2227:, resigned in protest. In his letter of resignation to the President and the Attorney General he wrote: "It seems to me that the policy of raids against large numbers of individuals is generally unwise and very apt to result in injustice. People not really guilty are likely to be arrested and railroaded through their hearings...We appear to be attempting to repress a political party...By such methods, we drive underground and make dangerous what was not dangerous before." Palmer replied that he could not use individual arrests to treat an "epidemic" and asserted his own fidelity to constitutional principles. He added: "The Government should encourage free political thinking and political action, but it certainly has the right for its own preservation to discourage and prevent the use of force and violence to accomplish that which ought to be accomplished, if at all, by parliamentary or political methods."
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2204:
action on a larger scale, including arrests and seizures without search warrants, as well as detention in overcrowded and unsanitary holding facilities. Hoover later admitted "clear cases of brutality." The raids covered more than 30 cities and towns in 23 states, but those west of the
Mississippi and south of the Ohio were "publicity gestures" designed to make the effort appear nationwide in scope. Because the raids targeted entire organizations, agents arrested everyone found in organization meeting halls, not only arresting non-radical organization members but also visitors who did not belong to a target organization, and sometimes American citizens not eligible for arrest and deportation.
2559:"PALMER FOR STRINGENT LAW; Attorney General Asks Senate for Sedition Act to Fit Reds. NEW PUNISHMENT PLAN He Would Send All Aliens from Country and Denaturalize Convicted Citizens. TELLS OF REDS' ACTIVITIES Work of Union of Russians Revealed--472 PublicationsPreaching Anarchy. The Attorney General's Letter. PALMER FOR STRINGENT LAW Penal Code Test Case. Where the Laws Are Weak. Difficulties of Deportation. Many "Red" Publications. Radical Papers Increase. Proposed Anti-Sedition Law. ASKS FOR IRON-CLAD LAWS. Mayor of Portland Appeals to Senate for Immediate Legislation"
2163:
20:
2191:, Hoover organized the next raids. He successfully persuaded the Department of Labor to ease its insistence on promptly alerting those arrested of their right to an attorney. Instead, Labor issued instructions that its representatives could wait until after the case against the defendant was established, "in order to protect government interests." Less openly, Hoover decided to interpret Labor's agreement to act against the Communist Party to include a different organization, the
198:
2051:
2487:"WRECK JUDGE NOTT'S HOME; Man and Woman Killed May Have Been Bomb Setters. MRS. NOTT IN THE HOUSE She and Caretaker's Family Escape, Though Front of Building Was Shattered. JUDGE NOTT IN THE COUNTRY Police Rush Guards to Homes of Officials and Judges Throughout the City. Child's Amazing Escape. Stairways Fall. Other Houses Shattered. WRECK JUDGE NOTT'S HOME. All Police Agencies Active. Crowds Hamper Police. Judge Nott's Public Career"
2041:
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2469:"Plotter Here Hid Trail Skillfully; His victim Was a Night Watchman; Police Study Anarchistic Handbills Adroitly Placed by the Conspirator-Expert Declares Bomb Held Twenty-fivePounds of Dynamite. Thinks Bomb Contained Dynamite. Windows All About Shattered. PLOTTER HERE HID TRAIL SKILFULLY Handbills Studied by Police. Hylan Consults Enright"
2321:
should employ prison and exile to counteract evil-thinking is one of the saddest ironies of our time." The Rules
Committee gave Palmer a hearing in June, where he attacked Post and other critics whose "tender solicitude for social revolution and perverted sympathy for the criminal anarchists...set at
2153:
When Palmer replied to the Senate's questions of
October 17, he reported that his department had amassed 60,000 names with great effort. Required by the statutes to work through the Department of Labor, they had arrested 250 dangerous radicals in the November 7 raids. He proposed a new Anti-Sedition
2149:
in 12 cities. Newspaper accounts reported some were "badly beaten" during the arrests. Many later swore they were threatened and beaten during questioning. Government agents cast a wide net, bringing in some
American citizens, passers-by who admitted being Russian, some not members of the Russian
2203:
The
Justice Department launched a series of raids on January 2, 1920, with follow up operations over the next few days. Smaller raids extended over the next 6 weeks. At least 3000 were arrested, and many others were held for various lengths of time. The entire enterprise replicated the November
2117:
anarchists, violent or not. To do that, he needed to enlist the cooperation of officials at the
Department of Labor. Only the Secretary of Labor could issue warrants for the arrest of alien violators of the Immigration Acts, and only he could sign deportation orders following a hearing by an
2329:
ordered the discharge of 17 arrested aliens and denounced the
Department of Justice's actions. He wrote that "a mob is a mob, whether made up of Government officials acting under instructions from the Department of Justice, or of criminals and loafers and the vicious classes." His decision
2199:
insisted that more than membership in an organization was required for a warrant, Hoover worked with more compliant Labor officials and overwhelmed Labor staff to get the warrants he wanted. Justice
Department officials, including Palmer and Hoover, later claimed ignorance of such details.
2097:
that all evidence promised that radicals would "on a certain day...rise up and destroy the government at one fell swoop." He requested an increase in his budget to $ 2,000,000 from $ 1,500,000 to support his investigations of radicals, but
Congress limited the increase to $ 100,000.
156:
had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in
Senator
161:'s residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General
2322:
large among the people the very public enemies whom it was the desire and intention of the Congress to be rid of." The press saw the dispute as evidence of the Wilson administration's ineffectiveness and division as it approached its final months.
2137:
in early September raised concerns about possible threats to political and social stability. On October 17, the Senate passed a unanimous resolution demanding Palmer explain what actions he had or had not taken against radical aliens and why.
2256:
to fire Post, but Wilson defended him. The President listened to his feuding department heads and offered no comment about Post, but he ended the meeting by telling Palmer that he should "not let this country see red." Secretary of the Navy
2207:
The Department of Justice at one point claimed to have taken possession of several bombs, but after a few iron balls were displayed to the press they were never mentioned again. All the raids netted a total of just four ordinary pistols.
2150:
Workers. Others were teachers conducting night school classes in space shared with the targeted radical group. Arrests far exceeded the number of warrants. Of 650 arrested in New York City, the government managed to deport just 43.
120:
there was a nationwide campaign in the United States against the real and imagined divided political loyalties of immigrants and ethnic groups, who were feared to have too much loyalty for their nations of origin. In 1915,
2261:, who made notes of the conversation, thought the Attorney General had merited the President's "admonition", because Palmer "was seeing red behind every bush and every demand for an increase in wages."
81:, with 6,000 people arrested across 36 cities. Though 556 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer's efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the
1063:
1053:
129:
who, he charged, had "poured the poison of disloyalty into the very arteries of our national life." "Such creatures of passion, disloyalty and anarchy", Wilson continued, "must be crushed out". The
2276:
1920 failed to occur. Then, in testimony before the House Rules Committee on May 7–8, Post proved "a convincing speaker with a caustic tongue" and defended himself so successfully that Congressman
2245:, who canceled more than 2,000 warrants as being illegal. Of the 10,000 arrested, 3,500 were held by authorities in detention; 556 resident aliens were eventually deported under the
3280:
2241:
In a few weeks, after changes in personnel at the Department of Labor, Palmer faced a new and very independent-minded Acting Secretary of Labor in Assistant Secretary of Labor
3295:
3350:
2105:, New York, achieved little when a federal judge tossed out Palmer's case. He found in the case that the three arrested radicals, charged under a law dating from the
165:
in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital.
3340:
3290:
2126:
3320:
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2877:
2558:
2468:
2587:
2280:, a Democrat presumed to be an enthusiastic supporter of Palmer, congratulated him: "I feel that you have followed your sense of duty absolutely."
2113:
rights and not by violence. That taught Palmer that he needed to exploit the more powerful immigration statutes that authorized the deportation of
2486:
2145:
revolution, agents of the Bureau of Investigation, together with local police, executed a series of well-publicized and violent raids against the
2094:
3188:
Popkova, Anna (2 January 2022). "Imagining the Russian Community: Novoye Russkoe Slovo, the First Red Scare, and the Palmer Raids, 1919-1920".
3285:
1078:
3345:
3270:
3265:
3040:
2446:
981:
2080:
1175:
2842:). Others were arrested in West Virginia by agents working from Pittsburgh. Post, 91–2, 96, 104–5, 108, 110, 115–6, 120–1, 124, 126, 131
1976:
2265:
2233:
endorsed Palmer's claim for urgency over legal process: "There is no time to waste on hairsplitting over infringement of liberty."
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1028:
2341:
nomination for president later in the year. The anarchist bombing campaign continued intermittently for another twelve years.
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3154:
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him. The drive against Post began to lose energy when Attorney General Palmer's forecast of an attempted radical uprising on
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229:
149:
105:
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34:
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2223:, one attorney raised the first noteworthy protest. Francis Fisher Kane, the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of
1100:
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2455:
82:
2338:
2192:
568:
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2355:
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1839:
1554:
2334:
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2133:(GID), with responsibility for investigating the programs of radical groups and identifying their members. The
1844:
3325:
3249:
1909:
1884:
1367:
1286:
197:
133:
added special force to fear of labor agitators and partisans of ideologies like anarchism and communism. The
3330:
3219:"The (Un)favorable Judgment of History: Deportation Hearings, the Palmer Raids, and the Meaning of History"
2269:
1889:
1754:
1714:
1339:
958:
588:
370:
2576:
1946:
1904:
1417:
966:
295:
2291:, which carefully documented unlawful activities in arresting suspected radicals, illegal entrapment by
1362:
2727:
2715:
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2211:
While most press coverage continued to be positive, with criticism only from leftist publications like
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2016:
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1899:
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1185:
986:
653:
628:
578:
513:
441:
396:
256:
130:
92:, a period of fear of and reaction against communists in the U.S. in the years immediately following
3124:
The Deportations Delirium of Nineteen-twenty: A Personal Narrative of a Historic Official Experience
2771:
2755:
2743:
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2313:
criticized the raids and attempts at deportations and the lack of legal process in his 1920 volume
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288:
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1854:
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1234:
996:
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300:
134:
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2141:
At 9 pm on November 7, 1919, a date chosen because it was the second anniversary of the
2006:
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From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America
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8:
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As Attorney General Palmer struggled with exhaustion and devoted all his energies to the
1996:
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declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.
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2414:
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2297:, and unlawful incommunicado detention. Such prominent lawyers and law professors as
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Men arrested in raids awaiting deportation hearings on Ellis Island, January 13, 1920
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1956:
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38:
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538:
62:
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Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice
2289:
Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice
19:
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2224:
1951:
1941:
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939:
864:
804:
779:
724:
533:
468:
3147:
The Palmer Raids and the Red Scare: 1918-1920: Justice and Liberty for All
2961:
2410:
The Palmer Raids and the Red Scare: 1918–1920: Justice and Liberty for All
77:. The raids and arrests occurred under the leadership of Attorney General
33:
were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 by the
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2360:
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1397:
1352:
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914:
904:
859:
734:
638:
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406:
153:
141:
93:
85:, which had authority for deportations and objected to Palmer's methods.
54:
2915:
Plato's Dreams Realized: Surveillance and Citizen Rights from KGB to FBI
2252:
At a Cabinet meeting in April 1920, Palmer called on Secretary of Labor
2050:
2827:
2213:
1981:
1966:
1961:
1254:
929:
633:
603:
498:
391:
140:
The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when
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2807:
2142:
2021:
1971:
1239:
824:
648:
543:
189:
50:
46:
42:
108:
in April and June 1919, including one bomb mailed to Palmer's home.
100:. There were strikes that garnered national attention, and prompted
1259:
849:
613:
361:
2287:(ACLU), which was founded in response to the raids, published its
2040:
2759:
2683:
2273:
2011:
453:
349:
137:
in February 1919 represented a new development in labor unrest.
3244:
2703:
2647:
2325:
In June 1920, a decision by Massachusetts District Court Judge
2318:
1160:
699:
2264:
Palmer's supporters in Congress responded with an attempt to
924:
57:
them from the United States. The raids particularly targeted
2101:
An initial raid in July 1919 against an anarchist group in
2109:, had proposed transforming the government by using their
3065:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946)
88:
The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the
3281:
Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States
2154:
Law to enhance his authority to prosecute anarchists.
16:
United States government arrests of leftists, 1919–20
3296:
Industrial Workers of the World in the United States
2195:. Finally, despite the fact that Secretary of Labor
2157:
3103:
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
2125:to head a new division of the Justice Department's
3112:(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955)
3110:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
3351:Reactions to the Russian Revolution and Civil War
3063:The Wilson Era: Years of War and After, 1917–1923
2878:"Palmer Upholds Red Repression," January 24, 1920
3257:
2548:Coben, 219–21; Post, 28–35. Post says 11 cities.
2330:effectively prevented any renewal of the raids.
3341:Law enforcement operations in the United States
2093:In June 1919, Attorney General Palmer told the
3291:History of the Industrial Workers of the World
144:—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist
2900:
2898:
2638:States (cities where available): California (
2074:
3096:Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919
3041:Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background
2447:Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background
2121:On August 1, 1919, Palmer named 24-year-old
3072:. New York: International Publishers. 1948.
3058:(New York: Columbia University Press, 1963)
3051:(New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920)
2980:. National Popular Government League. 1920.
2895:
2400:
2081:
2067:
1977:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
152:. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist
3321:November 1919 events in the United States
3311:Political repression in the United States
3105:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980)
2189:coal strike in November and December 1919
2169:
2161:
18:
3187:
3144:
3032:
2406:
3258:
3098:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007)
2892:, "The Red Assassins," January 4, 1920
2413:. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 18–19.
2174:Cartoon by Archibald B. Chapin on the
1029:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
37:under the administration of President
3216:
3170:
3075:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
3286:Civil detention in the United States
3119:(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007)
2366:1918-1920 New York City rent strikes
3346:United States Department of Justice
3271:Anti-communism in the United States
3266:Anti-anarchism in the United States
2702:), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts (
2337:candidate, lost his bid to win the
104:in more than 30 cities, as well as
35:United States Department of Justice
13:
3164:
3044:(Princeton University Press, 1991)
2427:
14:
3362:
3237:
2990:Chafee, 197, ch. 5 "Deportations"
2913:Avakov, Aleksandr Vladimirovich,
2458:(1991), pp. 140–143, 147, 149–156
2158:Raids and arrests in January 1920
3243:
3173:"Palmer Raids Target Immigrants"
3117:1920: The Year of Six presidents
2268:Louis Post or, failing that, to
2049:
2039:
1064:International Conference of Rome
1054:International Conference of Rome
196:
41:to capture and arrest suspected
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2968:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2907:
2883:
2866:
2857:
2845:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2593:from the original on 2022-10-09
2569:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2356:Industrial Workers of the World
172:
150:bombings in April and June 1919
69:ties, with particular focus on
3226:New York University Law Review
3076:Finan, Christopher M. (2007).
3056:A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician
2515:
2506:
2497:
2479:
2461:
2450:, Princeton University Press,
2391:
2377:
2333:Palmer, once seen as a likely
2285:American Civil Liberties Union
2095:House Appropriations Committee
1176:Australian Anarchist Centenary
1101:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
3306:Political and cultural purges
3202:10.1080/00947679.2022.2027140
2371:
2309:signed it. Harvard Professor
2283:On May 28, 1920, the nascent
2131:General Intelligence Division
1363:Decentralized planned economy
111:
3316:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
3217:Cohen, Harlan Grant (2003).
3126:(New York, 1923), reissued:
2880:, accessed January 15, 2010,
2503:Hagedorn, 229–30; Coben, 211
2236:
589:Proletarian internationalism
7:
2344:
1111:1919 United States bombings
131:Russian Revolutions of 1917
10:
3367:
2017:Situationist International
1321:Self-managed social center
1136:Spanish Revolution of 1936
1191:Really Really Free Market
1186:1999 Seattle WTO protests
654:Temporary autonomous zone
579:Permanent autonomous zone
514:Consensus decision-making
148:—carried out a series of
135:general strike in Seattle
3301:Italian-American history
2147:Union of Russian Workers
1418:Workers' self-management
1316:Radical environmentalism
1265:Independent Media Center
1181:Carnival Against Capital
1106:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1095:Manifesto of the Sixteen
494:Autonomous social center
83:U.S. Department of Labor
3008:Murray, 250–1; Post, 97
2247:Immigration Act of 1918
2127:Bureau of Investigation
2118:immigration inspector.
1358:Cost the limit of price
3276:Anti-Italian sentiment
3149:. Andrews UK Limited.
3145:Shepley, Nick (2015).
2682:), Florida, Illinois (
2577:"Miners Finally Agree"
2407:Shepley, Nick (2015).
2181:
2167:
1505:Bosnia and Herzegovina
594:Propaganda of the deed
584:Prefigurative politics
574:Participatory politics
519:Conscientious objector
73:and immigrant leftist
26:
3171:Pusey, Allen (2015).
2917:, Algora Publishing,
2586:. December 11, 1919.
2351:Espionage Act of 1917
2193:Communist Labor Party
2177:South Bend News-Times
2173:
2165:
2007:Libertarian socialism
1171:Kate Sharpley Library
1146:Red inverted triangle
1089:High Treason Incident
1079:Congress of Amsterdam
664:Voluntary association
474:Anti-authoritarianism
464:Anarchist criminology
459:Anarchist Black Cross
61:and Eastern European
22:
3326:December 1919 events
3252:at Wikimedia Commons
3033:General bibliography
2802:and "nearby towns",
2317:. He wrote: "That a
2135:Boston Police Strike
1890:Fictional characters
1311:Radical cheerleading
127:hyphenated Americans
106:two sets of bombings
3331:January 1920 events
3108:Murray, Robert K.,
3101:Kennedy, David M.,
3061:Daniels, Josephus,
3047:Chafee, Zechariah,
2890:The Washington Post
2565:. 16 November 1919.
2243:Louis Freeland Post
2230:The Washington Post
2186:United Mine Workers
1997:Left-libertarianism
1293:No gods, no masters
1121:Kronstadt rebellion
1059:Trial of the Thirty
1024:Revolutions of 1848
3190:Journalism History
3115:Pietrusza, David,
2874:The New York Times
2863:Post, 91–5, 96–147
2770:), New Hampshire (
2694:), Indiana, Iowa (
2584:The New York Times
2563:The New York Times
2491:The New York Times
2473:The New York Times
2327:George W. Anderson
2294:agents provocateur
2182:
2180:– November 8, 1919
2168:
1947:Anti-globalization
1880:Anarcho-punk bands
1565:Dominican Republic
1305:Property is theft!
1271:The Internationale
1225:Anarchist bookfair
1151:Labadie Collection
1141:Barcelona May Days
1044:Cantonal rebellion
371:Without adjectives
230:Schools of thought
163:A. Mitchell Palmer
159:Thomas W. Hardwick
98:Russian Revolution
79:A. Mitchell Palmer
71:Italian anarchists
59:Italian immigrants
27:
24:A. Mitchell Palmer
3248:Media related to
3156:978-1-84989-945-1
3087:978-0-8070-4428-5
3049:Freedom of Speech
2931:978-0-87586-495-2
2822:), Pennsylvania (
2512:Pietruszka, 146–7
2420:978-1-84989-944-4
2315:Freedom of Speech
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2090:
2027:Spontaneous order
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387:Counter-economics
63:Jewish immigrants
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3070:The Palmer Raids
3068:Dunn, Robert W.
3054:Coben, Stanley,
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2387:. 16 March 2023.
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1034:Paris Commune
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967:Animal rights
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559:Individualism
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539:Direct action
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65:with alleged
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48:
45:, especially
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
3250:Palmer Raids
3229:
3225:
3196:(1): 41–60.
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3146:
3123:
3116:
3109:
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3095:
3077:
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2986:
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2956:
2947:
2938:
2914:
2909:
2889:
2885:
2873:
2872:Coben, 230;
2868:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2611:Coben, 222–3
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2583:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2539:Coben, 214–5
2535:
2530:Coben, 207–9
2526:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2445:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2379:
2335:presidential
2332:
2324:
2314:
2307:Ernst Freund
2303:Roscoe Pound
2293:
2288:
2282:
2263:
2251:
2240:
2228:
2225:Pennsylvania
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2183:
2175:
2152:
2140:
2120:
2100:
2092:
1952:Anti-statism
1942:Anti-fascism
1795:South Africa
1413:Wage slavery
1378:Gift economy
1269:
1230:Anarcho-punk
1217:
1093:
982:Love and sex
870:Pi i Margall
534:Deep ecology
469:Anationalism
412:Relationship
345:Collectivist
301:Postcolonial
173:Preparations
154:letter bombs
139:
115:
87:
31:Palmer Raids
30:
28:
3177:ABA Journal
3026:Avrich, 214
2818:), Oregon (
2728:Springfield
2716:Bridgewater
2700:Kansas City
2698:), Kansas (
2640:Los Angeles
2521:Coben 217–8
2397:Kennedy, 24
2361:McCarthyism
2111:free speech
1910:Periodicals
1810:Switzerland
1770:Puerto Rico
1755:Philippines
1720:New Zealand
1715:Netherlands
1585:El Salvador
1398:Mutual bank
1353:Cooperative
1282:Lifestylism
1084:Tragic Week
987:Nationalism
639:Somatherapy
549:Freethought
417:Syndicalist
407:Platformism
379:Methodology
252:Primitivist
142:Galleanists
116:During the
94:World War I
3260:Categories
2904:Coben, 232
2828:Pittsburgh
2816:Youngstown
2792:Portsmouth
2784:Manchester
2696:Des Moines
2672:New London
2656:Bridgeport
2372:References
2339:Democratic
2214:The Nation
1982:Dual Power
1967:Autonomism
1962:Autarchism
1570:East Timor
1540:Costa Rica
1485:Bangladesh
1480:Azerbaijan
1255:Freeganism
972:Capitalism
765:Feyerabend
634:Sociocracy
604:Revolution
569:Mutual aid
499:Black bloc
392:Illegalism
112:Background
102:race riots
51:communists
47:anarchists
43:socialists
3336:Red Scare
3210:246293091
2951:Post, 273
2836:Milwaukee
2808:Cleveland
2806:), Ohio (
2772:Claremont
2756:Haverhill
2744:Fitchburg
2724:Worcester
2680:Waterbury
2668:New Haven
2237:Aftermath
2143:Bolshevik
2107:Civil War
2022:Socialism
1972:Communism
1905:Musicians
1855:Venezuela
1790:Singapore
1725:Nicaragua
1650:Indonesia
1630:Hong Kong
1625:Guatemala
1470:Australia
1460:Argentina
1432:By region
1340:Economics
1326:Symbolism
1240:DIY ethic
977:Education
895:Santillán
845:Malatesta
815:Kropotkin
795:Guillaume
649:Squatting
609:Rewilding
544:Free love
422:Synthesis
357:Communist
328:Christian
323:Religious
296:Mutualism
190:Anarchism
2820:Portland
2764:St. Paul
2752:Lawrence
2712:Brockton
2688:Rockford
2660:Hartford
2597:June 11,
2588:Archived
2345:See also
1765:Portugal
1745:Paraguay
1705:Mongolia
1690:Malaysia
1535:Colombia
1515:Bulgaria
1260:Infoshop
1161:May 1968
997:Violence
992:Religion
880:Proudhon
840:Maksimov
820:Landauer
770:Giovanni
720:Bookchin
614:Sabotage
446:Practice
402:Pacifist
362:Magonism
284:Naturist
242:Feminist
208:Glossary
182:a series
180:Part of
96:and the
3232:: 1431.
2832:Spokane
2824:Chester
2800:Buffalo
2780:Lincoln
2760:Detroit
2740:Gardner
2736:Holyoke
2720:Norwood
2708:Chelsea
2684:Chicago
2664:Meriden
2652:Ansonia
2274:May Day
2270:censure
2266:impeach
2103:Buffalo
2012:Marxism
1860:Vietnam
1850:Uruguay
1835:Ukraine
1825:Tunisia
1775:Romania
1730:Nigeria
1710:Morocco
1660:Ireland
1640:Iceland
1635:Hungary
1615:Germany
1610:Georgia
1595:Finland
1590:Estonia
1575:Ecuador
1560:Denmark
1545:Croatia
1500:Bolivia
1495:Belgium
1490:Belarus
1475:Austria
1465:Armenia
1455:Andorra
1450:Algeria
1445:Albania
1287:May Day
1210:Culture
1011:History
940:Yarchuk
915:Tolstoy
910:Thoreau
905:Stirner
900:Spooner
865:Parsons
790:Graeber
780:Goldman
740:Durruti
725:Chomsky
715:Bonanno
710:Berkman
705:Bakunin
454:Anarchy
350:Parecon
306:African
218:Outline
213:History
67:leftist
3208:
3183:: 100.
3153:
3138:
3130:
3084:
2929:
2921:
2853:passim
2840:Racine
2812:Toledo
2796:Camden
2788:Nashua
2748:Lowell
2704:Boston
2648:Denver
2454:
2417:
2319:Quaker
2129:, the
1830:Turkey
1820:Taiwan
1805:Sweden
1785:Serbia
1780:Russia
1760:Poland
1740:Panama
1735:Norway
1700:Monaco
1695:Mexico
1685:Latvia
1665:Israel
1620:Greece
1600:France
1520:Canada
1510:Brazil
1440:Africa
959:Issues
945:Zerzan
935:Warren
920:Tucker
890:Rocker
885:Reclus
875:Pouget
855:Michel
835:Makhno
810:KĹŤtoku
800:He-Yin
775:Godwin
760:Ferrer
730:Cleyre
695:Armand
690:Alston
682:People
442:Theory
340:Social
333:Jewish
279:Market
274:Egoist
167:Flyers
55:deport
53:, and
3222:(PDF)
3206:S2CID
2776:Derry
2768:Omaha
2591:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2115:alien
1895:Films
1885:Books
1873:Lists
1815:Syria
1800:Spain
1680:Korea
1675:Japan
1670:Italy
1645:India
1580:Egypt
1530:China
1525:Chile
1250:Films
1156:Provo
925:Volin
830:MagĂłn
805:Kanno
755:Faure
750:Ervin
745:Ellul
318:Queer
311:Black
247:Green
3151:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3128:ISBN
3082:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2599:2014
2452:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2305:and
2217:and
1750:Peru
1655:Iran
1550:Cuba
1235:Arts
930:Ward
860:Most
850:Mett
49:and
29:The
3198:doi
3181:101
1166:LIP
825:Liu
735:Day
564:Law
3262::
3230:78
3228:.
3224:.
3204:.
3194:48
3192:.
3179:.
3175:.
3134:,
2925:,
2897:^
2876::
2838:,
2826:,
2814:,
2810:,
2790:,
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2429:^
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2249:.
700:Ba
184:on
3212:.
3200::
3159:.
3090:.
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2423:.
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1307:"
1303:"
1295:"
1291:"
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