160:, guarantee the rights of workers to seek union membership and forbid management's use of undue influence such as bribes or threats. Nonetheless, such charges are hard to prove and the labor movement believes the entire process to be slanted against them in enforcement and interpretation of labor laws. Sometimes, organizing involves legal wrangling over issues such as voter eligibility. In such cases, issues are often settled by appeal to the Labor Board who serves, essentially, as a referee during the process. Intrigue during heated campaigns is not uncommon. In various cases, one or both sides have used spying and information-gathering techniques tantamount to
94:
585:
147:
are given a chance to campaign for or against unionization, though management has a decided advantage due to their greater access to the employees, as well as management's inherent ability to discipline or terminate employees. It is in this electioneering model where the organizer really organizes: arranging meetings, devising strategy, and developing an internal structure known as an organizing
250:
circulate horror stories about plant closures and retaliatory firings to discourage union activity and uptake among the workers. Real or imagined, such horror stories are taken as warnings and have a chilling effect on voting. Though illegal, retaliatory terminations remain a problem for organizers to overcome. Fear is the leading obstacle to organizing.
262:." The intention of such union-busting may be to "nip it in the bud" before getting locked into a costly collective bargaining agreement. Management may feel that the organizing campaign encourages and capitalizes upon worker disobedience and perceived disloyalty. For this reason, management may hire anti-union consultants or
359:. The organizer is portrayed as a liberator. There is some truth in these stories since companies did, in fact, historically hire armed thugs to break up organizing drives through unethical and oppressive means. Modern unions work within the existing system, rather than against it, through sophisticated
146:
in the U.S. The process entails either a secret ballot election or, in some cases, a card-signing effort (called card check). In either case, should a majority of the employees agree to union representation, the results bind the company to recognize and negotiate with the union. Normally, both sides
266:
known as "union-busters" or "union avoidance consultants." With the goal of thwarting organizing, union-busters typically have a two-pronged approach: firstly, management will cut deals with individual workers to betray the union and secondly, to exploit loopholes in labor law in an effort to derail
172:
Within the labor movement, organizing is the cause within the cause. In most industrialized nations, there has been a steady decline in union membership and in the influence of organized labor since the 1950s. A response to this decline has been a renewed organizing effort. The heads of unions are
155:
recruited to the organizing committee that the union typically later draws its shop stewards. Though some mistake organizing as strictly being a recruitment effort, numerous obstacles emerge which require more than simple enlistment and promotion of the union. During organizing, management has
249:
and business, argue that unionization divides employees against their employer and results in increased costs. Such accusations are not entirely without foundation: Indeed, a successful organizing campaign usually demonstrably benefits the labor at the expense of management. Critics will often
1231:
The Future of Union
Organizing: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor and Pensions, Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Hearing held in Washington, DC, September 19,
527:
Both Hoffa stories feature Hoffa as a tough "man of the people" and chronicle how his organizing swelled the ranks of the
Teamsters. Hoffa was notorious for taking an "ends justifies the means" approach to organizing. Hoffa's legacy remains: his son,
193:
unions set up as an alternative to the AFL–CIO in 2005), by Change to Win advocates at least. Many unions see organizing as a way to ensure the future of their organization. Unions who emphasize organizing and are
210:
Within the labor movement, there is some resistance to organizing, though more in deed than in word. Organizing can be seen as a drain on scarce resources with insignificant returns and with results tenuous. In
451:, one of the characters is a former union activist who turns the bad guy's henchmen against him by informally organizing them against their boss based on the common organizing themes of a greater share in the
511:, begins the story where Hoffa's career began: organizing truck drivers and warehouse workers in and around Detroit. Jimmy Hoffa went on to become one of the most powerful labor leaders in U.S. history.
562:
had an episode where the main character organizes his fellow workers into a union and tells management it is because he really cares about the well-being of his coworkers, exhibiting solidarity.
279:, still active today, though in a different capacity. William W. Delaney's "My Father Was Killed By Pinkerton Men" is a song about the violence that often surrounded early American labor strife.
22:
234:, historical claim, and compromise. Unions have overlapping jurisdictions. Critics within the labor movement have blamed the movement itself for the fractious effects of union-on-union
258:
In bottom-up organizing, management and labor are pitted against each other and management often schedules retaliatory, aggressive tactics in an effort to break the chapter, called "
215:
industries such as construction, an increase in the supply of labor from newly organized shops may cause the supply of jobs to dwindle below what an increased membership can absorb.
115:
through salesmanship or pressure tactics. The salesmanship may include offering access to resources such as to a well-trained and skilled supply of labor or access to union
181:, for not doing enough to organize. In fact, this has been cited as the genesis of the split within the American labor movement that led to the formation of the
267:
or sandbag the election process. The emergence of union-busting as an industry is a relatively new phenomenon and is described in Martin Levitt's book
156:
greater means to reward or punish workers, far overshadowing methods available to the union. For this reason, in most countries, laws such as the U.S.
142:
Bottom-up organizing focuses on the workers and usually involves a certification process, normally overseen by a labor relations board such as the
411:
Both of these stories incorporate pro-union messages with ethnic determination. In the case of the
Pullman Porters, Randolph is remembered as a
85:
or worksites. Organizers primarily exist to assist non-union workers in forming chapters of locals, usually by leading them in their efforts.
883:
Bai, "The New Boss," January 30, 2005, p. 40; DeFreitas, "Anxious
Anniversary: Is Recession Stalking the 5-Year-Old Recovery?", 2006, p. 8.
482:
businesses and are far-fetched for this reason. Nonetheless, they demonstrate how, absent a union's presence, the same issues arise in any
1260:
131:
violations. A strict enforcement of these laws might result in fines and might serve to hurt the violator's chances in a competitive
2018:
1288:
544:, the characters hold an organizing meeting that ends with a manager threatening to fire everyone involved. The character played by
1910:
104:
Organizers employ various methods to secure recognition by the employer as being a legitimate union, the ultimate goal being a
62:. In other unions, the organizer's role is largely that of servicing members and enforcing work rules, similar to the role of a
48:
347:
and stirring workers up against exploitative management. This is a common theme in organizing. The workers are cast as simple
1216:
393:
1249:
123:
with the intention of embarrassing management or disrupting business, as well as assisting the government in investigating
1095:
DeFreitas, Gregory. "Can
Construction Unions Organize New Immigrants? A Conversation with the Carpenters' Tony Martinez."
658:
520:, tells the same story of Hoffa's beginnings as an organizer and of his rise to power, albeit with more liberties taken.
1880:
1399:
1224:
1202:
1167:
1153:
1139:
1118:
1083:
628:
1993:
1811:
105:
2063:
202:," spending most of their resources on providing services to the existing membership (i.e., non-expansionist).
143:
1281:
367:
212:
98:
33:
418:. The Justice for Janitors campaign is about immigrants' rights, as many of the organized janitors are from
275:" also used for strike-breaking. In the U.S., the largest and most well-known "goon squad" for hire was the
157:
66:. In some unions, organizers may also take on industrial/legal roles such as making representations before
1419:
1359:
540:
388:
174:
135:
process. Top-down organizing is generally considered easier than bottom-up and is practiced more in the
1816:
1661:
1306:
613:
276:
242:. Expansionism and the scramble for members in organizing programs bring to light these border issues.
1325:
2109:
1998:
1860:
1834:
1801:
1450:
1274:
633:
608:
182:
1076:
Organize or Die: Marketing and
Communications Strategies for Labor Leaders, Agents and Organizers.
434:, thus further casting workers and activists as underdogs. The underdog theme is an inspirational
1821:
1641:
1465:
1409:
1364:
590:
2003:
1681:
675:
598:
363:
action programs. Most unions have reinvented themselves as streamlined, professional machines.
1160:
From The Folks Who
Brought You The Weekend: A Short, Illustrated History of the United States.
2114:
1806:
1460:
603:
186:
108:. The methods can be classified as being either top-down organizing or bottom-up organizing.
1470:
1384:
1374:
573:
has become the anthem of large parts of the labor movement such as those in North
America.
524:
plays Hoffa as a man with good intentions, dogged on both sides, by both sides of the law.
447:
397:
231:
161:
67:
1088:
DeFreitas, Gregory. "Anxious
Anniversary: Is Recession Stalking the 5-Year-Old Recovery?"
8:
2068:
1922:
1905:
1526:
1485:
1379:
710:
690:
460:
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are said to have the "organizing model." By contrast, other unions are said to have the "
120:
25:
2053:
1855:
1829:
1751:
1631:
1621:
1455:
780:
765:
750:
566:
521:
372:
1978:
1973:
1761:
1686:
1595:
1511:
1475:
1220:
1212:
1198:
1163:
1149:
1135:
1114:
1079:
755:
740:
643:
548:
81:, a union organizer is a union representative who "organizes" or unionizes non-union
1983:
1958:
1440:
785:
685:
329:
is another factually based story of an organizer who visits a small mining town in
271:
Prior to the emergence of the union-avoidance industry, practitioners were mainly "
59:
16:
Specific type of trade union member (often elected) or an appointed union official
1796:
1746:
1646:
1616:
1316:
1174:
A Guide to Basic Labor Law and
Procedures Under the National Labor Relations Act.
700:
516:
380:
93:
1104:
Labor Law Handbook for Organizing Unions Under the National Labor Relations Act.
950:
Labor Law Handbook for Organizing Unions Under the National Labor Relations Act,
2078:
1963:
1937:
1917:
1895:
1776:
1771:
1756:
1719:
1521:
1349:
760:
715:
705:
670:
653:
529:
431:
423:
302:
124:
58:
In some unions, the organizer's role is to recruit groups of workers under the
2103:
2048:
2013:
2008:
1927:
1885:
1706:
1676:
1636:
1516:
1506:
1480:
1445:
1424:
973:
1991, p. 178; DeFreitas, "Can Construction Unions Organize New Immigrants?",
745:
730:
725:
680:
648:
570:
478:
These latter two movies use organizing as a plot device, though they involve
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344:
330:
298:
259:
199:
190:
78:
63:
21:
2083:
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1968:
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1585:
1531:
1369:
1311:
775:
695:
618:
499:
479:
412:
400:" campaign to organize cleaners. The story is also a love story between an
219:
195:
136:
956:
2006, p. 29-30; Rundle, "Starbucks Union Battle Goes Before Labor Board,"
937:
A Guide To Basic Law and Procedure Under the National Labor Relations Act,
2028:
1988:
1900:
1691:
1611:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1490:
1414:
1404:
1389:
1321:
720:
623:
555:
504:
472:
465:
313:
309:
235:
178:
173:
well aware of the problem. In the U.S., many labor activists have blamed
52:
29:
430:
paints a picture of them as being outside of, or on the margins of, the
287:
The most famous movie about organizing is the 1979 factually based film
2058:
2033:
2023:
1942:
1932:
1850:
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1394:
735:
427:
401:
352:
272:
246:
239:
223:
112:
1181:
Construction Organizing: An Organizing and Contract Enforcement Guide.
1890:
1736:
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1656:
1651:
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1230:
769:
508:
435:
405:
360:
348:
289:
148:
128:
82:
896:
2006, p. 343, 359–360; Bai, "The New Boss," January 30, 2005, p. 43.
2088:
2073:
1666:
1186:
Rundle, Michael. "Starbucks Union Battle Goes Before Labor Board."
1113:
Silver Spring, Mary.: George Meany Center for Labor Studies, 1992.
545:
491:
483:
419:
317:
152:
1266:
1106:
Silver Spring, Mary.: George Meany Center for Labor Studies, 1991.
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638:
536:
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356:
325:
306:
263:
132:
116:
1714:
1626:
817:
DeFreitas, "Can Construction Unions Organize New Immigrants?",
334:
294:
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1724:
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organizer who organized the railroad company's largely black
376:
341:
227:
71:
1172:
Office of General Counsel. National Labor Relations Board.
439:
415:
475:
in order to include him in a ridiculous assassins' union.
371:, released in 2002, is a movie based on the true story of
1078:
Castro Valley, Calif.: McAlly International Press, 2003.
1176:
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007.
494:
area, a city which has produced some great organizers.
55:
member (often elected) or an appointed union official.
1255:
532:, is the current general president of the Teamsters.
1244:
580:
1183:
Silver Spring, Mary.: Labor's Heritage Press, 1997.
1109:Diamond, Virginia R. and Sneiderman, Marilyn, eds.
1229:United States. Congress. House of Representative.
842:
840:
340:Both of these stories feature outsiders entering
2101:
503:, starring Jack Nicholson as famed labor leader
282:
222:(territorial). Union jurisdiction is based on
837:
320:who defies management at great personal risk.
1705:
1282:
1162:Paperback ed. New York: The New Press, 2006.
486:. Also, both of the movies take place in the
337:groups against a common enemy: the company.
1035:From The Folks Who Brought You The Weekend,
979:From The Folks Who Brought You The Weekend,
872:From The Folks Who Brought You The Weekend,
426:countries. The status of the characters as
1289:
1275:
1144:Levitt, Martin J. and Toczynski, Terry C.
177:, the former (1995–2009) President of the
111:Top-down organizing focuses on persuading
2019:International comparisons of labor unions
355:by powerful managers cast in the role of
1148:New York: Crown Publishing Group, 1993.
92:
20:
1195:Triangle: The Fire That Changed America
468:'s villainous character pursues fellow
167:
2102:
1197:New York: Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 2003.
1179:Pleasure, Robert J. and Cohen, David.
1050:January 30, 2005, p. 41, 42; Breslin,
535:In an episode of the popular American
404:young organizer and a female Hispanic
1270:
1261:What is the Employee Free Choice Act?
1020:2006, p. 24; Diamond and Sneiderman,
977:Fall 2006, p. 28; Murolo and Chitty,
858:
856:
394:Service Employees International Union
253:
32:organizer and founding member of the
1296:
1158:Murolo, Priscilla and Chitty, A.B.
870:2006, p. 29-30; Murolo and Chitty,
659:Union violence in the United States
551:tells the boss, "This isn't over."
312:. He recruits Norma Rae, played by
245:Opponents of organizing, mainly in
97:Organizers in Portland marching on
13:
1125:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement.
1111:Organizing Guide for Local Unions.
1022:Organizing Guide for Local Unions,
1018:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement,
992:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement,
954:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement,
907:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement,
894:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement,
868:My 70 Years in the Labor Movement,
853:
848:Organizing Guide for Local Unions,
14:
2126:
1238:
629:Labor Unions in the United States
218:Most disputes between unions are
1994:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1881:Labor spies in the United States
1211:New York: PublicAffairs, 2006.
583:
205:
119:. Pressure tactics may include
1812:Enterprise bargaining agreement
1234:Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 2014.
1127:New York: Labor Educator, 2006.
1040:
1027:
1010:
997:
984:
963:
942:
929:
333:and who is able to unite rival
106:collective bargaining agreement
2064:Occupational safety and health
1245:National Labor Relations Board
1146:Confessions of A Union Buster.
1134:New York: Labor Notes, 1991.
1005:Confessions of A Union Buster,
916:
899:
886:
877:
824:
811:
798:
408:among those he is organizing.
269:Confessions of A Union Buster.
88:
1:
1061:
368:10,000 Black Men Named George
283:Organizing in popular culture
316:. Norma becomes a key union
158:National Labor Relations Act
7:
1420:Duty of fair representation
1360:National trade union center
1067:Bai, Matt. "The New Boss."
935:Office of General Counsel,
576:
10:
2131:
1817:Global Framework Agreement
1132:A Troublemaker's Handbook.
971:A Troublemaker's Handbook,
864:A Troublemaker's Handbook,
741:Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
277:Pinkerton Detective Agency
34:Women's Trade Union League
1951:
1873:
1843:
1789:
1604:
1553:
1544:
1499:
1433:
1342:
1335:
1302:
664:
458:In the 1997 action movie
445:In the 2005 action movie
151:. It is from the pool of
1999:Equal pay for equal work
1835:Union security agreement
1802:Collaborative bargaining
1451:Social movement unionism
1069:New York Times Magazine.
1048:New York Times Magazine,
846:Diamond and Sneiderman,
791:
634:NLRB election procedures
609:Employee Free Choice Act
455:and respect on the job.
238:and perceived issues of
183:Change to Win Federation
51:) is a specific type of
1826:Mutual gains bargaining
1642:Occupation of factories
1365:Global union federation
1263:(archived 14 July 2007)
1252:(archived 27 June 2007)
1003:*Levitt and Toczynski,
909:2006, p. 362; Breslin,
591:Organized labour portal
323:The 1987 production of
2004:Exploitation of labour
1682:Organizational dissent
1256:National Labor College
1097:Regional Labor Review.
1090:Regional Labor Review.
975:Regional Labor Review,
819:Regional Labor Review,
676:Harry Van Arsdale, Jr.
599:Battle of the Overpass
101:
36:
1861:Workers' compensation
1807:Collective bargaining
1461:Members-only unionism
1102:Diamond, Virginia R.
1046:Bai, "The New Boss,"
952:1991, p. 20; Kelber,
604:Collective bargaining
187:umbrella organization
96:
49:Commonwealth spelling
24:
1471:Open-source unionism
1385:Father of the chapel
1375:Union representative
960:July 10, 2007, p. 4.
924:Solidarity for Sale,
866:1991, p. 8; Kelber,
821:Fall 2006, p. 26-27.
497:The 1992 production
398:Justice for Janitors
168:Cause within a cause
162:industrial espionage
68:Fair Work Commission
2069:Occupational stress
1923:Demarcation dispute
1906:Anti-union violence
1527:Industrial unionism
1486:Solidarity unionism
1400:Vigilance committee
1380:Clerk of the chapel
1209:Solidarity for Sale
1193:Von Drehle, David.
1033:Murolo and Chitty,
461:Grosse Pointe Blank
392:(2001) depicts the
2054:Professional abuse
1856:Union wage premium
1830:Pattern bargaining
1762:Solidarity actions
1622:Diversity training
1456:Community unionism
1250:AFL-CIO Organizing
1037:2001, p. 105, 131.
781:Lucille Thornburgh
766:Crystal Lee Sutton
751:A. Philip Randolph
567:Solidarity Forever
522:Sylvester Stallone
373:A. Philip Randolph
254:Counter organizing
102:
37:
2097:
2096:
1979:Conflict theories
1974:Four-day workweek
1869:
1868:
1785:
1784:
1687:Industrial action
1596:Union co-op model
1540:
1539:
1512:Independent union
1476:Business unionism
1217:978-1-891620-72-0
1071:January 30, 2005.
756:Walter P. Reuther
644:Right to assemble
293:, the story of a
2122:
1984:Critique of work
1959:35-hour workweek
1747:Pen-down strikes
1703:
1702:
1554:Shops and hiring
1551:
1550:
1441:Organizing model
1340:
1339:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1207:Fitch, Robert.
1055:
1052:Organize or Die,
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
982:
967:
961:
946:
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939:1997, p. 19, 23.
933:
927:
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914:
911:Organize or Die,
903:
897:
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884:
881:
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851:
844:
835:
832:Organize or Die,
828:
822:
815:
809:
806:Organize or Die,
802:
786:Leonard Woodcock
686:Yolanda Bejarano
593:
588:
587:
420:Spanish-speaking
301:who came to the
70:, tribunals, or
60:organizing model
26:Leonora O'Reilly
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2110:Trade unionists
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
1947:
1865:
1839:
1822:Master contract
1797:Bargaining unit
1781:
1777:Wildcat strikes
1701:
1647:Precarious work
1617:Contingent work
1600:
1546:
1536:
1495:
1429:
1355:Union organizer
1331:
1298:
1297:Organized labor
1295:
1241:
1188:Metro New York.
1123:Kelber, Harry.
1074:Breslin, Mark.
1064:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1032:
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958:Metro New York,
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701:Patrick Crowley
667:
589:
582:
579:
514:The 1978 movie
389:Bread and Roses
381:Pullman Porters
297:organizer from
285:
256:
208:
200:servicing model
170:
91:
45:union organiser
41:union organizer
17:
12:
11:
5:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2112:
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2079:Social support
2076:
2071:
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2056:
2051:
2049:Prison strikes
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Hunger strikes
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Eight-hour day
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:Featherbedding
1935:
1930:
1928:Strikebreaking
1925:
1920:
1918:Union violence
1915:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1896:Churn and burn
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1757:Sitdown strike
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1720:General strike
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1707:Strike actions
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1239:External links
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1190:July 10, 2007.
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1130:La Botz, Dan.
1128:
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1099:9 (Fall 2006).
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549:Patrice O'Neal
530:James P. Hoffa
432:American Dream
305:to organize a
303:American South
284:
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220:jurisdictional
207:
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191:North American
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125:employment law
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2015:
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2009:Forced labour
2007:
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1307:Labor history
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614:Labor history
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345:company towns
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331:West Virginia
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42:
35:
31:
27:
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2115:Organization
2084:Wage slavery
2044:Maximum wage
2039:Minimum wage
1969:Six-hour day
1952:Other topics
1844:Compensation
1697:Work-to-rule
1637:Labor revolt
1591:Scope clause
1532:Police union
1370:Unionization
1354:
1312:Labor rights
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1024:1992, p. 12.
1021:
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994:2006, p. 39.
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978:
974:
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965:
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913:2003, p. 60.
910:
906:
901:
893:
888:
879:
871:
867:
863:
850:1992, p. 52.
847:
831:
826:
818:
813:
808:2003, p. 16.
805:
800:
776:R. J. Thomas
696:Cesar Chavez
619:Labor rights
564:
559:
553:
539:
534:
526:
515:
513:
498:
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480:black market
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413:civil rights
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387:
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366:
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217:
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196:expansionist
175:John Sweeney
171:
141:
137:construction
110:
103:
76:
64:shop steward
57:
44:
40:
38:
18:
1989:Decent work
1943:Union raids
1933:Goon squads
1901:Paper local
1752:Recognition
1692:Unfair list
1612:Bossnapping
1581:Hiring hall
1571:Agency shop
1561:Closed shop
1491:Syndicalism
1415:Trades hall
1405:Union label
1390:Local union
1322:Trade union
1054:2003, p. 9.
926:2006, p. 47
721:James Hoffa
691:John Brophy
624:Labor spies
556:Fred Savage
505:Jimmy Hoffa
473:John Cusack
466:Dan Aykroyd
314:Sally Field
273:goon squads
236:competition
89:Methodology
53:trade union
30:trade union
2104:Categories
2059:Protection
2029:Labor code
2024:Job strain
1851:Strike pay
1790:Bargaining
1737:Green bans
1730:newspapers
1576:Union shop
1545:Industrial
1395:Union dues
1092:Fall 2006.
1062:References
736:Johnny Dio
565:The song "
541:The Office
428:minorities
402:idealistic
247:management
224:geographic
139:industry.
113:management
2034:Labor law
1891:Givebacks
1874:Reactions
1672:Stay-away
1657:Picketing
1652:Precarity
1632:Grievance
1566:Open shop
1547:relations
1343:Structure
1336:Formation
969:La Botz,
948:Diamond,
862:La Botz,
830:Breslin,
804:Breslin,
770:Norma Rae
509:Teamsters
436:archetype
406:immigrant
386:The film
361:political
353:oppressed
349:commoners
290:Norma Rae
213:transient
185:(a rival
153:activists
149:committee
129:labor law
121:picketing
83:companies
2089:Workload
2074:Overwork
1667:Slowdown
1016:Kelber,
990:Kelber,
905:Kelber,
892:Kelber,
711:Joe Hill
577:See also
546:comedian
492:Michigan
484:vocation
470:assassin
357:villains
318:activist
232:industry
1772:Whipsaw
1767:Walkout
1662:Salting
1605:Actions
922:Fitch,
639:Newsies
560:Working
558:sitcom
537:sit-com
517:F.I.S.T
507:of the
488:Detroit
453:profits
326:Matewan
307:textile
264:lawyers
240:raiding
226:scope,
179:AFL–CIO
133:bidding
117:cartels
99:May Day
1715:Hartal
1627:Gherao
1434:Models
1223:
1215:
1201:
1166:
1152:
1138:
1117:
1082:
665:People
424:Slavic
351:being
335:ethnic
295:Jewish
72:courts
1725:Bandh
1500:Types
1232:2013.
1007:1993.
792:Notes
569:" by
500:Hoffa
377:black
342:rural
228:craft
1586:Bump
1410:Salt
1221:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1080:ISBN
554:The
440:myth
416:hero
396:'s "
310:mill
144:NLRB
127:and
43:(or
28:, a
438:in
422:or
189:of
77:In
47:in
2106::
1219:,
855:^
839:^
772:")
768:("
490:,
464:,
442:.
383:.
230:,
164:.
74:.
39:A
1328:)
1324:(
1290:e
1283:t
1276:v
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