Oromo people - Knowledge

1745:. According to Gemetchu Megerssa, the subjective reality is that "neither traditional Oromo rituals nor traditional Oromo beliefs function any longer as a cohesive and integral symbol system" for the Oromo people, not just regionally but even locally. The cultural and ideological divergence within the Oromo people, in part from their religious differences, is apparent from the constant impetus for negotiations between broader Oromo spokespersons and those Oromo who are Ahl al-Sunna followers, states Terje Østebø. The internally evolving cultural differences within the Oromos have led some scholars such as Mario Aguilar and Abdullahi Shongolo to conclude that "a common identity acknowledged by all Oromo in general does not exist". 1849: 79: 1004:'s rule, many Oromos lost their autonomous status granted to them by Menelik, Haile Selassie abolished the semi-independent status of many Oromo states and began to undergo a period of centralization. Pastoralists were evicted to make way for mechanized farming and the few members of the educated Oromo class were prevented from holding powerful positions, instead being held by assimilated or Amharized Oromo notables. Despite the great contribution of the Oromo regions to the Ethiopian economy, Oromos areas were left out of the modernization projects during the reign of 1686: 2115:, "between 2011 and 2014, at least 5000 Oromos have been arrested based on their actual or suspected peaceful opposition to the government. These include thousands of peaceful protestors and hundreds of opposition political party members. The government anticipates a high level of opposition in Oromia, and signs of dissent are sought out and regularly, sometimes pre-emptively, suppressed. In numerous cases, actual or suspected dissenters have been detained without charge or trial, killed by security services during protests, arrests and in detention." 888:. These states arose through the transformation of pastoralism to agriculture due to the fertile and adequately watered land of the region. This increased the importance of agriculture and led to the subsequent rise of a land owning class. The rich natural environment produced commodities that were in high demand and lead to the rise of a strong merchant class. These changes allowed the gadaa officials to acquire more authority and convert their elective offices into permeant monarchical institutions. In the eastern part of the country, especially in 2064: 224: 595: 201: 488: 909: 181: 1428: 101: 793:, who came to power with Oromo support, did much to integrate them into the political establishment of the Christian state. Having grown up among the Oromo, he was fluent in their language and admired their way of life. He employed Oromo warriors, military tactics and combat formations against his rivals for the throne. Once in power, he filled high level offices with his Oromo supporters and settled various Oromo groups throughout much of 161: 1754: 141: 121: 6188: 853: 1627: 960:: accustomed, from their most tender youth, to ride horses, to carry the butcher and the spear, they are excellent horsemen and insensitive to the harshest fatigue; full of courage and valor in combat, they showed themselves, in their fields, skillful and laborious farmers: this great nation, because we can call it that could led by an enterprising leader, make itself master of the whole of 1321: 1416: 841:(1580–1916), which transformed Wollo into a veritable Islamic state in the heartland of Christian Ethiopia. The Warra Himano would convert many Amhara Christians to Islam during its rule, and at the zenith of its power, the Warra Himano had their hegemony accepted in the various parts of Wollo: Ambasel, Qallu, Borena, Wore-Illu and Amhara Sayint. Notable rulers such as Ras 1289:, the Christians and the Muslims – dissipated the political strengths of all three. The religious beliefs of the Oromo people evolved in this socio-political environment. In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, Protestant or Catholic missionaries' efforts spread Christianity among the Oromo. Organizations included the 1408:' cuisine consists of various vegetable and meat side dishes and entrées. Pork is typically not in Oromo cuisine, as it's considered taboo for Orthodox Oromos and Muslim Oromos who make up over 90% of the population combined, unlike with Catholics among others. Oromo people are believed to be one of the first to have cultivated 2131:

by a lake and cliffs. In the week that followed, angry youth attacked government buildings and private businesses. On 8 October, the government responded with an abusive and far-reaching state of emergency, which was lifted in August 2017. During the state of emergency, security forces arbitrarily detained over 21,000 people.

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in 1963, ostensibly for organizing Oromo self-help, but in fact to promote Oromo identity and fight the marginalization of the Oromo. The Mecha and Tulama Association was soon disbanded by the government, but its impact was significant. The movement raised the consciousness of the Oromo regarding the

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adopted agriculture as their primary occupation, mostly to engage in trade with the inhabitants of the walled city. According to oral and literary evidence, certain Somali and Oromo clans fought each other throughout the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly near their eastern

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argues the success of the Oromos in battle was because all Oromo men were trained as warriors, while in Ethiopia only a small section of the population were warriors, the rest uninvolved in the defense of their country. The military discipline of the Oromos was noted by the Portuguese chronicler Joao

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cultural thanksgiving festival. In one day, dozens were killed and many injured. Every year, millions of Oromos gather in Bishoftu for this annual celebration. That year Ethiopian security forces responded to peaceful protests by firing tear gas and live bullets at over two million people surrounded

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were hunters and foragers. While slaves were a stratum within the society, many Oromos, regardless of caste, were sold into slavery elsewhere. By the 19th century, Oromo slaves were sought after and a major part of slaves sold in Gondar and Gallabat slave markets at Ethiopia-Sudan border, as well as

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Oromo people have governed themselves in accordance with the Gadaa system long before the 16th century. The system regulates the political, economic, social and religious activities of the community. Oromo were traditionally a culturally homogeneous society with genealogical ties. A male born in the

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According to a 2016 estimate by James Minahan, about half of the Oromo people are Sunni Muslim, a third are Ethiopian Orthodox, and the rest are mostly Protestants or follow their traditional religious beliefs. The traditional religion is more common in southern Oromo populations and Christianity

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annexed one Oromo territory after the other with unpreceded speed owing to the modern weapons acquired from the international arms trade and the disunity among various Oromo groups. The manner this conquest was carried out determined the form of administrations that was subsequently set up in the

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The Oromo have played a major role in the internal dynamics of Ethiopia. Accordingly, Oromos played major roles in all three main political movements in Ethiopia (centralist, federalist and secessionist) during the 19th and 20th century. In addition to holding high powers during the centralist

1863:) are largely pastoralists who raise goats and cattle. Other Oromo groups have a more diverse economy which includes agriculture and work in urban centers. Some Oromo also sell many products and food items like coffee beans (coffee being a favorite beverage among the Oromo) at local markets. 511:

began about 1530. Historical evidence suggests that the Oromo people were already established in the southern highlands in or before the 15th century and that at least some Oromo people were interacting with other Ethiopian ethnic groups. According to Alessandro Triulzi, the interactions and

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and others. These records suggest that the Oromo were a pastoralist people who began to move in large numbers into the central highlands of Ethiopia from their cradleland in the plains of southern Ethiopia during the 14th - 16th century. This large scale expansion is referred to as the

2052:. However, most Oromo opposition parties in Ethiopia condemn the economic and political inequalities in the country. Progress toward independence started in the 1960s and 70s, but progress has been slow aside from the creation of Oromo-focused banks, notably the Oromo-owned 1678:; different geographically and religiously distinct Oromo communities use the same calendar. This calendar is sophisticated and similar to ones found among the Chinese, the Hindus and the Mayans. It was tied to the traditional religion of the Oromos, and used to schedule the 1757:

This photo represents the varieties of dress and hairstyle of the Oromo culture.The child sitting in front of the group is dressed in Guji Oromo clothing. The four girls at the back, from left to right, are dressed in Harar, Kamise, Borena and Shewa styles and all are Oromo

1738:(community). However, according to Terje Østebø and other scholars, this term is a neologism from the late 1990s and its link Oromo ethno-nationalism and Salafi Islamic discourse has been questioned, in their disagreement with Christian Amhara and other ethnic groups. 2245: 639:, or map of the world, completed in 1460. This reference indicates that the Oromos inhabited this area of southern Ethiopia for at least a century and a half before their expansion north. As early as the 12th century, all aspects of Oromo life was governed by the 1788:, the Oromo society's caste strata predominantly consisted of endogamous, inherited artisanal occupations. Each caste group has specialized in a particular occupation such as iron working, carpentry, weapon making, pottery, weaving, leather-working and hunting. 1365:

were among those who violently clashed with the Ethiopian expansion in the region in the 19th century and the empire's attempts at enforcing unity through the propagation of Orthodox Christianity, as the majority of these groups were not Christian but Muslims.

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Orumumma can best be translated as Oromoness, signifying belonging to the Oromo people. (...) neologism introduced by Mekuria Bulcha (1996) and Gemetchu Megersa (1996). (...) Whether this was a result of the larger ethno-nationalist discourse is yet another

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Various human rights organizations have publicized the government persecution of Oromos in Ethiopia for decades. In 2008, the OFDM opposition party condemned the government's indirect role in the death of hundreds of Oromos in western Ethiopia. According to

1381:, and 162,787 followers of other religions. Accordingly, the Oromia region is approximately 40% to 45% Christian (8,204,908 or 30.4% Orthodox, 4,780,917 or 17.7% Protestant, 122,138 Catholic), 55% to 60% Muslim and 3.3% followers of traditional religions. 1918:

into Oromia, over 500 people have been killed and many more have been injured, according to human-rights advocates and independent monitors. The protests have since spread to other ethnic groups and encompass wider social grievances. Ethiopia declared a

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in central Ethiopia, the largest region in the country by both population and area. They speak Afaan Oromoo, the official language of Oromia. Oromos constitute the third most populous ethnic group among Africans as a whole and the most populous among

2107:, was recently established, but it has faced a lot of harassment and persecution from the Ethiopian government since its beginning. Abuse of Oromo media is widespread in Ethiopia and reflective of the general oppression Oromos face in the country. 1235:. Oromo is spoken as a first language by more than 40 million Oromo people in Ethiopia and by an additional half-million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya. It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries, such as 995:

which later become the administrative centers for Shewan rule. These officials and soldier-settlers lived off the land of the locals, who soon became serfs to the Shewan aristocrats. In the areas were the Oromos submitted peacefully, such as the

1951:. In September 2018, in the minority protest that took place in Oromia near Addis Ababa, 23 people were killed following the deaths of 43 Oromos in the Addis Ababa neighborhood of Saris Abo. Some have blamed the rise in ethnic violence in the 1340:

and crippling ethnic and religious divisions that plagued the empire and exposed it to the intervention and meddling of neighboring Muslims (especially Egypt and the Ottoman Empire) and European powers. The emperors that ruled in that period,

531:. The original meaning of the term is heavily disputed. An outdated but popular theory among European historians during the 19th century regarding the origin of the term was the belief that it derives from the Hebrew (חלב) and Greek (Gála), 1200:(also known by his birth name, Abubaker Usman Odaa) during the 1950s. Oromo serves as one of the official languages of Ethiopia and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including Oromia, 1713:

to conclude that there is no relationship. The new year of the Oromo people, according to this calendar, falls in the month of October. The calendar has no weeks but a name for each day of the month. It is a lunar-stellar calendar system.

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reported violent protests in the Oromo region of Ethiopia in which more than 20 students were killed. According to the report, the students were protesting against the government's re-zoning plan named 'Addis Ababa Master Plan'.

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system, a political and ritual system based on an egalitarian ethos, age grade social organization and highly structured institutions. Under Gadaa, every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders known as

5478: 1900:(TPLF) and which was accused to have arrested approximately 20,000 suspected OLF members, to have driven most OLF leadership into exile, and to have effectively neutralized the OLF as a political force in Ethiopia. 463:

led Oromos to move to the north. While Oromo people have lived in the region for a long time, the ethnic mixture of peoples who have lived here is unclear. The Oromos increased their numbers through assimilation

5286: 956:, a well-cut mouth, a copper complexion rather than black; their hair is braided into small braids which float around their heads, and mix something graceful with the expressive and noble character of their 5886: 1762:

Like other ethnic groups in the Horn of Africa and East Africa, Oromo people regionally developed social stratification consisting of four hierarchical strata. The highest strata were the nobles called the

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in the south of the country and continued violence in the Oromia-Somali border region led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people in the world fleeing their homes in 2018, with 1.4 million newly

6041: 2366:"Ethiopia and the Oromo People: Is it possible to determine whether an Ethiopian is an ethnic Oromo by the individual's last name? What religion or religions are practiced by ethnic Oromos in Ethiopia" 1285:, and were resistant to religious conversion before assimilation in sultanates and Christian kingdoms. The influential 30-year war from 1529 to 1559 between the three parties – the Oromo who followed 2048:

Several of these groups seek to create an independent Oromo nation, some using armed force. Meanwhile, the ruling OPDO and several opposition political parties in the Ethiopian parliament believe in

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Addis Ababa University, (1976) pp. 149 footnotes 312, Quote: "D'Abbadie claimed that the name Galla was explained to him as derived from a war cry, and used by the Gallas of themselves at war."

535:, due to the outdated belief that the Oromos were lost white men. This name theory was especially popular among German historians who once believed that the Oromo were related to the ancient 4368: 2095:

since at least the 1980s. Broadcasting in Oromo began in Ethiopia during the 1974 revolution, in which Radio Harar began broadcasting. The first private Afaan Oromoo newspaper in Ethiopia,

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people originated in southern Ethiopia but the Somali expanded to the east and north much earlier than the Oromo, and the Oromo lived only in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya until the

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as their official religion, thus the prophet giving them the name Qal la or هو قال لا meaning "he said no". Some sources claim it was a term for a river and a forest, as well as for the

801:. Under Susenyos's successors, many Oromos would continue to rise to positions of prominence in imperial service, and for a period even change the official language of the empire from 519:, which has now developed derogatory connotations, but these documents were generally written by members of other ethnic groups. The term Galla was in use for Oromo people by the 4072: 3863:

d’Héricourt, R. C.-X. (1841b). Voyage sur la côte orientale de la mer rouge, dans le pays d’adel et le royaume de choa: Par c.-e.-x. Rochet d’Héricourt .. A. Bertrand. p. 174-175

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system and their term lasts eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years. Although most modern Oromos are Muslims and Christians, about 3% practice

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More than 35% of Ethiopia's population are Oromo mother-tongue speakers, which makes it the most widely spoken primary language in Ethiopia. It is also the most widely spoken

652:(the nine Borana assemblies). A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power only for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years. Whenever an 2349: 1118:

of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia and the former Northern Frontier District (now northern Kenya) of Northern Kenya. They speak a dialect of Afaan Oromo, the Oromo language.

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In December 2009, a 96-page report titled "Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora", compiled by the Advocates for Human Rights, documented

1000:, the indigenous rulers were made tributaries to the crown but were allowed to self-govern themselves with minimal interference from the central government. During 5890: 1310: 1524:– A spiced mixture of cheeses, butter, and yogurt, topped on a bread made from black teff known as 'Chumboo'. A common dish in western parts of Oromia such as 5230: 1741:

The Oromo people, depending on their geographical location and historical events, have variously converted to Islam, to Christianity, or remained with their

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was founded in January 1963, but was disbanded by the government after several increasingly tense confrontations in November 1966. Later groups include the

1656:), and the Qallu Assembly. The Gadaa Council is considered the collective achievement of the members of the Gadaa class. It is responsible for coordinating 5194: 2034: 1893: 6241: 5640:

Gebeye, Berihun Adugna, the Four Faces of Ethiopian Federalism (March 17, 2023). Faculty of Laws University College London Law Research Paper No. 04/2023

3716:, "The State, the Crisis of State Institutions in the Horn of Africa: The Cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia", Thela Thesis (Amsterdam, 2002), page 142 1251:. Besides first language speakers, a number of members of other ethnicities who are in contact with the Oromo speak it as a second language, such as the 5352: 6736: 3297: 1024:

The Oromos are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia (35.8% of the population), numbering about 40 million. They are predominantly concentrated in the

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Joseph Marie Quérard, « Notice biographique sur Charles Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt », Revue littéraire de la Franche-Comté, 1er novembre 1863

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This discontent emanating from the political marginalization, economic exploitation and the cultural domination of the Oromo led to the rise of the

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newly conquered areas. In areas where the Shewans encountered resistance, such as Arsi, the conquering generals were installed as governors and the

6891: 1353:, thus strove to suppress disunion and schism both within and without the Ethiopian Church and were often intolerant towards other religions. The 5609: 2118:

According to Amnesty International, there is a sweeping repression in the Oromo region of Ethiopia. On 12 December 2015, the German broadcaster

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In the 2007 Ethiopian census for Oromia region, which included Oromo and some non-Oromo residents, there was a total of 13,107,963 followers of

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and Dire Dawa regional states and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is a language of primary education in Oromia, Harari, Dire Dawa,

936:. During his time there, he observed the different ethnicities within Ethiopia, one of which were the Oromo people. He described them as such: 395:

population. Recent estimates have the Oromo comprising 45,000,000 people, or 35.8% of the total Ethiopian population estimated at 116,000,000.

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https://en.sewasew.com/p/rochet-d-he-ricourt-charles-xavier#:~:text=10%20May%201801%2C%20H%C3%A9ricourt%2C%20d,1829%20to%201839%20in%20Egypt

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Starting in November 2015, during a wave of mass protests, mainly by Oromos, over the expansion of the municipal boundary of the city of

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government and the monarchy, the Raya Oromos in the Tigray regional state played a major role in the Weyane revolt, challenging Emperor

7237: 4076: 2018: 5993: 5677: 5308: 3502:, Merriam-Webster (2014). Quote: "Origin and Etymology of Oromo, (western dialect) oromoo, a self-designation, First known use: 1893." 2009:

At present a number of ethnic-based political organizations have been formed to promote the interests of the Oromo. The first was the

925: 913: 5322: 2030: 1660:. The Gadaa General Assembly is the legislative body of the Gadaa government, while the Qallu Assembly is the religious institution. 5956: 5582: 1952: 3957: 6234: 5553: 3514:

Some records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646, being extracts from the history of High Ethiopia or Abassia (Series: Oromo Peuple d'Afrique)

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and grievances of the Oromo language being banned from education, and the use in administration under the Haile Selassie regime.

1294: 5842: 6729: 5860: 2010: 1012: 3873: 2566: 2228: 2126:

On 2 October 2016, between 55 and 300 festival-goers were massacred at the most sacred and largest event among the Oromo, the

2006:'s rule in the 1940s. Simultaneously, both federalist and secessionist political forces developed inside the Oromo community. 6121: 6107: 5126: 5096: 5046: 4902: 4839: 4812: 4781: 4754: 4687: 4660: 4626: 4599: 4542: 4396: 4328: 4301: 4020: 3912: 3737: 3690: 3663: 3636: 3571: 3495: 3472: 3426: 3281: 3246: 3198: 3168: 3138: 3106: 3079: 2913: 2881: 2851: 2819: 2787: 2627: 2512: 1897: 6884: 5781: 5259: 2734:"Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO" 2346:

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021, 28 June 2022

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Aguilar, Mario (1996). "The Eagle as Messenger, Pilgrim and Voice: Divinatory Processes among the Waso Boorana of Kenya".

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Oromo clan went through five stages of eight years, where his life established his role and status for consideration to a

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significance of their own cultural and historical contributions and their status as a people within the Ethiopian state.

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Tsega Etefa, "Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation". New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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in France. Another outdated theory of its origin comes from the belief that the Oromos rejected the offer to convert to

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Quirin, James (1979). "The Process of Caste Formation in Ethiopia: A Study of the Beta Israel (Felasha), 1270–1868".

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on 29 June 2020, leading to the deaths of at least 200 people. On 30 June 2020, a statue of former Ethiopian emperor

1089: 481: 388: 341: 5930: 5022:, Sociology Publications and Other Works, University of Tennessee Press, page 12, see "Modes of Livelihood" section 3933: 1639:

office. Every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders for the office. A leader elected by the

1423:(pancake-like bread) and several kinds of sauce, stew (slow cooked beef, lamb, goat, chicken) and on top of entrees. 1094:

The Oromo consist of two major branches that break down into an assortment of clan families. From west to east: the

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https://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11394/7290/melaku_phd_arts_2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page107

3032: 1927: 1920: 759:, which created a political and military vacuum that allowed the Oromo to move relatively unhindered into both the 5219: 5066:. Harvard African studies. Vol. 3. Istituto Orientale di Napoli, Harvard University Press. pp. 341–355. 2246:"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics" 7222: 6877: 3273: 1911:

of Oromos by Ethiopian government security forces and 43 disappearances in custody between 2005 and August 2008.

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Temesgen M. Erena, Oromia: 'Civilisation, Colonisation And Underdevelopment, Oromia Quarterly, No.1, July 2002,

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and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is used as an internet language for federal websites along with

782:, the Oromos "did not come on without order like barbarians, but advanced collected in bodies, like squadrons." 675:, or "History of the Galla" in 1593. They are also mentioned in the records left by Abba Paulos, Joao Bermudes, 6745: 5729: 4488: 3709: 1781:). Below these two upper castes were the despised castes of artisans, and at the lowest level were the slaves. 1385:

more common in and near the urban centers, while Islam is more common near the Somali border and in the north.

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Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development

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In the mid and late 19th century, the Ethiopian emperors were faced with widespread rifts and disputes in the

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system remains in power only for eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years.

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Bahru Zewde, "A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855–1991", 2nd edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), pp. 261f.

2300: 1298: 1290: 1155: 748: 574: 6203: 6678: 5141: 4145: 3587: 3095:

Mekuria Bulcha, Jan Hultin (1996). Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin and Alessandro Triulzi. (ed.).

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meaning ' Children of Orma', or 'Sons of Strangers', or 'Man, stranger'. The first known use of the word

384: 3540:"Sustaining generations of Indigenous voices: Reclaiming language and integrating multimedia technology" 6688: 5494: 3729:

The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

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The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

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The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

2026: 2017:(OLF), Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), the United Liberation Forces of Oromia (ULFO), the 1502:, it is not the Gurage type of kocho but a different kind; a common dish in the western part of Oromia. 1302: 756: 391:. According to the last Ethiopian census of 2007, the Oromo numbered 25,488,344 people or 34.5% of the 3383: 3350:

An Ancient People in the State of Menelik The Oromo (said to be of Gallic Origin) Great African Nation

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of the Oromo people. The Barentu Oromo inhabit the eastern parts of the Oromia Region in the Zones of

6911: 6250: 4412: 4119: 2333:"Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories" 2057: 455:

people and prior to their expansions, they inhabited only the region of what is now modern-day north

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and comparative ethnology studies suggest that the Oromo people probably originated around the lakes

429: 5583:"Latest peace talks between Ethiopia's government and Oromo militants break up without an agreement" 952:). The Gallas are, in general, well built, they have a tall figure, a broad and raised forehead, an 6825: 4175: 3238: 3214: 2053: 1931: 5520: 5277:"Unrest in Ethiopia: Grumbling and rumbling: Months of protests are rattling a fragile federation" 3903:

Gebrewold, Belachew (2017). "Civil Militias and Militarisation of Society in the Horn of Africa".

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Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier

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Hierarchie und Kaste : zur Geschichte und politischen Struktur der Dizi in Südwest-Äthiopien

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The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)

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The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)

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The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)

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The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)

2022: 1939: 1877: 1534:– Stewed ground beef with spices, minced onion, garlic, green chili pepper, and clarified butter. 893: 717: 6869: 6172: 5931:"Ethiopia's Largest Ethnicity Group Deprived of Linguistic and Cultural Sensitive Media Outlets" 1848: 1705:

was once thought to be based upon an earlier Cushitic calendar developed around 300 BC found at

751:, a British-born Ethiopian historian, this expansion is linked to the attempted conquest of the 7024: 6569: 4982: 4744: 4451: 3373:

Mekonnen, Y. K. (2013a). Ethiopia: The land, its people, history and culture. New Africa Press.

3096: 3069: 2681: 2076: 2068: 2014: 1974: 1964: 1464:– A common dish in the western part of Oromia (Wallaga), made from a tuber crop rich in starch. 1260: 460: 440: 17: 5887:"Ethiopia's "government" attacks Macha-Tulama, Jimma Times media & Oromo opposition party" 5116: 4829: 4802: 4771: 4616: 4386: 4291: 3727: 3653: 3626: 3193:. Boydell & Brewer (Originally: Cambridge University Press). pp. 66–68, 85, 104–106. 3128: 2841: 2809: 2777: 968:

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Oromo tribes and kingdoms fell under the rule of

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system helped coordinate Oromo cavalry warriors which enabled them to fight very effectively.

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Mohammed Hassan, "The Oromo of Ethiopia, A History 1570–1860". Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994.

4650: 4589: 4101: 4010: 3810: 3065: 2871: 2758: 2602: 2151: 2112: 2080: 2072: 1908: 1728:, or 'Oromoness' as a cultural common between Oromo people. The word is derived by combining 864:

in western Ethiopia. Within 60 years of their arrival, five Oromo states would emerge in the

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established in the highlands of southern Ethiopia. This historical information, according to

5985: 3588:"The Gadaa System and Some of Its Institutions among the Booranaa: A Historical Perspective" 3188: 837:. Another Oromo dynasty that would rise in the northern Ethiopian highlands was the Islamic 6698: 4705: 4388:

Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition

2427: 2140: 1378: 1314: 1119: 569:, meaning 'wandering' or 'to go home' in their language. Canadian philosophical professor, 78: 664:(the symbol of power) passes to his wife and she keeps the bokkuu and proclaims the laws. 8: 7173: 7105: 6999: 6415: 6136:

Herbert S. Lewis. "A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia 1830–1932". Madison: The

4983:"Pouvoir de bénir et de maudire : cosmologie et organisation sociale des Oromo-Arsi" 4861: 4036:

Hayward, R. J.; Hassan, Mohammed (1981). "The Oromo Orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō".

2091:. Within Kenya there has been radio broadcasting in Oromo (in the Borana dialect) on the 1860: 1829: 1685: 1460: 1131: 1127: 1095: 1049: 1030: 612: 399: 6714: 6193: 6042:"Investors shy away from Ethiopia in the wake of violent protests – The Washington Post" 5960: 4346:

Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 – 1974: The Case of the Arsi Oromo

4012:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

2431: 785:

The early 16th and 17th century witnessed the gradual integration of the Oromo into the

6693: 6267: 5651: 5404: 5159: 4963: 4870: 4722: 4053: 3988: 3953: 2962: 2448: 1977:

across Ethiopia, chiefly in the Oromia region, following the assassination of musician

1859:

The Oromo people are engaged in many occupations. The southern Oromo (specifically the

1675: 1354: 1220: 737: 618: 380: 5986:"Ethiopia: 'Because I am Oromo': Sweeping repression in the Oromia region of Ethiopia" 3448: 2461: 1373:(8,204,908 Orthodox, 4,780,917 Protestant, 122,138 Catholic), 12,835,410 followers of 6989: 6375: 6168: 6127: 6117: 6103: 5655: 5163: 5122: 5092: 5067: 5042: 4926: 4898: 4835: 4808: 4777: 4750: 4726: 4683: 4656: 4622: 4595: 4538: 4414:

The world of caffeine : the science and culture of the world's most popular drug

4392: 4324: 4297: 4057: 4016: 3908: 3733: 3686: 3659: 3632: 3567: 3539: 3517: 3422: 3354: 3277: 3242: 3194: 3164: 3134: 3102: 3075: 2966: 2954: 2909: 2877: 2847: 2815: 2783: 2658: 2633: 2623: 2508: 2453: 2391: 2063: 2049: 1610: 1394: 1256: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1045: 692:. Prior to this movement, the Oromos were divided into two major confederations, the 5864: 5460: 3979:(1). Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 26, Fasc. 1 (Feb. 1996), pp. 56–72: 56–72. 7163: 7135: 7110: 6784: 6637: 6462: 6432: 6295: 5643: 5032: 4994: 4955: 4714: 4045: 3980: 3881: 2946: 2934: 2577: 2443: 2435: 2225: 2003: 1990: 1978: 1948: 1881: 1833: 1785: 1598: 1252: 1232: 997: 941: 881: 877: 873: 838: 822: 786: 760: 752: 689: 548: 544: 500: 357: 321: 302: 38: 4428: 4210: 3492: 3469: 1508:– Comprises all sorts of vegetables (tomato, potato, ginger, garlic), meat (lamb) 676: 7130: 7047: 6833: 6789: 6582: 6540: 6325: 6097: 6015: 5255: 5086: 5036: 5019: 4892: 4677: 4532: 4475:"UNPO: Oromo: Farmer from Ethiopia Mmay be the Oldest Living Person in the World" 3937: 3797: 3770: 3713: 3680: 3561: 3499: 3476: 3416: 3402: 3348: 3331: 3314: 3232: 3158: 2903: 2652: 2502: 2383: 2353: 2232: 2156: 2088: 1702: 1690: 1669: 1525: 1077: 1037: 945: 869: 842: 826: 741: 599: 563:, suggests that it is an Oromo word (adopted by neighbors), for there is a word, 552: 528: 520: 508: 452: 444: 403: 290: 2574:

Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results

2365: 2301:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Somalia" 860:

In the late 16th century the Oromos had settled in the territories south of the

581:

whilst the Oromos were fighting on battlefields. The word Oromo is derived from

7115: 7082: 7052: 7037: 7004: 6944: 6853: 6848: 6597: 6545: 6480: 6388: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2206: 2119: 2100: 2092: 1989:

was destroyed by Oromo protestors in response to the killing of popular singer

1982: 1885: 1264: 1228: 1187: 1073: 1069: 1005: 1001: 948:, as we will see below in the history that I will give of the Kingdom of Choa ( 929: 764: 725: 372: 349: 245: 67: 42: 31: 5756:"Ethiopia's Awash International Bank : Growth amid challenges – Shiferaw" 4049: 3068:(1996). Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin and Alessandro Triulzi. (ed.). 2950: 2372:. United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. 28 April 1998. 594: 7206: 7067: 7032: 7014: 6994: 6979: 6959: 6949: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6820: 6794: 6612: 6437: 6427: 6410: 6383: 6360: 6350: 6340: 6315: 6285: 5281: 3851:

Ethiopia, E. (2021, August 16). Rochet d’Héricourt, Charles-Xavier. Sewasew.

3772:

The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 as Narrated by Castanhoso

3443: 2958: 2637: 2161: 1853: 1710: 1541: 1201: 1175: 1167: 1151: 1041: 982: 953: 921: 889: 885: 713: 667:

The first detailed history of the Oromo people comes from the Ethiopian monk

635: 570: 282: 278: 186: 6219: 5071: 5012: 4191: 3984: 3215:"ETHIOPIA LESSONS IN REPRESSION: VIOLATIONS OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN ETHIOPIA" 2764: 2439: 1567:– Porridge made from wheat, honey, milk, corn, coarsely ground grain barley 7140: 7120: 7100: 7072: 7042: 7009: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6843: 6838: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6577: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6447: 6420: 6398: 6330: 6310: 6305: 6300: 5112: 4804:

Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia

4773:

Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia

4511:"Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo" 3300:, The Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society, No. 19, pages 6–7 2457: 2278: 2266:

276,236 Borana, 141,200 Gabra, 92,086 Orma, 27,006 Sakuyye and 20,103 Waata

1943: 1722:

Some modern authors such as Gemetchu Megerssa have proposed the concept of

1709:. Reconsideration of the Namoratunga site led astronomer and archaeologist 1484: 1370: 1362: 1236: 1197: 1053: 908: 684: 515:

Subsequent colonial era documents mention and refer to the Oromo people as

512:

encounters between Oromos and Nilo-Saharan groups likely began very early.

487: 411: 360: 294: 286: 261: 5916: 5861:"Govt. continues rejecting license for Jimma Times Afaan Oromoo newspaper" 4998: 4743:

Gemetchu Megerssa (1996). Paul Trevor William Baxter; et al. (eds.).

4264: 4237: 3798:"Aṣma Giyorgis and His Work: History of the Gāllā and the Kingdom of Šawā" 3521: 7193: 7125: 7077: 7057: 6984: 6939: 6934: 6632: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6470: 6403: 6393: 6345: 6320: 6280: 6275: 5934: 5647: 5554:"Ethiopia talks with Oromo rebel group end without deal for a third time" 5417: 3930: 2201: 1915: 1837: 1742: 1706: 1440: 1346: 1342: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1163: 1159: 1147: 1115: 1103: 1057: 957: 940:" Galla breed is the most beautiful in Africa; it is not originally from 865: 814: 705: 630: 425: 407: 298: 265: 4874: 3458:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 413. 1427: 480:). The native names of the territories were replaced by the name of the 7062: 6764: 6550: 6452: 6290: 5088:

The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century

3992: 2166: 1956: 1573:– Similar to Maarqaa but made from shredded grains as opposed to flour. 1358: 1350: 1325: 1171: 969: 861: 856:

Map showing the location of the five Oromo kingdoms in the Gibe region.

790: 680: 578: 448: 4967: 3403:

Ethiopian Philosophy: The treatise of Zärʼa Yaʻe̳quo and Wäldä Ḥe̳ywåt

6815: 6779: 6647: 6442: 2617: 2413:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" 2181: 2127: 1960: 1329: 1143: 1139: 1135: 846: 622: 420:

system as the primary form of governance. A leader is elected by the

392: 229: 5635: 5323:"Ethiopia tops global list of highest internal displacement in 2018" 4318: 3707:"Chapter 7 Political Development in the Pre-colonial Horn of Africa" 3706: 3511: 2999:"Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State" 2682:"Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries' 1791:

Each caste in the Oromo society had a designated name. For example,

1470:– Liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained (cheese) 900:, The Oromo who lived within the immediate periphery of the city of 617:

The earliest recorded mention of the Oromos comes from the Italian (

6858: 4959: 4718: 2176: 2087:

Radio broadcasts began in the Oromo language in Somalia in 1960 on

1968: 1753: 1694: 1657: 1477: 987: 897: 830: 818: 806: 798: 721: 368: 106: 83: 5831:. Amsterdam: Radio Data Centre GmbH. 1975. pp. 133, 316, 432. 5747: 5437:"Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive" 5184:"Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora" 4746:

Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries

3812:

Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya

3098:

Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries

3071:

Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries

1880:

against the Oromo in Ethiopia under three successive regimes: the

6899: 6355: 5704:"Ethiopia's Oromia conflict: 'People are dying on a daily basis'" 4474: 3800:. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH (1987) pp. 439 Google Books 1935: 1518:; a sweet flavor of whole grain, seasoned with butter and spices. 810: 802: 729: 709: 700: 694: 556: 504: 166: 6067:"Security Force Response to the 2016 Irreecha Cultural Festival" 4857:

Oromo Religion. Myths and Rites of the Western Oromo of Ethiopia

4703:

Doyle, Laurance R. (1986). "The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted".

2567:"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007" 2564: 852: 6774: 5843:"All that glitters is not gold: Can Ethiopia's new PM deliver?" 5309:"Ethnic violence displaces hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians" 4073:"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages" 2196: 1986: 1905:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

1489: 1409: 1405: 1224: 1107: 1061: 1025: 961: 834: 794: 779: 774: 668: 484:

who settled on it while the indigenous people were assimilated.

364: 206: 5084: 4652:

The Public Face of African New Religious Movements in Diaspora

4153: 2998: 2865: 2863: 1775:(some 17th- to 19th-century Ethiopian texts refer them as the 712:

moved in an eastern direction, eventually settling in today's

459:

and southern Ethiopia. The aftermath of the sixteenth century

6810: 6769: 6759: 6016:"Ethiopia mourns 55 killed during protest at Oromia festival" 4831:

Imagined Differences: Hatred and the Construction of Identity

4591:

In the Shadow of Conquest: Islam in Colonial Northeast Africa

3555: 3553: 3544:{World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium Journal 3447: 3234:

The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation

2171: 1734: 1650:

organs of governance: Gadaa Council, Gadaa General Assembly (

1626: 1621: 1374: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1196:. The Sapalo script was invented by the Oromo scholar Sheikh 1111: 1065: 977: 973: 949: 933: 901: 829:, they would particularly have control over the provinces of 733: 641: 540: 536: 524: 456: 416: 406:. After the settlement, they would establish kingdoms in the 330: 327: 257: 146: 126: 4925:(in German). Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 105–106, 117–119. 2811:

Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate

2779:

Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate

2680:

Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin, Alessandro Triulzi.

2576:. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from 1320: 1036:

Oromo also have a notable presence in northern Kenya in the

555:, is consistent with the written and oral traditions of the 5401:

Ethiopia arrests suspects over Haacaaluu Hundeessaa killing

3815:. Manchester University Press (1989) pp. 38–40 Google Books 2908:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 17–19 with footnotes. 2860: 2761:. University of California Press (1994) pp. 55 Google Books 1889: 1415: 333: 5376:"Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence" 4679:

Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth

4618:

Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth

4123: 3655:

The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300–1700

3550: 3418:

The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700

3190:

The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300–1700

3094: 2983:

Africa: Its Problems and Prospects; a Bibliographic Survey

2619:

The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300-1700

1923:

in response to Oromo and Amhara protests in October 2016.

573:, stated that the French explorer and Ethiopian traveler, 6744: 4430:

Ethiopia: Special Cuisines As a Symbol of Oromo Lifestyle

3101:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 55–56, 55–56, 85–90. 2697:(London: International African Institute, 1955), pp. 55ff 2037:(EPRDF) coalition. The ONC, for example, was part of the 6099:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

5678:"Oromo nationalism should cross the river of resentment" 5345:"At least 23 die in weekend of Ethiopia ethnic violence" 5038:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

4954:(2). Boston University African Studies Center: 235–258. 4894:

Jimma Abba Jifar, an Oromo Monarchy: Ethiopia, 1830–1932

4263:

Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D.

4236:

Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D.

4209:

Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D.

3768: 3682:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

2873:

Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society

2033:(OPDO), is one of the four parties that form the ruling 4948:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

4192:"Children's books breathe new life into Oromo language" 4122:. Ministry of Innovation and Technology. Archived from 3308: 3306: 2695:

The Galla of Ethiopia; the Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero

1959:

for giving space to groups formerly banned by previous

5754:

The Africa Report; Sisay, Andualem (14 October 2013).

5753: 5064:

The Folk-Literature of the Oromo of Southern Abyssinia

4038:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3353:. Michigan, United States: Ayalew Kanno. p. 373. 5577: 5575: 5546: 5374:

Ahmed, Hadra; Goldstein, Joseph (24 September 2018).

4096: 4094: 3829:"Oromo (s. also Galla)", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., 3755:"Oromo (s. also Galla)", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., 2060:(formerly Oromia National Bank) established in 2008. 342: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3751: 3749: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3303: 404:

conquer large swaths of land during their expansions

5721: 4807:. BRILL Academic. pp. 301–302 with footnotes. 4776:. BRILL Academic. pp. 292–293 with footnotes. 4675: 3533: 3531: 1528:, typically used in weddings or other celebrations. 778:Bermudes, who observed that during the invasion of 324: 7194:Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation 5773: 5601: 5572: 5013:Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview 4091: 3064: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2721:The Rise and Fall of The Yajju Dynasty (1784–1980) 1412:in Ethiopia and recognise it's energizing effect. 1301:, the United Presbyterian Mission of the USA, the 991:settled the region in military garrisons known as 591:to refer to the ethnic group is traceable to 1893. 577:, claimed that the term had derived from an Oromo 27:Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa 5695: 5041:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 195–196. 4742: 4738: 4736: 3818: 3746: 3725: 3719: 3624: 3613: 3270:Peoples of South-west Ethiopia and its Borderland 3122: 3120: 3118: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2775: 2315:"Oromo Community of Minnesota | CareerForce" 2035:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 2021:(IFLO), the Oromia Liberation Council (OLC), the 1894:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 1555:A tea-like drink made from coffee husks and milk. 1456:– Outdoor grilled meat on heat bead or wood fire. 7204: 5669: 5521:"Raya Oromos inside the Weyane revolt of Tigray" 5495:"Migrations profoundly affected the Oromo unity" 5418:"Haile Selassie statue destroyed in London park" 5031: 4916: 4914: 4890: 4608: 4384: 4296:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 158–159. 4262: 4235: 4208: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3678: 3528: 3133:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 157–158. 2869: 1549:– type of food, i.e. 'buddeenaa' soaked in stew. 1192:Oromo is written with Latin characters known as 5957:"OFDM Press Release: The Massacre of May, 2008" 5863:. Ethioguardian.com. 9 May 2008. Archived from 5610:"The Trouble With Ethiopia's Ethnic Federalism" 4821: 4587: 4530: 4378: 4289: 3833:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011), p. 304. 3759:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011), p. 303. 3685:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 78–89. 3651: 3559: 3414: 3186: 3156: 3126: 2937:(1966). "The Origins of the Galla and Somali". 2901: 2876:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 35–41. 2828: 2547:, Central Intelligence Agency, 14 December 2022 1480:made from wheat, honey, milk, chili and spices. 1281:The Oromo followed their traditional religion, 928:, visited Ethiopia in 1863, and was greeted by 177: 5782:"Oromia Bank rebrands with excellence in mind" 5373: 5256:"Ethiopian forces 'kill 140 Oromo protesters'" 5118:Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora 4827: 4733: 4064: 3537: 3516:. Kraus Nendeln, Liechtenstein. pp. 1–7. 3115: 2979: 2839: 2796: 2504:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 2410: 1938:, leading to up to 400,000 displaced in 2017. 1907:, the Oromia Support Group (OSG) recorded 594 916:depicting an Oromo horse riding warrior, 1841. 849:(1913–1916), descend from this ruling family. 732:trekked northwest, settling in the regions of 476:), as well as the inclusion of mixed peoples ( 6885: 6730: 6249: 6235: 4911: 4489:"Let Us Talk About Food: Oromo vs. Ethiopian" 4352: 4316: 4035: 3999: 3948: 3946: 3926: 3924: 3779: 3672: 3512:CF Beckingham and George Huntingford (1967). 3319:. London, England: John E. Taylor. p. 3. 3312: 3284:, Chapter: History & Traditions of Origin 3074:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 251–256. 2897: 2895: 2893: 2782:. Routledge. pp. 122–127, 129–134, 137. 813:. They would establish dynasties such as the 5627: 5111: 4800: 4769: 4537:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 24–25. 3566:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 26–27. 3182: 3180: 3163:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 22–24. 2929: 2927: 2925: 2708:The State in the Zamana Masafent (1786-1853) 2684:. Nordic Africa Institute (1996) pp. 123–124 2404: 1926:With the rising political unrest, there was 371:and parts of Northern Kenya. They speak the 5271: 5269: 4886: 4884: 4749:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 92–96. 4648: 4526: 4524: 4320:Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia 3152: 3150: 2846:. Cambridge University Press. p. 483. 2693:Described in detail in G.W.B. Huntingford, 2535: 2533: 2531: 2497: 2495: 2041:coalition that challenged the EPRDF in the 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1723: 1651: 768: 659: 653: 647: 582: 564: 435: 220: 59: 6892: 6878: 6737: 6723: 6242: 6228: 4481: 3943: 3921: 3658:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 222–225. 3421:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 109–110. 3298:The Origins of the Galla and Somali Tribes 3292: 3290: 2890: 2676: 2674: 2238: 2019:Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia 1996: 1450:– Minced roasted meat; specially seasoned. 809:during the rule of the half-Oromo emperor 767:. Further, they acquired horses and their 414:. The Oromo people traditionally used the 97: 5730:"Awash bank in lawsuit over unpaid bills" 5301: 4920: 3902: 3803: 3790: 3336:. London, England: Macmillan. p. 40. 3262: 3177: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 2922: 2700: 2650: 2447: 1561:A tea-like drink made from coffee leaves. 976:. Beginning in the 1870s, the Kingdom of 495:of 1867–68, Queen of the "Galla" and Son. 157: 5727: 5636:"The Four Faces of Ethiopian Federalism" 5634:Gebeye, Berihun Adugna (17 March 2023). 5266: 4881: 4834:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 142–146. 4521: 3699: 3442: 3388:. International African Institute. 1969. 3230: 3224: 3147: 2945:(1). Cambridge University Press: 27–46. 2615: 2528: 2492: 2382: 2062: 1953:Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne 1847: 1752: 1748: 1684: 1682:system of elections and power transfer. 1625: 1492:stir-fried with chili powder and cheese. 1426: 1414: 1319: 907: 851: 704:, who lived in the west and east of the 593: 486: 197: 5980: 5978: 5779: 5607: 5153: 5085:William Gervase Clarence-Smith (2013). 5061: 4614: 4343: 3970: 3732:. The Red Sea Press. pp. 281–283. 3631:. The Red Sea Press. pp. 279–280. 3329: 3287: 2986:. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 2671: 2376: 1591:– Beer-like Beverage, made from barley. 1579:– A snack made by roasting barley seeds 845:and the uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia, 137: 117: 14: 7205: 5780:Teshome, Metasebia (6 December 2021). 5701: 5633: 5236:from the original on 19 September 2017 4945: 4854: 4696: 4559:"Chapter 7: The Gadaa Council (Adula)" 3397: 3395: 3333:A History of the Abyssinian Expedition 3051: 2565:Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. 2031:Oromo People's Democratic Organization 2011:Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association 1871: 1821:were beekeepers and honey-makers, and 1013:Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association 6873: 6746:Ethnic and national groups in Somalia 6718: 6223: 5799: 5675: 5434: 4897:. The Red Sea Press. pp. 53–54. 4702: 4594:. The Red Sea Press. pp. 79–80. 3960:from the original on 16 January 2009. 3604: 3346: 3033:"Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter" 2996: 2933: 1896:(EPRDF), dominated by members of the 1072:. There are also Oromo in the former 658:dies while exercising his functions, 5975: 5262:from the original on 8 January 2016. 5200:from the original on 5 February 2017 4980: 3207: 3013:from the original on 7 November 2016 2751: 2411:Sarah Tishkoff; et al. (2009). 1689:Previous 5000 m world record holder 1295:Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society 92:Regions with significant populations 5996:from the original on 2 January 2015 5829:World Radio and Television Handbook 5821: 5728:Observer, Ethiopia (2 March 2018). 5608:Mamdani, Mahmood (3 January 2019). 5435:Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016), 5351:. 17 September 2018. Archived from 3392: 3376: 2609: 2390:. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. 2250:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2043:Ethiopian general elections of 2005 1866: 1439:looks like this at a restaurant in 1048:totaling to about 656,636: 276,236 24: 6089: 5501:from the original on 18 March 2013 5289:from the original on 25 March 2016 5156:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide 4269:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 4242:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 4215:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 4070: 2487:The Linguistics Student's Handbook 2271: 2039:United Ethiopian Democratic Forces 1898:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front 1828:the Massawa and Tajura markets on 1743:traditional religion (Waaqeffanna) 1338:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 1307:Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen 1219:and the fourth-most widely spoken 266:Traditional religion (Waaqeffanna) 25: 7249: 7238:Indigenous peoples of East Africa 6179: 5220:"Human rights abuses under EPRDF" 4317:Hussein Ahmed (25 October 2000). 3831:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Volume 4 3769:Richard Stephen Whiteway (1902). 3757:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Volume 4 3481:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2622:. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. 2192:List of Oromo subgroups and clans 2187:List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia 2134: 2029:) and others. Another group, the 1934:between the Oromo and the ethnic 1809:were tanners and leatherworkers, 1090:List of Oromo subgroups and clans 926:Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt 914:Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt 432:monotheistic religion of Oromos. 58: 6186: 6059: 6034: 6008: 5959:. Jimmatimes.com. Archived from 5949: 5923: 5905: 5879: 5853: 5835: 5812: 5702:Harter, Fred (12 January 2023). 5537: 5513: 5487: 5471: 5453: 5428: 5410: 5393: 5367: 5337: 5315: 5311:. irinnews.com. 8 November 2017. 5248: 5212: 5176: 5147: 5135: 5105: 5078: 5055: 5025: 5005: 4974: 4939: 4848: 4794: 4763: 4669: 4642: 4581: 4367:, Ethiopia, 2007, archived from 4293:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 3130:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 3009:. University of Lisbon: 89–102. 2616:Mohammed, Hassen (19 May 2017). 2256:from the original on 5 June 2020 1930:involving the Oromo such as the 320: 222: 199: 179: 159: 139: 119: 99: 77: 6149:INS Resource Information Center 6102:. University of Chicago Press. 4551: 4503: 4467: 4444: 4421: 4405: 4337: 4310: 4283: 4256: 4229: 4202: 4184: 4168: 4138: 4112: 4029: 3964: 3907:. Routledge. pp. 187–212. 3896: 3866: 3857: 3845: 3836: 3762: 3645: 3598: 3580: 3505: 3486: 3462: 3435: 3408: 3367: 3340: 3323: 3313:Tilstone Beke, Charles (1848). 3296:Juxon Barton (September 1924), 3274:International African Institute 3088: 3025: 2990: 2973: 2814:. Routledge. pp. 128–134. 2726: 2713: 2687: 2644: 2595: 2558: 2479: 1399: 1019: 561:International African Institute 493:British Expedition to Abyssinia 5676:Moges, Zola (24 August 2022). 5191:Theadvocatesforhumanrights.org 4621:. ABC-Clio. pp. 285–286. 4453:TYPES OF OROMO FOODS / RECIPES 4391:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 319–320. 3775:. Hakluyt Society. p. 82. 2939:The Journal of African History 2843:A History of Islamic Societies 2358: 2339: 2325: 2307: 2293: 2219: 1963:-led governments, such as the 387:. They are one of the largest 13: 1: 6138:University of Wisconsin Press 5805:Thomas Lucien Vincent Blair, 5154:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). 5091:. Routledge. pp. 93–97. 4981:Haji, Abbas (10 April 1997). 4075:. Africa News. Archived from 4015:. Routledge. pp. 24–25. 3973:Journal of Religion in Africa 3385:Ethnographic Survey of Africa 2980:Library (U.S.), Army (1967). 2212: 1843: 1674:The Oromo people developed a 825:from 1784 to 1853 during the 5889:. Nazret.com. Archived from 5480:Ethiopians: Amhara and Oromo 4855:Abbink, J. (1985). "Review: 4682:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–46. 4676:Clive L. N. Ruggles (2005). 3037:Frankfurt University Library 1170:, and are also found in the 1083: 86:Oromo in traditional attire. 7: 5933:. Rap21.org. Archived from 4987:Cahiers d'Études africaines 3796:Aṣma Giyorgis, Bairu Tafla 3316:On the Origin of the Gallas 2651:Pankhurst, Richard (1997). 2145: 1717: 1697:running the London marathon 1663: 1585:– A drink made from honey. 1540:– A common dish throughout 1270: 1181: 385:Afroasiatic language family 10: 7254: 5809:, (Praeger: 1965), p. 126. 5121:. MacMillan. p. 154. 5001:– via www.persee.fr. 4177:Language data for Ethiopia 3878:Ethiopia Government Portal 3726:Richard Pankhurst (1997). 3625:Richard Pankhurst (1997). 3330:Markham, Clements (1869). 2808:John Ralph Willis (2005). 2776:John Ralph Willis (2005). 2507:. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. 2231:February 14, 2012, at the 2138: 2025:(ONC, recently changed to 1942:between the Oromo and the 1667: 1619: 1608: 1604: 1392: 1388: 1303:Church Mission to the Jews 1274: 1185: 1087: 610: 606: 398:The Oromo were originally 36: 29: 7233:Cushitic-speaking peoples 7218:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia 7190: 7172: 7149: 7091: 7023: 6910: 6803: 6752: 6671: 6568: 6461: 6374: 6266: 6257: 6251:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia 6096:Donald N. Levine (2014). 5062:Cerulli, Ernesta (1922). 4891:Herbert S. Lewis (1965). 4655:. Routledge. p. 50. 4385:James B. Minahan (2016). 4050:10.1017/S0041977X00144209 4009:Steven L. Danver (2015). 3954:"Oromo, Borana-Arsi-Guji" 3679:Donald N. Levine (2000). 3607:The Ethiopian Borderlands 2951:10.1017/s0021853700006058 2870:Donald N. Levine (2014). 1114:. The Borana inhabit the 1106:group living in southern 575:Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie 503:, both the Oromo and the 400:nomadic, semi-pastoralist 389:ethnic groups in Ethiopia 277: 272: 256: 251: 244: 239: 219: 196: 176: 156: 136: 116: 96: 91: 76: 60: 57: 7228:Ethnic groups in Somalia 5807:Africa: a market profile 5018:19 November 2016 at the 4921:Haberland, Eike (1993). 4588:Said S. Samatar (1992). 4290:Erwin Fahlbusch (1999). 3936:18 November 2016 at the 3652:Mohammed Hassen (2015). 3498:30 December 2013 at the 3475:30 December 2013 at the 3415:Mohammed Hassen (2015). 3268:Ernesta Cerulli (1956), 3239:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 3187:Mohammed Hassen (2015). 3127:Erwin Fahlbusch (1999). 2352:10 November 2022 at the 2054:Awash International Bank 1615: 690:"Great Oromo Migrations" 436:Origins and nomenclature 379:), which is part of the 6095: 4828:Günther Schlee (2002). 4615:Ruggles, Clive (2006). 3985:10.1163/157006696X00352 3940:Encyclopædia Britannica 3874:"Oromia Regional State" 3538:Galla, Candace (2012). 3455:Encyclopædia Britannica 2997:Gikes, Patrick (2002). 2840:Ira M. Lapidus (2014). 2440:10.1126/science.1172257 2023:Oromo National Congress 1997:Political organizations 1878:human rights violations 1852:Oromo villagers in the 1840:on the coast of Yemen. 1419:Typical Oromo cuisine: 1377:, 887,773 followers of 1080:provinces of Ethiopia. 402:people who later would 7223:Ethnic groups in Kenya 6904:(by linguistic origin) 6901:Ethnic groups in Kenya 6145:"RIC Query – Ethiopia" 5462:Language & Culture 3347:Kanno, Ayalew (2005). 2104: 2084: 2069:Oromo Liberation Front 2015:Oromo Liberation Front 1965:Oromo Liberation Front 1955:on the Prime Minister 1909:extrajudicial killings 1856: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1777: 1771: 1769:; below them were the 1765: 1759: 1724: 1698: 1652: 1631: 1443: 1424: 1333: 1299:Seventh-Day Adventists 1291:Sudan Interior Mission 966: 917: 857: 769: 757:Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim 660: 654: 648: 603: 583: 565: 559:. Others, such as the 496: 441:Historical linguistics 412:dynasties in Abyssinia 30:For the language, see 5919:on 25 September 2010. 5760:The Africa Report.com 5011:Asafa Jalata (2010), 4999:10.3406/cea.1997.3515 4859:by Lambert Bartels". 4801:Terje Østebø (2011). 4770:Terje Østebø (2011). 4211:"Ethnologue Ethiopia" 3231:Ta'a, Tesema (2006). 2759:A History of Ethiopia 2657:. The Red Sea Press. 2319:www.careerforcemn.com 2279:"Oromo, West Central" 2152:Afroasiatic languages 2113:Amnesty International 2073:Oromo Liberation Army 2066: 1851: 1756: 1749:Social stratification 1732:with the Arabic term 1688: 1668:Further information: 1629: 1532:Ukkaamssa (Affaanyii) 1430: 1418: 1379:traditional religions 1323: 1267:in western Ethiopia. 1156:Administrative Zone 3 938: 911: 855: 728:regions. Whereas the 597: 490: 428:, the native ancient 273:Related ethnic groups 5913:"CJFE award nominee" 5708:The New Humanitarian 5648:10.2139/ssrn.4392205 4706:Current Anthropology 4649:Afe Adogame (2016). 4531:Tesema Ta'a (2006). 4102:"The world factbook" 4071:Shaban, Abdurahman. 3712:24 July 2011 at the 3605:Pankhurst, Richard. 3560:Tesema Ta'a (2006). 3157:Tesema Ta'a (2006). 2902:Tesema Ta'a (2006). 2485:Laurie Bauer, 2007, 2141:List of Oromo people 1932:Oromo–Somali clashes 1834:a large slave market 1315:Hermannsburg Mission 944:; she came there by 602:'s wife and her son. 491:Sketched during the 6416:Soddo Gurage people 6073:. 19 September 2017 5992:. 28 October 2014. 5963:on 10 February 2012 5867:on 17 February 2012 4433:, 15 September 2020 4374:on 10 February 2016 4271:. SIL International 4244:. SIL International 4217:. SIL International 4126:on 19 November 2019 4079:on 15 December 2020 3956:. ethnologue.com). 2432:2009Sci...324.1035T 2384:Joireman, Sandra F. 2075:, respectively the 1940:Gedeo–Oromo clashes 1872:Human rights issues 649:Salgan ya’ii Borana 629:River south of the 613:History of Ethiopia 54: 6155:on 1 November 2005 6046:washingtonpost.com 5614:The New York Times 5589:. 21 November 2023 5560:. 22 November 2023 5497:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. 5380:The New York Times 5258:. 8 January 2015. 5160:Dorling Kindersley 4569:on 14 October 2019 4156:on 5 February 2021 4108:. 19 October 2021. 3066:Alessandro Triulzi 2605:. 16 October 2023. 2545:The World Factbook 2085: 1975:Protests broke out 1921:state of emergency 1857: 1760: 1699: 1676:lunisolar calendar 1632: 1444: 1425: 1334: 1311:Bibeltrogna Vänner 1221:language of Africa 1098:, also called the 918: 858: 708:respectively. The 604: 497: 461:Ethiopian–Adal war 52: 7200: 7199: 6905: 6867: 6866: 6830: 6712: 6711: 6564: 6563: 6122:978-0-230-11774-7 6109:978-0-226-22967-6 5786:Capital Newspaper 5734:Ethiopia Observer 5355:on 2 October 2018 5285:. 26 March 2016. 5128:978-0-374-52797-6 5098:978-1-135-18214-4 5048:978-0-226-22967-6 4904:978-1-56902-089-0 4841:978-3-8258-3956-7 4814:978-90-04-18478-7 4783:978-90-04-18478-7 4756:978-91-7106-379-3 4689:978-1-85109-477-6 4662:978-1-317-01863-6 4628:978-1-85109-477-6 4601:978-0-932415-70-7 4544:978-3-447-05419-5 4398:978-1-61069-954-9 4330:978-90-04-49228-8 4303:978-90-04-11695-5 4022:978-1-317-46400-6 3914:978-1-138-25332-2 3739:978-0-932415-19-6 3692:978-0-226-47561-5 3665:978-1-84701-117-6 3638:978-0-932415-19-6 3594:. pp. 91–92. 3573:978-3-447-05419-5 3428:978-1-84701-117-6 3282:978-1-138-23410-9 3248:978-3-447-05419-5 3200:978-1-84701-117-6 3170:978-3-447-05419-5 3140:978-90-04-11695-5 3108:978-91-7106-379-3 3081:978-91-7106-379-3 2935:Lewis, Herbert S. 2915:978-3-447-05419-5 2883:978-0-226-22967-6 2853:978-1-139-99150-6 2821:978-1-135-78016-6 2789:978-1-135-78017-3 2757:Harold G. Marcus 2706:Shiferaw Bekele, 2629:978-1-84701-161-9 2514:978-0-08-087775-4 2426:(5930): 1035–44. 2050:ethnic federalism 1903:According to the 1832:. There was also 1701:The Borana Oromo 1611:Ethiopian culture 1395:Ethiopian cuisine 1217:Cushitic language 1206:Benishangul-Gumuz 1046:Tana River County 749:Richard Pankhurst 318: 309: 308: 214: 112:25,489,000 (2007) 16:(Redirected from 7245: 6903: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6828: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6679:African American 6264: 6263: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6190: 6189: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6151:. Archived from 6113: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6022:. 3 October 2016 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5915:. Archived from 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5682:Ethiopia Insight 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5414: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5224: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5188: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5033:Donald N. Levine 5029: 5023: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4993:(146): 289–318. 4978: 4972: 4971: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4869:(1–3): 285–287. 4852: 4846: 4845: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4565:. Archived from 4555: 4549: 4548: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4366: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4238:"Ethnologue myf" 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4152:. Archived from 4146:"ቤት | FMOH" 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3941: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3880:. Archived from 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3723: 3717: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3509: 3503: 3490: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2899: 2888: 2887: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2805: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2583:on 25 March 2009 2582: 2571: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2467:on 8 August 2017 2466: 2460:. Archived from 2451: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2356: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2242: 2236: 2223: 2099:, also known as 2056:in 1994 and the 2004:Haile Selassie I 1991:Hachalu Hundessa 1979:Hachalu Hundessa 1949:displaced people 1882:Ethiopian Empire 1867:Contemporary era 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1786:Kingdom of Jimma 1780: 1774: 1768: 1727: 1655: 1646:There are three 1599:Ethiopian Coffee 1514:– Also known as 1498:– Also known as 1120:Barentu/Barentoo 998:Kingdom of Jimma 823:Ethiopian Empire 787:Ethiopian Empire 772: 761:Ethiopian Empire 753:Ethiopian Empire 663: 657: 651: 633:, in his famous 586: 568: 501:Herbert S. Lewis 345: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 329: 326: 316: 232: 228: 226: 225: 213: 209: 205: 203: 202: 189: 185: 183: 182: 169: 165: 163: 162: 149: 145: 143: 142: 129: 125: 123: 122: 109: 105: 103: 102: 81: 71: 63: 62: 55: 51: 39:Cushitic peoples 21: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7186: 7168: 7145: 7087: 7019: 6906: 6898: 6868: 6863: 6799: 6748: 6743: 6713: 6708: 6667: 6560: 6457: 6370: 6253: 6248: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6158: 6156: 6143: 6110: 6092: 6090:Further reading 6087: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5818:Stroomer, p. 4. 5817: 5813: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5429: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5407:. 10 July 2020. 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5162:. p. 413. 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5030: 5026: 5020:Wayback Machine 5010: 5006: 4979: 4975: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4882: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4741: 4734: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4529: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4265:"Ethnologe kmq" 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4207: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4069: 4065: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4007: 4000: 3969: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3938:Wayback Machine 3929: 3922: 3915: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3884:on 28 July 2017 3872: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3809:Günther Schlee 3808: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3714:Wayback Machine 3704: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3623: 3614: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3558: 3551: 3536: 3529: 3510: 3506: 3500:Wayback Machine 3491: 3487: 3477:Wayback Machine 3467: 3463: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3409: 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2148: 2143: 2137: 2089:Radio Mogadishu 1999: 1928:ethnic violence 1874: 1869: 1846: 1784:In the Islamic 1751: 1720: 1703:calendar system 1691:Tirunesh Dibaba 1672: 1670:Borana calendar 1666: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1577:Qorso (Akaayii) 1526:Welega Province 1402: 1397: 1391: 1279: 1273: 1190: 1184: 1092: 1086: 1038:Marsabit County 1022: 932:, the ruler of 843:Mikael of Wollo 827:Zemene Mesafint 673:Zenahu la Galla 621:) cartographer 615: 609: 553:Mohammed Hassen 549:pastoral people 509:Oromo expansion 445:Lake Chew Bahir 438: 343: 323: 319: 223: 221: 200: 198: 180: 178: 160: 158: 140: 138: 120: 118: 100: 98: 87: 72: 65: 50: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7251: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6672:Non-Indigenous 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6192: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180:External links 6178: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6141: 6134: 6124: 6114: 6108: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6058: 6033: 6007: 5974: 5948: 5922: 5904: 5893:on 20 May 2008 5878: 5852: 5834: 5820: 5811: 5798: 5772: 5746: 5720: 5694: 5668: 5626: 5600: 5571: 5545: 5536: 5512: 5486: 5483:, January 2017 5470: 5452: 5427: 5424:. 2 July 2020. 5409: 5392: 5366: 5349:The Daily Star 5336: 5314: 5300: 5265: 5247: 5211: 5175: 5168: 5146: 5134: 5127: 5104: 5097: 5077: 5054: 5047: 5024: 5004: 4973: 4960:10.2307/218834 4938: 4931: 4910: 4903: 4880: 4847: 4840: 4820: 4813: 4793: 4782: 4762: 4755: 4732: 4719:10.1086/203439 4713:(3): 286–287. 4695: 4688: 4668: 4661: 4641: 4627: 4607: 4600: 4580: 4550: 4543: 4520: 4502: 4480: 4466: 4443: 4420: 4404: 4397: 4377: 4351: 4348:. p. 176. 4336: 4329: 4309: 4302: 4282: 4255: 4228: 4201: 4183: 4167: 4150:www.moh.gov.et 4137: 4111: 4090: 4063: 4044:(3): 550–566. 4028: 4021: 3998: 3963: 3942: 3920: 3913: 3895: 3865: 3856: 3844: 3835: 3817: 3802: 3789: 3778: 3761: 3745: 3738: 3718: 3698: 3691: 3671: 3664: 3644: 3637: 3612: 3609:. p. 137. 3597: 3579: 3572: 3549: 3527: 3504: 3485: 3461: 3449:"Gallas" 3446:, ed. (1911). 3444:Chisholm, Hugh 3434: 3427: 3407: 3401:Claude Sumner 3391: 3375: 3366: 3359: 3339: 3322: 3302: 3286: 3261: 3247: 3241:. p. 17. 3223: 3206: 3199: 3176: 3169: 3146: 3139: 3114: 3107: 3087: 3080: 3050: 3024: 2989: 2972: 2921: 2914: 2889: 2882: 2859: 2852: 2827: 2820: 2795: 2788: 2763: 2750: 2738:ich.unesco.org 2725: 2719:Molla Tikuye, 2712: 2699: 2686: 2670: 2663: 2643: 2628: 2608: 2594: 2557: 2527: 2513: 2491: 2478: 2403: 2396: 2375: 2370:UNHCR Refworld 2357: 2338: 2324: 2306: 2292: 2270: 2237: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2207:Oromo language 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2135:Notable people 2133: 2120:Deutsche Welle 2093:Voice of Kenya 1998: 1995: 1983:Haile Selassie 1886:Haile Selassie 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1845: 1842: 1815:were weavers, 1803:were potters, 1750: 1747: 1719: 1716: 1665: 1662: 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1609:Main article: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1535: 1529: 1519: 1509: 1503: 1493: 1481: 1471: 1465: 1457: 1451: 1401: 1398: 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1272: 1269: 1188:Oromo language 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1174:Aanaas in the 1088:Main article: 1085: 1082: 1033:specifically. 1021: 1018: 1006:Haile Selassie 1002:Haile Selassie 930:Sahle Selassie 817:that would be 765:Adal Sultanate 625:, who notes a 611:Main article: 608: 605: 529:Nilotic people 437: 434: 383:branch of the 373:Oromo language 363:native to the 307: 306: 275: 274: 270: 269: 254: 253: 249: 248: 242: 241: 237: 236: 233: 217: 216: 210: 194: 193: 190: 174: 173: 170: 154: 153: 152:105,000 (2022) 150: 134: 133: 132:739,839 (2019) 130: 114: 113: 110: 94: 93: 89: 88: 82: 74: 73: 48: 43:Horn of Africa 32:Oromo language 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7250: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 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6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6132:0-932415-94-6 6129: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6021: 6017: 6011: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5937:on 4 May 2013 5936: 5932: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5824: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5540: 5522: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5282:The Economist 5278: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5232: 5228: 5227:Lib.ohchr.org 5221: 5215: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5169:0-7566-0520-2 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4932:3-515-05592-4 4928: 4924: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4491:. 7 June 2009 4490: 4484: 4476: 4470: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4381: 4370: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4344:Abbas Gnamo. 4340: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3905:Civil Militia 3899: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3370: 3362: 3360:9781599751894 3356: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3276:, Routledge, 3275: 3271: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3220:. p. 26. 3216: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2664:9780932415196 2660: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2604: 2598: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2397:1-58112-000-1 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2302: 2296: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226:"Census 2007" 2222: 2218: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2162:Borana people 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1864: 1862: 1855: 1854:Oromia Region 1850: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1797:were smiths, 1795: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1715: 1712: 1711:Clive Ruggles 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1628: 1623: 1612: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448:Foon Akaawwii 1446: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1437:Foon Akaawwii 1434: 1433:Foon Akaawwii 1429: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1396: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1331: 1328:attending an 1327: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1176:Tigray Region 1173: 1169: 1168:Amhara Region 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152:Somali Region 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:West Hararghe 1129: 1126:is the other 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110:and northern 1109: 1105: 1102:, are a semi- 1101: 1097: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068:, and 16,000 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Isiolo County 1039: 1034: 1032: 1027: 1026:Oromia Region 1017: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 989: 984: 979: 975: 971: 965: 963: 959: 955: 954:aquiline nose 951: 947: 943: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 915: 910: 906: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:Limmu-Ennarea 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 854: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:Yejju dynasty 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 776: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747:According to 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 702: 697: 696: 691: 686: 682: 678: 677:Jerónimo Lobo 674: 670: 665: 662: 656: 650: 644: 643: 638: 637: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 601: 600:Eduard Zander 596: 592: 590: 585: 580: 576: 572: 571:Claude Sumner 567: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 510: 506: 502: 499:According to 494: 489: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 458: 454: 451:. 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