2434:
1916:
55:
1710:
339:
1866:, army tailors, ennobled Jews, soldiers (drafted in accordance with the Recruit Charter of 1810), and their families had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. In some periods, special dispensations were given for Jews to live in the major imperial cities, but these were tenuous, and several thousand Jews were expelled to the Pale from
1777:
population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world's Jewish population at that time. The freedom of movement of non-Jewish imperial subjects was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale.
2032:
and to teach
Russian language and culture. This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892. Regardless, the school had great impact: its students went on to form many new yeshivas in the Pale, and reignited the study of the Talmud in Russia.
1878:
ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when the administrator of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of
137:
was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members
2031:
and began to attract large number of students from around the Pale. The
Tsarist authorities were not pleased with the school and sought to make it more secular, eventually closing it in 1879. The authorities re-opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions
2007:
Jews typically could not engage in agriculture due to restrictions on Jews owning land and farming in the Pale, and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of
3324:
Presents 14 groups of Jews to whom permission might be granted to live outside of the Pale, indicating additional conditions, and presenting three reasons for temporary permissions to leave, for the 13 governates of the
Russian Empire; the blogpost is by an academic historian, and states: 'These
1870:
as late as 1891. The extremely restrictive decrees and recurrent pogroms led to much emigration from the Pale, mainly to the United States and
Western Europe. However, emigration could not keep up with birth rates and expulsion of Jews from other parts of the Russian Empire, and thus the Jewish
1776:
in 1793, since, until then, the empire's (former
Muscovy's) Jewish population had been rather limited. The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of Polish–Lithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population. At its height, the Pale had a Jewish
1928:
1822:
of 1881 prohibited any new Jewish settlement outside of the Pale. The laws also granted peasants the right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns. The laws were anything but temporary, and would be in full effect until at least 1903. In 1910, Jewish members of the
2039:
was applied to education, with the percentage of Jewish students limited to no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kyiv. The quotas in the capitals, however, were increased slightly in 1908 and 1915.
1827:
proposed the abolition of the Pale, but the power dynamic of Duma meant that the bill never had a realistic chance to pass. Far-right political elements in the Duma responded by proposing that all Jews be expelled from the
Russian Empire.
220:
Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so,
1806:, who ruled 1855 to 1881, expanded the rights of rich and educated Jews to leave and live beyond the Pale, which led many Jews to believe that the Pale might soon be abolished. These hopes vanished when Alexander II was
2008:
the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations. This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving
1981:, dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. According to historian Martin Gilbert's
1874:
During World War I, the Pale lost its rigid hold on the Jewish population when large numbers of Jews fled into the
Russian interior to escape the invading German army. The Pale of Settlement
267:
in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the
Russian interior to escape the invading German army, and then ultimately in 1917 with the end of the Russian Empire as a result of the
252:
population (although much of modern
Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to
142:, some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. Pale is an archaic term meaning an enclosed area.
1903:
was reconstituted from much of the former territory of the Pale in the aftermath of World War I. Subsequently, most of the Jewish population of the area would perish in
690:
256:, the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and
3868:
1879:
the ministers of the imperial court and the military (that is, palace suburbs of Petrograd and the frontline). The Pale formally came to an end soon after the
767:
2255:
2169:
2004:
occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906, targeting hundreds of communities, assaulting thousands of Jews, and causing considerable property damage.
628:
1992:'s "fierce hatred of the Jews", and the rumors that Jews had been involved in the assassination of his father Tsar Alexander II, made them easy targets for
920:
3863:
3837:
3561:
1888:
3928:
3825:
1985:, no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations.
1038:
925:
1769:. Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do business in non-Pale Russia.
3883:
3363:
3057:
1737:
1633:
3339:Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени
3033:Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени
3893:
1754:. At the time, most Jews (and in fact most imperial subjects) were restricted in their movements. The Pale came into being under the rule of
3672:
Geraci, Robert (December 2019). "Pragmatism and Prejudice: Revisiting the Origin of the Pale of Jewish Settlement and Its Historiography".
1024:
695:
623:
3730:
Rowland, Richard H. (1986). "Geographical Patterns of the Jewish Population in the Pale of Settlement of Late Nineteenth Century Russia".
3908:
3888:
1310:
3843:
3257:
2433:
3325:
rules was regulated by the Law on Social Estates and the Law on Passports printed in vol. 9 and 14 of Свод законов Российской империи.'
1450:
606:
189:. Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former
2126:. Because of the harsh conditions of day-to-day life in the Pale, some two million Jews emigrated from there between 1881 and 1914,
3953:
2127:
3848:
3938:
1807:
824:
3958:
2417:: Warsaw, Lublin, Płock, Kalisz, Piotrków, Kielce, Radom, Siedlce, Augustów gubernias (divided into Suwałki and Łomża in 1867).
1618:
3831:
3795:
3768:
3347:
3209:
3184:
3041:
2000:, often devastated whole communities. Though attacks occurred throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating
1649:
390:
1810:. Rumors spread that he had been assassinated by Jews, and in the aftermath anti-Jewish sentiment skyrocketed. Anti-Jewish
1529:
502:
492:
445:
435:
3608:[The first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897: Population by religions and regions].
1032:
945:
611:
522:
485:
3918:
3913:
2876:
1730:
1643:
1230:
814:
601:
569:
547:
507:
405:
190:
17:
2120:
from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production
3933:
3605:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.: Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам
3392:["On the abolition of religious and national restrictions." Decree 20 March 1917]. 2004-11-30. Archived from
1963:"little towns") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and poverty-stricken. Following the Jewish religious tradition of
1815:
1762:
1623:
938:
834:
747:
618:
3878:
3389:
2891:
846:
720:
552:
532:
3438:
915:
3873:
1973:
developed to meet the needs of the population. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided
1460:
873:
839:
374:
1831:
At times, by imperial decree Jews were forbidden to live in agricultural communities, or certain cities, (as in
1800:'s border in 1843. In practice, this was very difficult to enforce, and the restrictions were lessened in 1858.
1784:. Under his rule (1825 to 1855), the Pale gradually shrank and became more restrictive. In 1827, Jews living in
3923:
3903:
3225:
3073:В борьбе за гражданские и национальные права: Общественные течения в русском еврействе // КРЕ-1. — С. 232.
2949:
2906:
2886:
1892:
1880:
1305:
1295:
955:
883:
663:
557:
3288:
2901:
2896:
2197:
2001:
1723:
1687:
1582:
1524:
1220:
970:
653:
312:
308:
134:
3569:
1923:) in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census. The Pale of Settlement can be seen in the west, top left.
1571:
878:
851:
668:
576:
564:
3379:В борьбе за гражданские и национальные права: Общественные течения в русском еврействе // КРЕ-1. — С. 232.
3963:
2060:
1608:
517:
3635:
Abramson, Henry (1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917-1920".
3536:
2811:
2760:
2238:
2214:
2064:
1773:
1750:
The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Imperial Russian hands in 1772, with the
1018:
465:
3948:
2282:
2015:
One outgrowth of the concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern
1751:
1593:
1465:
635:
430:
425:
418:
3503:
3247:
3898:
3701:
Pipes, Richard (January 1975). "Catherine II and the Jews: The origins of the pale of settlement".
3242:
2870:
2052:
1862:
of merchants in the Russian Empire), people with higher or special education, university students,
1654:
1638:
1588:
1470:
965:
527:
400:
369:
210:
3820:
3811:
2962:
2938:
2881:
2209:
1989:
1603:
1355:
1205:
1092:
596:
537:
440:
364:
253:
241:
3787:
2636:
1915:
3815:
3513:
3448:
2982:
2911:
2750:
2686:
2392:
2090:
The tribulations of Jewish life in the Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of
1900:
1803:
1613:
1576:
1145:
762:
757:
591:
586:
542:
497:
475:
470:
450:
30:
This article is about the Pale in Imperial Russia. For other places referred to as "pale", see
3151:
2676:
263:
The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of
3508:
3443:
2838:
2701:
2569:
2376:
2332:
2265:
2192:
2043:
Amid the difficult conditions in which the Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of
1978:
1713:
1541:
1320:
1008:
998:
988:
910:
893:
715:
705:
685:
680:
581:
512:
460:
455:
322:
31:
177:, or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the
2453:
1781:
1697:
1504:
1455:
1400:
1158:
1098:
983:
772:
2616:
1796:
were removed from the Pale. Nicholas tried to remove all Jews from within 50 miles of the
8:
2806:
2740:
2721:
2711:
2666:
2579:
2537:
2527:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2270:
2250:
2201:
2173:
2164:
2151:
2122:
1884:
1755:
1546:
1445:
1438:
1129:
809:
752:
710:
268:
3739:
3718:
3689:
3660:
3652:
3390:""Об отмене вероисповедных и национальных ограничений". Постановление 20 марта 1917 г."
3357:
3051:
2646:
2626:
2606:
2596:
2507:
2405:(Lithuania and Belarus): Vilnius, Kaunas, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk governorates.
2294:
1420:
1340:
1325:
1168:
1051:
1046:
993:
903:
673:
178:
3603:
1405:
1235:
3791:
3764:
3722:
3693:
3664:
3343:
3205:
3180:
3037:
2656:
2547:
2517:
2497:
2487:
2471:
2408:
2402:
2315:
2289:
2245:
2044:
2024:
1843:), and were forced to move to small provincial towns, thus fostering the rise of the
1564:
1300:
1080:
950:
861:
829:
787:
194:
3305:
1996:
and anti-Jewish riots by the majority population. These, along with the repressive
244:, in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish,
3943:
3783:
3756:
3710:
3681:
3644:
3272:
2953:
2732:
2559:
2350:
2260:
2187:
2105:
2028:
1949:
1789:
1390:
1335:
1275:
1140:
898:
742:
700:
395:
249:
3760:
3337:
3031:
2973:
2589:
2438:
2422:
2414:
2367:(53 km) from the western border were closed for new settlement of the Jews.
2305:
After 1805 the Pale gradually shrank, and became limited to the following areas:
2095:
2080:
2068:
1797:
1682:
1380:
1315:
1290:
1285:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1225:
1003:
978:
206:
186:
2425:
did not belong to the Pale of Settlement but Jews were allowed to settle there.
1350:
2864:
2219:
1793:
1766:
1509:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1245:
1187:
819:
480:
351:
347:
245:
222:
198:
126:
59:
Pale of Settlement map, showing the percentage of the Jewish population in 1884
3714:
3857:
3261:. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 559–561.
3252:
3110:
2181:
1904:
1677:
1598:
1482:
1375:
1360:
1330:
1210:
960:
182:
866:
293:
115:
7 countries: Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Poland, Latvia and Russia
3753:
The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement
3246:
2827:
2822:
2158:
2036:
1692:
1551:
1492:
1395:
1280:
1265:
1103:
794:
338:
330:
2012:
to poor brides, kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans.
1758:
in 1791, initially as a measure to speed colonization of territory on the
888:
54:
27:
Region of the Russian Empire where Jewish residents were allowed to reside
3463:
3414:
2337:
2326:
1385:
1086:
799:
735:
264:
257:
3393:
3743:
3656:
3086:. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
2788:
2345:
1836:
1824:
1659:
1487:
1370:
1365:
1345:
1255:
1240:
1215:
1163:
1013:
804:
730:
214:
1788:
were severely restricted by imperial decree. In 1835 the provinces of
299:, a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary.
240:
The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly
3011:
2814:, was located in the Pale of 1905 in the fictional town of Anatevka,
2475:
2309:
1858:
1759:
1536:
1153:
1123:
1118:
658:
154:
3648:
3685:
3087:
2851:
2783:
2341:
1997:
1965:
1819:
1628:
1498:
1113:
856:
281:
1772:
The institution of the Pale became more significant following the
3303:
3091:
2859:
2815:
2551:
2479:
2320:
2091:
2016:
1974:
1970:
1938:
1933:
1920:
1863:
1181:
1174:
1135:
1108:
234:
230:
226:
202:
158:
150:
146:
139:
2027:
began a sort of national-level yeshiva. In 1803, he founded the
3780:
Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia
2855:
2831:
2725:
2396:
2223:
2074:
2020:
1993:
1945:
1927:
1867:
1845:
1811:
1519:
1475:
725:
170:
166:
162:
2241:, the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added:
2793:
2364:
2147:
2117:
2048:
2009:
1840:
1074:
286:
2774:
The following cities within the Pale were excluded from it:
2771:
In 1882 it was forbidden for Jews to settle in rural areas.
1780:
The name "Pale of Settlement" first arose under the rule of
2778:
2354:
1832:
1785:
138:
of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular
3821:
The Pale of Settlement (with map and additional documents)
3299:
3297:
233:(small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the
3849:"Pale of Settlement" at Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
1897:
On the abolition of religious and national restrictions
3294:
1969:(charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish
2967:
2943:
2138:
The Pale of Settlement included the following areas.
1957:
1919:
Geographic distribution of Jewish languages (such as
129:
with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (
71:
124 years: From the late 18th to early 20th centuries
2987:
1988:
The concentration of Jews in the Pale, coupled with
2023:were a luxury. This began to change when the rabbi
2047:flourished in the Pale. Thousands of followers of
145:The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day
3562:"Beyond the Pale: Life in the Pale of Settlement"
307:For more information about life in the Pale, see
237:(religious schools) and was also carried abroad.
3855:
3306:"Who could live outside the Pale of Settlement?"
2451:According to the 1897 census, the governates or
2019:system. Prior to the Pale, schools to study the
3826:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
3461:
2867:, English territory in France from 1360 to 1558
3464:"History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement"
3111:"History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement"
2329:(Little Russia or Ukraine) without rural areas
1634:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
3869:States and territories disestablished in 1915
3750:
2931:
2099:
1851:
1731:
3832:Jewish Communities in the Pale of Settlement
2441:, with the percentages of Jewish population
2359:Baltic governorates closed for arriving Jews
2072:
133:until 1915) in which permanent residency by
3226:"Anniversary of the pale settlement decree"
291:
3864:States and territories established in 1791
3362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2154:of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to:
2133:
1910:
1871:population of the Pale continued to grow.
1738:
1724:
53:
3788:10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001
3534:
3528:
3634:
3276:, May 6, 1881, cited in Benjamin Blech,
2432:
2411:(Ukraine): Kiev, Volhynian Governorates.
2087:, Jewish practices) in their own homes.
1977:to Jewish soldiers conscripted into the
1926:
1914:
1820:Temporary regulations regarding the Jews
1069:
3777:
3751:Deutsch, Nathaniel; An-Ski, S. (2011).
3729:
3241:
2457:had the following percentages of Jews:
1891:), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the
14:
3929:Jews and Judaism in the Russian Empire
3856:
3671:
3537:"The Saga of the Pale and Soviet Jews"
3487:
3199:
3174:
1619:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
3884:Historic Jewish communities in Europe
3700:
3237:
3235:
3108:
3094:controlled by the English government.
2799:
2428:
1850:Jewish merchants of the First Guild (
1650:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
696:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24)
391:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
3593:. IB Tauris, London and New York: 57
3535:Shayevich, Bela (6 September 2023).
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3104:
3102:
3100:
2873:, eastern Russian territory for Jews
3812:The Pale of Settlement (with a map)
3291:newspaper No.65, March 8 (20), 1881
2977:
2957:
2109:
2084:
1953:
946:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness
24:
3628:
3304:Jankowski, Tomasz (May 3, 2014).
3232:
3179:. USA: Penguin Books. p. 12.
2877:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire
2830:, was located in the Pale of 1873
2285:, the following areas were added:
2116:, in the form of the narration of
1644:Working definition of antisemitism
406:Working definition of antisemitism
25:
3975:
3805:
3204:. New York: Penguin. p. 12.
3127:
3097:
2810:, which was later adapted into a
1937:(Jewish teacher) in 19th century
1624:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
3894:History of Lithuania (1795–1918)
3504:"Modern Jewish History: Pogroms"
2892:History of the Jews in Lithuania
1709:
1708:
337:
165:, and relatively small parts of
3954:Disabilities (Jewish) in Europe
3596:
3583:
3554:
3496:
3481:
3455:
3431:
3407:
3382:
3370:
3330:
3282:
3265:
3218:
3109:Spiro, Rabbi Ken (9 May 2009).
2067:flocked to their towns for the
1033:Protocols of the Elders of Zion
173:. It extended from the eastern
3939:Politics of the Russian Empire
3909:History of Ukraine (1795–1918)
3889:History of Belarus (1795–1918)
3838:Life in the Pale of Settlement
3462:Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009).
3193:
3168:
3076:
3064:
3024:
3018:KEE, volume 9, col. 1188–1198
3005:
2924:
2907:History of the Jews in Ukraine
2887:History of the Jews in Belarus
1893:Russian Provisional Government
989:Hunter (William Luther Pierce)
191:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
3959:Society of the Russian Empire
3761:10.4159/harvard.9780674062641
3674:The Journal of Modern History
3289:Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti
2998:
2902:History of the Jews in Russia
2897:History of the Jews in Poland
2442:
2370:
2198:Novgorod-Seversky Viceroyalty
1583:Campaign Against Antisemitism
691:during the Gaza War (2008-09)
313:History of the Jews in Russia
309:History of the Jews in Poland
3490:The Romanovs -- 1613 to 1918
3278:Eyewitness to Jewish History
3248:"Alexander II. (tsar)"
3156:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2300:
1971:social welfare organizations
1572:Anti-antisemitism in Germany
1064:Antisemitism on the Internet
852:Jewish war conspiracy theory
274:
169:and what is now the western
125:was a western region of the
7:
2988:
2968:
2944:
2845:
2437:The Pale of Settlement and
2128:mainly to the United States
2100:
2073:
2071:and followed their rebbes'
1958:
1609:Southern Poverty Law Center
768:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
248:and until mid-19th century
10:
3980:
3778:Nathans, Benjamin (2002).
3415:"Poland - Interwar Poland"
2239:Second Partition of Poland
2215:Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty
1774:Second Partition of Poland
1019:On the Jews and Their Lies
306:
302:
29:
3919:Jewish Lithuanian history
3914:Jewish Belarusian history
3715:10.1080/13501677508577216
3488:Montefiore, Simon Sebag.
3243:Wallace, Donald Mackenzie
3090:was the part of medieval
2932:
2695:
2588:
2546:
2470:
2283:Third Partition of Poland
2094:authors such as humorist
2051:such as the Gerrer Rebbe
1885:revolution gripped Russia
1881:abdication of Nicholas II
1852:
1752:First Partition of Poland
1594:Fundamental Rights Agency
1027:Undisputed Over The World
842: Jewish conspiracy
279:The archaic English term
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
79:
75:
67:
63:
52:
47:
39:
3934:Jewish Ukrainian history
3604:
3589:Ronnie S. Landau (1992)
3566:www.friends-partners.org
3342:. Пг. 1916. p. 73.
3338:
3200:Kotkin, Stephen (2014).
3175:Kotkin, Stephen (2014).
3152:"The Pale of Settlement"
3036:. Пг. 1916. p. 73.
3032:
2917:
2871:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2172:(later reorganized into
2053:Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter
1814:rocked the country from
1655:Three Ds of antisemitism
1639:Wiener Holocaust Library
1589:Community Security Trust
1451:Black Death persecutions
966:The Dearborn Independent
939:Antisemitic publications
211:Principality of Moldavia
3879:Antisemitism in Ukraine
3844:Map of the Pale in 1825
3258:Encyclopædia Britannica
2882:Antisemitism in Ukraine
2841:take place in the Pale.
2826:, also adapted into a
2276:
2232:
2210:Novorossiya Governorate
2141:
2134:Territories of the Pale
1983:Atlas of Jewish History
1911:Jewish life in the Pale
1887:. On March 20 (April 2
1604:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1356:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
1130:The Occidental Observer
1093:Europa: The Last Battle
1041:Between Blacks and Jews
1039:The Secret Relationship
3874:Antisemitism in Russia
3816:Jewish Virtual Library
3516:, The Gale Group. 2008
3514:Jewish Virtual Library
3449:Jewish Virtual Library
3313:JewishFamilySearch.com
2912:Eastern European Jewry
2854:(English Pale) around
2448:
2393:Bessarabia Governorate
1941:
1924:
1907:one generation later.
1901:Second Polish Republic
1614:Stephen Roth Institute
1577:Anti-Defamation League
292:
91:• Disestablished
3924:Jewish Polish history
3904:History of Bessarabia
3732:Jewish Social Studies
3703:Soviet Jewish Affairs
3509:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3444:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3014:tr. "Settlement line"
2839:Isaac Bashevis Singer
2550:(North & Central
2436:
2403:Northwest Territories
2377:Chernigov Governorate
2333:Chernigov Governorate
2266:Volhynian Governorate
2193:Chernigov Governorate
1979:Imperial Russian Army
1930:
1918:
1321:William Luther Pierce
999:The International Jew
911:Stab-in-the-back myth
894:Rootless cosmopolitan
32:Pale (disambiguation)
2952:: Черта осѣдлости);
1853:купцы первой гильдии
1808:assassinated in 1881
1698:Zionist antisemitism
1505:Martyrdom in Judaism
1231:Richard Girnt Butler
984:Hitlers Zweites Buch
570:textbook controversy
285:is derived from the
3492:. pp. 463–464.
2969:der tkhum hamóyshev
2807:Fiddler on the Roof
2389:Kherson Governorate
2385:Taurida Governorate
2381:Poltava Governorate
2363:Rural areas for 50
2323:without rural areas
2271:Podolia Governorate
2256:Polotsk Governorate
2251:Mogilev Governorate
2202:Poltava Governorate
2174:Vitebsk Governorate
2170:Polotsk Governorate
2165:Mogilev Governorate
2152:Catherine the Great
2123:Fiddler on the Roof
2101:Tevye der Milkhiger
1944:Jewish life in the
1756:Catherine the Great
1547:Spanish Inquisition
1446:Rhineland massacres
956:Culture of Critique
810:Cultural Bolshevism
269:February Revolution
229:, developed in the
81:• Established
3964:Settlement schemes
3591:The Nazi Holocaust
3012:Черта оседлости. (
2800:In popular culture
2449:
2429:Final demographics
2295:Grodno Governorate
2110:טבֿיה דער מילכיקער
1990:Tsar Alexander III
1942:
1925:
1818:. The reactionary
1515:Pale of Settlement
1421:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1341:Kevin Alfred Strom
1326:Richard B. Spencer
1169:Triple parentheses
1052:The Turner Diaries
1025:Our Race Will Rule
994:1988 Hamas Charter
788:Antisemitic tropes
674:Christian Identity
607:Conservative Party
242:Orthodox Christian
179:Kingdom of Prussia
171:Russian Federation
123:Pale of Settlement
40:Pale of Settlement
18:Pale of settlement
3797:978-0-520-20830-8
3770:978-0-674-06264-1
3451:, The Gale Group.
3419:countrystudies.us
3349:978-5-4460-6984-2
3211:978-1-59420-379-4
3186:978-1-59420-379-4
3043:978-5-4460-6984-2
2986:
2978:תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב
2966:
2950:pre-1918 spelling
2942:
2769:
2768:
2548:Southwestern Krai
2472:Northwestern Krai
2415:Kingdom of Poland
2409:Southwestern Krai
2316:Southwestern Krai
2290:Vilna Governorate
2246:Minsk Governorate
2114:Tevye the Milkman
2061:Chernobyler Rebbe
2045:Hasidic dynasties
2025:Chaim of Volozhin
1856:, the wealthiest
1816:1881 through 1884
1804:Tsar Alexander II
1763:recently acquired
1748:
1747:
1530:Russian Civil War
1471:Ghettos in Europe
1301:Ernest G. Liebold
1200:Prominent figures
1081:The Daily Stormer
971:Ethnic Cleansing
951:The Barnes Review
830:Franklin Prophecy
254:Russian Orthodoxy
195:Cossack Hetmanate
161:and east-central
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3971:
3949:Cultural regions
3801:
3774:
3747:
3738:(3/4): 207–234.
3726:
3697:
3668:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3568:. Archived from
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3353:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3273:Jewish Chronicle
3269:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3148:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3106:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3028:
3022:
3009:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2958:דער תּחום-המושבֿ
2947:
2945:cherta osedlosti
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2444:
2351:Kiev Governorate
2261:Kiev Governorate
2188:Kiev Governorate
2111:
2103:
2086:
2078:
2065:Vizhnitzer Rebbe
2035:After 1886, the
2029:Volozhin Yeshiva
1961:
1955:
1855:
1854:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1711:
1391:Nichifor Crainic
1336:Julius Streicher
1276:Heinrich Himmler
1141:Renegade Tribune
862:Judeo-Bolshevism
841:
835:Host desecration
815:Cultural Marxism
701:Holocaust denial
341:
318:
317:
297:
250:Eastern Catholic
225:, especially in
57:
37:
36:
21:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3899:Congress Poland
3854:
3853:
3808:
3798:
3771:
3649:10.2307/2499851
3631:
3629:Further reading
3626:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3610:Демоскоп Weekly
3606:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3575:
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3497:
3486:
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3117:
3107:
3098:
3081:
3077:
3069:
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3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2989:t'ẖum hammosháv
2933:Черта оседлости
2929:
2925:
2920:
2848:
2837:Some novels of
2802:
2590:Congress Poland
2445:
2439:Congress Poland
2431:
2423:Congress Poland
2373:
2303:
2279:
2235:
2144:
2136:
2096:Sholem Aleichem
2069:Jewish holidays
2002:Russian pogroms
1913:
1798:Austrian Empire
1782:Tsar Nicholas I
1744:
1703:
1702:
1683:Self-hating Jew
1673:
1665:
1664:
1585:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1406:Philippe Pétain
1401:László Ferenczy
1381:Gheorghe Buzatu
1316:Eustace Mullins
1311:Kevin MacDonald
1291:Osama bin Laden
1286:Arthur J. Jones
1271:Joseph Goebbels
1261:Theodor Fritsch
1251:Louis Farrakhan
1236:Édouard Drumont
1226:James von Brunn
1201:
1193:
1192:
1147:The Right Stuff
1065:
1057:
1056:
1043:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1004:La Libre Parole
979:La France juive
941:
931:
930:
825:Finance control
790:
780:
779:
721:Nation of Islam
649:
641:
640:
548:Imperial Russia
421:
411:
410:
386:
357:
356:
316:
305:
277:
207:Crimean Khanate
187:Austria-Hungary
92:
82:
58:
43:
42:Черта осѣдлости
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
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3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3818:
3807:
3806:External links
3804:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3775:
3769:
3748:
3727:
3698:
3686:10.1086/706046
3680:(4): 776–814.
3669:
3643:(3): 542–550.
3630:
3627:
3624:
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3595:
3582:
3553:
3527:
3495:
3480:
3454:
3430:
3406:
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3264:
3253:Chisholm, Hugh
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2899:
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2889:
2884:
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2874:
2868:
2865:Pale of Calais
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2844:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2819:
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2796:
2791:
2786:
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2761:Yekaterinoslav
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2220:Taurida Oblast
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:(later became
2195:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2098:, whose novel
2055:(known as the
1912:
1909:
1794:North Caucasus
1767:Ottoman Empire
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
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1720:
1717:
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1672:Related topics
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1525:Russian Empire
1517:
1512:
1510:Nuremberg Laws
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:Jewish quarter
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
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1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:Richard Wagner
1423:
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1416:Stepan Bandera
1413:
1411:Symon Petliura
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1246:Adolf Eichmann
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1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:Veterans Today
1185:
1182:The Unz Review
1178:
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1161:
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953:
948:
942:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
926:ZOG conspiracy
923:
921:White genocide
918:
916:Well poisoning
913:
908:
907:
906:
901:
891:
886:
881:
876:
874:Judeo-Masonism
871:
870:
869:
859:
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648:Manifestations
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481:Dreyfus affair
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396:Nexus Document
393:
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352:discrimination
348:Jewish history
343:
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334:
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327:
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276:
273:
246:Roman Catholic
223:Jewish culture
209:, and eastern
199:Ottoman Empire
127:Russian Empire
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100:
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69:
68:Historical era
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50:
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45:
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41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3872:
3870:
3867:
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3859:
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3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:(with photos)
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3637:Slavic Review
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3572:on 2010-11-24
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3416:
3410:
3396:on 2004-11-30
3395:
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3385:
3378:
3377:Аронсон Г. Я.
3373:
3365:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3318:September 29,
3314:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:"pale, n.1."
3079:
3072:
3071:Аронсон Г. Я.
3067:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2990:
2984:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2930:Russian:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
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2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
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2863:
2861:
2857:
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2850:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
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2795:
2792:
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2785:
2782:
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2775:
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2764:
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2727:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
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2705:
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2700:
2699:
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2690:
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2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
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2658:
2655:
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2650:
2648:
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2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
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2615:
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2608:
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2600:
2598:
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2521:
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2516:
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2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
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2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:Little Russia
2180:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1905:the Holocaust
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Weaponization
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Philosemitism
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Philosemitism
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:The Holocaust
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Octavian Goga
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Ion Antonescu
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Joseph Stalin
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:Martin Luther
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Andrew Anglin
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
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1148:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:4chan (/pol/)
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Currency Wars
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
904:Slánský trial
902:
900:
899:Doctors' plot
897:
896:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Media control
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:International
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
784:
783:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
675:
672:
671:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
645:
644:
637:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
415:
414:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
382:
381:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
360:
353:
349:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
300:
298:
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
272:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:German Empire
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
114:
112:Today part of
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
51:
46:
38:
33:
19:
3834:(with a map)
3824:
3779:
3752:
3735:
3731:
3706:
3702:
3677:
3673:
3640:
3636:
3616:30 September
3614:. Retrieved
3612:(in Russian)
3609:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3574:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3565:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3507:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3471:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:
3442:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:
3409:
3398:. Retrieved
3394:the original
3384:
3376:
3372:
3332:
3323:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3220:
3201:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3026:
3020:eleven.co.il
3019:
3013:
3007:
2926:
2821:
2805:
2773:
2770:
2452:
2450:
2420:
2399:Governorate.
2362:
2312:governorates
2304:
2280:
2236:
2159:Western Krai
2145:
2137:
2121:
2113:
2089:
2056:
2042:
2037:Jewish quota
2034:
2014:
2006:
1987:
1982:
1964:
1956:
1943:
1932:
1896:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1844:
1830:
1802:
1779:
1771:
1749:
1693:Anti-Zionism
1552:Yellow badge
1514:
1497:
1493:Jewish quota
1396:Ioan Slavici
1351:Ernst Zündel
1281:Adolf Hitler
1266:Nick Fuentes
1206:Baked Alaska
1180:
1173:
1146:
1128:
1104:Goebbels Gap
1091:
1079:
973:(video game)
972:
847:Jewish lobby
795:Andinia Plan
629:21st century
612:Labour Party
577:South Africa
565:Saudi Arabia
553:Soviet Union
486:21st-century
331:Antisemitism
290:
280:
278:
262:
239:
219:
174:
144:
130:
122:
120:
3709:(2): 3–20.
2446: 1905
2338:Novorossiya
2327:Malorossiya
2184:(Ukraine):
1975:kosher food
1542:Segregation
1439:Persecution
1386:Nae Ionescu
1087:Disclose.tv
800:Blood libel
736:Strasserism
518:New Zealand
466:Costa Rican
385:Definitions
265:World War I
260:in nature.
258:nationalist
181:(later the
3858:Categories
3576:2019-08-23
3541:The Nation
3424:2019-08-23
3400:2019-08-23
3309:(blogpost)
3161:2019-08-23
3120:2019-08-23
3084:OED Online
2999:References
2789:Sevastopol
2751:Bessarabia
2454:guberniyas
2387:(Crimea),
2371:After 1836
2346:Sevastopol
2310:Lithuanian
2281:After the
2237:After the
2063:, and the
1837:Sevastopol
1825:State Duma
1660:Yad Vashem
1565:Opposition
1537:Refuseniks
1488:Jewish hat
1461:Expulsions
1371:A. C. Cuza
1366:Horia Sima
1346:Rick Wiles
1296:David Lane
1256:Henry Ford
1241:David Duke
1216:Louis Beam
1164:Terrorgram
1159:Stormfront
1014:Mein Kampf
879:Kosher tax
867:Żydokomuna
805:Cohen Plan
681:Creativity
215:Bessarabia
153:, much of
3723:161658287
3694:210482001
3665:181641495
3546:12 August
3520:19 August
3473:19 August
3358:cite book
3052:cite book
2983:romanized
2963:romanized
2939:romanized
2702:Chernigov
2476:Lithuania
2340:without
2301:1805–1835
2057:Sfas Emes
1959:shtetlekh
1883:, and as
1859:sosloviye
1790:Astrakhan
1765:from the
1760:Black Sea
1221:Don Black
1154:StoneToss
1124:Metapedia
1119:Jew Watch
1009:The Light
763:Secondary
758:Religious
669:Christian
659:Alt-right
636:Venezuela
558:Stalinist
533:Palestine
431:Australia
426:Argentina
419:Geography
375:Reference
275:Etymology
155:Lithuania
48:1791–1915
3468:aish.com
3439:"Shtetl"
3245:(1911).
3115:aish.com
3088:The Pale
2852:The Pale
2846:See also
2784:Nikolaev
2731:4.20% +
2637:Piotrków
2570:Volhynia
2528:Mogilyov
2421:In 1917
2353:without
2342:Nikolaev
2075:minhagim
1998:May Laws
1966:tzedakah
1895:decree,
1876:de facto
1864:artisans
1792:and the
1714:Category
1629:UN Watch
1499:Judensau
1456:Boycotts
1114:Groypers
857:Judensau
731:Neo-Nazi
716:Medieval
686:Economic
654:Academic
528:Pakistan
401:Three Ds
370:Timeline
346:Part of
323:a series
321:Part of
235:yeshivot
140:artisans
131:de facto
3944:Shtetls
3744:4467338
3657:2499851
3255:(ed.).
3092:Ireland
2985::
2965::
2954:Yiddish
2860:Ireland
2816:Ukraine
2755:11.81%
2745:12.43%
2741:Kherson
2733:Karaite
2722:Taurida
2712:Poltava
2696:Others
2691:15.77%
2681:10.16%
2677:Suwałki
2671:15.69%
2667:Siedlce
2661:13.78%
2651:10.92%
2641:15.85%
2611:13.46%
2601:18.22%
2584:12.28%
2580:Podolia
2574:13.24%
2564:12.19%
2552:Ukraine
2542:11.79%
2538:Vitebsk
2532:12.09%
2522:16.06%
2512:17.49%
2502:13.77%
2492:12.86%
2480:Belarus
2474:(whole
2321:Belarus
2106:Yiddish
2092:Yiddish
2059:), the
2017:yeshiva
2010:dowries
1994:pogroms
1954:שטעטלעך
1950:Yiddish
1946:shtetls
1939:Podolia
1934:melamed
1921:Yiddish
1846:shtetls
1812:pogroms
1520:Pogroms
1175:TruNews
1136:Red Ice
1109:GoyimTV
820:Deicide
773:Zionist
748:Olympic
706:Islamic
624:History
597:Ukraine
538:Romania
503:Hungary
493:Germany
461:Chilean
456:Chinese
446:Belgium
441:Belarus
436:Austria
365:History
303:History
231:shtetls
227:Yiddish
203:Yedisan
159:Ukraine
151:Moldova
147:Belarus
3794:
3767:
3742:
3721:
3692:
3663:
3655:
3346:
3208:
3202:Stalin
3183:
3177:Stalin
3040:
2974:Hebrew
2856:Dublin
2832:Poland
2765:4.78%
2735:0.43%
2726:Crimea
2716:3.99%
2706:4.98%
2647:Kielce
2631:8.52%
2627:Kalisz
2621:9.29%
2607:Lublin
2597:Warsaw
2508:Grodno
2463:Region
2397:Velizh
2365:versts
2224:Crimea
2085:מנהגים
2081:Hebrew
2049:rebbes
2021:Talmud
1899:. The
1868:Moscow
1646:(IHRA)
1476:Mellah
1149:(blog)
753:Racial
726:Nazism
711:Jewish
592:Turkey
587:Sweden
543:Russia
523:Norway
498:Greece
476:France
471:Europe
451:Canada
201:(with
197:, the
185:) and
167:Latvia
163:Poland
3740:JSTOR
3719:S2CID
3690:S2CID
3661:S2CID
3653:JSTOR
3251:. In
2918:Notes
2823:Yentl
2794:Yalta
2687:Łomża
2657:Radom
2617:Płock
2518:Minsk
2498:Kovno
2488:Vilna
2148:ukase
2118:Tevye
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