464:
when
Tarchaneiotes was sent by Michael VIII to relieve the fort town of Berat, and succeeded in driving Charles of the House of the Angevins away. Nonetheless, this strategy was not in touch with the military situation of the day – forts and castles became increasingly less useful for defense and more so as a residence. In particular were Crusader forts, Byzantiums' major opponent in the west. These forts played little role in helping the Crusaders hold on to their territories and the battle was often decided on an open field; the castle of Thebes was lost twice, first by Crusaders and then by the Catalans in 20 years without a siege. What may have contributed to the relegation of castles in war was that the Crusaders in Greece were desperately short of manpower and therefore the destruction of their army on the field left their castles defenceless – as was seen in Constantinople in 1261, where only a skeleton force was left to defend the Capital due to the Latin Empire's lack of manpower.
719:
354:
Crusader states, by Serbia, by
Bulgaria, and earlier on by the Angevin Empire ended the region's prominence as a source of Byzantine levies. After 1204, no single Byzantine field army numbered more than 5,000 men. Around 1261, the central army consisted of 6,000 men, while the number of total field troops never exceeded 10,000 men. The total number of troops under Michael VIII was about 20,000 men; the mobile force numbered 15,000 men, while the town garrisons totaled 5,000 men. However, under Andronicus II the more professional elements of the army was demobilized in favor of poorly trained and cheaper militia soldiers. The Emperor decreased the entire army's strength to 4,000 men by 1320, and a year later the Empire's standing army dropped to only 3,000 cavalry. Even though the Empire had shrunk considerably by the time of
686:
navy to about 80 ships. Michael's efforts bore little fruit, however, as is testified by the fact that 32 Venetian ships defeated a
Byzantine-Genoan fleet of 48 ships. Worse still was that Michael VIII became increasingly reliant upon the Genoans for naval support, having hired 50–60 galleys in 1261. The Navy collapsed into worse shape still when Andronicus II, as part of his demilitarization of the Empire, disbanded the navy. The consequences did not simply mean an end to a Byzantine naval defense; it also meant an increased reliance on the unreliable Genoans and Venetians (who would consistently burn each other's property in the capital, thereby damaging the city) and left thousands of skilled sailors up for grabs by the Turks, who hired them to build their own fleets. By 1291, Andronicus II had hired 50–60 ships from the
566:
43:
694:
many in the Aegean, which was also patrolled by
Venetians, Crusaders, Turks and the Genoans, who evened the loss of Chios against the Greeks with the capture of Lesbos. From the death of Andronicus III the Empire's civil wars gave the Venetians and Genoans plenty of naval warfare to dominate whilst the lack of a central government and resources worsened the navy further. In 1453, the Empire's fleet consisted of 10 ships. At the conclusive siege of Constantinople, the navy numbered a mere 26 ships, 16 of which were foreign plus another three that arrived from Rome.
441:
481:
659:
Greece were used to control the local hostile Greek, Albanian, Vlach or other tribal peoples that opposed
Frankish rule and since the Byzantines were both Greek and Orthodox, the threat that the Crusaders had to contend with existed on a lesser scale for the Byzantines, giving them another reason not to repair them. Constantinople's fortifications remained formidable, but repairing them proved impossible after 1370 due to the destructive nature of an
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to fight the civil wars that lasted for the greater part of the 14th century, with the latter foe being the most successful in establishing a foothold in Thrace. By the time the civil war had ended, the Turks had cut off
Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, from the surrounding land and in 1453 the last decisive battle was fought by the Palaiologan army when the capital was stormed and sacked,
489:
Byzantine military engaged in small scale warfare against her weak
Crusader opponents, mixing in diplomacy and subterfuge, often exploiting civil conflict amongst their Ottoman opponents. In the Peloponnese, territory continued to be re-conquered by the Byzantines against the weak crusaders until the mid 15th century, when the Byzantine enclave in Morea was finally conquered by the Ottomans.
401:
disbanded to save money and to lower taxes upon the disgruntled population. Instead the use of poorly equipped and ill-disciplined militia soldiers saw the replacement of the vitally important expert soldiers. The results were obvious; Byzantine losses in Asia Minor occurred primarily under
Andronicus II.
693:
The destruction of the fleet by
Andronicus II was somewhat remedied by Andronicus III, his grandson, who revived the fleet and by 1332 had a navy of 10 ships. In 1329, the island of Chios was taken by the Byzantines after the Islanders rebelled against the Genoans. Still, the navy remained but one of
463:
The
Byzantine Empire's main strategy aimed to make maximum use of an often outnumbered army. The key behind this approach was the use of border fortifications that would impede an invading force long enough for the main Imperial army to march in to its relief. One example of this occurred on May 1281
685:
The Byzantine navy had once been the most powerful navy in the Eastern Mediterranean up to and including the era of the Komnenian period. However, the neglect under the Angeloi seriously reduced Byzantium's capabilities at sea. Michael VIII reversed the situation and began increasing the size of the
658:
The Byzantine army regained an increasingly offensive role against the crusaders in the mid to late 13th century but many fortifications regained by the Byzantines fell out of use; a lack of manpower and multiple pressing fronts relegated these castles to abandonment. Some of the castles captured in
654:
Supplying towns and forts became Byzantium's worst problem and, though the Turks initially lacked the expertise to take walled towns, they could not be defeated on land nor their blockade broken. Cities such as Nicaea and Nicomedia fell after a few years or more. Even so, this was a longer period of
412:
and seriously undermined Greek rule so that on both sides of the Bosporus the Empire suffered. Even so, mercenaries continued to be used after Andronicus II's reign. Ironically Andronicus' successor's policy of using many foreign fighters worsened Byzantium's fortunes in the same way that Andronicus
353:
The Byzantine army continued to use the same military terms with regards to numbers of troops and officers as did the Komnenian army. However, there were fewer territories to raise troops from. In Anatolia, the local support for the Ottoman conquerors grew daily, whilst in Greece the ravaging by the
617:
weapons were spreading in the Balkans from the second half of the 14th century and were well established by the 15th, but the Byzantines failed to adopt them on a larger scale because of the lack of money. While the sources are limited and the terminology is often unclear, the only gunners fighting
488:
After the Imperial army suffered defeat in Asia Minor, Andronikos III saw Anatolia as a lost cause and began reorganizing the Byzantine fleet; as a result the Aegean remained an effective defense against Turkish incursions until Gallipoli was at last captured by the Turks in 1354. From then on, the
335:
territories in Greece. By c. 1350 the Empire's inefficient fiscal organization and incompetent central government made raising troops and the supplies to maintain them a near-impossible task, and the Empire came to rely upon troops provided by Serbs, Bulgarians, Venetians, Latins, Genoese and Turks
626:
and 1453. Indeed, the city had an own arsenal of bombards, although its walls proved incapable of sustaining their recoil, especially that of the largest ones. Additionally, their effectiveness was limited by a lack of understanding of their proper deployment as well as a shortage of gunpowder and
471:
More serious shortcomings in Byzantine strategy occurred in Asia Minor, particularly against the Ottoman Turks who would raid Byzantine lands and then retreat before any serious resistance could counter. The local population endured heavy burdens in providing officials with food and matériel, but
467:
Reconnaissance and ambushing enemy columns remained a favorite Byzantine tactic. At the Battle of Pelekanos, the Ottomans were successfully spied upon by the opposing Byzantine troops. Prudence remained an admirable virtue (as can be seen by John Cantacuzenus' advice to withdraw from Pelekanos).
400:
After Constantinople was retaken, Michael VIII army's continuous campaigning in Greece ensured that the Nicaean army, an offshoot of the expensive but effective Komnenian army remained in play. Under Andronicus II however, the army was reduced to destructively low numbers – mercenary troops were
650:
Byzantine military strategy relied heavily on fortifying towns and cities. Walls consisted of stonework with layers of thick bricks in between, perhaps allowing for absorption of an attack. Later, as artillery became increasingly more effective, sloped walls came into play. The walls would be
655:
time than the Crusaders in the Levant were able to hold out where impressive forts such as Krak des Chevaliers surrendered relatively quickly. Worse still were the Crusader forts in the Aegean, which often surrendered to the Byzantines and the Turks without a fight.
369:
Byzantine troops continued to consist of cavalry, infantry and archers. Since Trebizond had broken away, Cumans and Turks were used for cavalry and missile units. In the Palaiologan era, the main term for a standing regiment was the
476:
followers. At Magnesia, Nicomedia and Pelekanos the Byzantines suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Turks; since there were few troops to spare, the Empire was brought one step closer to peril with each defeat.
358:'s reign, he succeeded in assembling an army of 4,000 men for his campaign against the Ottomans. By 1453, the Byzantine army had fallen to a regular garrison of 1,500 men in Constantinople. With a supreme effort,
1082:
1332 – The emperor launched a campaign against the Bulgarians with an army of 3,000 men, but was forced to withdraw when the tsar retaliated with 10,000 men (8,000 Bulgarians and 2,000 Tatars).
421:
opened Byzantium up to more foreign incursions. The deployment of up to 20,000 Turkish soldiers from the Ottoman realm to assist her nominal Greek ally only eased future conquests of the area.
331:
took to the throne in 1282, the army fell apart and the Byzantines suffered regular defeats at the hands of their eastern opponents, although they would continue to enjoy success against the
1759:
324:, were boosted to include thousands of skilled sailors and some 80 ships. Due to the lack of land to support the army, the empire required the use of large numbers of mercenaries.
663:. By the time the Byzantines emerged from it, they were forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, who threatened military action if any repairs were made to the
2469:
897:
2702:
985:
1250 – 1280 Michael Palaeologus campaigns against the Latins, Serbians and Bulgarians, conquering Macedonia, northern Greece, and Bulgarian lands in Thrace.
503:
Michael VIII Palaiologos was anxious to establish an alliance with the Mongols, who themselves were highly favourable to Christianity, many of them being
512:
627:
ammunition. As there is no evidence that the Byzantines ever manufactured cannons themselves it seems most likely that they were imported from Italy.
1682:
577:
Weapons amongst the Byzantine army varied greatly, as did the composition of the army. Shields and spears were as always the most common weapon.
690:. Later in 1320, he realized the necessity of a navy and planned on resurrecting the fleet by constructing 20 galleys, but this attempt failed.
3578:
1932:
1833:
3266:
1843:
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718:
1791:
1786:
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dynasty, from the late 13th century to its final collapse in the mid-15th century. The army was a direct continuation of the forces of the
2867:
1853:
1828:
432:
1350, these foreign fighters fought only for political reasons and often in civil wars, rather than to strengthen Byzantium's position.
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3201:
1858:
1838:
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augmented by towers, evenly spaced out and running the length of the walls. The walled towers were designed to cover the entire town.
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2735:
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1848:
1781:
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907:
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remained of secondary relevance and was mostly restricted to naval combat and sieges. Soldiers wearing this weapon were known as
3442:
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297:
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2126:
2119:
1675:
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1303 – In response to numerous Turkish raids, the Catalan Company of 6,500 men sell their services to the Byzantine Emperor.
428:, Venetians, Genoans and Italians were added to Byzantium's fighting forces. Since the Imperial treasury was bankrupt after
3118:
2977:
2265:
1092:
1058:
2109:
3447:
2860:
3548:
2114:
1142:, temporarily expanding Byzantine rule there. The Ottomans in reply launch their own offensive, nullifying the gains.
592:
is recorded to have used crossbowmen as early as 1191. Associated primarily with western Europeans, the crossbow or
1668:
931:
877:
17:
1021:
of the Thracesian Theme and strengthens the army against the Turks. His reforms are abandoned after his departure.
408:, but after their leader was murdered the company returned to Thrace and Greece where they overthrew the Crusader
3583:
3405:
1937:
1705:
1170:
660:
3553:
3543:
3415:
3336:
3154:
3022:
2594:
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2459:
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758:
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such burdens were too difficult to bear, as the ravages of warfare were brought home by the Ottomans and their
263:
242:
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3400:
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approvingly referred to their efficiency in siege battles, while a new military office was also created, the
498:
2290:
565:
3622:
3484:
3452:
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3065:
3037:
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was accompanied by a Byzantine army of 10,000 men to claim the Bulgarian throne. He succeeded in capturing
362:
succeeded in assembling a garrison of 7,000 men (included 2,000 foreigners) to defend the city against the
246:
3208:
2850:
2697:
2454:
2205:
924:
840:
788:
234:
671:. Heavily outnumbered, the walls of the capital provided the defenders in 1453 with 6 weeks of defense.
553:
promised Andronicus II 40,000 men, and in 1308 dispatched 30,000 men to recover many Byzantine towns in
511:, and he married two of his daughters (conceived through a mistress, a Diplovatatzina) to Mongol kings:
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2775:
2655:
2533:
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2164:
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Since Byzantium became increasingly incapable in raising a "loyal" Greek army, foreigners such as the
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2768:
2553:
2444:
2331:
873:
328:
1462:
Chronicle of the Third Crusade. A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
2687:
2439:
1926:
1805:
892:
844:
589:
313:
618:
for Byzantium seem to have been Genoese mercenaries. Gunpowder artillery in the form of primitive
3617:
3593:
3017:
2743:
2563:
2449:
1004:
911:
798:
668:
175:
3518:
3108:
2950:
2394:
2200:
2174:
2169:
1942:
1918:
1914:
1881:
1165:
1152:
1086:
971:
964:
865:
404:
In 1302 the center of military expenditure shifted back again towards mercenaries, notably the
337:
250:
218:
183:
3236:
3090:
2280:
2190:
2154:
2039:
1769:
1764:
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between Andronicus II and his grandson Andronicus III, leads to the deposition of the former.
601:
321:
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3007:
2890:
2827:
2822:
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2300:
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504:
238:
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1330–1340 – Andronicus III conquers Epirus, the last of Byzantium's significant conquests.
8:
2389:
2305:
2295:
2159:
1922:
1910:
1797:
1085:
1334 – Significant fortresses in northern Macedonia fall to the Serbs under the renegade
1073:
953:
222:
199:
195:
1449:
Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750. Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
42:
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3457:
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2802:
2665:
2017:
1997:
1977:
1967:
1733:
1100:
1014:
524:
226:
106:
34:
3589:
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3428:
3361:
3341:
3309:
3241:
3228:
3149:
3144:
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2660:
2510:
2029:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1029:
687:
425:
230:
214:
191:
157:
60:
967:
led a force of 800 men that succeeded in recapturing Constantinople without a siege.
484:
Hulagu, founder of the Ilkhanid dynasty; Byzantium's ally in the early 14th century.
3393:
3186:
3134:
3080:
3047:
2997:
2790:
2780:
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2138:
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2044:
2022:
2007:
1992:
1906:
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and commander of the Byzantine Empire, defending Constantinople with 7,000 men, is
1028:
sent an army of 2,000 men to drive the Turks from Bithynia, but is defeated at the
793:
746:
619:
440:
305:
293:
179:
546:. His alliance with the Mongols would also benefit his son Andronicus II; in 1305
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2012:
2002:
1987:
808:
783:
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409:
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377:
203:
187:
153:
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2427:
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1422 – The Walls of Constantinople hold out against a full-scale Ottoman siege.
1065:
826:
803:
710:
680:
359:
355:
317:
309:
289:
171:
167:
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had done so with their disbandment. The use of Serbs, Bulgarians and Turks of
3611:
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3173:
3139:
2877:
2812:
2785:
2670:
2285:
2225:
1104:
1025:
989:
445:
418:
1072:
led an army of 4,000 men against the Ottoman Turks, but was defeated at the
3057:
3032:
3012:
2817:
2795:
2650:
1898:
1893:
1727:
1128:
1043:
813:
520:
508:
363:
332:
273:
141:
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1652:
Cumans and Tatars – Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans 1185–1365
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3533:
3027:
2837:
2604:
2210:
2195:
979:
388:
301:
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was adopted by the Byzantine infantry in the 13th century, although the
2832:
2692:
2682:
2515:
2505:
2215:
1033:
849:
830:
664:
570:
528:
516:
480:
1525:
Savvas Kyriakidis, "Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453", pp. 191-192
3381:
3261:
2753:
2621:
2568:
2500:
1111:
1047:
975:
751:
614:
382:
145:
2907:
2807:
2758:
2616:
2548:
2336:
1147:
1008:
776:
635:
581:
554:
543:
372:
149:
94:
90:
1051:
414:
3273:
3159:
3100:
2599:
2573:
2251:
993:
763:
644:
640:
550:
539:
316:, the army's role took an increasingly offensive role whilst the
1131:
is sacked by the Ottomans, despite Venetian command of the city.
2902:
2677:
2543:
1118:
997:
957:
952:
1259 – A Byzantine army of about 6,000 men participates in the
835:
585:
547:
535:
532:
114:
110:
98:
1565:
Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191 – 1571
1550:
Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191 – 1571
1379:
Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191 – 1571
1364:
Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191 – 1571
1139:
453:
102:
3181:
978:. Afterwards, 6,000 mounted troops were left to police the
308:, which itself was a fractured component of the formidable
312:
of the 12th century. Under the first Palaiologan emperor,
507:. He signed a treaty in 1263 with the Mongol Khan of the
538:. In 1282, Nogai Khan provided Michael VIII with 4,000
27:
Byzantine military from the late 13th to 15th centuries
970:
1263 – An army of 15,000 men was sent to conquer the
1626:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453
1514:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453
1475:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453
630:
569:Byzantine book illumination depicting archers and
3609:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1114:is occupied by the Ottomans after an earthquake.
622:is attested for the sieges of Constantinople in
376:. Palace and imperial guard units included the
2051:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1254:
1252:
1250:
1117:1354 – 1390 The Byzantine Empire loses all of
1032:, while another expedition to the south under
1676:
1183:
932:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1346:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 344–346.
1260:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1054:, the last Byzantine towns in Asia are lost.
492:
1690:
1265:
1247:
956:where the empire scored a victory over the
1683:
1669:
1618:
1576:
1574:
1506:
1400:
1208:
1206:
1042:1310 – 1340 Despite the assistance of the
939:
925:
320:of the empire, weakened since the days of
1644:
1350:
1315:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium
1283:
1281:
1385:
634:
564:
479:
439:
348:
343:
2939:
1631:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1587:
1571:
1562:
1547:
1415:
1411:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 340.
1406:
1376:
1361:
1341:
1331:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 331.
1326:
1221:
1203:
435:
14:
3610:
1528:
1391:
1307:
1294:
1278:
1234:
1212:
3507:
2938:
2723:
2415:
2082:
1703:
1664:
1121:to the advance of the Ottoman troops.
452:armed with a sword, dated 1295, from
2724:
1600:
1501:Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453
1428:
1103:. Macedonia and Albania are lost to
2426:
24:
25:
3634:
3549:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
600:. Despite their relative rarity,
3588:
717:
631:Fortifications and siege warfare
272:Some elements absorbed into the
41:
1938:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1760:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1595:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
1582:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
1567:. New York: Osprey. p. 45.
1556:
1552:. New York: Osprey. p. 50.
1541:
1519:
1493:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1396:. New York: Osprey. p. 56.
1381:. New York: Osprey. p. 34.
1370:
1366:. New York: Osprey. p. 17.
1335:
1320:
1289:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
1217:. New York: Osprey. p. 55.
1171:Byzantium under the Palaiologoi
3023:Great Palace of Constantinople
2764:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2083:
1639:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1613:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1536:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1488:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1436:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1423:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1302:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1273:A Concise History of Byzantium
1242:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461
1198:History of the Byzantine State
395:
13:
1:
1407:Norwich, John Julius (1997).
1342:Norwich, John Julius (1997).
1327:Norwich, John Julius (1997).
1138:defeats the Crusaders in the
3485:University of Constantinople
3066:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2416:
2216:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1905:Byzantine successor states (
1409:A Short History of Byzantium
1344:A Short History of Byzantium
1329:A Short History of Byzantium
1145:1453 – Constantine XI, last
7:
3155:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2211:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2206:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1704:
1460:Helen J. Nicholson (1997),
1394:Byzantium at War 600 – 1453
1215:Byzantium at War 600 – 1453
1159:
974:, but it was defeated near
738:'Classical' Byzantine army
697:
10:
3639:
3544:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3508:
2165:Comes sacrarum largitionum
678:
560:
496:
3571:
3514:
3503:
3424:
3324:
3282:
3227:
3172:
3127:
3114:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3099:
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2945:
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2314:
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2239:
2183:
2147:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2078:
1951:
1867:
1814:
1745:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1007:drives back the Turks of
639:Ruined fortifications of
499:Byzantine–Mongol alliance
493:Alliance with the Mongols
256:
210:
163:
137:
129:
121:
86:
76:
66:
56:
40:
32:
2688:Droungarios of the Fleet
1464:. Routledge. pp. 184–185
1229:The Byzantine Art of War
1176:
845:Droungarios of the Fleet
276:, others became bandits.
3202:Early Byzantine mosaics
2564:Domestic of the Schools
1563:Nicolle, David (2007).
1548:Nicolle, David (2007).
1377:Nicolle, David (2007).
1362:Nicolle, David (2007).
1005:Alexios Philanthropenos
912:Walls of Constantinople
799:Domestic of the Schools
705:Part of a series on the
674:
669:Walls of Constantinople
513:Euphrosyne Palaiologina
3519:Byzantine commonwealth
2281:Praetorian prefectures
2201:Logothetes tou genikou
2175:Quaestor sacri palatii
2170:Comes rerum privatarum
1943:Fall of Constantinople
1882:Sack of Constantinople
1166:Byzantine-Ottoman Wars
1087:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
972:Principality of Achaea
965:Alexios Strategopoulos
870:revolts and civil wars
647:
574:
485:
460:
33:Byzantine army of the
3219:Komnenian renaissance
3214:Macedonian period art
3119:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3091:Walls of Thessaloniki
2191:Logothetes tou dromou
1806:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1770:Valentinianic dynasty
1765:Constantinian dynasty
1392:Haldon, John (2000).
1213:Haldon, John (2000).
638:
568:
542:whom he sent against
483:
443:
349:Size and organization
344:Structure of the army
322:Andronikos I Komnenos
125:20,000 troops (1279).
3416:Units of measurement
3150:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
3043:Pammakaristos Church
2891:Corpus Juris Civilis
2842:Missionary activity
2301:Exarchate of Ravenna
2127:Imperial bureaucracy
1099:and the regency for
1097:John VI Cantacuzenus
885:Strategy and tactics
772:Palaiologan-era army
505:Nestorian Christians
436:Strategy and tactics
49:basilikon phlamoulon
3623:Palaiologos dynasty
2940:Culture and society
2803:Ecumenical councils
2306:Exarchate of Africa
2296:Quaestura exercitus
2160:Magister officiorum
2155:Praetorian prefects
1798:Byzantine Dark Ages
1499:Savvas Kyriakidis,
1074:Battle of Pelekanon
954:Battle of Pelagonia
290:the military forces
200:Despotate of Epiros
196:Empire of Trebizond
87:Active regions
3357:Flags and insignia
3003:Baths of Zeuxippus
2886:Codex Theodosianus
2776:Oriental Orthodoxy
1734:Later Roman Empire
1101:John V Palaeologus
1015:John Tarchaneiotes
759:Komnenian-era army
726:Structural history
648:
602:John Kantakouzenos
575:
573:(mid-14th century)
525:Maria Palaiologina
486:
461:
68:Dates of operation
35:Palaiologan period
3605:
3604:
3567:
3566:
3524:Byzantine studies
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3310:Alexander Romance
3168:
3167:
3145:Nea Moni of Chios
3008:Blachernae Palace
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2896:Code of Justinian
2744:Eastern Orthodoxy
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2637:
2636:
2511:Scholae Palatinae
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2372:Foreign relations
2366:
2365:
2260:
2259:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
1873:(1204–1453)
1030:Battle of Bapheus
996:and overthrowing
949:
948:
688:Republic of Genoa
661:ongoing civil war
426:Knights of Rhodes
282:
281:
269:Succeeded by
192:Kingdom of Sicily
168:Ottoman Sultanate
61:Byzantine Emperor
16:(Redirected from
3630:
3592:
3505:
3504:
3448:Imperial Library
3394:Byzantine Greeks
3135:Daphni Monastery
3086:Panagia Chalkeon
3081:Hagios Demetrios
3048:Prison of Anemas
2998:Basilica Cistern
2956:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2791:West Syriac Rite
2781:Alexandrian Rite
2732:
2731:
2725:Religion and law
2721:
2720:
2656:Maritime themata
2612:Palaiologan army
2465:Military manuals
2433:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2271:
2270:
2247:Megas logothetes
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2079:
1953:By modern region
1874:
1821:
1820:(717–1204)
1752:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1692:Byzantine Empire
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1196:G. Ostrogorsky,
1194:
941:
934:
927:
903:Military manuals
859:Campaign history
794:Magister militum
721:
702:
701:
609:ton tzangratoron
446:Byzantine fresco
306:Empire of Nicaea
294:Byzantine Empire
286:Palaiologan army
260:Preceded by
211:Battles and wars
180:Sultanate of Rum
133:Byzantine Empire
69:
45:
30:
29:
21:
18:Palaiologan army
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3563:
3539:Cyrillic script
3510:
3491:
3436:
3420:
3320:
3302:Digenes Akritas
3278:
3223:
3164:
3128:Other locations
3123:
3095:
3052:
2984:
2973:Cross-in-square
2941:
2922:
2872:
2726:
2707:
2633:
2583:
2579:Varangian Guard
2522:
2496:East Roman army
2491:Late Roman army
2479:
2418:
2399:
2362:
2341:
2310:
2256:
2235:
2231:Epi ton deeseon
2221:Epi tou eidikou
2179:
2143:
2085:
2066:
2053:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1933:Palaiologan era
1875:
1872:
1863:
1834:Nikephorian era
1822:
1819:
1810:
1753:
1751:(330–717)
1750:
1741:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1689:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1360:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1184:
1179:
1162:
1153:slain in battle
945:
809:Stratopedarches
784:Varangian Guard
734:East Roman army
700:
683:
677:
633:
607:stratopedarches
563:
501:
495:
458:North Macedonia
450:Saint Mercurius
438:
410:Duchy of Athens
406:Catalan Company
398:
378:Varangian Guard
351:
346:
278:
277:
271:
266:
262:
204:Catalan Company
188:Duchy of Athens
154:Catalan Company
67:
52:
47:Imperial flag (
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3618:Byzantine army
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Byzantine Bath
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2990:Constantinople
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Byzantine Rite
2740:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2629:Grand domestic
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2595:Komnenian army
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:Military units
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2440:Battle tactics
2436:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:Medieval Greek
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1887:Fourth Crusade
1878:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Macedonian era
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Theodosian era
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1630:
1617:
1599:
1586:
1570:
1555:
1540:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1447:Kaushik, Roy,
1440:
1427:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1369:
1349:
1334:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1277:
1271:W. Treadgold,
1264:
1258:W. Treadgold,
1246:
1233:
1220:
1202:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1136:Constantine XI
1132:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1066:Andronicus III
1062:
1055:
1040:
1037:
1036:disintegrates.
1022:
1011:
1001:
986:
983:
968:
961:
947:
946:
944:
943:
936:
929:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
908:Fortifications
905:
900:
895:
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:Constantinople
861:
860:
856:
855:
854:
853:
847:
838:
833:
827:Byzantine navy
821:
820:
819:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
804:Grand Domestic
801:
796:
786:
781:
780:
779:
769:
768:
767:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
736:
728:
727:
723:
722:
714:
713:
711:Byzantine army
707:
706:
699:
696:
681:Byzantine navy
679:Main article:
676:
673:
632:
629:
590:Isaac Komnenos
562:
559:
527:, who married
515:, who married
497:Main article:
494:
491:
437:
434:
397:
394:
380:, the obscure
360:Constantine XI
356:Andronicus III
350:
347:
345:
342:
310:Komnenian army
280:
279:
267:
264:Komnenian army
258:
257:
254:
253:
251:Constantinople
243:Constantinople
212:
208:
207:
172:Serbian Empire
165:
161:
160:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
88:
84:
83:
81:Constantinople
78:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3635:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Encyclopedias
3441:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Hellenization
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:Everyday life
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:Acritic songs
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Hosios Loukas
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Monophysitism
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Armenian Rite
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2704:
2703:Naval battles
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Protasekretis
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Komnenian era
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:Heraclian era
1790:
1788:
1787:Justinian era
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1624:M. Bartusis,
1621:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:, pp. 334-341
1515:
1512:M. Bartusis,
1509:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1477:, pp. 331-332
1476:
1473:M. Bartusis,
1470:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:Stefan Dushan
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Andronicus II
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
990:Ivan Asen III
987:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
950:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
922:
920:
919:
913:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Siege warfare
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:
884:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
858:
857:
851:
848:
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
725:
724:
720:
716:
715:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
695:
691:
689:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
656:
652:
646:
642:
637:
628:
625:
621:
616:
612:
610:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
572:
567:
558:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
500:
490:
482:
478:
475:
469:
465:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
407:
402:
393:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
375:
374:
367:
365:
361:
357:
341:
339:
334:
330:
329:Andronikos II
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
275:
270:
265:
261:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
65:
62:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
36:
31:
19:
3308:
3076:Hagia Sophia
3058:Thessalonica
3033:Hagia Sophia
3013:Chora Church
2951:Architecture
2828:Great Schism
2818:Paulicianism
2796:Miaphysitism
2651:Karabisianoi
2611:
1955:or territory
1915:Thessalonica
1899:Latin Empire
1894:Frankokratia
1869:
1829:Isaurian era
1816:
1747:
1732:
1728:Roman Empire
1718:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1594:
1593:J. Norwich,
1589:
1581:
1580:J. Norwich,
1564:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1313:D. Nicolle,
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1287:J. Norwich,
1272:
1267:
1259:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1197:
1146:
1129:Thessalonica
1091:1341–1347 –
1057:1321–1328 –
1044:Golden Horde
1018:
1017:reforms the
1013:1298–1300 –
1003:1293–1295 –
814:Protostrator
771:
692:
684:
657:
653:
649:
613:
605:
598:tzangratoroi
597:
593:
579:
576:
521:Golden Horde
509:Golden Horde
502:
487:
473:
470:
466:
462:
429:
423:
403:
399:
387:
381:
371:
368:
364:Ottoman army
352:
326:
318:naval forces
314:Michael VIII
285:
283:
274:Ottoman army
268:
259:
247:Thessalonika
239:Philadelphia
142:Golden Horde
77:Headquarters
48:
3559:Megali Idea
3534:Byzantinism
3237:Agriculture
3028:Hagia Irene
2861:Kievan Rus'
2838:Mount Athos
2661:Cibyrrhaeot
2605:Vestiaritai
2460:Mercenaries
2337:Catepanates
2196:Sakellarios
2115:Family tree
2040:Mesopotamia
1859:Angelid era
1839:Amorian era
1650:I. Vasary,
1538:, pp. 20-21
1227:M. Decker,
980:Peloponnese
571:cataphracts
417:and of the
396:Mercenaries
389:Vardariotai
340:on 29 May.
302:Palaiologos
3612:Categories
3554:Third Rome
3480:University
3463:Philosophy
3453:Inventions
3316:Historians
3284:Literature
3267:Varangians
3109:San Vitale
3038:Hippodrome
3018:City Walls
2918:Mutilation
2913:Hexabiblos
2833:Bogomilism
2823:Iconoclasm
2693:Megas doux
2683:Greek fire
2666:Aegean Sea
2539:Kleisourai
2516:Excubitors
2506:Bucellarii
2358:Despotates
2327:Kleisourai
2266:Provincial
2110:Coronation
2084:Governance
1849:Doukid era
1782:Leonid era
1637:I. Heath,
1611:I. Heath,
1534:I. Heath,
1486:I. Heath,
1434:I. Heath,
1421:I. Heath,
1300:I. Heath,
1240:I. Heath,
1134:c. 1450 –
1034:Michael IX
850:Megas doux
831:Greek fire
665:millennium
529:Abaqa Khan
517:Nogai Khan
296:under the
288:refers to
235:Adrianople
93:, western
3382:Octoechos
3262:Silk Road
2754:Hesychasm
2622:Paramonai
2569:Hetaireia
2501:Foederati
2390:Diplomacy
2385:Diplomats
2291:Provinces
2120:Empresses
1923:Trebizond
1719:Preceding
1112:Galipolli
1093:Civil war
1059:Civil war
1048:Ilkhanate
976:Andravida
864:Lists of
752:Hetaireia
615:Gunpowder
383:Paramonai
231:Gallipoli
227:Nicomedia
223:Pelekanon
164:Opponents
146:Ilkhanate
107:Macedonia
72:1261–1453
3475:Scholars
3468:Rhetoric
3458:Medicine
3433:Learning
3332:Calendar
3209:Painters
2908:Basilika
2846:Bulgaria
2808:Arianism
2759:Hayhurum
2736:Religion
2698:Admirals
2617:Allagion
2549:Droungos
2455:Generals
2417:Military
2380:Treaties
2286:Dioceses
2105:Emperors
2018:Sardinia
1998:Dalmatia
1978:Bulgaria
1968:Anatolia
1927:Theodoro
1921: /
1917: /
1909: /
1503:, p. 110
1160:See also
1148:Basileus
1095:between
1009:Menteshe
841:Admirals
789:Generals
698:Timeline
620:bombards
586:Cypriote
582:crossbow
555:Bithynia
544:Thessaly
533:Ilkhanid
419:Ottomans
386:and the
373:allagion
176:Bulgaria
150:Umur Beg
95:Anatolia
91:Bithynia
3584:Outline
3529:Museums
3429:Science
3406:Slavery
3362:Gardens
3342:Cuisine
3274:Dynatoi
3242:Coinage
3229:Economy
3197:Mosaics
3160:Mystras
3101:Ravenna
2963:Secular
2851:Moravia
2600:Pronoia
2574:Akritai
2559:Tagmata
2534:Themata
2475:Revolts
2445:Battles
2353:Kephale
2322:Themata
2252:Mesazon
2094:Central
2030:Maghreb
1983:Corsica
1973:Armenia
1963:Albania
1706:History
1490:, p. 17
1451:, p. 18
1438:, 24–33
1127:1430 –
1110:1354 –
1070:John VI
1064:1329 –
1024:1302 –
1019:pronoia
994:Tirnovo
988:1279 –
963:1261 –
893:Tactics
874:battles
777:allagia
764:pronoia
747:tagmata
645:Laconia
641:Mystras
594:tzangra
561:Weapons
551:Oljeitu
540:Mongols
519:of the
338:falling
300:of the
292:of the
215:Bapheus
130:Part of
57:Leaders
3594:Portal
3509:Impact
3389:People
3337:Cities
3187:Enamel
2968:Sacred
2903:Ecloga
2769:Saints
2678:Dromon
2554:Bandon
2544:Tourma
2527:Middle
2450:Beacon
2332:Bandon
2315:Middle
2184:Middle
2139:Senate
2062:Thrace
2045:Serbia
2023:Sicily
2008:Greece
1993:Cyprus
1911:Epirus
1907:Nicaea
1817:Middle
1694:topics
1119:Thrace
998:Ivailo
958:Franks
872:, and
836:Dromon
742:themes
588:rebel
548:Ilkhan
536:Persia
523:, and
327:After
219:Nicaea
184:Achaea
138:Allies
115:Crimea
111:Epirus
99:Thrace
3579:Index
3411:Death
3401:Women
3372:Music
3352:Dress
3347:Dance
3292:Novel
3252:Trade
3247:Mints
3192:Glass
3182:Icons
2978:Domes
2856:Serbs
2671:Samos
2484:Early
2274:Early
2148:Early
2057:Syria
2035:Malta
2013:Italy
2003:Egypt
1988:Crete
1919:Morea
1748:Early
1654:, 131
1597:, 221
1584:, 220
1291:, 285
1275:, 224
1262:, 819
1200:, 483
1177:Notes
1140:Morea
1052:Aydın
667:-old
474:ghazi
454:Ohrid
415:Aydın
333:Latin
158:Genoa
103:Morea
3377:Lyra
3257:silk
2868:Jews
2643:Navy
2588:Late
2428:Army
2395:Wars
2346:Late
2240:Late
1870:Late
1641:, 22
1628:, 27
1615:, 17
1425:, 24
1317:, 33
1304:, 36
1244:, 14
1231:, 40
1068:and
1050:and
866:wars
675:Navy
624:1422
580:The
298:rule
284:The
122:Size
3174:Art
2878:Law
531:of
448:of
3614::
1602:^
1573:^
1352:^
1280:^
1249:^
1205:^
1185:^
1046:,
868:,
829::
643:,
611:.
557:.
456:,
444:A
392:.
366:.
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
113:,
109:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
1929:)
1925:–
1913:–
1800:"
1796:"
1684:e
1677:t
1670:v
1155:.
1107:.
1076:.
1000:.
982:.
960:.
940:e
933:t
926:v
914:)
910:(
880:)
876:(
852:)
843:(
766:)
430:c
206:.
117:.
51:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
