Ottawa Treaty - Knowledge

453:(The Ottawa International Strategy Conference). Due to the presence of countries openly opposing a total ban in Ottawa, consensus is difficult to achieve. The political "Ottawa Declaration" is accepted only in the last moment, after protracted negotiations. The main document, the Agenda for Action on Anti-Personnel (AP) Mines, fails to get consensus. Due to a compromise proposed by Austria it is finally accepted, but only as "paper of the Chairman". The purpose of the Conference is "to catalyze practical efforts to move toward a ban and to create partnerships ... essential to building the necessary political will to achieve a global ban on AP mines". The project of a Convention on a Total Ban of APMs, advocated by the Austrian representative, Werner Ehrlich, is therefore low on the agenda and produces mainly negative reactions, including from like-minded countries, considering it to be premature, from the 1623:

action. By 1996, sustained and growing citizen action led Minister Axworthy of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade to collaborate with Mines Action Canada and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. This in turn led to the Government of Canada challenging other countries to negotiate and sign a treaty banning ban landmines within one year. This call to action led directly to the signing of the "Convention on the Prohibition on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction" commonly known as the 'mine ban treaty' one year later in December 1997. Mines Action Canada was hosted by Physicians for Global Survival, chaired by Valerie Warmington and coordinated by Celina Tuttle from the coalition's inception until after the treaty was signed.

622:(The Brussels International Conference for a Comprehensive Ban on Anti-Personnel Landmines) provides a clear selection process for the forthcoming diplomatic conference in Oslo. It identifies the Third Austrian Draft formally as the basis for its negotiations, agrees that a two-thirds majority was necessary for any substantive changes of this Draft, limits the voting right to States having adhered to the Brussels Declaration, and allows the ICBL to participate as a full observer, despite concerns from a number of States. The essential elements of the Convention are resumed in the "Brussels Declaration", signed by 97 of the 156 States attending the Conference. Even during the Brussels Conference new attempts are made to divert the negotiations on the Convention to the Conference on Disarmament. 473:, instantly supports this proposal as a chance for a successful conclusion of the Conference and decides to task Austria with preparing the draft for these negotiations, suggesting that they should be concluded by the end of the year 1997 in Ottawa. This important decision is reflected in the text of the "Chairmen's Agenda for Action on Anti-Personnel (AP) Mines" as follows: "To lay the necessary groundwork for a legally-binding international agreement to ban AP mines, Austria will produce a first draft and Canada will produce a possible framework for the verification of such an agreement". Minister Lloyd Axworthy thereby starts the so-called "Ottawa Process", while countries opposed to a total ban are too shocked and too surprised to block this initiative. 527:

protocols, each one dealing with one of the main prohibitions: production, stockpiling, transfer and use of anti-personnel mines. This approach would allow some additional countries to join the process but at the price of allowing them to pick and choose only those prohibitions compatible with their military needs. This concept, which would keep only the appearance of a total ban treaty, would risk creating a confusing situation of varying legal situations, and would, in the first place, postpone a real comprehensive total ban, potentially indefinitely. This proposal did however not materialise as the US rebuffed the idea, believing that they could steer the negotiations into the Conference on Disarmament where it would be subject to the consensus rule.

1570:. However, since efforts to secure the treaty started over a decade before Williams involvement and the fact that the treaty was a joint effort of so many people from all over the world, including hundreds of influential political and private leaders, some felt that Williams should decline to personally benefit from the award of the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize. Williams herself has said she feels the organization deserved the award while she did not, and emphasized the collective nature of the movement; as the chair of a group of female Peace Prize recipients, she has used her status as a Peace Prize recipient to bring concerns of woman-led grassroots organizations to the attention of governments. 1192:

anti-vehicle but from their persistence. The United States has unilaterally committed to never using persistent landmines of any kind, whether anti-personnel or anti-vehicle, which they say is a more comprehensive humanitarian measure than the Ottawa Convention. All US landmines now self-destruct in two days or less, in most cases four hours. While the self-destruct mechanism has never failed in more than 65,000 random tests, if self-destruct were to fail the mine will self-deactivate because its battery will run down in two weeks or less. That compares with persistent anti-vehicle mines which remain lethal for about 30 years and are legal under the Ottawa Convention.

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closely with a wider variety of NGOs, including churches, prominent children's and women's rights groups, disarmament and development groups, in order to produce concerted political pressure, as well as with the media to keep the issue in the forefront. Because of this unparalleled involvement of the global public, and their success in lobbying for this initiative, university political science and law departments frequently study the socio-historical initiatives that led to the Ottawa process, arguing it is a leading modern example of the power of peaceful democratic expression and a method for mobilization on disarmament issues or more broadly.

594:(FRG) (the International Expert Meeting on Possible Verification Measures to Ban Anti-Personnel Landmines in Bonn) is the second formal follow-up gathering to the 1996 Ottawa Conference and is attended by 121 governments. The German "Options Paper for a possible verification scheme for a convention to ban anti-personnel landmines" suggests significant and intrusive verification measures common in disarmament treaties. As opinions diverge, only some progress in this field is achieved. The spirit of the concept is reflected inter alia in the first paragraph of Article 8 of the Convention. 1004:(ERW). It provides reports on all aspects of the landmine, cluster munitions, and ERW issues. It issues annual report updates on all countries in the world, keeps an international network with experts, provides research findings for all mediums, and remains flexible to adapt its reports to any changes. The Monitor has earned respect with its transparency whose states must be provided under the relevant treaties for independent reporting. Its main audiences are not only governments, NGOs, and other international organizations, but also media, academics and the public. 573:(The Expert Meeting on the Text of a Convention to Ban Anti-Personnel Mines) is the first formal follow-up to the 1996 Ottawa Conference. It provides States with an initial opportunity to comment directly on the "First Austrian Draft" of the Convention. Representatives of 111 Governments attend this Conference. NGOs are allowed to attend the plenary sessions; the UN and the ICRC were invited to participate even in the closed meetings. Only a few governments speak out against a total ban treaty. 666:(the Oslo Diplomatic Conference on an International Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Land Mines). Its purpose, the final negotiation and formal adoption of the Treaty, is achieved only after intensive debates on the conditions presented by the US and on numerous other new proposals on 18 September 1997, after the US delegation announces that it is withdrawing its proposals as it had been unable to garner the necessary support for them. The convention is then formally adopted. 43: 793:, detection, etc.). Within ten years after ratifying the treaty, the country should have cleared all of its mined areas. This is a difficult task for many countries, but at the annual meetings of the States Parties they may request an extension and assistance. The treaty also calls on States Parties to provide assistance to mine-affected persons in their own country and to provide assistance to other countries in meeting their treaty obligations. 1448: 1691:(born 1946) is an American peace advocate. He participated in the Vietnam War as a young soldier, and after returning from Vietnam, Muller began to work for veterans' rights and became a peace activist. Since then, Muller founded Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) in 1978 and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) in 1980. The VVAF co-founded the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which won a 1997 Nobel Peace Prize. 403:

Conference. This first Draft provides already for a complete prohibition of the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of anti-personnel mines, and requires destruction of stockpiles within one year of entry into force and clearance of laid anti-personnel mines within five years. It represents the essence of what will subsequently be elaborated into the first Austrian Draft text of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention.

830:(12,500). A total of 83 States Parties have declared that they do not retain any antipersonnel mines, including 27 states that stockpiled antipersonnel mines in the past. Canada retains mines for training, and also continues to make and use the "C19 Detonated Weapon" in combat. The latter does not qualify as a landmine under the treaty because it is fired by a person and not by a pressure plate. 673:(the Convention-signing Conference and Mine Action Forum). In accordance with its Article 15, the Convention is opened for signature in Ottawa at a formal treaty signing conference. In total 150 governments attend the Conference and 121 sign the Convention at the Conference (Kenya (no. 122) signs on 5 December). This achievement is described by the Canadian Prime Minister, 465:(ICBL), fearing waste of time and detraction from the priority of urgent practical measures. The turning point is the announcement by the Austrian representative, that no time must wasted as he has a complete Draft of such a Convention at his disposal, and his invitation to start immediately a fast-track, free-standing negotiating process in Vienna – outside the UN 417:

crisis created by APMs. The new restrictions on the use of APMs are qualified even as "woefully inadequate" by the ICRC. At the closing session of the Review Conference Canada announces that it will host a meeting of pro-ban States in summer, while the Austrian Representative announces the preparation of the draft of a Convention on a total ban of APMs.

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to move toward a ban and to create partnerships essential to building the necessary political will to achieve a global ban on AP mines." But this meant in fact, that a total ban was postponed to a remote future: until practical efforts may have convinced one day Countries depending on APMs for their defense, that APMs are useless or counterproductive.

1173:. Opponents claim that when used correctly, anti-personnel mines are defensive weapons that harm only attackers, unlike ranged weapons such as ballistic missiles that are most effective if used for preemptive attacks. Furthermore, opponents claim that the psychological effect of mines increases the threshold to attack and thus reduces the risk of war. 1027:: China, the United States, and Russia. In 2014, the United States declared that it will abide by the terms of the Treaty, except for landmines used on the Korean Peninsula. South Korea, like North Korea, has not signed the treaty, believing the use of landmines to be crucial to the defense of their territory against the other. 1597:

It was essential to delegitimize as soon as possible any use of APMs by the adoption of an instrument of international law on a total ban of APMs, because it would not only bind the Parties to the convention but would also have at least a moral effect on Countries not Parties by clearly contradicting

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Available sources such as the study on the Ottawa Treaty made by Stuart Maslen and an article published by Werner Ehrlich in 1996 indicate that the key figure in the making of the Ottawa Treaty was the Austrian diplomat Werner Ehrlich, head of the Disarmament Unit at the Austrian Ministry for Foreign

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Criticism from academics, security officials, and diplomats is based on both the political process and the substance. The campaign for what became the Ottawa Treaty was led by a group of powerful non-governmental organizations, and instead of working within existing multilateral frameworks, including

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The proposal was however also opposed by Countries and NGO's supporting a total ban, because of their conviction that practical measures would be more conducive to a total ban than a Convention, A view which was reflected in the "purpose" of the 1996 Ottawa Conference: "to catalyze practical efforts

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The Ottawa Anti-Personnel Mines Treaty would not likely have been possible without the sustained effort of thousands of global citizens writing their elected officials in the lead up to the treaty's creation and signing in 1997. A small number of core groups mobilized on the landmines problem worked

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A recurrent opportunity for States to indicate their support for the ban on antipersonnel mines is their vote on the annual UN General Assembly (UNGA) resolution calling for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. UNGA Resolution 66/29, for example, was adopted on 2 December

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the conclusion of negotiations on 18 September of the Convention in Oslo, inviting "all States to sign the Convention" (operative paragraph 1) and urging "all States to ratify the Convention without delay subsequent to their signatures" (operative paragraph 2). Jody Williams and the ICBL are awarded

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10 December: The General Assembly of the United Nations adopts Resolution 51/45 S: "An International Agreement to Ban Anti-Personnel Land-Mines", which is supported by 115 co-sponsors. In its first operative paragraph States are urged "to pursue vigorously an effective, legally binding international

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Ehrlich proposes to revise the "Common Action" adopted on 12 May 1995, in order to move ahead and to support the project of a Convention on a total ban of APMs; and suggests that the EU should prepare the draft of a Resolution on an enlarged moratorium (including use and production of APMs) and on a

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9 February: France formally submits a request to the Secretary-General of the UN to convene a Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in accordance with its Article 8 in order to strengthen the provisions in the Convention on the use of anti-personnel landmines. The

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3 May: At the resumed Review Conference of the CCWC in Geneva the Amended Protocol II is finally adopted by consensus. The reaction of many States to this result is quite negative as its provisions are widely considered to be overly complex and insufficiently stringent to deal with the humanitarian

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adopts a "Common Action" on anti-personnel landmines including a common moratorium on the export of anti-personnel landmines. The improvement of the legal restrictions on the use of anti-personnel mines contained in Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) proves to be an

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Werner Ehrlich, Auf dem Weg zu einer Konvention über das Verbot von Anti-Personen-Minen; Österreichisches Jahrbuch für internationale Politik; Österreichische Gesellschaft für Außenpolitik und internationale Beziehungen gemeinsam mit dem Österreichischen Institut für internationale Politik; Verlag

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Of the 19 states not party that voted in support of Resolution 66/29 on 2 December 2011, nine have voted in favor of every Mine Ban Treaty resolution since 1997 (Armenia, Bahrain, Finland, Georgia, Oman, Poland, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the United Arab Emirates); 10 that consistently abstained or

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Substantively, critics view the treaty as naive and idealistic, in attempting to erase the reality of security threats that lead armies and defense forces to rely on landmines for protection against invasion and terror attacks. As a result, ratification has been far from universal, and many of the

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adopts – after difficult negotiations – a new Common Action on APMs, which constitutes a big step forward as its Article 2 supports the early conclusion of an international agreement on a total ban on APMs. This is a remarkable decision, as a number of EU-Members consider anti-personnel mines as a

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12 December: The United Nations General Assembly adopts Resolution 50/70 O "Moratorium on the Export of Anti-Personnel Land-Mines", urging States to declare such a moratorium and to build consensus towards an agreement when the Review Conference (of the CCW Convention) reconvenes. It states, inter

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The number of states abstaining from supporting the resolution has ranged from a high of 23 in 2002 and 2003 to a low of 17 in 2010, 2005 and 2006. The group of states that could be described as most concerned about the security implications of the Mine Ban Treaty are the 15 states not party that

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April: The first draft of what later became the "Ottawa Convention" is informally made by the Austrian representative at the Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), Werner Ehrlich, out of frustration with the lack of progress achieved towards a total ban at this

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Emphasizes the importance of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and its Protocols as the authoritative international instrument governing the responsible use of

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Mines Action Canada grew out of the efforts of Canadian non-governmental agencies concerned about the rapidly spreading impact of landmines and cluster munitions. The group was successful in garnering positive Canadian government attention to the call for a ban by mobilizing Canadians to demand

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At the Ottawa Conference in October 1996 Ehrlich defended the project of a Total Ban Convention, against opponents of a total ban as well as even against leading humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines

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He initiated the process by making the first draft of the future Treaty in April 1996 and succeeded to get this project and the proposed unorthodox procedure – to negotiate this Convention outside the Conference on Disarmament (CD) – adopted by the Ottawa Conference in October 1996 – in spite of

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Article 3 of the treaty permits countries to retain landmines for use in training in mine detection, mine clearance, or mine destruction techniques. 72 countries have taken this option. Of this group, 26 States Parties retain fewer than 1,000 mines. Only two have retained more than 10,000 mines:

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March: Other attempts to replace the "Ottawa Process" by negotiations in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament (CD) are undertaken by opponents of a total ban. Some EU countries prompt the Netherlands to propose in the CD a draft mandate for negotiations on a total ban of APMs. But this

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One example was the well-intended attempt made by Canada to win the support of Countries opposed to a total ban – in particular the US – by proposing a new approach: To replace the Draft Convention by a new text, composed of a "Chapeau-Convention", containing generalities only, and four annexed

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25 September to 13 October: The first Review Conference of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) is held in Vienna (Austria). The focus is on its Protocol II, as it is the authoritative international instrument governing the responsible use of anti-personnel land-mines. Many

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16 December: The UN General Assembly adopts Resolution 48/79 which formally welcomes the request to convene a Review Conference of the CCW, encourages the establishment of a group of governmental experts to prepare this Conference and calls upon the maximum number of States to attend (operative

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His third and final draft before leaving disarmament at the end of 1996 to become Austria's Ambassador to the Islamic Republic of Iran was known as the "First Austrian Draft" and served as the basis for the following negotiations leading to the adoption of the Mine Ban Treaty in December 1997

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Opponents point out that the Ottawa Convention places no restriction whatsoever on anti-vehicle mines which kill civilians on tractors, on school buses, etc. The position of the United States is that the inhumane nature of landmines stems not from whether they are anti-personnel as opposed to

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reverses the policy of his predecessor, Trump, and continues disarmament, saying that the United States will not produce or acquire anti-personnel mines, will not support any other country in its use of these mines, and commits to destroying all existing anti-personnel mines in its possession

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The smart way to achieve this aim was to insist on holding the relevant negotiations in the framework of the competent forum of the UN for disarmament negotiations, the Conference on Disarmament (CD). The catch is that the CD had many years previously become a dead end, because of fundamental

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It was also essential to elaborate this Treaty in a free standing negotiating process outside the Conference on Disarmament (CD), as there mine-affected Countries not Members of the CD would be excluded and opponents of a total ban could block the project immediately, e. g. simply by denying

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14 August: In the CD the special Coordinator for APMs declares that there is little point in the CD taking any decisions on a possible mandate on APMs until the outcome of the Ottawa Process is known in December 1997. This signals the end of efforts to undercut the Ottawa Process in the

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Since the first UNGA resolution supporting the Mine Ban Treaty in 1997, the number of states voting in favor has ranged from a low of 139 in 1999 to a high of 165 in 2010. The number of states abstaining has ranged from a high of 23 in 2002 and 2003 to a low of 17 in 2005 and 2006.

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states that do not currently intend to ratify the treaty possess large stockpiles of anti-personnel mines. So far 35 countries have not signed the treaty; nonsignatories include the United States, Russia, China, Myanmar, United Arab Emirates, Cuba, Egypt, India, Israel, and Iran.

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Signatory nations have destroyed more than 48 million stockpiled mines since the treaty's entry into force on 1 March 1999. One hundred and fifty-nine (159) countries have completed the destruction of their stockpiles or declared that they did not possess stockpiles to destroy.

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Stuart Maslen: The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. In: Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2004;

233:(CCW) is adopted by a United Nations Conference in Geneva. Among the three annexed Protocols the "Protocol on prohibitions or restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices" (Protocol II) establishes some restrictions on the use of anti-personnel landmines. 677:, as "without precedent or parallel in either international disarmament or international humanitarian law". The final Conference Document, the 67-page "Program for Mine Action", details "pledges of more than 500 million dollars to the mine effort over a five-year period". 650:

a transition period with either entry into force requiring 60 countries, including all five permanent members of the Security Council and at least 75 per cent of historic producers and users of APMs, or an optional nine-year deferral period for compliance with certain

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were absent previously now vote in favor (Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Marshall Islands, Micronesia FS, Mongolia, Morocco, and Tonga). Somalia, now a State Party, was absent from the 2011 resolution, but has voted in favor in previous years.

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Gustav Hägglund considered joining the treaty "a grave mistake". In the same continuum, another citizens' initiative to resign from the treaty, left on 24 February 2022, gathered the required 50,000 signatures by 6 March 2022, and will proceed to the Parliament.

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The Convention gained 122 country signatures when it opened for signing on 3 December 1997 in Ottawa, Canada. Currently, there are 164 States Parties to the Treaty. Thirty-two countries have not signed the treaty and one more has signed but did not ratify. The

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claims in its report that as of 18 November 2014, over 2,000 civilians were still in the Tel Shair corridor section of the mine belt because Turkey had been refusing entry for cars or livestock, and the refugees did not want to leave behind their belongings.

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have voted against consecutive resolutions since 1997: Cuba, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Libya (since 1998), Myanmar, North Korea (since 2007), Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Syria, Uzbekistan (since 1999), the United States, and Vietnam (since 1998).

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Annual meetings of the treaty member states are held at different locations around the world. These meetings provide a forum to report on what has been accomplished, indicate where additional work is needed and seek any assistance they may require.

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military necessity, but this open support comes not without a mental reservation: As those negotiations were supposed to take place in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, each Member would have the possibility to block them at any time.

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It was an uphill struggle. This proposal was understandably rejected by countries which see anti-personnel mines as essential for national defense. Consequently, they tried repeatedly to block the project or to steer it to a dead end in the CD.

601:, previously an ardent supporter of tackling the mine issue in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament (CD), realizes that the free negotiating process is irreversible and joins the process as the first member of the UN Security Council. 3669: 1606:(ICBL), which at the beginning saw the project as premature, as detraction or even as a waste of time. He succeeded finally against all odds – due in particular to the inspired and timely support of the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 683:

9 December: The General Assembly of the United Nations adopts by 142 votes Resolution 52/38 a "Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction", welcoming

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adopts the first law on a comprehensive, permanent total ban of APMs. It goes beyond the earlier Belgian law which was limited in its effect to 5 years and did not exclude stockpiling of APMs allowing thereby the use of APM in case of

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finally joins the Ottawa Process. The White House announces that the US will be a full participant in the negotiations at the forthcoming Oslo Diplomatic Conference. But in a letter to key foreign ministers the US Secretary of State,

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Turkey reported that between 1957 and 1998, Turkish forces laid 615,419 antipersonnel mines along the Syrian border "to prevent illegal border crossings". These mines are killing Syrians stuck on the border or trying to cross near

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report from 2003, which sees landmines as an effective weapon against a mechanised invasion force. In early 2018, an MP from the National Coalition Party started a citizens' initiative to withdraw from the Ottawa Treaty. Also, the

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Besides ceasing the production and development of anti-personnel mines, a party to the treaty must destroy its stockpile of anti-personnel mines within four years, although it may retain a small number for training purposes

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declares that the US will seek to initiate negotiations on a worldwide treaty banning the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel landmines in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in

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Countries opposing a total ban of APMs because of their military necessities had an interest to prevent any negotiations on a total ban and in particular in free standing negotiations as proposed by Austria.

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The Monitor also reports the use of antipersonnel mines by Ukrainian government forces in and around the city of Izium in 2022 when the city was under Russian control. Ukraine is bound by the Mine Ban Treaty.

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in their September 1997 edition, "After her death, the treaty... took on the luster of a humanitarian memorial to Diana and her cause." When the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill took place in 1998 in the

1651:. Her work with landmines focused on the injuries and deaths inflicted on children. Her tragic death just a couple weeks later, propelled the cause dear to her forward on the world stage and, as reported by 957:, to remove over 9,000 mines laid in the country between 1990 and 1994. The soldiers checked and cleared 1.3 square km of land in twenty minefields. The official Cartagena Summit announcement came after the 302:, declares that from a humanitarian point of view, a "worldwide ban on anti-personnel mines the only truly effective solution" to come to terms with the problem. Subsequently, certain UN bodies such as the 4613: 4583: 3120: 1679:

became internationally known (and criticized in some quarters) for his advancement of the concept of human security and including the Ottawa Treaty, and the creation of the International Criminal Court.

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Little progress in actual reduction of mine usage has been achieved. In 2011, the number of landmines dispersed is higher than ever since 2004, landmines being dispersed in Libya, Syria, and Myanmar.

495:: The International Campaign to Ban Landmines presents its own draft of a Convention on a total ban of APMs. Much of its language would subsequently be reflected in the text of the Convention adopted. 6052: 6047: 982:

On 5 December 2012 at the 12th Meeting of the States Parties, six states declared themselves landmine-free. These were the Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Jordan, and Uganda.

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reverses the Obama policy change and restores the George W. Bush administration position on anti-personnel landmines, authorizing Combatant Commanders to employ "advanced, non-persistent landmines".

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Also encourages further immediate international efforts to seek solutions to the problems caused by anti-personnel land-mines, with a view to the eventual elimination of anti-personnel land-mines .

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uphill task. Four meetings of the group of governmental experts are necessary to prepare the basis for the Review Conference of this Convention because of difficulties in reaching consensus.

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15 December: The UN General Assembly adopts Resolution 49/75 D "Moratorium on the Export of Anti-Personnel Land-Mines", which urges States to declare such a moratorium, stating, inter alia:

3466: 501:: Belgium, one of the first supporters of a total ban treaty, also prepares a draft of such a treaty, which however appears to have had little direct influence on the later Austrian drafts. 1643:

to dramatize its dangers. In January 1997, Angola's population was approximately 10 million and had about 10–20 million land mines in place from its civil war. In August 1997, she visited

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was drafted in 2008 and was adopted and entered into force in 2010. As of February 2022, there are 110 state parties of the CCM. In theory, mines could be replaced by manually triggered

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As an initiative of ICBL which was founded in 1998 through Human Rights Watch, the Monitor gives monitoring on the humanitarian development and uses of landmines, cluster munitions, and

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of the Convention by the author at a meeting among States supporting a total ban and relevant NGOs, this project is seen only as a "remote possibility", and therefore not even discussed.

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is issued. It includes small changes from the previous Second Draft, e. g. regarding compliance issues, the question of duration, and the possibility of withdrawal from the Convention.

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proposes the mandate for an ad hoc committee on a ban on APMs, which is not accepted. In the CD later Hungary and Japan make other, similarly unsuccessful, attempts in this direction.

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Recognizing that States can move effectively towards the ultimate goal of the eventual elimination of anti-personnel land-mines as viable and humane alternatives are developed.

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The treaty reaches its 40th ratification, triggering its entry into force the next year. The ICBL launches the Landmine Monitor initiative to verify compliance with the treaty.

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October: The Steering committee of the ICBL issues a call for an international ban on the use, production, stockpiling and sale, transfer or export of anti-personnel landmines.

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7 July: This Draft is circulated by the Quaker UN Office in Geneva to three like-minded Countries, Austria, Canada and Switzerland and to selected NGOs, to UNICEF and UNIDIR.

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Stuart Maslen, "The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction". Point 0.29, p. 16 in:

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26 June: In the CD an agreement is reached to appoint a Special Coordinator for APMs tasked to try to find an agreed mandate that could form the basis for discussions.

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Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects

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Stuart Maslen (2004). This purpose is defined in the second paragraph of the "Chairman's Agenda for Action on Anti-Personnel Mines". Text in Appendix 3, page 361

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of the Convention on a total ban on APMs, taking into account numerous comments and suggestions received, is prepared by Ehrlich for the 1996 Ottawa Conference.

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total ban for the next General Assembly of the UN. The first proposal finds consensus, not the second one, which was later taken up by Canada and by the US.

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Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.55, p. 29. The text of the proposal of the ICBL is in Appendix 4, p. 398–404; the text of the Belgian draft follows on p. 404

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agreement to ban the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel landmines with a view to completing the negotiations as soon as possible".

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on 1 March 2022, wanting to resign from the treaty. According to a questionnaire sent to Finnish parliamentary groups by a consortium of local newspapers

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26 June: First debate on the Draft by – sceptical – like-minded countries and selected NGOs at a small strategy meeting at the Quaker UN Office in Geneva.

6057: 3372: 3639: 6042: 6032: 4703: 4673: 2955: 1116: 5827: 4643: 4523: 4441: 4321: 4291: 4261: 4231: 4201: 4171: 4141: 4111: 1180:, for example, introduce the same problem as mines: unexploded bomblets can remain a hazard for civilians long after a conflict has ended. A separate 345:

Encourages further international efforts to seek solutions to the problems caused by anti-personnel-mines, with a view to their eventual elimination .

5347: 4467: 4381: 4081: 3993: 3532:"Uutissuomalainen: Eduskuntaryhmät eri linjoilla ja epävarmoina jalkaväkimiinojen kiellosta – Ottawan sopimuksen pitäisivät keskusta, RKP ja vihreät" 3232: 3404: 2899: 399:

15–19 January: The Review Conference of the CCW resumes its work in Geneva but cannot find consensus on the reforms proposed to improve Protocol II.

6027: 5177: 3172: 6082: 4497: 4411: 3691: 737:

mostly accepts the terms of the treaty by ceasing to acquire anti-personnel land mines and prohibiting their use outside of the Korean Peninsula.

3094: 1947: 1020: 5402: 1854:"Status of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction" 1761:"Status of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction" 5064: 3064: 6077: 3826: 3444: 3294: 3500: 5197: 3597:"Jalkaväkimiinakiellosta irtautuminen ja jalkaväkimiinojen käytön, varastoinnin, tuotannon ja siirron salliminen. – Kansalaisaloitepalvelu" 2834: 2804: 5157: 4960: 1760: 615:– previously supporting negotiations in the CD – announces that it is joining the process as the second member of the UN Security Council. 5422: 5292: 3038: 1099:

prior to its split) has been supporting withdrawal from the treaty, saying that he "wants to rip it in half". Since the beginning of the

580:

is completed, which, due to comments and suggestions received at the Vienna Conference, differs quite significantly from the first draft.

382:

improvements are proposed, but in spite of intensive debates, do not find consensus. The Review Conference therefore has to be suspended.

523:

A major threat to the project of a Total ban Convention as endorsed by the 1996 Ottawa Conference was the danger of being watered down.

5802: 985:

On 17 September 2015, Mozambique was declared free of land mines after the last of some nearly 171,000 had been cleared over 20 years.

457:– which blocks the distribution of the prepared Draft at the Conference, and even from leading humanitarian organizations, such as the 230: 3342: 2864: 680:

5 December: The Convention is deposed in New York with the Secretary General of the United Nations, and opened for further signatures.

3246: 3196: 1882: 3743: 540:

disagreements among Member States on its agenda and because of the rule of consensus giving each member de facto the right of veto.

6037: 5932: 5862: 5227: 458: 295: 6087: 5967: 5139: 3437:"Kansanedustaja Eero Lehti yrittää vapauttaa maamiinat kansalaisaloitteella – ei tiennyt puolueensa päätöksestä ajaa samaa asiaa" 3205: 2951: 1559: 462: 246: 124: 2585: 2532: 6067: 6002: 5437: 1169:

Opponents of banning anti-personnel mines give several reasons, among them that mines are a cheap and therefore cost-effective

142:

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

36:

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

4982: 3574: 6007: 5757: 5377: 3146: 314: 167:. Major powers, which are also past and current manufacturers of landmines, are not parties to the treaty. These include the 3011: 1512: 6072: 5772: 5707: 5627: 3858: 3608: 1148: 1013: 113: 3268: 1484: 5192: 5038: 3804: 2105:

Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.43, and note 128, page 24. The text of this first draft is quoted in Appendix 4, pp. 397–397

3343:"Jussi Niinistö osoittaa sormella Halosta ja Kataista: 'Tämä oli päätös, joka maksaa tositilanteessa suomalaista verta'" 5612: 5512: 1132: 587:

27 March: At the CD Finland and Poland table a formal proposal to appoint a Special Coordinator for mine negotiations.

5947: 5867: 5847: 5647: 5527: 5317: 5187: 4898: 4023: 3799: 1996: 1912: 1531: 1491: 307: 271: 2300:

Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 5 under Chapter A "Global Action" in the "Chairmen's Agenda". Text in Appendix 3, p. 362

6092: 5902: 5872: 5807: 5712: 5432: 5387: 5367: 5247: 3938: 1100: 993:

The Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor ("the Monitor") is an initiative providing research for the ICBL and the

950: 480:

of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention is prepared by Ehrlich and sent out worldwide. It is later known as the

5922: 5907: 5842: 5822: 5692: 5687: 5662: 5632: 5622: 5477: 5382: 5342: 5252: 2770: 2697: 1721: 1181: 1024: 325: 2571:

Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.93 on p. 44. Text of the main part of the Final Document in Appendix 3, pp. 388–395

5982: 5717: 5667: 5617: 5547: 5502: 5237: 5232: 5172: 5095: 3911:"Landmine Monitor 2023: 26 years after the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty, mines continue to kill and maim | HI" 3717: 1498: 1469: 1465: 975:

was declared a landmine-free zone, making it the second country to be landmine-free in Asia. In December 2011,

469:(CD) – notoriously blocked for many years by the lack of consensus. The Canadian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 4351: 3382: 1566:, were instrumental in the passage of the Ottawa Treaty, and for these efforts they jointly received the 1997 647:

a change of the definition of APMs to allow the use of mixed anti-tank and anti-personnel "munitions" systems;

5997: 5917: 5912: 5892: 5887: 5857: 5852: 5782: 5762: 5642: 5587: 5532: 5452: 5417: 5412: 5362: 5332: 5327: 5312: 5297: 5257: 3631: 3604: 1124: 1085: 1080: 442: 242: 4750: 4725: 4695: 3320: 5977: 5972: 5962: 5937: 5832: 5792: 5727: 5697: 5677: 5607: 5602: 5567: 5557: 5542: 5537: 5497: 5482: 5462: 5447: 5442: 5427: 5407: 5392: 5322: 5287: 5267: 5262: 5242: 5217: 5212: 5207: 4665: 4635: 4519: 4463: 4433: 4373: 3967: 958: 266:

First International NGO Conference on Landmines is held in London, organised by the ICBL and acknowledging

5013: 4828: 4313: 4283: 4253: 4223: 4193: 4163: 4133: 4103: 4073: 1480: 1119:

earlier during the invasion and published on 1 March 2022, the Finns Party (as well as its splinter group

5992: 5957: 5952: 5942: 5897: 5837: 5797: 5777: 5752: 5737: 5682: 5672: 5637: 5597: 5592: 5577: 5517: 5507: 5492: 5467: 5397: 5337: 5307: 5302: 5282: 5272: 5222: 5150: 2357: 1217: 1120: 3915:

Landmine Monitor 2023: 26 years after the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty, mines continue to kill and maim

5987: 5877: 5817: 5787: 5747: 5722: 5702: 5657: 5582: 5572: 5562: 5522: 5487: 5472: 5357: 5277: 3989: 3467:"Puolustusministeri Niinistö SuomiAreenassa: Haluan repiä jalkaväkimiinat kieltävän Ottawan sopimuksen" 3168: 1648: 1159: 994: 4489: 4403: 3744:"Where global solutions are shaped for you | Disarmament | Signatories and Ratifying States" 3695: 3086: 1778: 5927: 5767: 5742: 5732: 5652: 5552: 5457: 5352: 3884: 2668: 1940: 1061: 1057: 1001: 466: 1208:. Turkey is required under the treaty to destroy all antipersonnel mines, but has missed deadlines. 1166:

Ukraine has also signaled that it might have to withdraw from the treaty due to military necessity.

6107: 6102: 5072: 3060: 1990: 1657: 1632: 1072: 941:

At the November–December 2009 Cartagena Summit for a Mine-Free World, Albania, Greece, Rwanda, and

3290: 1704: 1458: 1136: 4952: 2826: 2796: 3563:"Oliko jalkaväkimiinat kieltävä Ottawan sopimus virhe Suomelle? 'Meille jäi mustapekka käteen'" 1644: 1631:

Once in the final stages leading into the treaty, the Ottawa Treaty was ardently championed by

1140: 5129: 3034: 4879: 4790:"Where global solutions are shaped for you | Disarmament | UNGA resolution on APLC" 1103:, the debate sparked up again in Finland, when the chairmans of the National Coalition Party 855: 3662:"Nearly two decades after leading role, US remains on sidelines of treaty banning landmines" 657:

a clause permitting a party to withdraw when its superior national interests are threatened.

5182: 3436: 3350: 3090: 2482:

Stuart Maslen (2004) Points 0.76, p. 37, Text of the Declaration in Appendix 2, pp. 376–380

1505: 1152: 3193: 2336:

Stuart Maslen (2004), pp. 29–30. The text of this resolution is in Appendix 2, pp. 346–347

1878: 8: 2518:

Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.90, p. 43. Texts of the proposals in Appendix 5, pp. 423–450

1354: 157: 5123: 717:

The first stockpile destruction deadlines are met by all states parties with stockpiles.

2752: 2646: 1382: 1209: 1170: 638: 299: 214: 2982: 1111:

viewed joining the treaty as a mistake in a panel of the Finnish national broadcaster

5145: 4894: 3831: 2756: 2744: 2650: 2638: 2581: 2528: 1908: 1567: 801: 690: 20: 1828: 1155: 1088: 4990: 3562: 3228: 3142: 2734: 2628: 2000: 1375:

13th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2013 in Geneva, Switzerland

1372:

12th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland

1359:

10th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2010 in Geneva, Switzerland

838:

Through 2015, 29 countries had cleared all known mined areas from their territory:

771: 406:

22 April – 3 May 1996: The Review Conference of the CCW resumes its work in Geneva.

3769: 1907:, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2004; 1829:"The Ottawa Convention: Signatories and States-Parties | Arms Control Association" 674: 3200: 3007: 1652: 907: 310:, and the Secretary-General himself call for a total ban on anti-personnel mines. 3596: 3501:"Purra: Puolustukseen lisää rahaa – Suomen on irtauduttava Ottawan sopimuksesta" 1853: 1553: 3260: 2491:

Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.75, and note 190 on p. 37 and Point 0.95, on p.46

2455:

Text in Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.67, p. 34; Text in Appendix 4 pp. 416–422

1676: 1607: 1047:" are "capable of creating effective dynamics that the United Nations cannot". 949:. It followed a three-year campaign by 180 Rwandan soldiers, supervised by the 797: 612: 563: 470: 454: 421: 374: 5042: 1236:

Second Review Conference: 29 November – 4 December 2009, Cartagena, Colombia:

1158:

also commented that "there would be use for anti-personnel mines", and former

1043:

has described the Ottawa Process as an example of where the organisations of "

796:

The treaty covers only anti-personnel mines; it does not address mixed mines,

5166: 3474: 2748: 2642: 1563: 1412:

19th meeting of the States Parties in November 2021 in The Hague, Netherlands

1185: 1044: 871: 633: 267: 168: 2129:Österreichische Gesellschaft für Außenpolitik und internationale Beziehungen 2004: 370:

The first national law to ban anti-personnel landmines is passed in Belgium.

1688: 1177: 1144: 1128: 1108: 1104: 1040: 754: 734: 641:, lays down five conditions for the US's possible signature of the treaty: 329: 202: 3632:"Kansalaisaloite jalkaväkimiinojen käytön sallimisesta etenee eduskuntaan" 1409:

18th meeting of the States Parties in November 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland

1400:

17th meeting of the States Parties in November 2018 in Geneva, Switzerland

1387:

14th meeting of the States Parties in December 2015 in Geneva, Switzerland

1334:

7th meeting of the States Parties in September 2006 in Geneva, Switzerland

1298:

4th meeting of the States Parties in September 2002 in Geneva, Switzerland

530: 4015: 3377: 2739: 2722: 2633: 2616: 2117:"Auf dem Weg zu einer Konvention über das Verbot von Anti-Personen-Minen" 1736:

Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines.

1716: 1700: 1347:

9th meeting of the States Parties in November 2008 in Geneva, Switzerland

1096: 1092: 1076: 935: 555: 4606:"The Third Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty | The Treaty | ICBL" 4576:"The Third Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty – The Treaty – ICBL" 4048: 3939:"Ukraine Promises Inquiry into Banned Landmine Use | Human Rights Watch" 1379:

Third Review Conference or Maputo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World

1229:

First Review Conference: 29 November – 3 December 2004, Nairobi, Kenya:

518: 42: 4953:"White House Is Being Pressed to Reverse Course and Join Land Mine Ban" 3958: 3956: 3223: 2057:

Stuart Maslen (2004). Text of this Resolution in Appendix 2, p. 342–343

1735: 1664: 1472: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1404:

Fourth Review Conference or Oslo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World

1363: 1272: 895: 867: 859: 827: 805: 2693: 1858:

Treaties Database of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

1765:

Treaties Database of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

1397:

16th meeting of the States Parties in December 2017 in Vienna, Austria

1353:

or Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World in November/December 2009 in

971:

Two more countries became free of landmines in 2011. On 14 June 2011,

945:

were also declared mine-free. On 2 December 2009, Rwanda was declared

3795:"Frequently Asked Questions on the New United States Landmine Policy" 1800:"The Mine Ban Treaty: How the world decided to bury the use of mines" 1640: 1416: 1293: 1131:

supported resignation from the treaty, the National Coalition Party,

1079:

proposed withdrawing from the treaty. The stance is supported by the

965: 931: 919: 899: 875: 766: 484:

and is the basis for the forthcoming negotiations on this Convention.

3953: 3721: 1544: 1447: 1314:

or Nairobi Summit on a Mine-Free World in November/December 2004 in

1205: 4726:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Seventeenth Meeting of the States Parties" 3405:"Puolustusministeriön jalkaväkimiinaselvitystyöryhmän väliraportti" 2774: 1391: 1367: 1338: 1306: 1176:

The Ottawa Treaty does not cover all types of unexploded ordnance.

946: 915: 879: 863: 847: 790: 218: 184: 4751:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Eighteenth Meeting of the States Parties" 4636:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fourteenth Meeting of the States Parties" 4343: 1422:

2011 by a vote of 162 in favor, none opposed, and 18 abstentions.

6053:

Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

6048:

Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

4776:"Netherlands successfully concludes global anti-landmine meeting" 4696:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Sixteenth Meeting of the States Parties" 4666:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fifteenth Meeting of the States Parties" 3316: 1329: 1315: 1302: 1289: 1285: 976: 923: 903: 883: 851: 839: 584:

proposal is blocked by other EU states opposing an immediate ban.

510: 4434:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Eleventh Meeting of the States Parties" 3963: 2318:

Stuart Maslen, Point 0.52, p. 28. Text in Appendix 4, p. 407–410

1390:

15th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2016 in

1362:

11th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2011 in

5087: 4254:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Seventh Meeting of the States Parties" 3570: 3317:"English / Treaty Text in Many Languages / MBT / Treaty / Home" 3249:, paragraph 30, published 4 October 2023, accessed 17 June 2024 1636: 1342: 1325: 1324:

6th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2005 in

1278: 1268: 942: 927: 911: 891: 887: 843: 598: 176: 164: 77: 4284:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Eighth Meeting of the States Parties" 4164:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fourth Meeting of the States Parties" 4104:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Second Meeting of the States Parties" 1243:

Third Review Conference: 23–27 June 2014, Maputo, Mozambique:

321:

assign priority to the problem of anti-personnel mines (APMs).

4314:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Ninth Meeting of the States Parties" 4224:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Sixth Meeting of the States Parties" 4194:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fifth Meeting of the States Parties" 4134:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Third Meeting of the States Parties" 4074:"AP Mine Ban Convention: First Meeting of the States Parties" 3410:(in Finnish). Finnish Ministry of Defence. 19 December 2003. 2401:

Stuart Maslen (2004), points 0.58/0.59 and note 170 pp. 30–31

1554:

Jody Williams and The International Campaign to Ban Landmines

1319: 1250:

Fourth Review Conference: 25–29 November 2019, Oslo, Norway:

972: 954: 709:

The treaty becomes binding international law on 1 March 1999.

644:

a geographical exception for the use of mines in South Korea;

362:

Self-imposed moratorium on sales of mines dated 15 March 1994

332:

calls for the "eventual elimination" of anti-personnel mines.

180: 172: 4937: 4935: 4043: 4041: 2771:"Biden administration commits to limiting use of land mines" 2669:"Trump eases restrictions on land mine use by U.S. military" 2827:"International Cooperation and Assistance – Finish the Job" 1337:

8th meeting of the States Parties in September 2007 at the

938:

finished clearing its landmines before joining the Treaty.

304:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

2952:"Four New Countries Declared Mine-Free at Landmine Summit" 2797:"Six Pillars of Victim Assistance – Finish the Job – ICBL" 1799: 1437: 276:

Hidden Killer: The Global Problem with Uncleared Landmines

163:

By August 2022, 164 states had ratified or acceded to the

5151:

Full text of the treaty in multiple languages and formats

4932: 4038: 3219:"Obama administration creates Korean land mine exception" 1941:"Timeline of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines" 1667:

praised Diana and paid tribute to her work on landmines.

1112: 2509:

Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.84, and note 198, pp. 39–40

988: 217:, one provision is amended to prohibit the targeting of 6018:

Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory

5135: 4546:"13th Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty" 3885:"'608 slachtoffers van landmijnen in Oekraïne in 2022'" 3859:"Syria/Turkey: Landmines Kill Civilians Fleeing Kobani" 1675:

In his Canadian Foreign Affairs portfolio (1996–2000),

1301:

5th meeting of the States Parties in September 2003 in

1284:

3rd meeting of the States Parties in September 2001 in

1277:

2nd meeting of the States Parties in September 2000 in

997:(CMC), and acting as their de facto monitoring regime. 531:

Attempts to block the project of a Total Ban Convention

134:

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish

5130:

Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-personnel Mines

3827:"Järjestö: Maamiinoja asennettu enemmän kuin vuosiin" 2857:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Destroying Stockpiled Mines" 2553:

Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.91 and note 216 on p. 43

1823: 1821: 1713:, host for the secretariat (ISU) of the Ottawa Treaty 1711:

Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

1151:

on the side of supporting staying in the treaty. The

519:

Threats to the comprehensive nature of the Convention

351: 6013:

Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory

3035:"Nicaraguan landmines finally removed after 80s war" 2309:

Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.49, and note 139, p. 26

2135:Österreichischen Institut für internationale Politik 2123:Österreichisches Jahrbuch für internationale Politik 2096:

Stuart Maslen (2004), Text in Appendix 2, p. 343-345

1023:

includes a majority of the permanent members of the

245:supporting a ban of landmines begin organizing the 5203:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration 2392:Stuart Maslen (2004), p. 45, and note 223 on p. 45 1818: 1417:United Nations General Assembly annual resolutions 6063:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands 5883:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011) 3161: 2896:"The Canadian Forces and Anti-Personnel Landmine" 2723:"New U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy Adopted" 2617:"New U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy Adopted" 2327:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 196, Text on pp. 201–205 1846: 1545:Letter-writers and non-governmental organizations 1267:1st meeting of the States Parties in May 1999 in 221:populations by indiscriminate weapons in wartime. 5373:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5164: 4941:Stuart Maslen, (2004) op. cit. point 0.53, p. 28 4490:"Meetings of States Parties – The Treaty – ICBL" 4404:"Meetings of States Parties – The Treaty – ICBL" 2694:"ICBL – International Campaign to Ban Landmines" 2606:Stuart Maslen (2004). Text in Appendix 2, p. 348 1971:Stuart Maslen, (2004) Point 0.35, note 98, p. 19 342:anti-personnel land-mines and related devices. 51: States that are party to the Ottawa Treaty 6023:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands 4049:"Oslo Review Conference: 4th Review Conference" 3710: 3507:(in Finnish). Pientalonpoika Oy. 2 March 2022. 3373:"NCP wants Finland to quit landmine ban treaty" 2291:Werner Ehrlich (1996) op. cit. point 4d, p. 198 2186:Stuart Maslen (2004) op. cit. Point 0.44, p. 24 2177:Stuart Maslen (2004) op. cit. Point 0.41, p. 22 1992:Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis 1994 654:a strengthening of the verification regime; and 6098:Treaties extended to the Caribbean Netherlands 4813: 4811: 3720:. Helsingin Kansalliset Nuoret. Archived from 2662: 2660: 1753: 1594:The approach of Werner Ehrlich was different: 2410:Stuart Maslen, points 0.62 and 0.63 pp. 32–33 1779:"Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention – UNODA" 1245:Maputo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World 1188:, but this requires the posting of a sentry. 5813:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2355: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 1724:, a similar treaty banning cluster munitions 811: 4808: 3319:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. 2657: 2531:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. 2419:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.94, pp. 45–46. 1626: 1252:Oslo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World 1139:being undecided on the question, while the 6058:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia 4520:"Thirteenth Meeting of the States Parties" 4344:"Review Conference: 2nd Review Conference" 2473:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.80, pp. 38–39 1060:, based at the UN compound in Geneva (the 833: 6043:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands 6033:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands 3258: 3171:. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor. 3002: 3000: 2738: 2632: 2437:Stuart Maslen, points 0.64/0.65 pp. 33–34 2168:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.40, p. 21/22 2069:1996 to 1997. Editor of Jane's Colin King 2016:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.34, p. 18/19 1532:Learn how and when to remove this message 820: 808:), and other "static" explosive devices. 5348:Treaties of the Central African Republic 4826: 3629: 3560: 3529: 3119:. AP Mine Ban Convention. 1 March 2013. 3061:"Nepal's PM detonates its last landmine" 3032: 2717: 2715: 2562:Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.91 on p. 43 2370: 2368: 2206: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2155: 2153: 1905:Oxford Commentaries on International Law 1598:the idea that the use of APMs is legal. 459:International Committee of the Red Cross 296:International Committee of the Red Cross 6028:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands 5178:International humanitarian law treaties 5140:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 5094:Simon, Cecilia Capuzzi (1 March 2006). 4950: 4920:Werner Ehrlich, (1997) Point 4b, p. 197 4464:"Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties" 3990:"Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World" 3861:. Human Rights Watch. 2 December 2014. 3291:"Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor" 3206:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 2383:Werner Ehrlich (1996) Point 4.b, p. 197 2264:Werner Ehrlich (1996) point 4 c, p. 197 2228:Werner Ehrlich (1996) Point 4 b, p. 196 2198:Werner Ehrlich (1997) Point 3.b, p. 195 2147:Stuart Maslen, (2004) Point 0.47, p. 25 2048:Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.38, p. 20 2035: 2033: 2031: 1617: 1560:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 1438:Key figures in the making of the treaty 463:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 270:as the organization's coordinator. The 249:(ICBL), established the following year. 247:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 125:Secretary-General of the United Nations 6083:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands 5165: 5041:. Dianacelebration.com. Archived from 4929:Werner Ehrlich (1976) Point 4c, p. 197 4852: 4016:"Maputo Summit: 3rd Review Conference" 3417:from the original on 23 September 2015 3123:from the original on 18 September 2013 2997: 2983:"Rwanda – first landmine-free country" 2977: 2975: 2973: 2666: 2535:from the original on 22 September 2016 2464:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.81, p. 39 2374:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.54, p. 29 2255:Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.52 p. 28 2087:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.38, p. 21 2078:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.39, p. 20 2039:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.38, p. 20 2025:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.37, p. 20 1980:Stuart Maslen,(2004) Point 0.34, p. 18 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1885:from the original on 14 September 2016 1021:states that have not signed the treaty 409:28 April: At the presentation of the 5403:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo 5093: 5012:Nelan, Bruce W. (29 September 1997). 5011: 4796:from the original on 24 February 2013 4646:from the original on 20 February 2017 4444:from the original on 12 November 2016 4354:from the original on 23 November 2017 4264:from the original on 8 September 2017 4084:from the original on 20 February 2017 3970:from the original on 21 November 2008 3964:"Nairobi Summit on a Mine Free World" 3839:from the original on 13 December 2011 3323:from the original on 27 February 2009 3297:from the original on 20 December 2011 2958:from the original on 11 February 2010 2727:American Journal of International Law 2712: 2700:from the original on 19 November 2017 2621:American Journal of International Law 2588:from the original on 18 November 2017 2500:Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.95, p.46 2365: 2210:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.47, p.25 2201: 2189: 2150: 1238:Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World 1223: 989:Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor 315:Group of Seven Industrialised Nations 6078:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man 5039:"Charity – Diana, Princess of Wales" 4963:from the original on 1 December 2017 4817:Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p. 12. 4706:from the original on 1 December 2017 4586:from the original on 1 December 2017 4470:from the original on 18 January 2013 3996:from the original on 19 October 2009 3750:from the original on 18 January 2013 3538:(in Finnish). Suomenmaan Kustannus. 3259:Davenport, David (1 December 2002). 3067:from the original on 24 October 2012 3014:from the original on 2 December 2009 3008:"Rwanda: Country Declared Mine-Free" 2922:"Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention" 2837:from the original on 2 November 2013 2428:Stuart Maslen (2004), p. 6, note 227 2354:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 193, Text: 2028: 1470:adding citations to reliable sources 1441: 1014:List of parties to the Ottawa Treaty 745:The ICBL marks its 25th anniversary. 725:The ICBL marks its 20th anniversary. 5198:Treaties entered into force in 1999 4827:Marshall, Tyler (6 February 1998). 4676:from the original on 25 August 2017 4616:from the original on 12 August 2014 4324:from the original on 26 August 2017 4294:from the original on 25 August 2017 4234:from the original on 26 August 2017 4204:from the original on 25 August 2017 4174:from the original on 25 August 2017 4144:from the original on 25 August 2017 4114:from the original on 25 August 2017 3746:. United Nations Office at Geneva. 3672:from the original on 9 October 2016 3271:from the original on 9 October 2016 3231:. 23 September 2014. Archived from 3149:from the original on 4 January 2018 3143:"Mozambique declared free of mines" 3117:"Day 3 | Wednesday 5 December" 2970: 2885:Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p. 8. 1953:from the original on 9 October 2016 1918: 1602:consensus to put it on the agenda. 1231:Nairobi Summit on a Mine Free World 543: 201:Landmines are first used widely in 13: 5423:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 5293:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5146:Full text of the treaty in English 4829:"Nobel Prize Sets Off a Land Mine" 3865:from the original on 26 April 2017 3175:from the original on 15 April 2013 2273:Stuart Maslen, Point 0.52, page 28 1728: 1257: 753:The United States under President 733:The United States under President 352:Early action and draft Conventions 294:24 February: The President of the 150:Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention 16:Anti-personnel landmine ban treaty 14: 6119: 5828:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe 5803:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis 5117: 4556:from the original on 8 March 2016 4526:from the original on 11 July 2014 4026:from the original on 17 July 2017 3800:Federation of American Scientists 3642:from the original on 7 March 2022 3611:from the original on 9 March 2022 3577:from the original on 2 March 2022 3542:from the original on 2 March 2022 3511:from the original on 2 March 2022 3481:from the original on 17 July 2018 3447:from the original on 17 July 2018 3041:from the original on 23 June 2010 2446:Stuart Maslen, point 0.68 on p.33 1997:United States Department of State 1670: 1573: 1007: 778: 420:May: At an expert meeting of the 144:of 1997, known informally as the 5096:"The Humanitarian: Bobby Muller" 5057: 5031: 5005: 4975: 4944: 4923: 4914: 4904: 4886: 4872: 4853:Murphy, Caryle (22 March 1998). 4846: 4820: 4782: 4768: 4743: 4718: 4688: 4658: 4628: 4598: 4568: 4538: 4512: 4500:from the original on 21 May 2014 4482: 4456: 4426: 4414:from the original on 21 May 2014 4396: 4384:from the original on 19 May 2011 4366: 4336: 4306: 4276: 4246: 4216: 4186: 4156: 4126: 4096: 4066: 4008: 3982: 3931: 3903: 3877: 3851: 3819: 3787: 3762: 3736: 3684: 3654: 3623: 3589: 3561:Vaalisto, Heidi (1 March 2022). 3554: 3530:Heikkilä, Lauri (1 March 2022). 3523: 3493: 3097:from the original on 21 May 2014 3087:"Burundi declared landmine free" 3033:Urquhart, Wendy (20 June 2010). 3010:. All Africa. 30 November 2009. 1446: 1406:in November 2019 in Oslo, Norway 1101:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 968:was declared free of landmines. 278:, and the ICBL issues the study 179:. Other non-signatories include 41: 6038:Treaties extended to Montserrat 5933:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago 5863:Treaties of the Solomon Islands 5228:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda 3630:Koskinen, Mika (7 March 2022). 3459: 3443:(in Finnish). 2 February 2018. 3429: 3397: 3365: 3335: 3309: 3283: 3252: 3239: 3211: 3187: 3135: 3109: 3079: 3053: 3026: 2944: 2914: 2888: 2879: 2849: 2819: 2807:from the original on 8 May 2014 2789: 2763: 2686: 2667:Idrees, Ali (31 January 2020). 2609: 2600: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2219:Stuart Maslen, point 0.52, p 28 2213: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2141: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2067:Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2060: 2051: 2042: 2019: 2010: 1983: 1974: 1722:Convention on Cluster Munitions 1683: 1635:. In January 1997, she visited 1457:needs additional citations for 1182:Convention on Cluster Munitions 1025:United Nations Security Council 783: 765:President of the United States 326:United Nations General Assembly 6088:Treaties extended to Greenland 5968:Treaties of the United Kingdom 3381:. 15 June 2014. Archived from 3349:. 16 June 2014. Archived from 1965: 1897: 1871: 1792: 1771: 1562:and its founding coordinator, 317:(G7) at its meeting in Naples 308:United Nations Children's Fund 1: 6068:Treaties extended to Guernsey 6003:Treaties extended to Anguilla 5438:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea 5158:Signatories and ratifications 3605:Ministry of Justice (Finland) 1746: 1583:nearly universal opposition. 1195: 1035: 476:November: A further enhanced 443:Council of the European Union 190: 6008:Treaties extended to Bermuda 5758:Treaties of Papua New Guinea 5378:Treaties of the Cook Islands 4951:Landler, Mark (7 May 2010). 4792:. Unog.ch. 2 December 2011. 2362:Nr. 13/1997, 10 January 1997 2282:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 197 2159:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 194 1030: 979:was declared landmine free. 7: 6073:Treaties extended to Jersey 5773:Treaties of the Philippines 5708:Treaties of the Netherlands 5628:Treaties of North Macedonia 3891:(in Dutch). 7 November 2023 3694:. Eduskunta. Archived from 2985:. BBC News. 2 December 2009 1694: 1218:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1121:Power Belongs to the People 1081:Finnish Ministry of Defence 1050: 959:Rwandan Ministry of Defence 373:12 May: The Council of the 10: 6124: 5193:Treaties concluded in 1997 5014:"No Clean Sweep for Mines" 4522:. AP Mine Ban Convention. 4466:. AP Mine Ban Convention. 4020:Maputoreviewconference.org 3992:. Icrc.org. 14 June 2010. 3145:. BBC. 17 September 2015. 1740:International Organization 1649:Landmine Survivors Network 1011: 995:Cluster Munition Coalition 562:30 January: In the CD the 434:30 September: An improved 280:Landmines: A Deadly Legacy 96:Ratifications by 40 states 18: 5613:Treaties of Liechtenstein 5513:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau 5069:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4880:"The Life of an Activist" 4374:"APminebanconvention.org" 2954:. ICBL. 4 December 2009. 2134: 2128: 2116: 1058:Conference on Disarmament 1002:explosive remnants of war 812:Destruction of stockpiles 804:, anti-handling devices ( 467:Conference on Disarmament 160:(APLs) around the world. 130: 120: 108: 100: 92: 84: 73: 65: 57: 40: 35: 5948:Treaties of Turkmenistan 5868:Treaties of South Africa 5848:Treaties of Sierra Leone 5648:Treaties of the Maldives 5528:Treaties of the Holy See 5318:Treaties of Burkina Faso 5188:Technological phase-outs 4987:Gurukul.ucc.american.edu 4053:osloreviewconference.org 3718:"Maamiinat säilytettävä" 3199:10 November 2014 at the 1689:Robert O. (Bobby) Muller 1658:British House of Commons 1633:Diana, Princess of Wales 1627:Diana, Princess of Wales 1351:Second Review Conference 1073:National Coalition Party 770:(excluding those on the 620:1997 Brussels Conference 158:anti-personnel landmines 19:Not to be confused with 6093:United Nations treaties 5903:Treaties of Switzerland 5873:Treaties of South Sudan 5808:Treaties of Saint Lucia 5713:Treaties of New Zealand 5433:Treaties of El Salvador 5388:Treaties of Ivory Coast 5368:Treaties of the Comoros 5248:Treaties of the Bahamas 4855:"The Nobel Prize Fight" 4755:apminebanconvention.org 4730:apminebanconvention.org 4700:apminebanconvention.org 4670:Apminebanconvention.org 4640:Apminebanconvention.org 4438:Apminebanconvention.org 4318:Apminebanconvention.org 4288:Apminebanconvention.org 4258:Apminebanconvention.org 4228:Apminebanconvention.org 4198:Apminebanconvention.org 4168:Apminebanconvention.org 4138:Apminebanconvention.org 4108:Apminebanconvention.org 4078:Apminebanconvention.org 2926:Apminebanconvention.org 2861:Apminebanconvention.org 2138:, Verlag Böhlau, p. 194 2114:Werner Ehrlich (1996), 1312:First Review Conference 1133:Social Democratic Party 834:Landmine-free countries 759: 747: 739: 727: 719: 711: 703: 695: 548: 503: 393: 364: 356: 288: 259: 251: 235: 223: 207: 195: 5923:Treaties of East Timor 5908:Treaties of Tajikistan 5843:Treaties of Seychelles 5823:Treaties of San Marino 5693:Treaties of Mozambique 5688:Treaties of Montenegro 5663:Treaties of Mauritania 5633:Treaties of Madagascar 5623:Treaties of Luxembourg 5478:Treaties of the Gambia 5383:Treaties of Costa Rica 5343:Treaties of Cape Verde 5253:Treaties of Bangladesh 3770:"U.S. Landmine Policy" 3169:"What is the Monitor?" 2356: 2246:Werner Ehrlich, p. 197 2122: 1734:Richard Price. 1998. " 1703:, an NGO that engages 1149:Swedish People's Party 821:Retention of landmines 671:1997 Ottawa Conference 571:1997 Vienna Conference 449:3–5 October: The 1996 391: 347: 272:US Department of State 156:, aims at eliminating 152:, or often simply the 5983:Treaties of Venezuela 5718:Treaties of Nicaragua 5668:Treaties of Mauritius 5618:Treaties of Lithuania 5548:Treaties of Indonesia 5503:Treaties of Guatemala 5238:Treaties of Australia 5233:Treaties of Argentina 5173:Arms control treaties 3966:. Nairobisummit.org. 3235:on 26 September 2014. 3063:. CNN. 15 June 2011. 1558:The organization the 856:Republic of the Congo 578:Second Austrian Draft 387: 336: 274:publishes its report 5998:Treaties of Zimbabwe 5918:Treaties of Thailand 5913:Treaties of Tanzania 5893:Treaties of Eswatini 5888:Treaties of Suriname 5858:Treaties of Slovenia 5853:Treaties of Slovakia 5783:Treaties of Portugal 5763:Treaties of Paraguay 5643:Treaties of Malaysia 5588:Treaties of Kiribati 5533:Treaties of Honduras 5453:Treaties of Ethiopia 5418:Treaties of Dominica 5413:Treaties of Djibouti 5363:Treaties of Colombia 5333:Treaties of Cameroon 5328:Treaties of Cambodia 5313:Treaties of Bulgaria 5298:Treaties of Botswana 5258:Treaties of Barbados 5124:Anti-personnel mines 4983:"Angola's Landmines" 3835:. 23 November 2011. 3607:. 24 February 2022. 3571:Sanoma Media Finland 3091:Mines Advisory Group 2740:10.1017/ajil.2022.62 2733:(4): 884–888. 2022. 2634:10.1017/ajil.2022.62 2627:(4): 884–888. 2022. 1618:Canada's Mine Action 1579:Affairs in 1995/96: 1466:improve this article 1153:President of Finland 951:Mine Awareness Trust 826:Turkey (15,100) and 800:, remote-controlled 664:1997 Oslo Conference 662:1–19 September: The 606:Third Austrian Draft 592:1997 Bonn Conference 569:12–14 February: The 482:First Austrian Draft 328:(UNGA) US President 5978:Treaties of Vanuatu 5973:Treaties of Uruguay 5963:Treaties of Ukraine 5938:Treaties of Tunisia 5833:Treaties of Senegal 5793:Treaties of Romania 5728:Treaties of Nigeria 5698:Treaties of Namibia 5678:Treaties of Moldova 5608:Treaties of Liberia 5603:Treaties of Lesotho 5568:Treaties of Jamaica 5558:Treaties of Ireland 5543:Treaties of Iceland 5538:Treaties of Hungary 5498:Treaties of Grenada 5483:Treaties of Germany 5463:Treaties of Finland 5448:Treaties of Estonia 5443:Treaties of Eritrea 5428:Treaties of Ecuador 5408:Treaties of Denmark 5393:Treaties of Croatia 5323:Treaties of Burundi 5288:Treaties of Bolivia 5268:Treaties of Belgium 5263:Treaties of Belarus 5243:Treaties of Austria 5218:Treaties of Andorra 5213:Treaties of Algeria 5208:Treaties of Albania 4859:The Washington Post 4778:. 19 November 2021. 4348:Cartagenasummit.org 3774:US State Department 3698:on 19 November 2011 3261:"The New Diplomacy" 3093:. 2 December 2011. 1833:www.armscontrol.org 1355:Cartagena, Colombia 1125:Christian Democrats 1086:Minister of Defence 32: 5993:Treaties of Zambia 5958:Treaties of Uganda 5953:Treaties of Tuvalu 5943:Treaties of Turkey 5898:Treaties of Sweden 5838:Treaties of Serbia 5798:Treaties of Rwanda 5778:Treaties of Poland 5753:Treaties of Panama 5738:Treaties of Norway 5683:Treaties of Monaco 5673:Treaties of Mexico 5638:Treaties of Malawi 5598:Treaties of Latvia 5593:Treaties of Kuwait 5578:Treaties of Jordan 5518:Treaties of Guyana 5508:Treaties of Guinea 5493:Treaties of Greece 5468:Treaties of France 5398:Treaties of Cyprus 5338:Treaties of Canada 5308:Treaties of Brunei 5303:Treaties of Brazil 5283:Treaties of Bhutan 5273:Treaties of Belize 5223:Treaties of Angola 5045:on 8 February 2012 4957:The New York Times 3724:on 1 November 2007 3353:on 2 February 2016 2584:. United Nations. 1639:and walked near a 1383:Maputo, Mozambique 1224:Review conferences 1210:Human Rights Watch 1171:area denial weapon 1062:Palais des Nations 669:3–4 December: The 639:Madeleine Albright 324:September: At the 300:Cornelio Sommaruga 28: 5988:Treaties of Yemen 5878:Treaties of Spain 5818:Treaties of Samoa 5788:Treaties of Qatar 5748:Treaties of Palau 5723:Treaties of Niger 5703:Treaties of Nauru 5658:Treaties of Malta 5583:Treaties of Kenya 5573:Treaties of Japan 5563:Treaties of Italy 5523:Treaties of Haiti 5488:Treaties of Ghana 5473:Treaties of Gabon 5358:Treaties of Chile 5278:Treaties of Benin 4833:Los Angeles Times 3832:Helsingin Sanomat 3692:"Julkaisutyökalu" 3089:(Press release). 2867:on 26 August 2017 2358:Bundesgesetzblatt 1662:Foreign Secretary 1568:Nobel Peace Prize 1542: 1541: 1534: 1516: 964:On 18 June 2010, 947:free of landmines 691:Nobel Peace Prize 493:Draft of the ICBL 451:Ottawa Conference 215:Geneva Convention 138: 137: 80:, Ontario, Canada 61:18 September 1997 31:(Mine Ban Treaty) 21:Ottawa Conference 6115: 5928:Treaties of Togo 5768:Treaties of Peru 5743:Treaties of Oman 5733:Treaties of Niue 5653:Treaties of Mali 5553:Treaties of Iraq 5458:Treaties of Fiji 5353:Treaties of Chad 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5100:Psychology Today 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5071:. 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Archived from 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2742: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2636: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2199: 2196: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1937: 1916: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1825: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1757: 1707:to ban landmines 1705:non-state actors 1537: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1474: 1450: 1442: 1381:in June 2014 in 1160:Chief of Defence 1117:Uutissuomalainen 1107:and Finns Party 1071:In Finland, the 772:Korean Peninsula 618:24–27 June: The 590:5–24 April: The 554:17 January: The 544:Further progress 286:paragraphs 5–7). 50: 45: 33: 27: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6108:1990s in Ottawa 6103:1997 in Ontario 5163: 5162: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4891: 4887: 4882:. 13 June 2016. 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3807:on 7 April 2015 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3601:Kansalaisaloite 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3385:on 21 June 2014 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3293:. The Monitor. 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3201:Wayback Machine 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2658: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1919: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1879:"Treaty Status" 1877: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1731: 1729:Further reading 1697: 1686: 1673: 1629: 1620: 1576: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1481:"Ottawa Treaty" 1475: 1473: 1463: 1451: 1440: 1419: 1260: 1258:Annual meetings 1226: 1198: 1053: 1038: 1033: 1016: 1010: 991: 953:and trained in 908:North Macedonia 836: 823: 814: 798:anti-tank mines 786: 781: 762: 750: 742: 730: 722: 714: 706: 698: 632:18 August: The 551: 546: 533: 521: 506: 461:(ICRC) and the 441:1 October: The 396: 367: 359: 354: 291: 262: 254: 238: 226: 210: 198: 193: 154:Mine Ban Treaty 69:3 December 1997 53: 52: 48: 30: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5118:External links 5116: 5113: 5112: 5086: 5056: 5030: 5004: 4974: 4943: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4903: 4885: 4871: 4845: 4819: 4807: 4781: 4767: 4742: 4717: 4687: 4657: 4627: 4597: 4567: 4537: 4511: 4481: 4455: 4425: 4395: 4365: 4335: 4305: 4275: 4245: 4215: 4185: 4155: 4125: 4095: 4065: 4037: 4007: 3981: 3952: 3941:. 30 June 2023 3930: 3902: 3876: 3850: 3818: 3786: 3761: 3735: 3709: 3683: 3653: 3638:(in Finnish). 3622: 3603:(in Finnish). 3588: 3569:(in Finnish). 3553: 3522: 3505:Suomen Uutiset 3492: 3473:(in Finnish). 3458: 3428: 3396: 3364: 3347:Iltasanomat.fi 3334: 3308: 3282: 3251: 3245:Pope Francis, 3238: 3210: 3186: 3160: 3134: 3108: 3078: 3052: 3025: 2996: 2969: 2943: 2913: 2887: 2878: 2848: 2818: 2788: 2777:. 21 June 2022 2762: 2711: 2685: 2656: 2608: 2599: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2364: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2149: 2140: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1917: 1896: 1870: 1845: 1817: 1806:. 3 April 2023 1791: 1770: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742:52/3: 613–644. 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1696: 1693: 1685: 1682: 1677:Lloyd Axworthy 1672: 1671:Lloyd Axworthy 1669: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1608:Lloyd Axworthy 1575: 1574:Werner Ehrlich 1572: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1454: 1452: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1401: 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3564: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3475:Bonnier Group 3472: 3468: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3265:Policy Review 3262: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3194:Treaty Status 3190: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2582:"A/RES/52/38" 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2534: 2530: 2529:"Why the Ban" 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 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