in astronauts for
1566:Reduced Gravity Research Program
1540:Golightly, Glen (May 15, 2000).
1533:Easton, Pam (October 30, 2004).
1116:Air & Cosmos - International
707:"NASA - What's the Vomit Comet?"
380:
249:Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency
1637:Aircraft related to spaceflight
1423:
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969:
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593:The Uranus Experiment: Part Two
508:Integrated Spaceflight Services
1269:"Flight Opportunities program"
871:
862:
841:
820:
809:. news-gazette.com. 2011-10-16
799:
780:
725:
699:
674:
658:Zero Gravity Research Facility
539:
532:offers zero-g flights using a
13:
1:
1502:. 16 May 2000. Archived from
1472:. 16 May 2000. Archived from
787:Burkhard, Ford (1998-08-28).
668:
1571:Flight Opportunities program
1521:Journal of Aviation Medicine
1216:. 2006-08-02. Archived from
1166:. 2004-09-16. Archived from
977:"RMR: Rick and Zero Gravity"
734:Journal of Aviation Medicine
578:Upside Down & Inside Out
219:did so for a segment of his
193:
7:
1544:. Space.com Houston Bureau.
1530:. Acta Astronautica (2008).
1188:Sharma, Ritu (2024-03-04).
1061:"ESA's A300 Zero-G Program"
910:. space.com. Archived from
636:
600:shot, featuring the actors
534:Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700
464:(N932NA) formerly owned by
452:Pima Air & Space Museum
10:
1653:
1576:Interview with John Yaniec
1551:to the ride of his life",
1296:. NBC News. Archived from
1292:Boyle, Alan (2004-09-16).
1021:. Guinnessworldrecords.com
226:
102:
1323:Integratedspaceflight.com
353:
297:Bordeaux-MĂ©rignac airport
258:
209:National Research Council
198:
1542:Vomit Comet finds a home
879:"C-9B Flight Trajectory"
750:Summary of the article:
496:Zero Gravity Corporation
480:Zero Gravity Corporation
466:KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
416:astronauts trained in a
394:Zero Gravity Corporation
305:Paris Le Bourget airport
78:reduced-gravity aircraft
1364:"Our Training Programs"
766:10.3357/ASEM.26010.2009
559:Use in media production
399:
1140:The Hollywood Reporter
409:
396:
236:
73:
61:
53:
35:
1040:"Air Zero-G About Us"
979:. YouTube. 2011-06-16
851:. YouTube. 2011-02-04
830:. YouTube. 2011-01-11
442:Imagine Entertainment
407:
388:
234:
205:Canadian Space Agency
165:ground reaction force
67:
59:
41:
33:
1000:. Exa.ec. 2008-04-10
572:In 2016, rock group
551:is often used as an
454:in Tucson, Arizona.
434:Johnson Space Center
425:KC-135 Stratotankers
253:Ecuadorian Air Force
147:Operating principles
1537:. Associated Press.
643:Micro-g environment
585:Private Media Group
247:, operated for the
117:Operation Paperclip
82:fixed-wing aircraft
1300:on August 29, 2014
1170:on August 29, 2014
849:"Pigeons In Space"
653:Astronaut training
494:In late 2004, the
470:United States Navy
438:Universal Pictures
410:
397:
309:DĂĽbendorf Air Base
237:
74:
62:
54:
36:
459:McDonnell Douglas
371:Gaganyaan Project
360:Ilyushin Il-76MDK
295:. It is based at
277:Ilyushin Il-76MDK
16:(Redirected from
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1370:. Archived from
1368:Aurora Aerospace
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1246:. Archived from
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1092:on June 27, 2009
1088:. Archived from
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957:on June 11, 2011
953:. Archived from
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709:. Archived from
703:
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678:
608:, president and
606:Berth Milton, Jr
599:
530:Oldsmar, Florida
526:Aurora Aerospace
462:C-9B Skytrain II
367:Indian Air force
342:Annabelle Wallis
335:
324:
21:
18:Parabolic flight
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1514:Further reading
1511:
1506:on 6 July 2008.
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1476:on 20 June 2000
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663:Fallturm Bremen
639:
604:and Nick Lang.
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561:
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492:
490:Other operators
430:Ellington Field
418:C-131 Samaritan
414:Project Mercury
402:
390:Peter Diamandis
383:
356:
329:
318:
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241:T-39 Sabreliner
229:
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149:
137:righting reflex
105:
70:Stephen Hawking
50:C-131 Samaritan
43:Project Mercury
28:
23:
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1632:Weightlessness
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1560:External links
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1393:(93): e51743.
1377:
1374:on 2009-01-30.
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1284:
1260:
1240:"C-9B History"
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1042:. airzerog.com
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989:
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932:. May 10, 2005
930:PhysicsCentral
917:
914:on 2006-03-10.
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793:New York Times
779:
740:(5): 395–400.
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713:on May 5, 2012
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631:Neil Armstrong
563:The 1995 film
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520:Project PoSSUM
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1549:plans prelude
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1250:on 2009-12-15
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1220:on 2015-02-14
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618:MythBusters
549:Scopolamine
540:Airsickness
432:, near the
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289:Airbus A310
281:Airbus A300
217:Rick Mercer
184:airsickness
119:. As well,
115:as part of
109:Heinz Haber
97:vomit comet
48:on board a
1616:Categories
1480:25 January
1451:2021-07-23
1349:2020-08-07
1328:2015-04-06
1304:2009-09-14
1278:2013-04-22
1254:2009-09-14
1224:2013-05-14
1199:2024-05-21
1174:2016-02-24
1145:2017-08-29
1121:2017-08-29
1096:October 4,
1071:2009-09-14
1046:2014-03-11
1025:2009-09-14
1004:2009-09-14
983:2016-02-24
936:2007-11-07
889:2009-09-14
855:2020-02-16
834:2020-02-16
813:2020-02-16
692:2009-09-14
669:References
553:antiemetic
500:Boeing 727
338:Tom Cruise
243:nicknamed
86:astronauts
68:Physicist
46:astronauts
1500:SPACE.com
1470:SPACE.com
1446:1059-1028
1391:J Vis Exp
598:20-second
566:Apollo 13
516:Falcon 20
506:In 2015,
447:Apollo 13
350:in 2017.
347:The Mummy
279:, and an
273:Caravelle
213:Falcon 20
194:Operators
157:free fall
153:parabolic
1417:25490614
1164:NBC News
961:June 26,
774:20027862
746:14778792
637:See also
468:and the
267:and the
251:and the
207:and the
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717:May 15,
484:727-200
227:Ecuador
211:have a
182:due to
103:History
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354:Russia
301:France
293:Zero-G
285:Zero-G
259:Europe
245:CONDOR
199:Canada
180:nausea
141:pigeon
139:and a
1437:Wired
574:OK Go
423:Twin
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314:This
275:, an
161:orbit
1482:2014
1442:ISSN
1413:PMID
1273:NASA
1244:NASA
1098:2008
963:2009
770:PMID
742:PMID
719:2012
625:and
440:and
400:NASA
375:ISRO
365:The
340:and
307:and
269:CNES
221:show
203:The
125:NASA
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528:in
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