1503:
1132:
1079:
1455:
5068:
5057:
3784:
149:
835:
birds than to crocodiles, should be the valid name for that group, and have precedence over later names with identical definitions, such as
Avemetatarsalia and Pan-Aves. While this has been followed by some researchers, others have either continued to use Avemetatarsalia or Ornithodira, or have followed Senter only reluctantly. Mike Taylor (2007) for example noted that, while Senter is correct in stating that Ornithosuchia has priority, this is "undesirable" because it probably excludes the eponymous family
1046:
206:
978:
1300:
880:
3143:
5103:
4100:
3128:
3771:
945:
1483:
5051:
1395:
3135:
3778:
1013:
5075:
1416:
5062:
1112:
1356:
912:
2392:
1226:. (2020) supported an alternative hypothesis regarding the relationships of lagerpetids. They were interpreted as non-pterosaur pterosauromorphs. This phylogeny would shorten the morphological and chronological gap perceived between pterosaurs and other stem-birds, and explain the origin of this group. Bennett (2020) argued that
834:
In a 2005 review of archosaur classification, Phil Senter attempted to resolve this conflicting set of terminology by applying strict priority to names based on when and how they were first defined. Senter noted that
Ornithosuchia, the earliest name used for the total group of archosaurs closer to
1741:
Ezcurra, Martín D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Bronzati, Mario; Dalla
Vecchia, Fabio Marco; Agnolin, Federico L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Cabreira, Sergio F.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Gentil, Adriel R.; Irmis, Randall B.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Novas, Fernando E.; Roberto da Silva,
569:
584:. This ankle orientation operated on a single hinge, allowing for better mobility. Probably as a result of this change, the common ancestor of the avemetatarsalians had an upright, bipedal posture, with their legs extending vertically, similar to that of mammals.
487:. Aphanosaurs were rare, four-legged carnivores which were only properly distinguished as a group in 2017. The split between dinosaurs and pterosaurs occurred just after aphanosaurs branched off the archosaur family tree. This split corresponds to the subgroup
739:) for a branch-based clade including all archosaurs more closely related to birds than to crocodiles. In the same year, Gauthier also coined and defined a slightly more restrictive node-based clade, Ornithodira, containing the last common ancestor of the
1861:
Ezcurra, Martín D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Bronzati, Mario; Dalla
Vecchia, Fabio Marco; Agnolin, Federico L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Cabreira, Sergio F.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Gentil, Adriel R.; Irmis, Randall B. (2020-12-17).
2169:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (2017).
1797:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (2017).
2315:"The earliest-diverging avemetatarsalian: a new osteoderm-bearing taxon from the Triassic (?Earliest Late Triassic) of Madagascar and the composition of avemetatarsalian assemblages prior to the radiation of dinosaurs"
517:
Pterosauromorpha includes all avemetatarsalians closer to pterosaurs than to dinosaurs. True non-pterosaur pterosauromorphs have been historically difficult to determine. Small, insectivorous archosaurs of the family
617:
stretching from the ankles to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Birds evolved flight much later. Their wings formed from elongated fingers and their arms, all covered with
701:, found from Early Anisian strata, show that moderately large bipedal dinosauromorphs had appeared by 246 Ma. The tracks show that the dinosaur lineage appeared soon after the
843:
is implemented to govern it. In fact, the name
Ornithosuchia may be "illegal" under the PhyloCode because it does not include its eponymous taxon as part of its definition.
514:
of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, and all of its descendants. Until the discovery of aphanosaurs, Ornithodira and
Avemetatarsalia were considered roughly equivalent concepts.
2099:
Gauthier, J. and de
Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves"". pp. 7–41 in Gauthier, J. and L. F. Gall (eds.),
1502:
1131:
532:, on the other hand, includes all avemetatarsalians closer to dinosaurs than to pterosaurs. Probable non-dinosaur dinosauromorphs include the diverse and widespread
781:. In 2005, Sereno stated the opinion that Ornithodira was not a useful concept, whereas Avemetatarsalia was. In 2001, the same clade was given the name "Panaves" (
475:
Although dinosaurs and pterosaurs were the only avemetatarsalians to survive past the end of the
Triassic, other groups flourished during the Triassic. The most
472:, or "all birds", in reference to its definition containing all animals, living or extinct, which are more closely related to birds than to crocodilians.
590:
and other filamentary structures are known across the avemetatarsalians, from the downy pycnofibers of pterosaurs, to quill-like structures present in
2072:
1230:, a genus historically considered a relative of ornithodirans or even a basal pterosauromorph, was instead a non-archosaur archosauriform (possibly a
5221:
719:
shows that the earliest avemetatarsalians had many pseudosuchian-like features, and that the traits typical for the group evolved later.
2313:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Patellos, Emily; Kammerer, Christian F.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, Andre´ R.; Flynn, John J. (2023-07-25).
2446:
2425:
809:), coined by Jacques Gauthier. He defined it as the largest and most inclusive clade of archosaurs containing Aves (birds, anchored on
4136:
457:
2101:
New
Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
1944:"A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry"
766:
5226:
702:
1928:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. 8. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55.
2361:(2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (Hrsg.) (eds.).
464:, shortly after avemetatarsalians as a whole. The name Avemetatarsalia was first established by British palaeontologist
5216:
1942:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2020-07-28).
2378:
2108:
777:
that was a typical character of the group. Avemetatarsalia was defined as all
Avesuchia closer to Dinosauria than to
2144:
1266:), though the later recognition of aphanosaurs as basal avemetatarsalians corrected this view. The results of the
609:
Two clades of avemetatarsalians, pterosaurs and birds, independently evolved flight. Pterosaurs are the earliest
560:. Lagerpetids were also traditionally considered dinosauromorphs, though this has been more recently debated.
2418:
4129:
671:
17:
5067:
205:
2171:
1799:
3783:
2002:
2256:"Reassessment of the Triassic archosauriform Scleromochlus taylori: neither runner nor biped, but hopper"
511:
5056:
576:
The foundational characteristic is the "advanced mesotarsal" ankles, which are characterized by a large
5211:
5106:
2145:"Phylogenetic definitions in the pre-PhyloCode era; implications for naming clades under the PhyloCode"
757:
was explicitly added. It was thus a potentially larger group than the Ornithodira of Gauthier. In 1999
5074:
2121:
Senter, P. (2005). "Phylogenetic taxonomy and the names of the major archosaurian (Reptilia) clades".
1921:
613:
known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings are formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other
5161:
4242:
4103:
2411:
1078:
452:, and one group of small feathered dinosaurs (Aves, i.e. birds) has survived up to the present day.
4985:
4157:
4122:
3702:
3593:
3127:
3077:
2221:
3770:
3026:
799:
5188:
3777:
1247:
as the earliest diverging avemetatarsalian, outside of the minimally inclusive clade containing
5123:
4679:
3052:
706:
180:
5050:
3142:
2370:
2083:
Sereno, P. C. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications.
1592:"Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic"
5183:
4769:
3731:
3134:
1267:
1256:
476:
456:
were the first flying vertebrates and persisted through the Mesozoic before dying out at the
2362:
2073:
Dinosaur Evolution: Crocodile-Like Ancient Cousin, Teleocrater Rhadinus, Confuses Scientists
1454:
5170:
5061:
4507:
3634:
1814:
8:
4215:
2522:
736:
444:. The two most successful groups of avemetatarsalians were the dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
386:
1818:
5008:
4067:
2290:
2255:
2202:
1978:
1943:
1899:
1838:
1779:
1742:
Lúcio; Smith, Nathan D.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Turner, Alan H.; Langer, Max C. (2020).
1723:
1672:
1643:
1616:
1591:
362:
200:
709:
was slow and drawn out across much of the Triassic. The primitive traits found in the
2936:
2805:
2749:
2374:
2363:
2358:
2336:
2295:
2277:
2194:
2104:
2022:
1983:
1965:
1903:
1891:
1883:
1830:
1783:
1771:
1763:
1621:
758:
465:
281:
2018:
1743:
1727:
765:
was indeed outside Gauthier's original conception of Ornithodira, so he named a new
4663:
4423:
4227:
3174:
3161:
3095:
2980:
2886:
2772:
2733:
2692:
2652:
2601:
2584:
2571:
2534:
2434:
2397:
2326:
2285:
2267:
2236:
2206:
2186:
2053:
2014:
1973:
1955:
1875:
1863:
1842:
1822:
1755:
1715:
1705:
1667:
1659:
1611:
1603:
817:). Gauthier referred Aves, all other Dinosauria, all Pterosauria, and a variety of
728:
614:
340:
330:
148:
5096:
4974:
4917:
4528:
4062:
3996:
3861:
3582:
3384:
3375:
3270:
3256:
2914:
2849:
2833:
2786:
2621:
2331:
2314:
1694:"The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades"
1107:
991:
958:
836:
691:
651:
641:
618:
529:
461:
345:
192:
174:
132:
47:
5091:
4947:
4448:
4361:
4327:
4077:
3656:
3561:
3511:
3420:
3286:
3015:
2991:
2879:
2794:
2662:
2642:
1045:
710:
679:
664:
596:
301:
157:
127:
2172:"The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan"
1879:
1800:"The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan"
1759:
5205:
5146:
4940:
4933:
4889:
4868:
4823:
4686:
4477:
4114:
4072:
4031:
4026:
3831:
3680:
3669:
3545:
3521:
3398:
3345:
3315:
3308:
3246:
3236:
3067:
2929:
2922:
2871:
2822:
2815:
2764:
2721:
2672:
2491:
2340:
2281:
2026:
1969:
1887:
1767:
753:
682:. If so, the origin of avemetatarsalians would be pushed back into the early
655:
524:
492:
480:
375:
89:
1960:
1299:
879:
695:
and were made by an unknown small quadrupedal animal, but footprints called
4962:
4881:
4813:
4758:
4693:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4594:
4485:
4432:
4376:
4352:
4052:
3893:
3851:
3841:
3821:
3720:
3501:
3427:
3322:
2863:
2756:
2682:
2611:
2299:
2198:
1987:
1895:
1864:"Enigmatic dinosaur precursors bridge the gap to the origin of Pterosauria"
1834:
1775:
1744:"Enigmatic dinosaur precursors bridge the gap to the origin of Pterosauria"
1663:
1625:
1607:
1477:
1389:
1350:
1294:
1263:
1231:
1074:
1041:
973:
907:
873:
625:
591:
533:
519:
484:
449:
321:
168:
2058:
2041:
977:
805:
5155:
4926:
4905:
4897:
4854:
4707:
4700:
4672:
4615:
4608:
4569:
4463:
4456:
4406:
4383:
4369:
4338:
4057:
4036:
4006:
3986:
3966:
3956:
3946:
3936:
3916:
3871:
3491:
3450:
3434:
3391:
3301:
3279:
3195:
3041:
2970:
2900:
2842:
2240:
1411:
1327:
1281:
1259:
1248:
1243:
940:
860:
774:
748:
715:
659:
550:
312:
64:
2190:
1826:
944:
4833:
4803:
4786:
4721:
4714:
4629:
4559:
4549:
4470:
4441:
4390:
4200:
4175:
3976:
3906:
3737:
3610:
3568:
3554:
3531:
3481:
3405:
3361:
3354:
3294:
3226:
3215:
3205:
3084:
2907:
2893:
2856:
2742:
2707:
2632:
2507:
2464:
2312:
2272:
1498:
1482:
1448:
1092:
1059:
1007:
823:
778:
744:
697:
687:
686:
age, around 249 Ma. The oldest Polish footprints are classified in the
610:
602:
577:
544:
538:
441:
418:
250:
186:
162:
109:
74:
2222:"The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"
1652:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1394:
4997:
4622:
4496:
4184:
4017:
3881:
3646:
3623:
3471:
3413:
3330:
3001:
2953:
2779:
2369:. Berkeley: Zweite Auflage, University of California Press. pp.
1719:
1127:
1026:
1012:
846:
840:
683:
629:
581:
453:
433:
263:
217:
114:
58:
5117:
1941:
5140:
4843:
4741:
4580:
4169:
2458:
2403:
1860:
1740:
1415:
818:
740:
556:
445:
237:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
51:
1710:
1693:
1111:
606:, to feathers in theropod dinosaurs and their descendants, birds.
572:
The "advanced mesotarsal" ankle present in most avemetatarsalians.
5175:
2473:
2103:. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
1355:
911:
751:
in 1991 gave a different definition of Ornithodira, one in which
667:
647:
587:
429:
426:
119:
94:
31:
769:
clade for this purpose: Avemetatarsalia, named after the birds (
568:
4163:
3926:
2482:
2452:
773:), the last surviving members of the clade, and the metatarsal
675:
227:
536:, as well as more controversial and fragmentary taxa such as
422:
137:
5014:
3708:
2168:
1796:
770:
437:
350:
2093:
1589:
839:, and questioned the utility of using priority before the
1590:
Brusatte, S. L.; Niedźwiedzki, G.; Butler, R. J. (2011).
624:
Avemetatarsalians were generally more lightly built than
522:
may potentially be examples, alongside the similar genus
646:
Bird-line archosaurs appear in the fossil record by the
628:. They had smaller heads and usually a complete lack of
1596:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1251:
and ornithodirans. Preliminary analyses had considered
156:
Seven avemetatarsalians (top left to bottom right): a
448:
were the largest terrestrial animals for much of the
4971:
4865:
4850:
4839:
4829:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4755:
4591:
4576:
4565:
4555:
4545:
4420:
4349:
4334:
4323:
4002:
3992:
3982:
3972:
3962:
3952:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3912:
3902:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3676:
3665:
3620:
3579:
3542:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3467:
3372:
3342:
3267:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3064:
3038:
3012:
2997:
2987:
2976:
2966:
2704:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2387:
337:
318:
308:
297:
1698:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
30:"Panaves" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2357:
5203:
4419:
2229:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
654:about 245 million years ago, represented by the
460:. Both dinosaurs and pterosaurs appeared in the
3172:
2582:
1948:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1926:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight
1922:"Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds"
483:("primitive") known avemetatarsalians were the
4304:
4144:
1734:
1637:
1635:
4130:
2419:
2138:
2136:
2042:"The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane"
2039:
4754:
2077:
458:Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event
2306:
2162:
1648:and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs"
1632:
1274:. (2023) are shown in the cladogram below:
782:
4137:
4123:
2426:
2412:
2219:
2133:
853:(2017), with clade names from Cau (2018).
147:
4199:
2506:
2330:
2319:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2289:
2271:
2057:
2033:
1977:
1959:
1709:
1671:
1615:
5222:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances
1919:
567:
2253:
2213:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1585:
1583:
1581:
14:
5204:
2254:Bennett, S. Christopher (2020-02-19).
2142:
2120:
1641:
5122:
5121:
4156:
4118:
3799:
3159:
2569:
2445:
2407:
2000:
672:Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains
3160:
2570:
2433:
1937:
1935:
1915:
1913:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1680:
1578:
24:
3800:
2085:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2040:Elgin RA, Hone DW, Frey E (2011).
1790:
813:) but not Crocodylia (anchored on
25:
5238:
1932:
1910:
1849:
722:
703:Permian–Triassic extinction event
5102:
5101:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5055:
5049:
4099:
4098:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3141:
3133:
3126:
2390:
2001:Baron, Matthew G. (2021-08-20).
1501:
1481:
1453:
1414:
1393:
1354:
1298:
1130:
1110:
1077:
1044:
1011:
976:
943:
910:
878:
204:
62:
2247:
2114:
2066:
2019:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103777
678:may belong to a more primitive
1994:
705:. Their age suggests that the
563:
468:in 1999. An alternate name is
13:
1:
2046:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1571:
405:Gauthier and de Queiroz, 2001
5227:Taxa named by Michael Benton
876:(crocodile-line archosaurs)
747:and all of its descendants.
510:, “throat”), defined as the
7:
27:Clade of archosaur reptiles
10:
5243:
4146:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
2351:
2332:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad038
2003:"The origin of Pterosaurs"
1924:. In Padian, Kevin (ed.).
1920:Gauthier, Jacques (1986).
670:reported in 2010 from the
639:
29:
5217:Anisian first appearances
5130:
5086:
5047:
4996:
4970:
4961:
4916:
4876:
4864:
4795:
4784:
4750:
4739:
4662:
4603:
4590:
4541:
4537:
4526:
4495:
4431:
4415:
4404:
4348:
4319:
4315:
4300:
4281:
4253:
4235:
4226:
4208:
4195:
4152:
4094:
4045:
4016:
3891:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3766:
3719:
3690:
3654:
3645:
3619:
3608:
3578:
3541:
3463:
3459:
3448:
3371:
3341:
3266:
3187:
3183:
3168:
3155:
3124:
3094:
3063:
3037:
3011:
2962:
2951:
2832:
2804:
2732:
2716:
2702:
2593:
2578:
2565:
2533:
2515:
2502:
2441:
2090:, 11(4, Supplement):1–53.
1880:10.1038/s41586-020-3011-4
1760:10.1038/s41586-020-3011-4
1496:
1476:
1469:
1445:
1438:
1409:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1348:
1341:
1324:
1317:
1292:
1285:
1125:
1104:
1097:
1071:
1064:
1038:
1031:
1003:
996:
970:
963:
937:
929:
904:
897:
871:
864:
635:
626:crocodile-line archosaurs
479:(earliest-branching) and
368:
361:
294:
289:
201:Scientific classification
199:
155:
146:
41:
436:more closely related to
1961:10.1073/pnas.1916631117
798:
1692:Nesbitt, S.J. (2011).
1664:10.1098/rstb.1999.0489
1608:10.1098/rspb.2010.1746
821:archosaurs, including
804:
735:(previously coined by
573:
5184:Paleobiology Database
2059:10.4202/app.2009.0145
2007:Earth-Science Reviews
1646:Scleromochlus taylori
1642:Benton, M.J. (1999).
1268:phylogenetic analyses
1222:. (2020) and Ezcurra
640:Further information:
571:
2241:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01
815:Crocodylus niloticus
512:last common ancestor
2220:Andrea Cau (2018).
2191:10.1038/nature22037
1954:(30): 17932–17936.
1827:10.1038/nature22037
1819:2017Natur.544..484N
1658:(1388): 1423–1446.
1602:(1708): 1107–1113.
594:dinosaurs, such as
4068:Ichthyosauromorpha
4058:Drepanosauromorpha
2273:10.7717/peerj.8418
935:†Pterosauromorpha
574:
178:(foreground) with
5212:Avemetatarsalians
5199:
5198:
5124:Taxon identifiers
5115:
5114:
5082:
5081:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
4957:
4956:
4780:
4779:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4400:
4399:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4112:
4111:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
3791:
3790:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3604:
3603:
3444:
3443:
3151:
3150:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
2947:
2946:
2937:Sharovipterygidae
2806:Sharovipterygidae
2750:Dinocephalosaurus
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2359:Michael J. Benton
2185:(7651): 484–487.
1874:(7838): 445–449.
1813:(7651): 484–487.
1754:(7838): 445–449.
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1427:
1426:
1237:In 2023, Nesbitt
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
831:, to this group.
731:defined the name
707:rise of dinosaurs
668:fossil footprints
412:
411:
406:
398:
390:
379:
334:
285:
141:
42:Avemetatarsalians
16:(Redirected from
5234:
5192:
5191:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5119:
5118:
5105:
5104:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5059:
5053:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4874:
4873:
4867:
4852:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4664:Sulcimentisauria
4601:
4600:
4593:
4578:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4429:
4428:
4424:Pterosauromorpha
4422:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4351:
4336:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4243:Archosauromorpha
4233:
4232:
4228:Archosauromorpha
4206:
4205:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4154:
4153:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4046:Possible members
4004:
3994:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3914:
3904:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3678:
3667:
3652:
3651:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3581:
3544:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3374:
3344:
3269:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3175:Archosauriformes
3170:
3169:
3162:Archosauriformes
3157:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3096:Archosauriformes
3066:
3040:
3014:
2999:
2989:
2981:Cryptovaranoides
2978:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2887:Langobardisaurus
2773:Protanystropheus
2734:Trachelosauridae
2714:
2713:
2706:
2693:Vritramimosaurus
2690:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2653:Mecistotrachelos
2650:
2640:
2630:
2619:
2609:
2602:Aenigmastropheus
2599:
2591:
2590:
2585:Archosauromorpha
2580:
2579:
2572:Archosauromorpha
2567:
2566:
2535:Archosauromorpha
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2443:
2442:
2435:Archosauromorpha
2428:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:Dinosaurs portal
2395:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2368:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2275:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2176:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1963:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1587:
1505:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1440:
1418:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1134:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1034:
1033:
1015:
999:
998:
980:
966:
965:
947:
932:
931:
914:
900:
899:
883:
882:
867:
866:
857:
856:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
729:Jacques Gauthier
404:
396:
385:
374:
341:Pterosauromorpha
339:
329:
320:
310:
299:
280:
209:
208:
151:
125:
124:
61:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5187:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5162:Avemetatarsalia
5160:
5159:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5132:Avemetatarsalia
5126:
5116:
5111:
5097:Phytodinosauria
5078:
5065:
5021:
4992:
4986:Sauropodomorpha
4975:Sauropodomorpha
4953:
4918:Herrerasauridae
4912:
4860:
4789:
4776:
4744:
4727:
4658:
4586:
4531:
4529:Dinosauromorpha
4514:
4491:
4409:
4396:
4344:
4309:
4307:Avemetatarsalia
4288:
4285:Avemetatarsalia
4269:
4255:Avemetatarsalia
4249:
4222:
4191:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4113:
4108:
4082:
4063:Kuehneosauridae
4041:
4012:
3997:Vjushkovisaurus
3887:
3862:Protecovasaurus
3802:
3787:
3768:
3744:
3715:
3703:Avemetatarsalia
3692:Avemetatarsalia
3686:
3641:
3613:
3600:
3594:Proterochampsia
3583:Proterochampsia
3574:
3537:
3453:
3440:
3385:Bharitalasuchus
3376:Erythrosuchidae
3367:
3337:
3271:Proterosuchidae
3262:
3257:Syntomiprosopus
3177:
3164:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3110:
3090:
3059:
3033:
3007:
2956:
2943:
2915:Sclerostropheus
2850:Augustaburiania
2834:Tanystropheidae
2828:
2800:
2787:Sclerostropheus
2728:
2710:
2698:
2622:Elachistosuchus
2587:
2574:
2549:
2529:
2498:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2311:
2307:
2252:
2248:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2147:
2143:Taylor (2007).
2141:
2134:
2119:
2115:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2038:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1911:
1859:
1850:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1739:
1735:
1690:
1681:
1640:
1633:
1588:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1486:
1452:
1428:
1392:
1353:
1314:Avemetatarsalia
1297:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1108:Sauropodomorpha
992:Dinosauriformes
959:Dinosauromorpha
894:Avemetatarsalia
877:
837:Ornithosuchidae
794:
791:
788:
785:
761:concluded that
725:
692:Prorotodactylus
652:Middle Triassic
644:
642:Origin of birds
638:
619:flight feathers
566:
530:Dinosauromorpha
462:Triassic Period
432:containing all
417:(meaning "bird
415:Avemetatarsalia
348:
346:Dinosauromorpha
279:
277:Avemetatarsalia
203:
193:Rhamphorhynchus
175:Thalassodromeus
142:
136:is part of the
133:Prorotodactylus
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
56:
55:
48:Middle Triassic
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5180:
5167:
5152:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5092:Ornithoscelida
5087:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5011:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4948:Staurikosaurus
4944:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4886:
4877:
4871:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4563:
4553:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4449:Faxinalipterus
4445:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4362:Incertovenator
4357:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4328:Incertovenator
4320:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4078:Thalattosauria
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3801:Related topics
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3662:
3660:
3657:Incertae sedis
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3562:Halazhaisuchus
3558:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3512:Marcianosuchus
3505:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3421:Guchengosuchus
3417:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3287:Chasmatosuchus
3283:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3209:
3199:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3027:Allokotosauria
3020:
3018:
3016:Allokotosauria
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2992:Tasmaniosaurus
2985:
2974:
2963:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2880:Gwyneddosaurus
2876:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2795:Trachelosaurus
2791:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2663:Prolacertoides
2656:
2646:
2643:Malutinisuchus
2636:
2626:
2615:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2365:The Dinosauria
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2325:(2): 327–353.
2305:
2246:
2212:
2161:
2132:
2113:
2092:
2076:
2065:
2032:
1993:
1931:
1909:
1848:
1789:
1733:
1679:
1631:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1264:pseudosuchians
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1002:
997:
995:
987:
986:
983:
982:
969:
964:
962:
954:
953:
950:
949:
936:
930:
928:
921:
920:
917:
916:
903:
898:
896:
890:
889:
886:
885:
870:
865:
863:
855:
849:after Nesbitt
811:Vultur gryphus
759:Michael Benton
724:
723:Classification
721:
680:dinosauromorph
665:Early Triassic
637:
634:
597:Psittacosaurus
565:
562:
466:Michael Benton
410:
409:
408:
407:
399:
397:Gauthier, 1986
391:
380:
366:
365:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
343:
324:
316:
306:
302:Incertovenator
292:
291:
287:
286:
274:
267:
266:
261:
254:
253:
248:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
197:
196:
184:(background),
158:Gentoo penguin
153:
152:
144:
143:
128:Early Triassic
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5239:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5108:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:Sanjuansaurus
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:Herrerasaurus
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:Daemonosaurus
4887:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Herrerasauria
4863:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:Daemonosaurus
4818:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:Eucoelophysis
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:Scleromochlus
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4280:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Sauropterygia
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Protorosauria
4030:
4028:
4027:Proterosuchia
4025:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:Lucianosaurus
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3772:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:Sikannisuchus
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3546:Euparkeriidae
3540:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:Polymorphodon
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:Erythrosuchus
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3346:Protopyknosia
3340:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:Samsarasuchus
3313:
3311:
3310:
3309:Proterosuchus
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:Sarmatosuchus
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:Koilamasuchus
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:Prolacertidae
3062:
3054:
3053:Rhynchosauria
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3042:Rhynchosauria
3036:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:Tanytrachelos
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:Tanystropheus
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:Gracilicollum
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2823:Sharovipteryx
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:Gracilicollum
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2722:Jesairosaurus
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:Protorosaurus
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2492:Archelosauria
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2388:
2382:
2380:0-520-24209-2
2376:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2109:0-912532-57-2
2106:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2052:(1): 99–111.
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:10.1206/352.1
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:Scleromochlus
1225:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
993:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
979:
975:
968:
967:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
946:
942:
934:
933:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
913:
909:
902:
901:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
881:
875:
869:
868:
862:
859:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
842:
838:
832:
830:
829:Scleromochlus
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
802:
801:
797:, from Greek
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:Scleromochlus
760:
756:
755:
754:Scleromochlus
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Ornithosuchia
730:
720:
718:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
661:
657:
656:dinosauriform
653:
650:stage of the
649:
643:
633:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:ornithischian
589:
585:
583:
579:
570:
561:
559:
558:
553:
552:
547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
526:
525:Scleromochlus
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:Ancient Greek
490:
486:
482:
481:plesiomorphic
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
403:
400:
395:
392:
388:
384:
383:Ornithosuchia
381:
377:
373:
370:
369:
367:
364:
360:
352:
347:
344:
342:
336:
335:
332:
328:
325:
323:
317:
315:
314:
307:
304:
303:
296:
295:
293:
288:
283:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
207:
202:
198:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
145:
139:
135:
134:
129:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
53:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Ornithosuchia
5131:
5054:
4963:Eusaurischia
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4882:Chindesaurus
4880:
4853:
4842:
4832:
4822:
4814:Chindesaurus
4812:
4802:
4770:Ornithischia
4759:Ornithischia
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4694:Ignotosaurus
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4652:Technosaurus
4650:
4645:Soumyasaurus
4643:
4637:Pisanosaurus
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4595:Silesauridae
4579:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4486:Venetoraptor
4484:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4440:
4433:Lagerpetidae
4389:
4382:
4377:Spondylosoma
4375:
4368:
4360:
4353:Aphanosauria
4337:
4326:
4306:
4284:
4283:
4254:
4180:
4145:
4053:Choristodera
4018:Paraphyletic
4005:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3894:Nomina dubia
3892:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3852:Palaeosaurus
3850:
3842:Tecovasaurus
3840:
3830:
3822:Crosbysaurus
3820:
3775:
3738:crocodilians
3732:Pseudosuchia
3721:Pseudosuchia
3691:
3679:
3668:
3655:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3502:Litorosuchus
3500:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3433:
3428:Shansisuchus
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3360:
3353:
3329:
3323:Tsylmosuchus
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3131:
3083:
3076:
3000:
2990:
2979:
2969:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2864:Fuyuansaurus
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2821:
2814:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2757:Fuyuansaurus
2755:
2748:
2741:
2720:
2691:
2683:Rhombopholis
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2620:
2612:Czatkowiella
2610:
2600:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2364:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1951:
1947:
1925:
1871:
1867:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1751:
1747:
1736:
1701:
1697:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1599:
1595:
1497:
1478:Silesauridae
1447:
1446:
1410:
1390:Lagerpetidae
1388:
1369:
1351:Aphanosauria
1349:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1295:Pseudosuchia
1293:
1271:
1262:(a clade of
1252:
1242:
1241:. described
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1126:
1105:
1075:Ornithischia
1072:
1042:Silesauridae
1039:
1006:
1004:
974:Lagerpetidae
971:
938:
924:
908:Aphanosauria
905:
893:
874:Pseudosuchia
872:
850:
845:
833:
828:
822:
814:
810:
767:branch-based
762:
752:
732:
726:
714:
696:
690:
658:
645:
623:
608:
601:
595:
586:
580:and a small
575:
555:
549:
543:
537:
523:
520:Lagerpetidae
516:
507:
503:
502:, “bird”) +
499:
495:
488:
474:
469:
450:Mesozoic Era
442:crocodilians
414:
413:
401:
394:Ornithotarsi
393:
382:
371:
326:
322:Aphanosauria
311:
300:
276:
270:
257:
244:
191:
185:
179:
173:
169:Kentrosaurus
167:
161:
131:
36:
5156:Wikispecies
4927:Gnathovorax
4906:Caseosaurus
4708:Lutungutali
4701:Kwanasaurus
4673:Amanasaurus
4616:Asilisaurus
4609:Agnosphitys
4570:Nyasasaurus
4508:Pterosauria
4497:Pterosauria
4464:Kongonaphon
4457:Ixalerpeton
4407:Ornithodira
4384:Teleocrater
4370:Dongusuchus
4339:Mambachiton
4185:Archosauria
4037:Thecodontia
4007:Wangisuchus
3987:Microcnemus
3967:Fenhosuchus
3957:Exilisuchus
3947:Collilongus
3937:Blomosuchus
3917:Ankistrodon
3872:Uatchitodon
3647:Archosauria
3635:Phytosauria
3624:Phytosauria
3492:Heteropelta
3451:Eucrocopoda
3435:Uralosaurus
3392:Chalishevia
3302:Jaikosuchus
3280:Archosaurus
3196:Antarctanax
2971:Boreopricea
2901:Macrocnemus
2843:Amotosaurus
2235:(1): 1–25.
1412:Pterosauria
1370:Ornithodira
1328:Mambachiton
1282:Archosauria
1260:poposauroid
1253:Mambachiton
1249:aphanosaurs
1244:Mambachiton
941:Pterosauria
925:Ornithodira
861:Archosauria
775:ankle joint
749:Paul Sereno
716:Teleocrater
713:aphanosaur
711:quadrupedal
663:. However,
660:Asilisaurus
611:vertebrates
564:Description
551:Nyasasaurus
534:silesaurids
489:Ornithodira
485:aphanosaurs
419:metatarsals
349:(including
327:Ornithodira
313:Mambachiton
264:Archosauria
57:247–0
5206:Categories
5090:See also:
4834:Eodromaeus
4804:Alwalkeria
4787:Saurischia
4742:Dinosauria
4722:Silesaurus
4715:Sacisaurus
4630:Lewisuchus
4560:Marasuchus
4550:Lagosuchus
4471:Lagerpeton
4442:Dromomeron
4391:Yarasuchus
4264:see below↓
4216:Sauropsida
4201:Sauropsida
4176:Sauropsida
3977:Megacnemus
3907:Albisaurus
3811:Tooth taxa
3611:Crurotarsi
3569:Osmolskina
3555:Euparkeria
3532:Vancleavea
3482:Dorosuchus
3406:Fugusuchus
3362:Triopticus
3355:Kranosaura
3295:Gamosaurus
3227:Kalisuchus
3216:Eorasaurus
3206:Cuyosuchus
3105:see below↓
3085:Prolacerta
3078:Kadimakara
2908:Raibliania
2894:Luxisaurus
2857:Cosesaurus
2743:Austronaga
2708:Tanysauria
2633:Elessaurus
2544:see below↓
2523:Sauropsida
2508:Sauropsida
2465:Sauropsida
2013:: 103777.
1572:References
1499:Dinosauria
1449:Lagosuchus
1270:of Nesbit
1232:doswelliid
1093:Saurischia
1060:Dinosauria
1008:Marasuchus
824:Lagosuchus
779:Crocodylia
745:pterosaurs
698:Sphingopus
688:ichnogenus
630:osteoderms
603:Tianyulong
578:astragalus
545:Lagosuchus
539:Marasuchus
454:Pterosaurs
434:archosaurs
290:Subgroups
251:Sauropsida
187:Diplodocus
181:Anhanguera
163:Marasuchus
130:record if
126:(possible
5013:includes
5009:Theropoda
4998:Theropoda
4623:Gamatavus
4162:Kingdom:
3882:Zanclodon
3736:includes
3707:includes
3472:Asperoris
3414:Garjainia
3331:Vonhuenia
3002:Teyujagua
2954:Crocopoda
2780:Pectodens
2451:Kingdom:
2341:0024-4082
2282:2167-8359
2266:: e8418.
2158:(1): 1–6.
2152:PaleoBios
2129:(3): 1–7.
2123:PaleoBios
2027:0012-8252
1970:0027-8424
1904:228077525
1888:0028-0836
1784:228077525
1768:1476-4687
1720:2246/6112
1704:: 1–292.
1218:Kammerer
1128:Theropoda
1027:Dracohors
847:Cladogram
841:PhyloCode
792:all birds
741:dinosaurs
727:In 1986,
684:Olenekian
582:calcaneum
446:Dinosaurs
224:Kingdom:
218:Eukaryota
5176:42329835
5141:Wikidata
5107:Category
4844:Saltopus
4680:Diodorus
4581:Saltopus
4170:Chordata
4168:Phylum:
4164:Animalia
4104:Category
2474:Diapsida
2459:Chordata
2457:Phylum:
2453:Animalia
2300:32117608
2199:28405026
2088:Memoir 2
1988:32631980
1896:33299179
1835:28405026
1776:33299179
1728:83493714
1626:20926435
1255:to be a
819:Triassic
803:+ Latin
743:and the
588:Feathers
557:Saltopus
470:Pan-Aves
440:than to
430:reptiles
421:") is a
402:Pan-Aves
372:Dracones
363:Synonyms
331:Gauthier
238:Chordata
234:Phylum:
228:Animalia
214:Domain:
5147:Q133187
4174:Class:
2463:Class:
2352:Sources
2291:7035874
2207:9095072
1979:7395432
1843:9095072
1815:Bibcode
1673:1692658
1617:3049033
1095:
1062:
1029:
994:
961:
927:
786:
648:Anisian
615:tissues
427:diapsid
376:Haeckel
52:Present
50:–
32:Paraves
5189:144376
4020:groups
3927:Avipes
2816:Ozimek
2483:Sauria
2377:
2339:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2205:
2197:
2179:Nature
2107:
2025:
1986:
1976:
1968:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1868:Nature
1841:
1833:
1807:Nature
1782:
1774:
1766:
1748:Nature
1726:
1670:
1624:
1614:
1091:
1058:
1025:
990:
957:
851:et al.
676:Poland
636:Origin
554:, and
389:, 1908
378:, 1895
333:, 1986
284:, 1999
282:Benton
5015:birds
4181:Clade
3709:birds
2488:Clade
2479:Clade
2470:Clade
2373:–19.
2260:PeerJ
2225:(PDF)
2203:S2CID
2175:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
1900:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1803:(PDF)
1780:S2CID
1724:S2CID
1272:et al
1257:basal
1239:et al
1224:et al
1220:et al
737:Huene
508:deirḗ
504:δειρή
500:órnis
496:ὄρνις
477:basal
438:birds
423:clade
387:Huene
271:Clade
258:Clade
245:Clade
138:clade
5007:see
4984:see
4898:Tawa
4855:Tawa
4768:see
4506:see
4241:see
4214:see
3730:see
3701:see
3681:Smok
3633:see
3592:see
3051:see
3025:see
2521:see
2375:ISBN
2337:ISSN
2296:PMID
2278:ISSN
2195:PMID
2105:ISBN
2023:ISSN
1984:PMID
1966:ISSN
1892:PMID
1884:ISSN
1831:PMID
1772:PMID
1764:ISSN
1622:PMID
827:and
806:aves
800:pan-
783:lit.
771:Aves
600:and
351:Aves
65:PreꞒ
5171:EoL
2327:doi
2323:199
2286:PMC
2268:doi
2237:doi
2187:doi
2183:544
2054:doi
2015:doi
2011:221
1974:PMC
1956:doi
1952:117
1876:doi
1872:588
1823:doi
1811:544
1756:doi
1752:588
1716:hdl
1706:doi
1702:352
1668:PMC
1660:doi
1656:354
1612:PMC
1604:doi
1600:278
1234:).
674:of
425:of
5208::
5186::
5173::
5158::
5143::
4183::
2490::
2481::
2472::
2335:.
2321:.
2317:.
2294:.
2284:.
2276:.
2262:.
2258:.
2233:57
2231:.
2227:.
2201:.
2193:.
2181:.
2177:.
2156:27
2154:.
2150:.
2135:^
2127:25
2125:.
2050:56
2048:.
2044:.
2021:.
2009:.
2005:.
1982:.
1972:.
1964:.
1950:.
1946:.
1934:^
1912:^
1898:.
1890:.
1882:.
1870:.
1866:.
1851:^
1837:.
1829:.
1821:.
1809:.
1805:.
1778:.
1770:.
1762:.
1750:.
1746:.
1722:.
1714:.
1700:.
1696:.
1682:^
1666:.
1654:.
1650:.
1634:^
1620:.
1610:.
1598:.
1594:.
1580:^
632:.
621:.
548:,
542:,
528:.
273::
260::
247::
190:,
172:,
166:,
160:,
115:Pg
59:Ma
54:,
4972:†
4909:?
4901:?
4893:?
4885:?
4866:†
4851:†
4847:?
4840:†
4830:†
4820:†
4810:†
4800:†
4756:†
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4640:?
4597:?
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4566:†
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4324:†
4138:e
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3993:†
3983:†
3973:†
3963:†
3953:†
3943:†
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3212:†
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2977:†
2967:†
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2918:?
2875:?
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2808:?
2790:?
2768:?
2760:?
2725:?
2705:†
2689:†
2679:†
2669:†
2659:†
2649:†
2639:†
2629:†
2625:?
2618:†
2608:†
2598:†
2427:e
2420:t
2413:v
2383:.
2371:7
2343:.
2329::
2302:.
2270::
2264:8
2243:.
2239::
2209:.
2189::
2111:.
2062:.
2056::
2029:.
2017::
1990:.
1958::
1906:.
1878::
1845:.
1825::
1817::
1786:.
1758::
1730:.
1718::
1708::
1676:.
1662::
1644:"
1628:.
1606::
1106:†
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795:'
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506:(
498:(
491:(
353:)
338:†
319:†
309:†
305:?
298:†
140:)
120:N
110:K
105:J
100:T
95:P
90:C
85:D
80:S
75:O
70:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
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