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1634:, accessed June 11, 2014. "The Lever Food Control Act of 1917 authorized the president to regulate the price, production, transportation, and allocation of feeds, food, fuel, beverages, and distilled spirits for the remainder of World War I (1914–1918). Popularly known as the Lever Act, the law also empowered the president to nationalize certain private factories, and requisition storage facilities for military supplies. Private individuals and proprietors were entitled to be compensated for the fair market value of any property taken by the federal government pursuant to the act. U.S. District Courts were vested with jurisdiction to resolve disputes when agreement on fair market...
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question produced materials significant to the war effort, such as medicines, glycerin for explosives, charcoal for gas masks. Others ranged from mines to brewing to newspaper publishing. Palmer built a team of professionals with banking expertise as well as an investigative bureau to track down well-hidden assets. Below the top-level positions, he distributed jobs as patronage. For example, he appointed one of his fellow members of the
Democratic National Committee to serve as counsel for a textile company and another the vice-president of a shipping line. Always thinking like a politician, he made sure his group's efforts were well publicized.
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an
American. ... Thus encouraged we went to all camps and found that the candidates are all Americans." Palmer had considerable support among party professionals, but no track record as a campaigner or a vote winner. He won delegates in the Michigan and Georgia primaries but did so without demonstrating voter appeal. He also faced strong opposition from labor for his use of an injunction against striking coal miners in the fall of 1919. Though he probably never had a chance of winning the nomination, he ran a respectable third until his support collapsed on the convention's 39th ballot and the nomination shortly thereafter went to Ohio Governor
592:, the President's private secretary, advised the President that the office had "great power politically. We should not trust it to anyone who is not heart and soul with us." He pressed the President several times. He cabled Wilson in Paris: "Recognition of Palmer ...would be most helpful and cheering to young men of the party....You will make no mistake if appointment is made. It will give us all heart and new courage. Party know of need in tonic like this." He called Palmer "young, militant, progressive and fearless." The President sent Palmer's nomination to the Senate on February 27, 1919, and Palmer took office as a
398:. There he was the principal author of the detailed tariff schedules that a Republican Senator denounced as "the most radical departure in the direction of free trade that has been proposed by any party during the last 70 years." He argued that tariffs profited business and had no benefit for workers. Pennsylvania industry, notably the large mining and manufacturing firms, bellicosely opposed his tariff scheme. As Palmer stated: "I have received my notice from the Bethlehem Steel Company. ... I am marked again for slaughter at their hands."
856:, had become a storehouse of information about radicals in America. It had infiltrated many organizations and, following the raids of November 1919 and January 1920, it had interrogated thousands of those arrested and read through boxes of publications and records seized. Though agents in the GID knew there was a gap between what the radicals promised in their rhetoric and what they were capable of accomplishing, they nevertheless told Palmer they had evidence of plans for an attempted overthrow of the U.S. government on
603:(APL), an organization of private citizens that conducted numerous raids and surveillance activities aimed at those who failed to register for the draft and immigrants of German ancestry who were suspected of sympathies for Germany. One of Palmer's first acts was to release 10,000 aliens of German ancestry who had been taken into government custody during World War I. He stopped accepting intelligence information gathered by the APL. Conversely, he refused to share information in his APL-provided files when Ohio Governor
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stand won him considerable praise from business and professional groups. He received one letter that said: "A lion-hearted man, with a great nation behind him, has brought order out of chaos. You have shown...that the United States is not a myth, but a virile, mighty power which shows itself when a man who measures up to the duties of the hour is at the helm." Such support stiffened his resolve in the next labor crisis.
720:, asserted the rule of law in opposition to Palmer's campaign, and congressional attempts to impeach or censure Louis Post were short-lived, though Palmer was allowed to defend himself in two days of testimony before the House Rules Committee in June 1919. Much of the press applauded Louis Post's work at Labor as well, and Palmer, rather than President Wilson, was largely blamed for the negative results of the raids.
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industry independent of German ownership, with major sales in the metals industry in the spring of 1919, for example. He offered his rationale in a speech to an audience of lawyers: "The war power is of necessity an inherent power in every sovereign nation. It is the power of self-preservation and that power has no limits other than the extent of the emergency."
563:(USBA) and the rest of the overwhelmingly German liquor industry harbored pro-German sentiments. He stated that "German brewers of America, in association with the United States Brewers' Association" had attempted "to buy a great newspaper" and "control the government of State and Nation", had generally been "unpatriotic", and had "pro-German sympathies".
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The size of the assets the
Custodian controlled only became clear over the next year. Late in 1918, Palmer reported he was managing almost 30,000 trusts with assets worth $ 500 million. He estimated that another 9,000 trusts worth $ 300 million awaited evaluation. Many of the enterprises in
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In his third congressional term Palmer chaired his party's caucus in the House of
Representatives and served on the five-man executive committee that directed the Democratic Party's national affairs. Continuing to champion tariff reduction, he even accepted lower tariffs on the one economic sector he
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in both 1912 and 1916. At the 1912 Convention, he played a key role in holding the
Pennsylvania delegation together in voting for Woodrow Wilson. Following the election of 1912, Palmer hoped to join Wilson's Cabinet as Attorney General. When he was offered Secretary of War instead, he declined citing
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pretended to investigate: "We assumed, of course, from the tone of Mr. Palmer's manifesto that his opponents for the nomination were
Rumanians, Greeks and Icelanders, and weak-kneed ones at that....We happened into Cox's headquarters wholly by accident and were astounded to discover that he, too, is
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The railroad and coal strike scheduled for
November 1, 1919, roused Palmer. The Senate, on October 17, had already challenged him to demonstrate what action he was taking against foreign radicals. Now these two industries faced disruption as prices continued to rise and shortages threatened, even as
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an office he held from
October 22, 1917, until March 4, 1919. A wartime agency, the Custodian had responsibility for the seizure, administration, and sometimes the sale of enemy property in the United States. Palmer's background in law and banking qualified him for the position, along with his party
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As a Quaker War
Secretary, I should consider myself a living illustration of a horrible incongruity....In case our country should come into armed conflict with any other, I would go as far as any man in her defense; but I cannot, without violating every tradition of my people and going against every
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Nothing that the
Government has done is intended or designed to have any effect upon the recognized right of labor to organize, to bargain collectively through its unions, or, under ordinary industrial conditions, to walk out by concerted action....The Government faced the alternative of submitting
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On May 11, 1936, at Emergency Hospital in Washington, D.C., Palmer died from cardiac complications following an appendectomy two weeks earlier. Upon his death, Attorney General Cummings said "He was a great lawyer, a distinguished public servant and an outstanding citizen. He was my friend of many
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Palmer initially moved slowly to find a way to attack the source of the violence. An initial raid in July 1919 against a very small anarchist group in Buffalo failed when a federal judge tossed out his case. In August, he organized the General Intelligence Unit within the Department of Justice and
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Other progressive legislation Palmer proposed included a bill outlawing the employment of workers below a certain age in quarries and requiring quarries to be inspected. He noted that recent Welsh victims of quarry accidents were "a high class of workman –not cheap foreign labor." Late in his
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to head the new organization. Beginning in November 1919, Palmer launched a series of raids that rounded up and deported numerous suspected radicals. Though the American public initially supported the raids, Palmer's raids earned backlash from civil rights activists and legal scholars. He received
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With Palmer's backing, Hoover warned the nation to expect the worst: assassinations, bombings, and general strikes. Palmer issued his own warning on April 29, 1920, claiming to have a "list of marked men" and said domestic radicals were "in direct connection and unison" with European counterparts
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Lewis, facing criminal charges, withdrew his strike call, though many strikers ignored his action. As the strike dragged on into its third week, coal supplies were running low and public sentiment was calling for ever stronger government action. Final agreement came on December 10. Palmer's tough
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requested it. He called the APL materials "gossip, hearsay information, conclusions, and inferences" and added that "information of this character could not be used without danger of doing serious wrong to individuals who were probably innocent." In March 1919, when some in Congress and the press
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As Alien Property Custodian, Palmer campaigned successfully to have his powers to dispose of assets by sale increased to counter Germany's long-term plan to conquer the world by industrial expansion even after the war. Even after Germany's surrender, Palmer continued the campaign to make American
365:, in partnership with Storm. Palmer also had various business interests, including serving on the board of directors of the Scranton Trust Company, Stroudsburg National Bank, International Boiler Company, Citizens' Gas Company, and Stroudsburg Water Company. He also became active in politics as a
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magazine later credited him with the platform's opposition to forgiving the debts of America's allies in World War I and its promise to reduce government expenditures by 25%. Palmer said that the savings could be devoted to programs to relieve unemployment. With the repeal of prohibition a major
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asked the Attorney General to cease his alerts: "We can never get to work if we keep jumping sideways in fear of the bewiskered Bolshevik." Palmer's embarrassment buttressed Louis Freeland's position in opposition to the Palmer raids when he testified before a Congressional Committee on May 7–8.
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had expanded the definition of aliens that could be deported, the U.S. Senate demanded Palmer explain his failure to move against radicals. Palmer's reply on November 17 described the threat anarchists and Bolsheviks posed to the government. More than half the report documented radicalism in the
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Leaving Congress in March 1915, Palmer decided to leave public office. When Wilson offered him a lifetime position on the Court of Claims, he at first accepted, but then arranged for a postponement so he could continue serving on the Democratic National Committee. His attachment to party affairs
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Business now may take notice that, as to such enterprises as cannot meet the new conditions, by reason of neglect, refusal or inability to employ that efficiency and economy which will permit industry to stand upon its own feet with less support from the government the people refuse to be longer
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eventually forced him to withdraw from consideration for a judicial post. He sought other positions without success while continuing to fight for control of patronage positions in Pennsylvania. He worked for the Wilson campaign in the 1916 elections, but Pennsylvania voted Republican as usual.
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After retiring from government service in March 1921, Palmer went into the private practice of law and continued to act the role of a senior statesman of the Democratic Party. Widowed when his wife Roberta Dixon died on January 4, 1922, he married Margaret Fallon Burrall in 1923.
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was restrained throughout. He eschewed characterizing labor's action as some others did –"insurrection" and "Bolshevik revolution", for example –and made straightforward statements about what the government of necessity had to do. Responding to an AFL attack he wrote:
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When President Wilson needed to fill the position of Attorney General at the start of 1919, party officials, including Palmer's colleagues on the Democratic National Committee and many recipients of his patronage during his tenure as Alien Property Custodian, backed him against
922:, whose health was said to be failing. He suggested the birthday of President Lincoln as an appropriate day for the announcement, noting Lincoln's willingness to forgive the Confederate South. Wilson's response was "Never!", and he wrote "Denied" across the clemency petition.
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at 2132 R Street, N.W., Washington D.C. The home of a Department of Justice Bureau of Investigation (BOI) field agent Rayme Weston Finch was also attacked. Finch had previously arrested two prominent Galleanists while leading a police raid on the offices of their publication
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with disruptions planned for the same day there. Newspapers headlined his words: "Terror Reign by Radicals, says Palmer" and "Nation-wide Uprising on Saturday." Localities prepared their police forces and some states mobilized their militias. New York City's 11,000-man
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Congresses and served from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1915. From the start he won important party assignments, serving as vice-chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in his first term and managing the assignment of office space in his second term.
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As a congressman, Palmer aligned himself with the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, advocating lower tariffs despite the popularity of tariffs in his home district and state. In his second term, he won a seat on the Ways and Means Committee chaired by
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413:'s annual convention in 1912. Guffey had been a dominant force in state Democratic politics for a half-century; his defeat at the hands of Palmer was seen as a major victory for the Progressive-wing of the State Party, though Guffey's nephew,
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to fire Post, but Wilson defended him. The President listened to his feuding department heads and offered no comment about Post, but he ended the meeting by telling Palmer that he should "not let this country see red." Secretary of the Navy
699:. Federal agents supported by local police rounded up large groups of suspected radicals, often based on membership in a political group rather than any action taken. Only the dismissal of most of the cases by Assistant Secretary of Labor
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Palmer had a pro-labor record in Congress though he was never very successful at winning labor's votes in elections. Through most of 1919 he did not join the growing chorus of anti-union sentiment and anti-Red rhetoric that greeted the
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he offered another to end child labor in most American mines and factories. Wilson found it constitutionally unsound and after the House voted 232 to 44 in favor on February 15, 1915, he allowed it to die in the Senate. Nevertheless,
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Fearful of extremist violence and revolution, the American public initially supported the raids. Civil rights activists, the radical left, and legal scholars raised protests. Officials at the Department of Labor, especially
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and profiteering, had never been used against a union. Certain of united political backing and almost universal public support, Palmer obtained an injunction on October 31 and 400,000 coal workers struck the next day.
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in April 1917, Palmer volunteered, despite his Quaker background, to "carry a gun as a private" if necessary, or to "work in any capacity without compensation." He chaired his local draft board for a time, while
805:(AFL) at first attempted to mediate between Palmer and Lewis, but after several days called the injunction "so autocratic as to stagger the human mind." The coal operators smeared the strikers with charges that
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in May 1915, he offered reporters his opinion that "the entire nation should not be asked to suffer" to avenge the deaths of passengers who had ignored warnings not to travel on ships that carried munitions.
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who had opposed Palmer's plan. The rift between the Attorney General and the Secretary of Labor was never healed, which had consequences the next year when Palmer's attempt to deport radicals was largely
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instinct of my nature, planted there by heredity, environment and training, sit down in cold blood in an executive position and use such talents as I possess to the work of preparing for such a conflict.
712:, who made notes of the conversation, thought the Attorney General had merited the President's "admonition," because Palmer "was seeing red behind every bush and every demand for an increase in wages."
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campaign issue, Palmer used his expertise as the Attorney General who first enforced Prohibition to promote a plan to expedite its repeal through state conventions rather than the state legislatures.
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in a landslide, he was quick to congratulate Governor Al Smith of New York on his re-election and declare him the party's new leader, and he backed Smith for the Democratic nomination in 1928.
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522:"The war power is of necessity an inherent power in every sovereign nation. It is the power of self-reservation and that power has no limits other than the extent of the emergency."
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The coal strike also had political consequences. At one point Palmer asserted that the entire Cabinet had backed his request for an injunction. That infuriated Secretary of Labor
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to the demands of a single group, to the irreparable injury of the whole people, or of challenging the assertion by that group of power greater than that of the Government itself.
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were urging him to reinstate the Justice Department's wartime relationship with the APL, he told reporters that "its operation in any community constitutes a grave menace."
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and other candidates with stronger legal credentials. They argued that the South was over-represented in the Cabinet and that Palmer's political intelligence was critical.
1357:"The U.S. Confiscated Half a Billion Dollars in Private Property During WWI: America's home front was the site of interment, deportation, and vast property seizure"
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In total, April 1919 saw 36 dynamite-filled bombs mailed to other leading figures including justice officials, newspaper editors and businessmen, including
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years' standing and his death brings to me a deep sense of personal loss and sorrow." He was buried at Laurelwood Cemetery (originally a cemetery of the
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As a Roosevelt supporter and a delegate from the District of Columbia, Palmer served as one of nine members on the Platform Committee of the
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Brewing and Liquor Interests and German Propaganda: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,
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had tried to protect, the wool industry. He proposed to pay for any lost revenue with a graduated income tax targeted only at the rich. The
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has called it "a turning point in American constitutional history" because it attempted to establish for the first time "the use of the
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The date came and went without incident. Newspaper reaction was almost uniform in its mockery of Palmer and his "hallucinations."
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Palmer launched his campaign against radicalism in November 1919 and January 1920 with a series of police actions known as the
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fraternity. After graduation, he was appointed court stenographer of Pennsylvania's 43rd judicial district. He studied law at
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In 1921, in the closing weeks of the Wilson administration, Palmer asked the President to pardon imprisoned Socialist leader
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of 1920 approached. The railroad brotherhoods postponed their strike in the face of political and public opposition, but the
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Palmer served as Attorney General from March 5, 1919, until March 4, 1921. Before assuming office, he had opposed the
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limited the number of deportations to 556. At a Cabinet meeting in April 1920, Palmer called on Secretary of Labor
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1694:"Text of Attorney General Palmer's Declaration of Federal Stand Against 'Dictation of a Group'", November 11, 1919
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Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (NY: Carroll & Graf, 2007)
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said he gave "the ablest speech of the day" when the House debated the measure in April 1913. He said:
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The Deportations Delirium of Nineteen-twenty: A Personal Narrative of an Historic Official Experience
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in 1919. In reaction to domestic unrest, Palmer created the General Intelligence Unit and recruited
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had ordered the strike and were financing it, and some of the press echoed that language. Palmer's
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black community and the "open defiance" black leaders advocated in response to racial violence and
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255:(May 4, 1872 – May 11, 1936) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 50th
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A first booby-trap bomb directed at assassinating Palmer was mailed by anarchists linked to
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1772:"Nation-Wide Plot to Kill High Officials on Red May Day Revealed by Palmer", April 30, 1920
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
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congressional career, he sponsored a bill to promote women's suffrage. On behalf of the
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1008:"A. Mitchell Palmer Biography." Biography.com. N.p., n.d. Web. June 28, 2016. <
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to justify almost any form of federal control over working conditions and wages."
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in 1891. At Swarthmore, he was a member of the Pennsylvania Kappa chapter of the
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Palmer on a flag-draped podium during his bid for the Democratic nomination
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In September 1918, Palmer testified at hearings held by the U.S. Senate's
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and George Washington University, and continued his studies with attorney
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Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties
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mounted machine guns on automobiles and positioned them around the city.
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took place in April and June 1919, including attacks on Palmer's home.
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Gregg, Robert; McDonogh, Gary W.; Wong, Cindy H. (November 10, 2005).
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In 1914, President Wilson persuaded him to give up his House seat and
1749:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), pp. 546–547
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1920 that he had raised grave concerns about did not materialize.
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Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America
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and ran on the Progressive Party line, and incumbent Republican
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President Woodrow Wilson with Attorney General, Mitchell Palmer
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Palmer proved out of step with the public mood when, after the
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Coben, pp. 171–174; Hagedorn, p. 380; Pietrusza, pp. 167–172
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Coben, pp. 246–50, 254–6; Pietruska, pp. 194, 198, 247, 257
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Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
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2030:"$ 2,000,000 Savings by Dry Repeal Seen," October 30, 1932
1947:"Gov. Smith Hailed as his Party's Chief", November 6, 1924
1300:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), pp. 255–257
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1242:"Fear Trust Benefit from a Low Tariff", January 12, 1913
2097:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946)
1931:"A. Mitchell Palmer Weds Mrs. Burrall," August 30, 1923
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http://www.biography.com/people/a-mitchell-palmer-38048
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The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the
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loyalty and intimate knowledge of political patronage.
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from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the
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1539:"Nominates Palmer Attorney General", February 28, 1919
1191:"Nominates Palmer Attorney General," February 28, 1919
990:. Swarthmore, PA: Swarthmore College. 1892. p. 79
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of 1913, signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.
1963:"A. Mitchell Palmer Endorses Smith," November 1, 1928
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2160:, Second and Third Sessions, Pursuant to S. Res. 307
1465:"Break German Hold on American Metal," April 8, 1919
1234:"Democrat Upsets the Tariff 'Class'," April 26, 1913
333:'s Moravian Parochial School. Palmer graduated from
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Democratic Party's nomination for President in 1920
2154:United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary,
2127:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
2046:"Mitchell Palmer is Dead in Capital", May 12, 1936
1979:"Roosevelt Forces Control Platform," June 25, 1932
1505:"Palmer Slated to Enter Cabinet", February 8, 2010
1089:
286:, taking charge of the seizure of enemy property.
2095:The Wilson Era: Years of War and After, 1917–1923
1874:"Wilson Refuses to Pardon Debs", February 1, 1921
1746:The Wilson Era: Years of War and After, 1917–1923
1030:
940:and authored the original draft of the platform.
426:beliefs and heritage. He wrote to the President:
305:Palmer sought the presidential nomination at the
3643:
372:
289:Palmer became attorney general under President
1816:Murray, p. 253; See also Kenneth D. Ackerman,
1034:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary American Culture
445:taxed to accomplish the survival of the unfit.
3717:Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members
3180:
2854:
2367:
1063:
409:, by a resounding margin of 110 to 71 at the
298:further backlash when a series of attacks on
2102:Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919
2021:
2019:
1285:"Child Labor Bill Passed," February 16, 1916
18:American attorney and politician (1872–1936)
2120:Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer
1348:
500:
316:
3187:
3173:
2861:
2847:
2374:
2360:
2259:Pennsylvania's 26th congressional district
1923:"Mrs. A. Mitchell Palmer," January 5, 1922
1150:
321:Palmer was born into a Quaker family near
31:
2016:
1720:"Miners Finally Agree," December 11, 1919
1676:
1674:
1648:"Palmer to Enforce Law," November 1, 1919
401:Palmer defeated Pennsylvania's incumbent
100:U.S. House of Representatives
3702:People from Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
3201:1920 United States presidential election
893:
848:Within Palmer's Justice Department, the
756:
652:anarchist exploded a bomb on their porch
574:
534:Following the United States' entry into
377:Palmer was elected as a Democrat to the
3343:
3229:
1886:Downing, Margaret B. (March 16, 1913).
1885:
1577:Ackerman, pp. 44–45; Pietruszka, p. 146
1158:"Palmer's Foes Take Control in Georgia"
1125:
1056:
1054:
635:. Strikes garnered national attention,
3644:
1805:"Union Men Assail Palmer", May 4, 1920
1671:
1236:, accessed January 21, 2010; see also
1071:"Guffey Is Ousted As A Political Boss"
276:United States House of Representatives
125:March 4, 1909 – March 3, 1915
58:March 5, 1919 – March 4, 1921
3425:
3168:
2842:
2355:
2062:"Tribute From Cummings", May 12, 1936
1995:"Hague Hits Roosevelt'" June 24, 1932
1820:(NY: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 283–4
1380:
1374:
1354:
1119:
838:frustrated by the Department of Labor
723:
669:
1051:
278:, serving from 1909 to 1915. During
938:1932 Democratic National Convention
879:called it the "May Day scare." The
843:
639:occurred in over 30 US cities, and
570:
307:1920 Democratic National Convention
13:
2193:"A. Mitchell Palmer (id: P000035)"
2182:
2158:Sixty-fifth United States Congress
1355:Gross, Daniel A. (July 28, 2014).
623:Assassination attempt and bombings
361:in 1893, and began to practice in
14:
3728:
3662:20th-century American politicians
2206:
786:went forward. Palmer invoked the
741:led U.S. military forces against
561:United States Brewers Association
449:Palmer's work became part of the
2903:
2827:
2145:1920: The Year of Six presidents
1888:"Mrs. Alexander Mitchell Palmer"
1381:Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015).
1126:Pearson, Drew (April 10, 1937).
1101:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
403:Democratic National Committeeman
3712:United States attorneys general
2383:United States Attorneys General
2070:
2051:
2035:
2000:
1984:
1968:
1952:
1936:
1912:
1879:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1829:Coben, 235–236; Louis F. Post,
1823:
1810:
1794:
1777:
1761:
1752:
1734:
1725:
1708:
1699:
1683:
1662:
1653:
1637:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1494:
1479:
1470:
1454:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1290:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1180:
1097:"Guffey Beaten in Pennsylvania"
889:
611:
485:, behind second-place finisher
2334:United States Attorney General
2084:A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician
1164:. May 19, 1920. Archived from
1024:
1015:
1002:
978:
929:After the Republicans won the
868:worked for 32 hours straight.
752:
459:National Child Labor Committee
419:Democratic National Convention
257:United States attorney general
46:United States Attorney General
1:
2254:U.S. House of Representatives
2237:U.S. House of Representatives
2149:Carroll & Graf Publishers
2131:University of Minnesota Press
1103:. May 8, 1912. Archived from
967:
850:General Intelligence Division
489:, who was later a Republican
373:U.S. House of Representatives
3672:Antisemitism in Pennsylvania
1925:, accessed January 7, 2010;
1440:Brewing and Liquor Interests
972:
803:American Federation of Labor
359:Pennsylvania Bar Association
7:
1807:, accessed January 25, 2010
1791:, accessed January 25, 2010
1774:, accessed January 25, 2010
1722:, accessed January 26, 2010
1696:, accessed January 26, 2010
1650:, accessed January 26, 2010
1541:, accessed January 25, 2010
1507:, accessed January 25, 2010
1467:, accessed January 22, 2010
1287:, accessed January 20, 2010
1244:, accessed January 21, 2010
1128:"Washington Merry-Go-Round"
10:
3733:
2901:
2174:, 1919. Original from the
2172:Government Printing Office
2048:, accessed January 8, 2010
2032:, accessed January 7, 2010
2013:, accessed January 7, 2010
2011:"Milestones, May 18, 1936"
1997:, accessed January 7, 2010
1981:, accessed January 7, 2010
1965:' accessed January 7, 2010
1949:, accessed January 7, 2010
1933:, accessed January 7, 2010
1876:, accessed January 7, 2010
1193:, accessed January 8, 2010
776:presidential election year
690:rioting of the past summer
615:
601:American Protective League
270:He became a member of the
3707:Swarthmore College alumni
3617:
3584:
3555:
3526:
3497:
3468:
3439:
3421:
3370:
3326:
3256:
3212:
3143:
3118:
3093:
3070:Secretary of the Interior
3068:
3049:
3030:
2999:
2974:
2945:Secretary of the Treasury
2943:
2912:
2884:
2825:
2389:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2122:(Algora Publishing, 2008)
2088:Columbia University Press
1476:Coben, 135–150, quote 149
962:Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
931:national election of 1924
363:Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
352:
323:White Haven, Pennsylvania
253:Alexander Mitchell Palmer
246:
234:
228:Roberta Dixon (died 1922)
224:
214:
209:Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
203:
186:
180:White Haven, Pennsylvania
167:Alexander Mitchell Palmer
162:
157:
153:
141:
129:
118:
96:
84:
72:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
3677:American anti-communists
3095:Secretary of Agriculture
2276:Party political offices
2215:, Listen to Palmer speak
2191:United States Congress.
2064:, accessed April 4, 2008
1559:Hagedorn, pp. 186–7, 227
1132:United Feature Syndicate
950:
545:Alien Property Custodian
501:Alien Property Custodian
317:Early life and education
284:Alien Property Custodian
274:and won election to the
2984:Lindley Miller Garrison
1568:Pietruszka, pp. 146–147
1516:Coben, 150-4, quote 151
1488:The Wall Street Journal
1298:Wilson: The New Freedom
685:Immigration Act of 1918
357:He was admitted to the
331:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
325:, in the small town of
230:Margaret Fallon Burrall
207:Laurelwood Cemetery in
3596:Robert Colvin Macauley
3284:Nicholas Murray Butler
3279:William Cameron Sproul
3153:William Bauchop Wilson
3009:James Clark McReynolds
2922:William Jennings Bryan
2226:June 29, 2006, at the
2220:Who Built America V.II
2176:University of Michigan
2115:(NY: Henry Holt, 2011)
2076:Ackerman, Kenneth D.,
1632:Lever Food Control Act
1595:McWhirter, pp. 239–240
1486:"Palmer's Promotion".
899:
825:
770:
743:striking steel workers
731:Seattle General Strike
580:
524:
447:
433:
3557:Socialist Labor Party
3480:Parley P. Christensen
3361:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3294:Robert M. La Follette
3120:Secretary of Commerce
3051:Secretary of the Navy
897:
820:
760:
578:
520:
442:
428:
3697:Pennsylvania lawyers
3622:Other 1920 elections
3378:William Gibbs McAdoo
3078:Franklin Knight Lane
2953:William Gibbs McAdoo
2106:Simon & Schuster
1783:Coben, pp. 234–235;
1604:Daniels, pp. 545–546
1490:. November 11, 1919.
1168:on December 18, 2012
1107:on December 18, 2012
735:Boston Police Strike
641:two sets of bombings
479:United States Senate
451:Underwood Tariff Act
265:Red Scare of 1919–20
3134:Joshua W. Alexander
3128:William C. Redfield
3015:Thomas Watt Gregory
2327:Thomas Watt Gregory
2125:Murray, Robert K.,
2111:McWhirter Cameron,
2093:Daniels, Josephus,
1318:Coben, 113-5, 122–4
882:Rocky Mountain News
780:United Mine Workers
718:Louis Freeland Post
701:Louis Freeland Post
664:John D. Rockefeller
347:John Brutzman Storm
79:Thomas Watt Gregory
3567:William Wesley Cox
3470:Farmer–Labor Party
3383:A. Mitchell Palmer
3299:Jeter C. Pritchard
3269:Frank Orren Lowden
3145:Secretary of Labor
3040:Albert S. Burleson
3032:Postmaster General
3021:A. Mitchell Palmer
2914:Secretary of State
2894:Thomas R. Marshall
2143:Pietrusza, David,
1842:Coben, pp. 250–251
1758:Coben, pp. 234–235
1731:Coben, pp. 183–184
1659:Coben, pp. 178–179
1622:Coben, pp. 176–178
1550:Pietruszka, p. 193
1336:Coben, pp. 118–119
1075:The New York Times
958:Society of Friends
902:Palmer sought the
900:
771:
724:Labor and business
681:Enemy Alien Bureau
670:Response and raids
657:Cronaca Sovversiva
594:recess appointment
586:Sherman L. Whipple
581:
527:A. Mitchell Palmer
335:Swarthmore College
241:Swarthmore College
25:A. Mitchell Palmer
3639:
3638:
3613:
3612:
3604:Richard C. Barnum
3538:James E. Ferguson
3499:Prohibition Party
3417:
3416:
3398:Edward I. Edwards
3322:
3321:
3309:Howard Sutherland
3239:Warren G. Harding
3162:
3161:
3109:Edwin T. Meredith
3084:John Barton Payne
2836:
2835:
2350:
2349:
2341:Succeeded by
2311:Succeeded by
2266:Succeeded by
1893:Los Angeles Times
1833:(NY, 1923), 238ff
1309:Coben, pp. 90–111
1162:The Baltimore Sun
1138:on April 16, 2013
852:(GID), headed by
833:William B. Wilson
768:November 22, 1919
765:Los Angeles Times
705:William B. Wilson
557:Overman Committee
343:Lafayette College
250:
249:
3724:
3682:American Quakers
3546:William J. Hough
3509:Aaron S. Watkins
3423:
3422:
3371:Other candidates
3359:Vice President:
3341:
3340:
3329:Democratic Party
3304:Miles Poindexter
3257:Other candidates
3245:Vice President:
3227:
3226:
3215:Republican Party
3189:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3103:David F. Houston
3059:Josephus Daniels
3001:Attorney General
2976:Secretary of War
2965:David F. Houston
2934:Bainbridge Colby
2907:
2906:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2324:Preceded by
2243:Preceded by
2233:
2232:
2202:
2168:Books.google.com
2166:) and volume 2 (
2164:Books.Google.com
2118:Mittelman, Amy,
2082:Coben, Stanley,
2065:
2055:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:on March 6, 2009
1896:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1741:Josephus Daniels
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1134:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
982:
844:May Day warnings
710:Josephus Daniels
571:Attorney general
530:
477:instead for the
272:Democratic Party
197:Washington, D.C.
193:
176:
174:
158:Personal details
144:
132:
123:
113:
102:
87:
75:
56:
35:
21:
20:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3609:
3580:
3575:August Gillhaus
3551:
3522:
3517:D. Leigh Colvin
3493:
3464:
3459:Seymour Stedman
3441:Socialist Party
3435:
3413:
3366:
3332:
3318:
3289:Calvin Coolidge
3252:
3247:Calvin Coolidge
3218:
3208:
3193:
3163:
3158:
3139:
3114:
3089:
3064:
3045:
3026:
2995:
2990:Newton D. Baker
2970:
2939:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2880:
2867:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2385:
2380:
2346:
2344:Harry Daugherty
2337:
2329:
2314:
2305:
2298:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2228:Wayback Machine
2209:
2185:
2183:Further reading
2100:Hagedorn, Ann,
2073:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:, v. 1, pp. 3–4
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
984:
983:
979:
975:
970:
953:
892:
877:Clarence Darrow
854:J. Edgar Hoover
846:
815:public rhetoric
769:
767:
763:
755:
726:
677:J. Edgar Hoover
672:
625:
620:
614:
573:
532:
528:
526:
511:sinking of the
503:
487:Gifford Pinchot
396:Oscar Underwood
375:
355:
319:
295:J. Edgar Hoover
282:, he served as
229:
215:Political party
195:
191:
178:
172:
170:
169:
168:
142:
130:
124:
119:
103:
98:
91:Harry Daugherty
85:
73:
57:
52:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3528:American Party
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3451:Eugene V. Debs
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3409:Robert L. Owen
3406:
3403:Woodrow Wilson
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3314:Herbert Hoover
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3209:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2928:Robert Lansing
2925:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:Vice President
2882:
2881:
2877:Woodrow Wilson
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
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762:"KEEPING WARM"
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2139:0-313-22673-3
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2128:
2124:
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1668:Coben, 179-80
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1451:Coben, 135-50
1448:
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1438:U.S. Senate,
1435:
1429:Mittelman, 83
1426:
1420:Coben, 128-35
1417:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1387:Distillations
1384:
1377:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1342:
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1324:
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1296:Arthur Link,
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1098:
1092:
1077:. May 8, 1912
1076:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1037:. Routledge.
1036:
1035:
1027:
1021:Coben, 23, 47
1018:
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1005:
989:
988:
981:
977:
965:
963:
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923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
908:Heywood Broun
905:
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883:
878:
873:
871:
870:Boston police
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
841:
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808:
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793:
789:
785:
784:John L. Lewis
781:
777:
766:
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750:
748:
747:Gary, Indiana
744:
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732:
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719:
713:
711:
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702:
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531:
529:December 1918
523:
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495:Boies Penrose
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350:
348:
344:
340:
339:Phi Kappa Psi
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
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204:Resting place
202:
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68:
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61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
16:
3667:Anti-Masonry
3621:
3602:VP nominee:
3601:
3593:
3573:VP nominee:
3572:
3564:
3544:VP nominee:
3543:
3535:
3515:VP nominee:
3514:
3506:
3488:Max S. Hayes
3486:VP nominee:
3485:
3477:
3457:VP nominee:
3456:
3448:
3382:
3358:
3353:James M. Cox
3350:
3327:
3264:Leonard Wood
3244:
3236:
3213:
3205:→ 1924
3197:← 1916
3020:
2959:Carter Glass
2638:
2414:Breckinridge
2332:
2313:John Farrell
2296:Pennsylvania
2292:U.S. Senator
2290:nominee for
2286:
2281:
2269:Henry Steele
2251:
2219:
2196:
2155:
2144:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2101:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2071:Bibliography
2057:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1891:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1800:
1796:
1784:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1715:
1710:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1534:
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1512:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1390:
1386:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1327:Coben, 124-6
1323:
1314:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1220:Coben, 77ff.
1216:
1207:
1202:Coben, p. 71
1198:
1186:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1161:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1131:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1100:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1060:Coben, p. 49
1033:
1026:
1017:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
986:
980:
954:
941:
935:
928:
924:
917:
901:
890:Later career
880:
874:
866:police force
862:
847:
830:
826:
821:
797:
772:
764:
739:Leonard Wood
727:
714:
697:Palmer Raids
694:
673:
661:
656:
645:
626:
618:Palmer Raids
612:Palmer Raids
605:James M. Cox
598:
596:on March 5.
582:
565:
554:
550:
533:
525:
521:
512:
508:
504:
472:
455:
448:
443:
437:
434:
429:
407:James Guffey
400:
392:
376:
356:
320:
311:James M. Cox
304:
288:
269:
261:Palmer Raids
252:
251:
192:(1936-05-11)
190:May 11, 1936
148:Henry Steele
143:Succeeded by
120:
106:Pennsylvania
86:Succeeded by
53:
15:
3657:1936 deaths
3652:1872 births
3432:independent
3428:Third party
3405:(incumbent)
3351:President:
3237:President:
3155:(1913–1921)
3136:(1919–1921)
3130:(1913–1919)
3111:(1920–1921)
3105:(1913–1920)
3086:(1920–1921)
3080:(1913–1920)
3061:(1913–1921)
3042:(1913–1921)
3023:(1919–1921)
3017:(1914–1919)
3011:(1913–1914)
2992:(1916–1921)
2986:(1913–1916)
2967:(1920–1921)
2961:(1918–1920)
2955:(1913–1918)
2936:(1920–1921)
2930:(1915–1920)
2924:(1913–1915)
2896:(1913–1921)
2879:(1913–1921)
2729:Kleindienst
2684:T. C. Clark
1680:Murray, 155
1361:Smithsonian
1271:Coben, 84-7
1172:January 14,
1142:January 14,
1111:January 12,
1081:January 14,
994:December 6,
753:Coal strike
633:World War I
536:World War I
464:Arthur Link
411:State Party
280:World War I
263:during the
177:May 4, 1872
131:Preceded by
74:Preceded by
3646:Categories
3586:Single Tax
3434:candidates
3335:Convention
3221:Convention
2819:M. Garland
2769:Thornburgh
2734:Richardson
2714:Katzenbach
2629:McReynolds
2624:Wickersham
2579:A. Garland
2554:Pierrepont
2499:Crittenden
2464:Crittenden
2338:1919–1921
2288:Democratic
2263:1909–1915
2162:Volume 1 (
1705:Coben, 181
1586:Coben, 176
1525:Coben, 153
1411:Coben, 128
1393:(1): 16–23
1345:Coben, 127
1262:Coben, 198
1044:1134719299
968:References
675:recruited
637:race riots
405:, Colonel
236:Alma mater
219:Democratic
173:1872-05-04
3594:Nominee:
3565:Nominee:
3536:Nominee:
3507:Nominee:
3478:Nominee:
3449:Nominee:
2874:President
2754:Civiletti
2694:McGranery
2644:Daugherty
2619:Bonaparte
2133:, 1955),
1397:March 20,
1366:August 6,
1211:Coben, 74
973:Citations
913:James Cox
788:Lever Act
629:Red Scare
559:that the
513:Lusitania
327:Moosehead
225:Spouse(s)
121:In office
63:President
54:In office
3388:Al Smith
3344:Nominees
3230:Nominees
2809:Sessions
2789:Gonzales
2784:Ashcroft
2719:R. Clark
2699:Brownell
2664:Cummings
2574:Brewster
2569:MacVeagh
2549:Williams
2529:Stanbery
2484:Clifford
2399:Bradford
2394:Randolph
2224:Archived
1904:June 11,
1253:Coben 51
792:hoarding
733:and the
491:Governor
367:Democrat
114:district
2870:Cabinet
2794:Mukasey
2709:Kennedy
2689:McGrath
2674:Jackson
2654:Sargent
2634:Gregory
2599:McKenna
2544:Akerman
2514:Stanton
2504:Cushing
2494:Johnson
2439:Berrien
2424:Pinkney
2409:Lincoln
2301:Class 3
2213:LOC.gov
2151:, 2007)
2108:, 2007)
2090:, 1963)
987:Halcyon
858:May Day
811:Trotsky
801:of the
300:May Day
3631:Senate
2799:Holder
2704:Rogers
2679:Biddle
2669:Murphy
2639:Palmer
2604:Griggs
2594:Harmon
2584:Miller
2564:Devens
2534:Evarts
2489:Toucey
2474:Nelson
2469:Legaré
2459:Gilpin
2454:Grundy
2449:Butler
2419:Rodney
2137:
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860:1920.
782:under
424:Quaker
385:, and
353:Career
199:, U.S.
182:, U.S.
3626:House
2804:Lynch
2764:Meese
2759:Smith
2739:Saxbe
2649:Stone
2614:Moody
2589:Olney
2524:Speed
2519:Bates
2509:Black
2479:Mason
2444:Taney
2294:from
2282:First
2257:from
2147:(NY:
2104:(NY:
2086:(NY:
960:) in
951:Death
807:Lenin
104:from
44:50th
3430:and
3199:)
2814:Barr
2779:Reno
2774:Barr
2749:Bell
2744:Levi
2609:Knox
2559:Taft
2539:Hoar
2434:Wirt
2429:Rush
2307:1914
2135:ISBN
2007:Time
1906:2014
1399:2018
1368:2014
1174:2012
1144:2012
1113:2012
1083:2012
1039:ISBN
1012:>
996:2016
943:Time
809:and
774:the
483:race
422:his
387:63rd
383:62nd
379:61st
187:Died
163:Born
111:26th
2872:of
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2170:).
745:in
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475:run
415:Joe
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