265:
877:
1054:
604:. In the circumstances, Roger de Flor decided to occupy the city and establish his headquarters there, and to transfer there his spoils of war and to garrison it with his troops. From the viewpoint of the Greeks, Roger de Flor began to act not so much as a mercenary or military leader, but as the governor of all Anatolia, thus winning the enmity of the prefect Nostongos Ducas and the governor of the city of Magnesia, Demetrios Ataliota. Nostongo Ducas traveled to Constantinople to report the situation to the emperor, thereby causing consternation in the capital.
82:
34:
632:. It appeared that the surviving Turkish troops of the battle of Aulax had united with those of the Emirate of Menteşe-oğhlu and begun a joint attack on Tire. Roger de Flor divided his force into two and ordered one half to return to Magnesia. The remaining troops under de Flor made a forced march to arrive at the walls of Tire in the dead of night, entering the city without being spotted by the besieging Turks. The
377:
468:
572:, forcing the Turks who were there to flee. The Greek garrison of Kula received de Flor as a liberator, but he, not appreciating how a seemingly impregnable fortress could be allowed to fall into the hands of the Turks without a battle, beheaded the governor and condemned the commander to the gallows. The same harshness was applied when, days later, the
984:
The small force left in
Gallipoli nevertheless agreed to defend the site and their honour to the death and bored holes in the remaining ships to ensure there was no escape. On 21 June 1305, they sallied forth to meet the Byzantine army and fought with such ferocity that they totally overwhelmed them,
809:
As the cavalry advanced to reconnoitre the land, they discovered in a valley a large contingent of
Turkish troops (20,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry). They were remnants of previous defeats, regrouped and ready to ambush the company. Once discovered, the Turks descended to the plain and both armies
680:
When the troops returned to Tire and informed de Flor of the death of his seneschal, he ordered that Corberán of Alet be buried with all honors in the Church of San George, located two leagues from the city, and that his tomb be beautifully decorated. The
Company remained stationed in Tire for eight
1040:
and had been involved in the murder of Roger de Flor. They withdrew troops in preparation from the various towns of Thrace such as Pacia, Modico and
Rodesto which they had been occupying. Leaving a garrison in Gallipoli to look after the women and their possessions the main bulk of the Catalans set
890:
Following the important victory of
Kibistra, the Company decided to return to Ania and spend the winter there, as a lack of knowledge of the terrain made an advance very dangerous. During this retreat, crossing country previously conquered by the Turks, Greek historians report numerous examples of
942:
After the murder of de Flor the local
Byzantine population rose up against the Catalans in Constantinople and killed many of them, including at the main barracks. Prince Michael ensured that as many as possible were killed before news reached the main force in Gallipoli. Some however escaped and
1044:
The battle took place next day on a plain at the foot of the Mount Haemus where the
Magasetas made a defensive wall of their wagons. Once again the superior Catalan cavalry and infantry overwhelmed the enemy, killing their general Gregorio. Of the 9,000 fighting men of the Magasetas only 300
1019:
When 60 Catalan prisoners in
Adrianople heard of the victory they resolved to break out but could only climb on the roof of a tower. The local population were eventually driven to set fire to the tower in which most of the Catalans perished. Those that jumped were set upon by the crowd.
664:. When the Turks approached the walls, the troops led by Corberán of Alet rushed out of the city and attacked the Turks, who in a short time suffered the loss of 700 men on horseback and even more infantrymen. In panic, the rest of the Turkish cavalry fled to the mountains chased by the
454:
On his return to
Cyzicus, Roger de Flor found that his undisciplined troops had already spent twice or triple their pay and had been out plundering. Greek historians say that the region of Cyzicus was devastated by the looting of the almogavars, to the point that the sister of the
725:, where he met Roger de Flor. De Flor named Bernat the new seneschal of the company (replacing the late Corberán of Alet), and gave him his daughter (who had been previously engaged to Corberan) in marriage and provided him with 100 horses and money for his men.
1148:, Duke of Athens, and cleared the duchy of all his enemies in less than a year. The Duke, however, did not pay the amount agreed upon for their services, which unleashed the wrath of the company. The Company decided to declare war on the duke and met him at the
548:
Roger de Flor took command of the
Company cavalry, dividing it into three contingents (Alans, Catalans and Greeks), while Corbarán of Alet did the same with the infantry. The Catalans achieved a great victory over the Turks in what would come to be known as the
943:
carried the news of the massacre to Gallipoli after which the Catalans went on a killing spree of their own, killing all the local Byzantines. The memory of this devastation would last in the memory of the towns of the area for centuries, just as the monks of
1181:, where they established themselves as feudal lords. In 1312, they accepted the overlordship of the Aragonese crown of Sicily and adopted a new seal bearing the head of St George. As a consequence of their taking possession of the duchies in the name of the
1086:, while others such as Berenguer d'Entença and Ferran Eiximenis d'Arenós accepted the appointment. The fight ended with the departure of Ferran and the Prince and the death of Entença, leaving Bernat de Rocafort as head of the company. The administrator
1156:
15, 1311. The battle itself was a decisive last victory for the Catalans, despite being outnumbered by the Frankish forces of Athens, which included 700 knights. Walter V and most of his knights were killed, leaving Athens at the mercy of the company.
981:(as Seneschal). On the way back to Gallipoli d'Entença's fleet ran into a larger fleet of 18 Genoese ships. D'Entança was welcomed aboard but then treacherously captured and taken to a Genoese stronghold in the area. He would later be released.
903:
Arriving at Magnesia, however, the company was informed of a terrible event. The local population, with its captain Ataliote at the head and with the support of the Alans, had beheaded the garrison and stolen its treasure. Informed of this,
769:
After this new victory the captains decided to return to the eastern provinces, seeking a great confrontation with the Turks in the interior of Anatolia, since the limited number of soldiers of the Company did not allow a war of occupation.
563:
Having already accomplished the principal mission entrusted to him by the emperor, Roger de Flor decided to consolidate the defence of Philadelphia by conquering the nearby fortresses which had fallen into the hands of the Turks. Thus, the
1015:
to the Catalans. The Catalans inflicted heavy losses and even Prince Michael was injured and had to leave the field, followed by his army. The Catalans had won the day but slept with weapons in hand in case of a Byzantine counter-attack.
1101:
to strengthen his aspirations to the Byzantine Empire. In 1309, Thibault de Chepoy, the representative of Charles of Valois, ordered the arrest of Bernat de Rocafort and sent him to Naples, where he would starve to death the same year.
999:
The Catalan Company then marched to Thrace, leaving a few families behind in Gallipoli. After three days marching they came across, near Apros, the Byzantine army of 6,000 cavalry and even more infantry under the Emperor's son
919:, however, claimed that the Emperor's request was a pretext to disguise the impossibility of the Company breaking the resistance of Magnesia. At that time the 500 Alans who still remained on the side of the Company deserted.
503:), a Byzantine fortification that had previously fallen to the Turks. The Turks who were there tried to flee as fast as possible, but their rearguard was attacked by the troops of Roger de Flor in what came to be called the
847:
At last the troops of the Great Company rushed to meet the Turkish troops and the battle begun. At first the Turks asserted their numerical advantage, but even as the battle seemed to be swinging in favor of the Turks, the
668:
cavalry. Corberán of Alet decided to continue the attack on the retreating Turks as they began to climb the mountains, ordering his cavalrymen to dismount and climb after them. In response, the Turks harassed the
560:, with only 500 Turkish infantry and 1,000 cavalrymen managing to escape alive. After this battle de Flor made a triumphant entrance into Philadelphia, being received by its magistrates and the bishop Teolepto.
859:
The following morning Roger de Flor proceeded to survey the battlefield, surprised by the magnitude of his victory. No fewer than 6,000 cavalry and 12,000 Turkish infantrymen had been killed in the battle. The
852:
charged again and managed to breach and destroy their line. The battle continued until twilight before the remains of the Turkish army fled away, chased by the almogavar cavalry until almost dawn. The
677:
troops, shocked by the death of the seneschal of the company, interrupted their pursuit and retreated to Tire carrying the corpse of Corberán of Alet, thus allowing the surviving Turks to escape.
447:. Roger de Flor, on the other hand, took advantage of the lull to travel with his wife to Constantinople with four galleys, claim payment from the Emperor and discuss with him the next campaign.
233:
saw the threat this posed to civil order. While Frederick would have liked to retain some of them for the defense of Sicily, they could not, by custom, be forced to do so. Instead, many of the
713:
II, who informed him that the company was on the island of Chios. Bernat then made for Chios, where he met the fleet captained by Ferran d'Aunés, and together they sailed to Ania (modern
534:. On their way, they stopped in various places, abusing the Byzantine governors for their lack of courage. Roger de Flor even planned to hang some of them; naming the Bulgarian captain
584:
The captains of the Company then resolved to attack the maritime provinces of the Turks. From Philadelphia the Company retreated through the valley of the river Hermos and entered the
709:. Finally, in July 1304, he decided to join the company and weighed anchor for Constantinople with 200 cavalrymen, 1,000 almogavars and 2 galleys. There he was received by Andronikos
927:
After two years of victorious campaigns against the Turks the indiscipline and the character of a foreign army in the heart of the Empire were seen as a growing danger, and on April
433:
755:
decided to charge immediately against them, in complete disorder and without receiving orders from any of their captains. In spite of the disorder they were victorious at the
643:
began the following morning, when the Turks assembled on a plain near the city to prepare the assault, expecting to find in Tire only a small garrison of Greek soldiers.
97:
956:
2029:
541:
Upon learning of the imminent arrival of the Great Company, Bey Yakup bin Ali Şir, head of the coalition of the Turkish troops from the emirates of Germiyan-oğhlu and
2049:
1110:
By 1308, the resources of the Gallipoli peninsula were exhausted and the company headed west towards southern Greece, reestablishing themselves on the peninsula of
576:
took the fortification of Furnes, located further north. After that, de Flor returned with his troops to Philadelphia to claim payment for his successful campaign.
1599:
Chronica, o descripcio dels fets, e hazanyes del inclyt rey don Iaume primer rey Darago, de Mallorques, e de Valencia ... Feta per lo Magnifich en Ramon Muntaner .
1185:
and refusing to return them to their legitimate heirs, the Pope demanded the Company return the territory, excommunicating its members in 1318 when they declined.
1070:
Subsequently, the Catalan Company suffered a period of internal confrontation provoked by the disputes and interests of foreign powers eager to control it. Thus
357:
and the Byzantine Empire. Armed conflict was not long in breaking out, with 3,000 Genoese killed (including their leader Rosso del Finar) in what was called the
425:
made a surprise attack on the Oghuz Turkish camp located at Cape Artake, killing about 3,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry and capturing many women and children.
286:
foot soldiers and an indeterminate number of servants and auxiliary personnel). The exact figures are a matter of dispute, for although the numbers provided by
969:
D'Entença planned a raid against Constantinople, first taking and looting the island of Propóntide and then departing for Recrea with 5 galleys, leaving in
650:
811:
1028:
The Catalans proceeded to ravage Thrace for two years, assisted by the return of Ferran Eiximenis d'Arenós, with whose help they captured several towns.
1498:
Diplomatari de l'Orient català (1301–1409): col·leció de documents per a la història de l'expedició catalana a Orient i dels ducats d'Atenes i Neopàtria
2039:
915:, who requested the help of the company to defend the prince of Bulgaria (Roger's brother-in-law) from an uprising led by his own uncle. The historian
358:
2059:
735:
then marched to Ania, but not without first asking for further war contributions in Ephesus, again accompanied by numerous abuses and looting by the
550:
504:
756:
633:
252:, "Frankish", as that is how the western Europeans were called in Byzantium, However, the written letters produced by the company were mainly in
673:
by throwing stones and firing arrows, one of which killed Corberán of Alet, striking his head at a moment when his helmet had been removed. The
1748:
1041:
off in search of the Magasetas. After several days they located them and counted 3,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry plus their baggage train.
545:, decided to lift the siege of Philadelphia and face the Company in a suitable location (Aulax) with his 8,000 cavalry and 12,000 infantry.
832:
In spite of the numerical disparity between the forces Roger de Flor did not avoid the combat, but put himself at the head of the cavalry.
596:), the only territory of Anatolia that remained under the control of the Byzantines. Magnesia had solid walls and was a few miles from the
483:
allies, which caused 300 deaths in the forces of the latter. Finally, in early May, Roger de Flor began the campaign to raise the siege of
739:. After his departure Roger de Flor entrusted the safety of Tire to the Aragonese Diego de Orós with 30 cavalry men and 100 infantrymen.
291:
1529:
864:
then began to shout out their wish to continue the march through the Taurus mountains to Little Armenia and to quickly recover what the
961:
1011:. Despite the Imperial Army's numerical superiority, the Alans withdrew after the first charge, whereupon the Turcopoles deserted
487:
with 6,000 almogavars and 1,000 Alans. Philadelphia at that time was suffering from a siege by Yakup bin Ali Şir, governor of the
329:
264:
2019:
1715:
1706:
1506:
432:
and spent the winter on Cape Artake, a position that provided good defenses and an easy means of supply. During this period
1007:
The Catalan forces lined up in front of the Byzantine army, which included a large contingent of Alans as well as many
438:
1741:
1679:
1317:
1036:
The Company decided to have a showdown with a tribal group known as the Magasetas, who were based in the vicinity of
944:
840:, who showed great spirit, celebrating the victory before even engaging in combat and uttering their famous war cry "
1208:
of Corinth. The descendants of the latter then controlled the duchies until 1456, when they were conquered by the
2054:
2024:
1231:
93:
939:
while they attended a banquet organised by the Emperor. About 100 cavalry men and 1,000 infantrymen perished.
443:
temporarily left the company after a disagreement with Roger de Flor, putting himself in the service of the
1973:
1734:
803:
345:. It especially irritated the Genoese, who saw the arrival of the Catalan Company as an intrusion by the
210:
172:
1141:
856:
spent the night with their weapons in hand, waiting for a Turkish counter-attack which never occurred.
363:
499:
and descended by the valley of the River Kaikos until they arrived at the city of Germe (now known as
1236:
912:
456:
448:
325:
314:
158:
2034:
2014:
1786:
1098:
786:, linking up with the road which the Crusaders had followed two centuries earlier on their way to
205:
on the Iberian peninsula during the 13th century. These troops were used quite effectively by the
1882:
1071:
751:
managed to regroup around Ania, frightening its population. In the face of this provocation, the
230:
184:
761:
701:. Bernat had not joined the company the previous year after refusing to accept the terms of the
1796:
1781:
1001:
932:
816:
702:
218:
176:
1608:
1597:
428:
After this victory, Roger de Flor decided to postpone a planned march to the besieged town of
2044:
1983:
1927:
1584:
1496:
1226:
1197:
1111:
966:, the new leader of the company, being besieged, sent ambassadors to Sicily to ask for help.
655:
555:
418:
354:
1932:
1669:
1079:
647:
522:
After the victory in Germe, the Company resumed its march, passing through Chliara (modern
341:
The arrival of this new mercenary contingent upset the balance of power that supported the
1867:
601:
402:
244:
This organization was referred to by the (hostile) Angevin and Papal chancelleries as the
8:
1993:
1978:
1937:
1832:
1791:
1689:
Torró, Josep (2018). "Partners-in-Arms. Medieval Military Associations: From the Iberian
1568:
1053:
916:
617:
589:
509:
295:
85:
280:
with 36 ships (including 18 galleys) transporting about 8,000 men (1,500 cavalry, 4,000
1988:
1968:
1902:
1887:
1872:
1847:
1776:
1633:
1178:
1149:
1135:
1094:
1083:
1058:
978:
833:
732:
690:
638:
346:
226:
1644:
876:
459:
had to go to the city to exhort Roger to immediately move his troops to Philadelphia.
401:
in modern-day Turkey. Transported there in the fleet commanded by the Catalan Admiral
217:) of 20 to 50 men, following a chief of recognized military skill. The signing of the
1947:
1917:
1852:
1827:
1801:
1702:
1675:
1502:
1313:
1205:
1193:
822:
706:
698:
625:
350:
162:
155:
1619:
1522:
718:
475:
The 1304 campaign began with a month's delay due to continuous disputes between the
309:
in January 1303, where it was received by the Emperor and housed in the district of
81:
1922:
1907:
1586:
Expédition des Catalans et des Arragonais contre les Turcs et les Grecs (in French)
865:
795:
748:
390:
342:
322:
253:
113:
62:
523:
451:
happily paid Roger de Flor and entrusted him with the liberation of Philadelphia.
1963:
1942:
1897:
1577:
1557:
1494:
1241:
1201:
1189:
1182:
1166:
994:
955:
Byzantine troops, made up of Greeks, Alans and Turcopolos, surrounded Gallipoli.
935:) ordered mercenary Alans to murder Roger de Flor and exterminate the Company in
597:
206:
180:
33:
1697:". In Glick, Thomas F.; Malpica, Antonio; Retamero, Félix; Torró, Josep (eds.).
1892:
1665:
1221:
1209:
1170:
1087:
974:
791:
694:
542:
444:
306:
287:
121:
43:
629:
2008:
1877:
1842:
1837:
1811:
1671:
A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
1140:
In 1310, the new leader of the Company Roger Deslaur offered his services to
1114:
in Chalcidice. From there they attacked and pillaged the locality, including
905:
787:
728:
714:
318:
238:
151:
895:
soldiers, worse according to them than was suffered under the Ottoman yoke.
1912:
1862:
1757:
1726:
1119:
1090:
also would leave the company, later writing a chronicle about its history.
1037:
868:
had lost over many centuries, but their captains judged the idea reckless.
569:
531:
500:
237:
were recruited into a "company of companies", led by the Italian mercenary
1721:
1188:
Both duchies remained in the hands of the Great Company as vassals of the
1165:
In a short space of time, the Company assumed not only the control of the
1045:
survived. The women and children tried in vain to escape on tired horses.
621:
1115:
841:
488:
389:
Following these incidents and the recent defeat of the Byzantines in the
196:
484:
429:
1857:
1806:
585:
334:
310:
302:
282:
201:
321:
to his niece, the 15 year old princess Maria Asanina, daughter of the
248:, the Catalan Company. The Sicilian chancellery referred to them as
1048:
1008:
947:
would prohibit the entrance of Catalan citizens until the year 2000.
922:
535:
272:(1888). Work of José Moreno Carbonero (Palace of the Senate, Madrid).
167:
147:
1555:
985:
killing many thousands of the enemy for the loss of only a few men.
600:, where the Catalan Company fleet was anchored under the command of
1570:
Expedition of the Catalans and Aragonese against Turkish and Greeks
1174:
1123:
1082:
to Gallipoli as captain of the company. This move was contested by
973:
a garrison formed by 206 horsemen and 1,256 infantry, commanded by
970:
783:
527:
496:
491:
from the powerful emirate of Germiyan-oğhlu. After a few days, the
414:
398:
209:
for other imperial ventures in the Mediterranean, particularly the
1394:
1392:
1122:
they moved further west and south, by 1309 reaching the region of
911:
But the siege had to be lifted shortly afterwards by order of the
199:
stimulated the formation of the elite light infantry known as the
1379:
1377:
799:
722:
517:
410:
277:
1559:
Expedicion de los catalanes y aragoneses contra turcos y griegos
1464:
778:
In July 1304, the company began to march through the regions of
1452:
1389:
1212:. By that time, the Great Catalan Company had ceased to exist.
936:
628:), where he received a request for aid from two inhabitants of
593:
376:
175:, who had remained unemployed after the signing in 1302 of the
1523:"Muntaner's Chronicle-p.435, L.Goodenough-Hakluyt-London-1921"
1476:
1440:
1416:
1404:
1374:
1326:
705:
that forced him to return two castles he had conquered in the
467:
1428:
1338:
1289:
779:
480:
406:
1495:
Antonio Rubió y Lluch; Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol (2001).
1362:
294:
and George Paquimeres, the contemporary Byzantine historian
1350:
844:" whilst they hit the ground with the end of their spears.
660:
to prepare a detachment of 200 men on horseback and 2,000
221:
in 1302 terminated that struggle in Sicily, leaving the
871:
766:, killing 1,000 cavalrymen and 2,000 Turkish infantry.
1610:
Crónica catalana de Ramón Muntaner: texto original ...
1699:
From Al-Andalus to the Americas (13th–17th Centuries)
1674:. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press.
1310:
Los Almogavares. Desde sus origenes a su disgregación
620:, the troops of Roger de Flor arrived at the city of
338:(Great Dux, i.e. Commander of the Imperial forces).
268:
Roger de Flor is received by the Byzantine emperor.
1277:
1265:
1253:
1160:
1049:Internal confrontations and the end of the Company
923:Murder of Roger de Flor and massacre of Adrianople
2030:Mercenary units and formations of the Middle Ages
612:After leaving his spoils and a small garrison of
413:. They soon achieved a great victory against the
2050:Military units and formations of the Middle Ages
2006:
1602:en casa de Iaume Cortey librater. pp. 359–.
1192:until 1388–1390, when they were defeated by the
684:
393:, the emperor ordered Roger de Flor to move his
1642:
1631:
1617:
1556:Francisco de Moncada; Samuel Gili Gaya (1623).
1488:
1482:
1422:
1344:
384:
1578:The Catalan Chronicle of Francisco de Moncada.
518:Battle of Aulax and liberation of Philadelphia
213:. They were typically organized in companies (
1742:
1501:. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 50–.
270:Entrance of Roger of Flower in Constantinopla
1756:
1664:
1307:
1105:
747:For their part, the surviving troops of the
259:
397:as soon as possible to the battle front in
154:in the early 14th century and hired by the
141:
135:
129:
1749:
1735:
1169:but extended its dominions to the city of
32:
2040:Companies established in the 14th century
1031:
579:
2060:Expatriate military units and formations
1595:
1093:After this period of internal struggle,
1052:
875:
466:
405:, Roger de Flor's troops disembarked at
375:
371:
298:gives a total number of only 1,000 men.
276:The Great Catalan Company departed from
263:
80:
1582:
1566:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1410:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1356:
1332:
1295:
1097:offered the services of the company to
1023:
646:Inside Tire, Roger de Flor ordered his
2007:
1658:Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380
1655:
717:). Once in Ania they were received by
568:marched north towards the fortress of
471:Map showing sites mentioned in article
161:to combat the increasing power of the
1730:
1688:
1606:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1129:
950:
773:
689:In the course of the battle of Tire,
1065:
908:immediately laid siege to the city.
898:
872:De Flor's murder and Catalan revenge
1718:, by David Kuijt and Chris Brantley
891:looting, abuses and cruelty by the
880:Seal of the Grand Catalan Company,
804:Christian kingdom of Little Armenia
790:. Finally, the Company reached the
241:, to be paid in Byzantine service.
13:
988:
836:and Marulli did the same with the
462:
349:into the area of influence of the
14:
2071:
1668:; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1975).
1627:. Publications-Cambridge-Ontario.
1308:Aura Pascual, Jose Jorge (2008).
1177:, converting the latter into the
1126:, in what is now central Greece.
742:
607:
538:, who finally obtained a pardon.
495:arrived at the Byzantine city of
798:, which separated the region of
290:are trusted by later historians
1549:
1535:from the original on 2016-10-20
1515:
1161:Duchies of Athens and Neopatras
1722:History (14th century). Aragon
1716:Catalan Company (1302–1388 AD)
1301:
1232:Catalan campaign in Asia Minor
977:(as captain of Gallipoli) and
530:and entered the valley of the
225:without immediate employment.
183:and the French dynasty of the
131:Societas exercitus catalanorum
94:Battle of the Col de Panissars
16:14th century mercenary company
1:
2020:1302 establishments in Europe
1312:. Filá Almogávares de Alcoy.
1247:
1204:and the Florentine troops of
1118:monastery. Unable to capture
881:
810:prepared for a great battle,
685:Arrival of Bernat of Rocafort
409:, near the ruins of ancient
385:Battle of the Cyzicus (1303)
195:The military demands of the
7:
1656:Setton, Kenneth M. (1975).
1638:. Hakluyt Society – Vol. 1.
1215:
933:Michael IX Palaiologos
931:30 1305 the emperor's son (
211:War of the Sicilian Vespers
173:War of the Sicilian Vespers
72:Free company of mercenaries
27:Companyia Catalana d'Orient
10:
2076:
1649:. Hakluyt Society – Vol.2.
1583:Moncada, Francesc (1828).
1567:Moncada, Francesc (1777).
1133:
1078:assigned the crown Prince
992:
143:Magna Societas Catalanorum
1956:
1820:
1764:
1237:Principality of Catalonia
1106:Move into southern Greece
434:Ferran Eiximenis d'Arenós
305:, the company arrived at
260:Arrival at Constantinople
190:
159:Andronikos II Palaiologos
68:
58:
50:
31:
26:
21:
1787:Compagnia di San Giorgio
1758:Companies of Mercenaries
1643:Lady Goodenough (1921).
1632:Lady Goodenough (1920).
1618:Lady Goodenough (2000).
1613:J. Jepús. pp. 416–.
1596:Muntaner, Ramón (1562).
1473:, p. chapter.XVIII.
317:arranged the wedding of
1883:Federico da Montefeltro
1461:, p. chapter.XVII.
1401:, p. chapter.XIII.
1335:, p. chapter.VIII.
821:, in the open field at
231:Frederick III of Sicily
118:Gran Companyia Catalana
2055:14th century in Greece
1797:Great Company (German)
1782:Compagnia della Stella
1449:, p. chapter.XVI.
1413:, p. chapter.XIV.
1386:, p. chapter.XII.
1298:, p. chapter.VII.
1062:
1032:Battle of Mount Haemus
887:
580:Occupation of Magnesia
472:
381:
301:After a brief stop at
273:
219:Peace of Caltabellotta
177:Peace of Caltabellotta
142:
136:
130:
125:
117:
101:
2025:Byzantine mercenaries
1928:Pedro de San Superano
1646:Chronicle of Muntaner
1635:Chronicle of Muntaner
1621:Chronicle of Muntaner
1437:, p. chapter.XV.
1371:, p. chapter.XI.
1227:Chronicle of Muntaner
1198:Pedro de San Superano
1056:
879:
703:Peace of Caltabellota
470:
421:in October 1303. The
419:Battle of the Cyzicus
379:
372:Campaigns in Anatolia
355:Eastern Mediterranean
267:
246:Societas Catalanorum
137:Societas cathalanorum
110:Great Catalan Company
84:
1933:Werner von Urslingen
1483:Lady Goodenough 2000
1423:Lady Goodenough 2000
1359:, p. chapter.X.
1345:Lady Goodenough 1921
1080:Ferdinand of Majorca
1057:Coat of arms of the
1024:Dominion over Thrace
721:, who led Bernat to
332:. De Flor was named
292:Francisco de Moncada
98:Bartomeu Ribó Térriz
1938:Bernard de la Salle
1833:Gian Paolo Baglioni
1792:Company of the Rose
1660:. Variorum: London.
957:Berenguer d'Entença
917:Nicephorus Gregoras
794:at the foot of the
368:in September 1303.
296:Nicephorus Gregoras
165:. It was formed by
146:) was a company of
126:Exercitus francorum
86:Peter III the Great
1974:Campo delle Mosche
1903:Bernat de Rocafort
1888:Braccio da Montone
1873:Astorre I Manfredi
1848:Francois Hennequin
1777:Company of the Hat
1666:Setton, Kenneth M.
1607:Jepús, J. (1860).
1179:Duchy of Neopatras
1173:and the region of
1150:Battle of Halmyros
1136:Battle of Halmyros
1130:Battle of Halmyros
1095:Bernat de Rocafort
1084:Bernat de Rocafort
1063:
1059:Duchy of Neopatria
979:Bernat de Rocafort
951:Siege of Gallipoli
913:Emperor Andronikos
888:
842:Awake iron, awake!
834:Bernat de Rocafort
812:Battle of Kibistra
774:Battle of Kibistra
733:Bernat de Rocafort
691:Bernat de Rocafort
473:
457:Emperor Andronikos
382:
347:House of Barcelona
330:Irene Palaiologina
274:
227:James II of Aragon
102:
38:Manuscript of the
2002:
2001:
1948:Lodrisio Visconti
1918:Talbart Talbardon
1868:Bascot de Mauléon
1853:Konrad von Landau
1828:Seguin de Badefol
1802:Navarrese Company
1708:978-90-04-36332-8
1701:. Leiden: Brill.
1508:978-84-7283-612-9
1206:Nerio I Acciaioli
1194:Navarrese Company
1099:Charles of Valois
1066:Internal division
899:Siege of Magnesia
707:Kingdom of Naples
699:Kingdom of Sicily
536:Sausi Crisanislao
351:Republic of Genoa
163:Anatolian beyliks
156:Byzantine Emperor
76:
75:
2067:
1923:Bour de Breteuil
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1693:to the American
1685:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1614:
1603:
1590:
1574:
1563:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1155:
1145:
1075:
965:
930:
886:
883:
866:Byzantine Empire
828:
820:
796:Taurus Mountains
765:
749:Emirate of Aydin
712:
659:
651:Corberán of Alet
642:
559:
513:
442:
391:Battle of Bafeus
380:Anatolia in 1300
367:
359:Genoese massacre
343:Byzantine Empire
323:Tsar of Bulgaria
229:and his brother
171:veterans of the
145:
139:
133:
63:Byzantine Empire
36:
19:
18:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2035:Catalan symbols
2015:Catalan Company
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1952:
1943:Juan de Urtubia
1816:
1772:Catalan Company
1760:
1755:
1709:
1682:
1624:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:Prince Salvador
1218:
1202:Juan de Urtubia
1190:Crown of Aragon
1183:Crown of Aragon
1167:Duchy of Athens
1163:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1108:
1073:
1068:
1051:
1034:
1026:
997:
995:Battle of Apros
991:
989:Battle of Apros
959:
953:
928:
925:
901:
884:
874:
826:
814:
776:
759:
745:
710:
687:
653:
636:
610:
598:island of Chios
588:of the city of
582:
553:
551:Battle of Aulax
520:
507:
505:Battle of Germe
465:
463:Battle of Germe
436:
387:
374:
361:
262:
207:Crown of Aragon
193:
181:Crown of Aragon
106:Catalan Company
79:
46:
22:Catalan Company
17:
12:
11:
5:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Robert Briquet
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1686:
1680:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1615:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:. C.J. Trouvé.
1580:
1575:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1485:, p. 517.
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1425:, p. 497.
1415:
1403:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1347:, p. 486.
1337:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Ramon Muntaner
1217:
1214:
1210:Ottoman Empire
1162:
1159:
1134:Main article:
1131:
1128:
1107:
1104:
1088:Ramon Muntaner
1067:
1064:
1050:
1047:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1002:Prince Michael
993:Main article:
990:
987:
975:Ramon Muntaner
952:
949:
924:
921:
900:
897:
873:
870:
792:Cilician Gates
775:
772:
757:Battle of Ania
744:
743:Battle of Ania
741:
719:Ramon Muntaner
695:Constantinople
686:
683:
634:Battle of Tire
609:
608:Battle of Tire
606:
602:Ferran d'Aunés
581:
578:
519:
516:
464:
461:
445:Duke of Athens
403:Ferran d'Aunés
386:
383:
373:
370:
307:Constantinople
288:Ramon Muntaner
261:
258:
192:
189:
77:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:Ramon Muntaner
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Hagre l'Escot
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Petit Meschin
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:John Hawkwood
1841:
1839:
1838:Roger de Flor
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1812:White Company
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1681:0-299-06670-3
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1319:9788470398131
1315:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1286:, p. 59.
1285:
1280:
1274:, p. 58.
1273:
1268:
1262:, p. 57.
1261:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:commanded by
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:III of Sicily
1060:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
996:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
948:
946:
940:
938:
934:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
906:Roger de Flor
896:
894:
878:
869:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
824:
818:
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:the Holy Land
785:
781:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
729:Roger de Flor
726:
724:
720:
716:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
657:
652:
649:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
561:
557:
552:
546:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
469:
460:
458:
452:
450:
449:Andronikos II
446:
440:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:Karasid Turks
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
378:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:Ivan Asen III
324:
320:
319:Roger de Flor
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
279:
271:
266:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
239:Roger de Flor
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
157:
153:
152:Roger de Flor
149:
144:
138:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:Military unit
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2045:Frankokratia
1913:Albert Sterz
1898:Fra' Moriale
1863:John Creswey
1771:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1670:
1657:
1645:
1634:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1585:
1569:
1558:
1550:Bibliography
1537:. Retrieved
1517:
1497:
1490:
1478:
1471:Moncada 1777
1466:
1459:Moncada 1777
1454:
1447:Moncada 1777
1442:
1435:Moncada 1777
1430:
1418:
1411:Moncada 1777
1406:
1399:Moncada 1777
1384:Moncada 1777
1369:Moncada 1777
1364:
1357:Moncada 1777
1352:
1340:
1333:Moncada 1777
1328:
1309:
1303:
1296:Moncada 1777
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1187:
1164:
1146:V of Brienne
1139:
1120:Thessalonica
1109:
1092:
1069:
1043:
1038:Mount Haemus
1035:
1027:
1018:
1012:
1006:
998:
983:
968:
954:
941:
926:
910:
902:
892:
889:
861:
858:
853:
849:
846:
837:
831:
808:
777:
768:
752:
746:
736:
727:
688:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
645:
613:
611:
583:
573:
565:
562:
547:
540:
532:Hermos River
521:
492:
485:Philadelphia
476:
474:
453:
430:Philadelphia
427:
422:
394:
388:
340:
333:
300:
281:
275:
269:
249:
245:
243:
234:
222:
214:
200:
194:
179:between the
166:
109:
105:
103:
89:
39:
1116:Mount Athos
960: [
945:Mount Athos
885: 1305
829:15, 1304).
815: [
760: [
693:arrived at
681:more days.
654: [
637: [
554: [
543:Aydın-oğhlu
508: [
489:Germiyanids
437: [
407:Cape Artake
362: [
197:Reconquista
148:mercenaries
2009:Categories
1858:Camus Bour
1807:Tard-Venus
1539:2017-09-04
1284:Torró 2018
1272:Torró 2018
1260:Torró 2018
1248:References
1009:Turcopoles
937:Adrianople
862:almogavars
854:almogavars
850:almogavars
838:almogavars
753:almogavars
737:almogavars
671:almogavars
662:almogavars
614:almogavars
586:prefecture
574:almogavars
566:almogavars
493:almogavars
479:and their
477:almogavars
423:almogavars
395:almogavars
335:Megas Doux
311:Blachernae
303:Monemvasia
235:almogavars
223:almogavars
215:societates
202:almogavars
90:almogavars
1994:Parabiago
1979:Canturino
1765:Companies
1691:cabalgada
1562:. L. Deu.
1112:Kassandra
971:Gallipoli
893:almogavar
825:. (August
802:from the
697:from the
675:almogavar
666:almogávar
648:seneschal
626:Nymphaion
353:i.e. the
283:almogavar
250:Francorum
168:almogavar
88:with his
54:1302-1390
1989:Halmyros
1969:Brignais
1530:Archived
1216:See also
1175:Thessaly
1152:on March
1124:Thessaly
1072:Frederic
823:Kibistra
784:Lycaonia
715:Kuşadası
618:Magnesia
592:(modern
590:Magnesia
528:Thyatira
524:Kırkağaç
497:Achyraus
399:Anatolia
185:Angevins
1984:Cyzicus
1957:Battles
1821:Leaders
1695:entrada
1013:en bloc
800:Cilicia
723:Ephesus
417:in the
411:Cyzicus
315:Emperor
278:Messina
254:Catalan
150:led by
114:Catalan
108:or the
92:in the
59:Country
40:Crònica
1705:
1678:
1505:
1316:
1171:Thebes
1154:
1144:
1142:Walter
1074:
929:
827:
711:
594:Manisa
526:) and
313:. The
191:Origin
100:(1866)
51:Active
1964:Apros
1625:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
964:]
819:]
780:Caria
764:]
658:]
641:]
558:]
512:]
441:]
366:]
140:, or
122:Latin
1703:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1314:ISBN
782:and
731:and
630:Tire
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