2004:
2432:
inland flight; their wings were short and broad (unlike the long, narrow wings of marine soarers), and were more manoeuvrable and less likely to snag on obstacles. Their lower shoulder muscles appear to have been enlarged, which would have helped with powerful (or frequent) wing downstrokes and takeoff ability. Although it may have had to compensate for its large crest during flight, its development late in growth indicates that it did not develop primarily for aerodynamics. Witton suggested that the proportional similarity between the limbs of thalassodromids and azhdarchids also indicates that their terrestrial abilities would have been comparable. Their limbs would have been capable of long strides, and their short, compact feet would have made these mechanics efficient. The enlarged shoulder muscles may have allowed them to accelerate quickly when running, and they may have been as adapted for movement on the ground as has been suggested for azhdarchids; Witton cautioned that more analysis of thalassodromids was needed to determine this.
2099:
behavioural activities than for physiology. He found the idea that the crests were used for thermoregulation problematic, since they did not grow regularly with body size; they grew at a fast pace in near-adults, quicker than what would be predicted for the growth of a thermoregulatory structure. According to Witton, the large, highly vascular wing membranes of pterosaurs would provide the surface area needed for thermoregulation, meaning the crests were not needed for that function. He concluded that the crest's blood-vessel patterns did not differ much from those seen on bones under the beaks of birds, which are used for transporting nutrients to the bone and soft tissues rather than for thermoregulation. Witton noted that although bird beaks lose heat quickly, that is not what they were developed for; the crests of pterosaurs might also have had an effect on thermoregulation, without this being their primary function.
1130:. The lower edge of the area was somewhat curved, which probably created a small gap when the jaws were closed. Further back, immediately in front of the nasoantorbital fenestra, the palatal ridge became a strong, blunt, convex keel. This convexity fit into the symphyseal shelf at the front end of the lower jaw, and they would have tightly interlocked when the jaws were closed. The palatal ridge ended in a strongly concave area unique to this species. The postpalatine fenestrae (openings behind the palatine bone) were oval and very small, differing from those of related species. The ectopterygoid (bone on the side of the palate) had large, plate-like sides, and was well-developed compared to related species. The supraoccipital bone, which formed the hindmost base of the cranial crest, had muscle scars at its upper end (probably corresponding to the attachment of neck muscles).
886:
1000:
1153:) which is known only from a jaw tip). The symphyseal shelf, the upper surface of the symphysis, extended for 170 mm (6.7 in) and had a flat surface. Seen from above, the side edges of this area were tall and formed a sharp margin. Near the front end of the symphysis, the edges which formed the margins became broader towards the front of the shelf until they met and fused. The upper and lower surfaces of the jaw at the front of the shelf were keeled (the upper keel more robust and starting before the lower), which gave the symphysis a blade-like shape. The lower keel became deeper towards the front of the jaw, giving the impression that the jaw deflected downwards; it was actually straight, except for the (perhaps) upturned tip. The
526:
1179:
2151:
2316:(unlike skimmers) did not have a particularly wide or robust skull or especially large jaw-muscle attachment sites, and its mandible was comparatively short and stubby. Witton agreed with Unwin and Martill that thalassodromids, with their equal limb proportions and elongated jaws, were suited to roaming terrestrially and feeding opportunistically; their shorter, more flexible necks indicated a different manner of feeding than azhdarchids, which had longer, stiffer necks. He suggested that thalassodromids may have had more generalised feeding habits, and azhdarchids may have been more restricted;
2441:
689:
9197:
2388:
668:
1027:(eye socket), piercing the basal part of the crest; such a feature is unknown in other pterosaurs, and does not appear to be due to damage. The margins of the opening are smooth, and the inner border has fenestration connecting it to the inner structure of the crest. The back of the crest ended in a prominent V-shaped notch, a unique feature of this species. Although other parts of the crest have V-shaped breaks, the V shape at the end does not appear to have been due to breakage; the margins of the bone can be seen there, still encased by
1093:
7964:
9343:
2218:
6766:
161:
126:
6772:
6149:
7980:
9204:
6154:
5608:
2103:
9210:
5616:
9355:
5623:
7972:
2520:. It is well known for preserving fossils three-dimensionally in calcareous concretions, including many pterosaur fossils. As well as muscle fibres of pterosaurs and dinosaurs, fish preserving gills, digestive tracts, and hearts have been found there. The formation's tropical climate largely corresponded to today's Brazilian climate. Most of its flora were
877:(named in 1923). The idea that the fragment belonged to a turtle had been considered and rejected by Grellet-Tinnera and Codrea in their original description. Grellet-Tinnera and Codrea denied the turtle identity suggested by Dyke and colleagues, noting that those researchers had not directly examined the fossil.
2280:
and towing them along a water-filled trough at varying speeds. The researchers found that skimming used more energy for skimmers than previously thought, and would have been impossible for a pterosaur weighing more than 1 kg (2.2 lb) due to the metabolic power required. They found that even
2093:
and able to fly shortly after hatching, the role of the crest was relevant only after maturity (when the structure was fully grown). They deemed the thermoregulation hypothesis an unlikely explanation for the blood-vessel channels on the crest, which they found consistent with nourishment for growing
2423:
through temperature adjustment. Kellner and Campos rejected the idea of an inflatable crest, since its compressed bones would not allow this; they did not find the sperm-whale analogy convincing in relation to flying animals, noting that spermaceti is more likely to be used during aggression or for
2410:
used its crest to balance its jaws, with the head changing attitude depending on the mode of locomotion. Williams speculated that the crest would be inflatable with blood and presented varying air resistance, which he compared to a handheld fan; this would have helped the animal change the attitude
2182:
would have fed in a similar way, as implied by the genus name; skimmers skim over the surface of water, dipping their lower jaw to catch fish and crustaceans. Kellner and Campos listed additional skull features of skimmers which are adaptations for skim feeding, including enlarged palatine bones, a
2098:
system would have been more effective at controlling heat than a crest, and wind and water could also have helped cool pterosaurs in high-temperature maritime settings. In 2013, Witton agreed that the substantially larger crests of adult thalassodromids indicated that they were more important for
2431:
Witton also expressed hope for further analysis of thalassodromid locomotion. He noted that since their limb proportions were similar to those of the better-studied azhdarchids, the shape of their wings and style of flight might have been similar. Thalassodromids might also have been adapted for
2065:
and its relatives developed by the premaxillary portion of the crests growing backwards over the skull-roof (as indicated by the well-defined suture between the premaxilla and the underlying bones). The hind margin of the premaxillary part of this specimen's crest had only reached above the hind
1067:, which separated the orbit from the nasoantorbital fenestra, was vertically elongated and higher than the upper surface of the orbit (in contrast to the condition seen in pterodactyloids with smaller nasoantorbital fenestrae). The orbit was slender and compressed from front to back compared to
1169:
by the upper edge of the symphysis being much sharper than the lower. The two species shared features such as the compression of the symphysis sideways and from top to bottom, the sharp keel at the upper front of the symphysis, and the small groove running along the upper surface of the shelf.
2039:
during intense activity (such as hunting), and they suggested that, when in flight, heat would have been dispelled more effectively if the crest were aligned with the wind, while the head was intentionally moved to the sides. Kellner and Campos posited that the crest could have had additional
1062:
of the lower jaw. The front of the premaxillae had sharp upper and lower edges, unique to this species. As in related genera, the nasoantorbital fenestra was comparatively large; it was 650 mm (26 in) long and 200 mm (7.9 in) high, which was 71 percent of the skull length
2247:
and engineer R. Jack
Templin said that smaller pterosaurs may have been able to skim-feed. They doubted that this was possible for larger ones, due to their lesser manoeuvrability and flying capability while resisting water. Chatterjee and Templin noted that skimmers have blunter beaks than
996:). The crest varied from 1 to 10.5 mm (0.039 to 0.413 in) in thickness; it thickened at the contact between the premaxillae and the frontoparietal part, and became gradually thinner toward the top and back (except for the lower part behind the occiput, where it had a thick base).
504:
has since been found to have had strong jaw musculature, and may have been able to kill and eat relatively large prey on the ground. The limb proportions of related species indicate that it may have adapted to fly in inland settings, and would have been efficient at moving on the ground.
2428:. They agreed that the idea of the crest having an in-flight function was tempting and sideways movement of the head would have helped it change direction, but biomechanical and flight-mechanical studies of the crest would have to be conducted to determine the animal's aerodynamics.
2195:
also appears to have had powerful neck muscles, large jaw muscles, and an upper jaw tip well-irrigated by blood (features which
Kellner and Campos interpreted as adaptations for skimming). They concluded that the scissor-like bill and thin crest almost made other modes of capturing
2138:(the largest of any modern birds) grow drastically out of proportion to body size and function as thermoregulatory structures, as well as facilitating feeding and social behaviour. PĂȘgas and colleagues found the vascular structure of toucan bills comparable to that in the crest of
2312:, as had been suggested for azhdarchids. Witton said in 2013 that although skim-feeding had been suggested for many pterosaur groups, the idea was criticised in recent years; pterosaurs lacked virtually all adaptations for skim-feeding, making it unlikely that they fed this way.
2406:, engineer John Michael Williams noted that although Kellner and Campos had mentioned that the large crest might have interfered aerodynamically during flight, they had not elaborated on this point and had compared the pterosaur with a bird one-fifth its size. He suggested that
654:
because the crest of this pterosaur was supposedly reminiscent of the crown worn by Seth, but the palaeontologists André Jacques
Veldmeijer, Marco Signore, and Hanneke J. M. Meijer pointed out in 2005 that the crown (with its two tall plumes) was typically worn by the god
429:
of 4.2 to 4.5 m (14 to 15 ft). The crest was lightly built and ran from the tip of the upper jaw to beyond the back of the skull, ending in a unique V-shaped notch. The jaws were toothless, and had sharp upper and lower edges. Its skull had large nasoantorbital
3350:
Dyke, G.; Vremir, M.; Brusatte, S. L.; Bever, G.S.; Buffetaut, E.; Chapman, S.; Csiki-Sava, Z.; Kellner, A.; Martin, E.; Naish, D.; Norell, M.; Ćsi, A.; Pinheiro, F. L.; Prondvai, E.; Rabi, M.; Rodrigues, T.; Steel, L.; Tong, H.; Vila Nova, B. C.; Witton, M. (2015).
930:
is unknown, relatives had unusually short and blocky neck vertebrae, with well-developed front and hind-limbs that were almost equal in length (excluding the long wing-finger). The hindlimbs were eighty percent that of the forelimb length, a unique ratio among
1075:, but similar to some of them in being more than half the height of the nasoantorbital fenestra. The orbit was positioned lower than the upper margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra, and therefore very low on the skull. Although the bones bordering the
2203:
s fishing method, they envisioned it with a less-mobile neck than skimmers; with the crest impeding its head from submersion it would glide, flapping its wings only occasionally. They found that the pterosaur with jaws most similar to those of
3265:
743:
was simply an older, larger, and better-preserved individual. This idea was rejected by
Kellner and Campos in 2007, who pointed out these species had differences in features other than their crests. They also noted that one specimen of
768:
in 2005. They concluded that although the two specimens differed in several details, the differences were not significant enough to base a new species on the mandible, and that the new specimen filled in the gap of
Kellner and Campos'
2612:. Thalassodromines are known only from this formation, and though well-preserved postcranial remains from there have been assigned to the group, they cannot be assigned to genus due to their lack of skulls. Dinosaur fauna includes
1308:. A 2014 study by palaeontologist Brian Andres and colleagues instead found thalassodromines to group with dsungaripterids, forming the clade Dsungaripteromorpha within Neoazhdarchia (defined as the most inclusive clade containing
1262:(bones in the hand), and very long snouts (more than 88% of the skull length). Kellner and Campos defended the validity of Tapejaridae in 2007, dividing it into two clades: Tapejarinae and Thalassodrominae, the latter containing
1253:
and
Azhdarchidae) had been named Neoazhdarchia by palaeontologist David Unwin in 2003, an arrangement Martill and Naish concurred with. According to Martill, features uniting members of Neoazhdarchia included the presence of a
901:
is one of the largest pterosaur skulls ever discovered. The entire skull is estimated to have been 1.42 m (4 ft 8 in) long; the bones were fused together, indicating adulthood. Based on related pterosaurs, its
2411:
of the head during flight (and during contact with water), keeping it from rotating without powerful neck muscles. The crest would have made long flights possible, rather than interfering; Williams compared it with the
1022:
system uniting the bones. The crest's surface had a system of channels of varying size and thickness, probably the impressions of extensive blood vessels. A small, 46 mm (1.8 in) opening was present above the
2066:
margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra, indicating that it was not an adult at the time of death. This suggests that the development of the crest happened late in the growth of an individual, was probably related to
2034:
heat through convection), while heat transfer was controlled by – and depended on – the network of blood vessels. The ability to control its body temperature would have aided
827:
was downturned, and reinterpreted the frontmost piece of the lower jaw to have connected directly with the subsequent piece (with no gap). In 2020, palaeontlogist James McPhee and colleagues considered
2293:
model was destroyed during the experiment, due to the high and unstable forces exerted on it while skimming at high speed, casting further doubt on this feeding method. The authors used the jaw tip of
1274:. They distinguished thalassodromines by their high nasoantorbital fenestrae and the bony part of their crests beginning at the front of the skull and continuing further back than in other pterosaurs.
2360:
blade-like, robust jaws indicated that it could have used them to strike and kill prey, but they thought that biomechanical work was needed to substantiate the idea. They found (unlike Witton) that
4098:
Bantim, R. A. M.; Saraiva, A. A. F.; Oliveira, G. R.; SayĂŁo, J. M. (2014). "A new toothed pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Anhangueridae) from the Early
Cretaceous Romualdo Formation, NE Brazil".
2086:, according to their interpretation). Kellner and Campos found Martill and Naish's discussion of cranial crest development interesting, although they found their proposed model speculative.
723:, which was named by Kellner and Campos in 1988 based on fossils from the same formation. In the view of Martill and Naish, the differences between these genera (including two species of
4284:
Buchmann, R.; Rodrigues, T.; Polegario, S.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2017). "New information on the postcranial skeleton of the
Thalassodrominae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae)".
2256:
Stuart
Humphries and colleagues questioned whether any pterosaurs would have commonly fed by skimming and said that such conclusions had been based on anatomical comparisons rather than
756:), despite Martill and Naish's contention that the latter was an older individual. Kellner and Campos' view has since been accepted by other researchers, including Martill and Naish.
584:
and right mandibular ramus (half of the mandible) are pushed slightly inward. The skull was first reported in a 1984 Italian book, and preliminarily described and figured in 1990 by
1157:(depressions) at the back of the upper jaw were deeper and broader than usual in pterodactyloids, creating large surfaces for the lower jaw to articulate with. The possible species
958:
in front of the eye with the bony nostril). The most conspicuous feature of the skull was the large crest, which ran along the upper edge from the tip of the snout and beyond the
2938:
Leonardi, G. (1984). "I rettili volanti". In
Bonaparte, J.F.; Colbert, E.H.; Currie, P.J.; de RicqlĂšs, A.; Kielen-Jaworowska, Z.; Leonardi, G.; Morello, N.; Taquet, P. (eds.).
1297:
and colleagues in 2006) had never been validly established and Thalassodrominae should be the proper name (although it was bestowed a year later). Witton further converted the
1304:
A 2011 analysis by palaeontologist Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues upheld the grouping of the clades Tapejarinae and Thalassodrominae in the family Tapejaridae, joined by the
2134:
specimens would have to be found to evaluate these theories. They did not think that thermoregulation correlated with crest growth relative to body size, since the bills of
2126:. They suggested that both sexes could have had similar crests due to mutual sexual selection, but interpretation of exaggerated features was challenging due to the small
2364:
had a reinforced jaw joint and robust jaw muscles, but more work was needed to determine its dietary habits. According to PĂȘgas and colleagues, the articulation between
988:, and part of the supraoccipital bone. The premaxillae formed most of the crest, extending to its back, and contacted the frontoparietal part of the crest by a straight
3059:
Veldmeijer, A.J.; Signore, M.; Meijer, H.J.M. (2005). "Description of two pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) mandibles from the upper Cretaceous Santana Formation, Brazil".
2324:, which had a more lightly built skull. Witton stressed that more studies of functional morphology would have to be done to illuminate the subject and speculated that
1137:
is incomplete, its total length is estimated at 670 mm (26 in) – 47 percent of which was occupied by the mandibular symphysis. The tip of the
789:, in 2015. The generic name is Portuguese for "toothless" and the specific name honours private collector Urs Oberli, who had donated the specimen to the Naturmuseum
4237:"New postcranial elements of the Thalassodrominae (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae) from the Romualdo Formation (Aptian-Albian), Santana Group, Araripe Basin, Brazil"
421:
had one of the largest known skulls among pterosaurs, around 1.42 m (4 ft 8 in) long, with one of the proportionally largest cranial crests of any
2003:
2022:
s cranial crest were proposed by Kellner and Campos in 2002. They suggested that the network of blood vessels on its large surface was consistent with use for
9380:
4319:
Figueiredo, R. G.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2009). "A new crocodylomorph specimen from the Araripe Basin (Crato Member, Santana Formation), northeastern Brazil".
591:
and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. Although the pieces of skull had been divided between museums in South and North America, they were assembled before 2002.
3678:
2089:
Palaeontologists David W. E. Hone, Naish, and Innes C. Cuthill reiterated Martill and Naish's growth hypothesis in 2012; since pterosaurs were probably
1293:
attempted to resolve the naming issue in 2009, noting that the name "Tupuxuaridae" (first used in the vernacular form "tupuxuarids" by palaeontologist
1165:
and other relatives by the upper surface of its mandibular symphysis being slightly shorter than the lower surface, and was further distinguished from
4630:
2196:
prey – such as swooping down toward water and plunging into it – impossible. Conceding the difficulty of reconstructing
2178: – with their sideways-compressed jaws, blade-like beak, and protruding lower jaw (resembling scissors in side view). They argued that
1990:
PĂȘgas and colleagues kept Tapejarinae and Thalassodrominae as part of Tapejaridae in 2018, but acknowledged that the subject was still controversial.
3634:
Hone, D. W. E.; Naish, D.; Cuthill, I. C. (2012). "Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs?".
384:
due to its crest being supposedly reminiscent of Seth's crown. Other scholars have pointed out that the crest was instead similar to the crown of
9287:
2963:
Kellner, A. W. A.; Campos, D. A. (1990). "Preliminary description of an unusual pterosaur skull of the Lower Cretaceous from the Araripe Basin".
3169:(Thalassodromidae, Azhdarchoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, with a note on the nomenclature of Thalassodromidae".
2118:
PĂȘgas and colleagues noted that sexual dimorphism in crest size and shape has been proposed for some pterosaurs; the crest shape seen in the
3361:, an out of place and out of time Gondwanan tapejarid pterosaur", Grellet-Tinner and Codrea (online July 2014 DOI 10.1016/j.gr.2014.06.002)"
698:
skull, showing the possible extent of the undamaged crest and downturned jaws proposed by Headden, but not supported by PĂȘgas and colleagues
484:, but it likely had more than one function. The crests of thalassodromids appear to have developed late in growth (probably correlated with
2716:
2712:
2655:
148:
3405:, an out of place and out of time Gondwanan tapejarid pterosaur" by Grellet-Tinner and Codrea (July 2014), DOI 10.1016/j.gr.2014.06.002".
2673:
3983:"Skeletal remains of a small theropod dinosaur with associated soft structures from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of NE Brazil"
1210:, based on its large crest and large nasoantorbital fenestra. Within this clade, they found that it differed from the short-faced genus
3143:
Kellner, A. W. A.; Campos, D. A. (2007). "Short note on the ingroup relationships of the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea)".
500:, by skimming over the water's surface and dipping its lower jaws to catch prey. This idea was later criticised for lack of evidence;
9410:
9274:
3215:
Headden, J. A.; Campos, H. B. N. (2015). "An unusual edentulous pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Romualdo Formation of Brazil".
2743:
and some uncertain forms. PĂȘgas and colleagues noted that pterosaur taxa from the Romualdo Formation had several species: two of
4542:"An updated review of the fish faunas from the Crato and Santana formations in Brazil, a close relationship to the Tethys fauna"
4364:"The oldest pre-podocnemidid turtle (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the early Cretaceous, CearĂĄ state, Brasil, and its environment"
1226:
also shared a crest consisting primarily of bone; the crest had a large component of soft tissue in other members of the group.
9405:
4235:
Aires, A. S. S.; Kellner, A. W. A.; MĂŒller, R. T.; Da Silva, L. R.; Pacheco, C. P.; Dias-Da-Silva, S.; Angielczyk, K. (2014).
3009:
PĂȘgas, R. V.; Costa, F. R.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2018). "New Information on the osteology and a taxonomic revision of The genus
1202:
and its closest relatives is one of the most contentious issues regarding their group. Kellner and Campos originally assigned
4609:
4577:
999:
372:
and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. The generic name means "sea runner" (in reference to its supposed mode of feeding), and the
1008:
3987:
2947:
2339:
at a conference in 2015. They found that its well-developed jaw muscles differed from those of the possible dip-feeder
1192:
1046:; the suture which formed the border between these bones is not visible. As in all members of its clade, the jaws were
537:
for having a crest similar to his crown, Seth did not wear such a crown; the crest was instead similar to the crown of
3457:"New information on the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) and discussion of the relationships of this clade"
3846:
3719:
9196:
3837:
Unwin, D.; Martill, D. (2007). "Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation". In D. Martill; G. Bechly; B. Loveridge (eds.).
415:) was described in 2015 based on a supposed crest fragment, but this was later shown to be part of a turtle shell.
962:
at the back of the skull, almost doubling the length and height of the skull. With the exception of the pterosaur
4410:
2332:
predator, using its jaws to subdue prey with strong bites; its concave palate could help it swallow large prey.
3935:
Mabesoone, J. M.; Tinoco, I. M. (1973). "Palaeoecology of the Aptian Santana Formation (Northeastern Brazil)".
3683:
3352:
2785:
6771:
4459:
3881:
Williams, J. M.; Kellner, A. W. A.; Campos, D. A. (2002). "Form, function, and the flight of the pterosaur".
3688:
3545:
3266:"A new ?chaoyangopterid (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Southern Morocco"
1301:
name Thalassodrominae into the family name Thalassodromidae, and considered the clade part of Neoazhdarchia.
1289:
had received different names from different researchers (Thalassodrominae and Tupuxuaridae). Palaeontologist
1035:(horny) covering and may have been extended by soft tissue in some areas, but the extent of this is unknown.
634:, '"runner"', meaning "sea runner" in reference to the animal's supposed skim-feeding behaviour. The
3737:"Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method"
566:
160:
4200:
Martill, D. M. (2011). "A new pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Santana Formation (Cretaceous) of Brazil".
2094:
tissue (such as the keratin in bird beaks). Hone, Naish, and Cuthill suggested that the wing membranes and
7963:
6765:
2371:
articular and quadrate bones (where the lower jaw connected with the skull) indicates a maximum gape of 50
2030:. Kellner and Campos thought that the crest was used for cooling (enabling the animal to dissipate excess
1126:(openings) on the lower side edges of the ridge indicate that it had a horny covering in life, similar to
9400:
580:), missing two segments of the bottom of the skull and mandible and the front of the lower jaw. The left
442:
was concave. The lower jaw was blade-like, and may have turned slightly upwards. The closest relative of
2082:(enlarged) premaxillary crest, would thereby represent an old adult individual (and the mature stage of
950:
had a streamlined profile, especially from the tip of the snout to the front edge of the nasoantorbital
9395:
9390:
9333:
3456:
565:, it was collected over a long period in several pieces. The specimen (catalogued as DGM 1476-R at the
4051:
gen. et sp. nov. (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Santana Formation (Cretaceous) of NE Brazil"
2828:"The function of the cranial crest and jaws of a unique pterosaur from the early Cretaceous of Brazil"
2191:
were concave, which the writers suggested could have helped it momentarily store food. Like skimmers,
1079:(an opening behind the orbit) were incomplete, it appears to have been elongated and slit-like (as in
6148:
4602:
4444:"Evolution of the side-necked turtles: The families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae"
2458:
764:
Veldmeijer and colleagues assigned the front part of a mandible collected from the same formation to
4706:
2780:
2236:
1914:
1795:
1316:
1014:
Despite its size, the crest was lightly built and essentially hollow; some areas indicate signs of
576:, and consists of an almost-complete, three-dimensional skull (pterosaur bones are often flattened
5607:
3532:
Pinheiro, F. L.; Fortier, D. C.; Schultz, C. L.; De Andrade, J. A. F.G.; Bantim, R. A. M. (2011).
1141:
is missing, but its front surface indicates that it might have been turned slightly upwards as in
9375:
6184:
5615:
1845:
1076:
1015:
964:
635:
373:
9318:
6153:
4363:
3533:
2888:
Toothed pterosaurs from the Santana Formation (Cretaceous; AptianâAlbian) of northeastern Brazil
1054:(snout) was 650 mm (26 in) long from the tip of the premaxilla to the joint where the
773:
skull reconstruction. Palaeontologists Jaime A. Headden and Herbert B. N. Campos coined the new
9229:
9104:
7262:
4399:, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil"
2340:
885:
873:
142:
9292:
9203:
4028:
Zitteliana Reihe B: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fĂŒr PalĂ€ontologie und Geologie
851:
in Romania. The authors said that this would extend the range in time and space for the genus
9313:
9305:
9209:
3862:
PĂȘgas, R. V.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2015). "Preliminary mandibular myological reconstruction of
1409:
774:
4097:
9385:
9261:
7971:
7357:
5796:
5706:
5622:
4595:
4498:
4328:
4248:
4209:
4154:
4062:
3996:
3944:
3643:
3598:
3495:
3414:
3375:
3324:
3277:
3226:
3178:
3100:
3022:
2844:
2471:
1596:
1218:. Kellner elaborated on the relationships within Tapejaridae in 2004, and pointed out that
1119:
1085:
863:
and a large team of colleagues immediately rejected the pterosaurian identification of the
859:
between the older South American species and the younger European species. Palaeontologist
782:, based on their reinterpretation of the jaw tip as belonging to a toothless member of the
252:
7979:
4394:
1258:(fused vertebrae in the shoulder region), the loss of contact between the first and third
808:
holotype skull, palaeontologists Rodrigo V. PĂȘgas, Fabiana R. Costa, and Kellner assigned
8:
9347:
8861:
8550:
8237:
7536:
7463:
5231:
4951:
2045:
1931:
1778:
1747:
1426:
1310:
955:
435:
355:
of northeastern Brazil, was collected in several pieces. In 2002, the skull was made the
4502:
4332:
4252:
4213:
4158:
4066:
4000:
3948:
3647:
3602:
3499:
3418:
3379:
3328:
3281:
3230:
3182:
3104:
3026:
2848:
8390:
6864:
6707:
5850:
5653:
5640:
5554:
5396:
5027:
5002:
4522:
4471:
4424:
4344:
4301:
4266:
4177:
4142:
4123:
4080:
3914:
3898:
3814:
3787:
3763:
3736:
3659:
3564:
3511:
3293:
3242:
3217:
3194:
3118:
3038:
2868:
2764:
2494:
2454:
2308:
Unwin and Martill suggested in 2007 that thalassodromids may have foraged similarly to
2049:
839:
In 2015 palaeontologists Gerald Grellet Tinner and Vlad A. Codrea named a new species,
647:
577:
562:
510:
489:
306:
155:
2827:
2440:
2320:
may have been better at handling relatively large, struggling prey than its relative,
1178:
793:(where it is catalogued as NMSG SAO 25109). Headden and Campos interpreted the tip of
9300:
8816:
7631:
7560:
6802:
6789:
6732:
6495:
6393:
6295:
6213:
5991:
5968:
5934:
5864:
5405:
5321:
5273:
5247:
4960:
4865:
4573:
4541:
4514:
4443:
4375:
4348:
4305:
4182:
4115:
4023:
3982:
3960:
3956:
3906:
3842:
3819:
3768:
3715:
3655:
3616:
3468:
3297:
3246:
3198:
3113:
3084:
2943:
2860:
2835:
2244:
1828:
1711:
1464:
1305:
1154:
1051:
918:. Of similar proportions, its skull was more heavily built than that of its relative
833:
603:
588:
554:
481:
369:
356:
4526:
4475:
4428:
4270:
4127:
4084:
3663:
3568:
3515:
3122:
3042:
2872:
2074:
of a given specimen could be assessed by the size and disposition of the crest. The
650:
at the time of this preliminary description. The original describers chose the name
9045:
8928:
8920:
8712:
8641:
8566:
8108:
8011:
7998:
7930:
7810:
7799:
7049:
6906:
6843:
6618:
6600:
6438:
6262:
6078:
6064:
6022:
5528:
5514:
5446:
5125:
4675:
4506:
4463:
4455:
4414:
4406:
4336:
4293:
4256:
4217:
4172:
4162:
4107:
4070:
4004:
3952:
3918:
3894:
3890:
3809:
3799:
3758:
3748:
3707:
3651:
3606:
3554:
3503:
3422:
3383:
3332:
3285:
3234:
3186:
3108:
3030:
2852:
2724:
2558:
2478:
2475:
2261:
2123:
2041:
2023:
1876:
1757:
1371:
1028:
989:
915:
786:
783:
778:
573:
477:
459:
351:, about a hundred million years ago. The original skull, discovered in 1983 in the
348:
345:
231:
218:
4297:
4221:
3507:
3289:
3190:
3034:
848:
680:
skull (hatched lines represent missing parts), based on its initial interpretation
9134:
8977:
8826:
8611:
8515:
8490:
8483:
8470:
8403:
8289:
8187:
8153:
8049:
8029:
7883:
7741:
7682:
7669:
7640:
7516:
7427:
7286:
7159:
6986:
6915:
6894:
6720:
6381:
6361:
6333:
6309:
6245:
6237:
6230:
6222:
5977:
5957:
5787:
5763:
5713:
5521:
5504:
5494:
5471:
5427:
5419:
5387:
5376:
5355:
5309:
5301:
5240:
5156:
5096:
5015:
4984:
4874:
4853:
4806:
4691:
4666:
3804:
3753:
3238:
2696:
2638:
2576:
2546:
2517:
2265:
2210:
2071:
1512:
1024:
817:
643:
585:
550:
485:
366:
3486:
Unwin, D. M. (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs".
1118:
s snout was a sharp ridge, similar to the keel seen on the upper surface of the
9111:
9084:
9062:
8886:
8800:
8785:
8737:
8676:
8661:
8627:
8452:
8436:
8424:
8410:
8363:
8320:
8280:
8194:
8140:
7868:
7861:
7854:
7826:
7733:
7654:
7581:
7492:
7248:
7140:
7075:
7016:
6956:
6922:
6642:
6569:
6541:
6460:
6410:
6349:
6318:
5918:
5894:
5872:
5818:
5776:
5720:
5688:
5369:
5286:
5263:
5142:
5068:
5036:
4889:
4838:
4786:
3401:
Codrea, V. A.; Grellet-Tinner, G. (2015). "Reply to comment by Dyke et al. on "
2760:
2570:
2497:
of what was then considered the Santana Formation. The Romualdo Formation is a
2171:
2159:
2150:
2067:
1495:
1059:
985:
932:
860:
753:
714:
497:
4340:
4111:
4075:
4046:
3611:
3586:
2498:
1294:
411:
in 2018, though other researchers consider it a valid genus. Another species (
9369:
9359:
9252:
9148:
9119:
9095:
9076:
9034:
9019:
8968:
8957:
8850:
8842:
8792:
8729:
8700:
8684:
8668:
8654:
8595:
8573:
8524:
8417:
8178:
8121:
8040:
7875:
7847:
7819:
7690:
7573:
7364:
7294:
7166:
7149:
7005:
6942:
6886:
6651:
6607:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6452:
6402:
6326:
6283:
6276:
6202:
6049:
6042:
6035:
5884:
5826:
5811:
5804:
5752:
5535:
5204:
5164:
5114:
5083:
5044:
4939:
4931:
4909:
4813:
4797:
4518:
4379:
4167:
3964:
3472:
3426:
3387:
3336:
3261:
2768:
2728:
2720:
2679:
2643:
2624:
2602:
2596:
2564:
2552:
2533:
2486:
2450:
2269:
2217:
2079:
1691:
1613:
1336:
1278:
1064:
1055:
981:
976:(75 percent of the skull's side surface). The crest was mainly formed by the
856:
639:
607:
558:
463:
377:
352:
73:
4546:
Bulletin of Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A
3711:
2856:
9141:
9069:
8940:
8835:
8769:
8721:
8531:
8459:
8337:
8305:
8073:
7840:
7768:
7709:
7604:
7241:
7226:
7210:
7201:
7190:
7030:
6993:
6879:
6829:
6672:
6585:
6578:
6558:
6530:
6523:
6509:
6502:
6417:
6374:
6341:
6057:
5999:
5942:
5927:
5907:
5732:
5463:
5455:
5435:
5362:
5341:
5334:
5189:
4977:
4923:
4882:
4186:
4119:
3910:
3823:
3772:
3620:
2864:
2649:
2635:
2257:
2253:
1726:
1572:
1349:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1092:
943:
and had extensive wing membranes (which were extended by the wing finger).
706:
581:
260:
125:
4008:
3559:
2335:
PĂȘgas and Kellner presented a reconstruction of the mandibular muscles of
2214:, although they believed that it would have had limited skimming ability.
9027:
8987:
8906:
8870:
8604:
8379:
8312:
8255:
8201:
8058:
7726:
7597:
7589:
7549:
7508:
7500:
7375:
7342:
7310:
7302:
7273:
7234:
7218:
7177:
7106:
7098:
7091:
7037:
6978:
6970:
6631:
6593:
6516:
6171:
6104:
6071:
6007:
5348:
5217:
5172:
5149:
4824:
2740:
2684:
2661:
2502:
2416:
2127:
1534:
1361:
1290:
1207:
1108:
977:
923:
534:
525:
455:
381:
138:
48:
2965:
Atas I Simposio Sobre a Bacia do Araripe e Bacias Interiores do Nordeste
688:
425:. Though only the skull is known, the animal is estimated to have had a
9279:
8995:
8950:
8878:
8753:
8745:
8580:
8559:
8504:
8372:
8347:
8297:
8262:
8208:
8096:
8088:
8081:
7833:
7756:
7748:
7647:
7611:
7449:
7350:
7329:
7318:
7255:
6872:
6665:
6658:
6093:
5984:
4991:
4648:
4261:
4236:
3902:
3735:
Humphries, S.; Bonser, R. H. C.; Witton, M. P.; Martill, D. M. (2007).
2732:
2700:
2688:
2667:
2590:
2412:
2350:
2054:
1548:
1478:
1267:
1259:
1072:
1047:
1032:
1019:
973:
940:
844:
800:
lower jaw as downturned; this and other features distinguished it from
790:
667:
570:
422:
93:
58:
823:. PĂȘgas and colleagues also rejected the theory that the lower jaw of
9055:
8497:
8445:
8167:
8160:
8128:
8066:
7792:
7785:
7777:
7697:
7475:
7441:
7391:
7384:
7121:
7059:
6963:
6551:
5950:
5667:
5294:
5134:
4969:
4846:
4768:
4755:
4718:
4657:
4618:
4467:
4419:
2630:
2618:
2613:
2521:
2509:
2505:
deposit that preserves fossils in excellent condition) consisting of
2445:
2329:
2286:
2090:
2031:
1323:
1298:
1187:
719:
546:
514:
431:
341:
205:
172:
98:
42:
9223:
3264:; Kao, Alex; Unwin, David M.; Smith, Roy; Martill, David M. (2020).
2375:
degrees – similar to the 52-degree gape inferred for
2122:
holotype may correlate with one sex and may have been the result of
816:
while recognising it as a distinct species, and thereby created the
9246:
9127:
9011:
9003:
8777:
8761:
8692:
8269:
7619:
7524:
7456:
7128:
7083:
6856:
6085:
5745:
4642:
2736:
2692:
2608:
2420:
2231:
2027:
1255:
1138:
1123:
1096:
951:
903:
868:
736:
677:
426:
394:
316:
192:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
4572:(1st ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
4510:
3981:
Martill, D.; Frey, E.; Sues, H.-D.; R. I. Cruickshank, A. (2000).
3538:, with comments on the relationships of Tapejaridae (Pterosauria)"
3315:, an out of place and out of time Gondwanan tapejarid pterosaur".
2387:
659:(or Amon-Ra) and his manifestations – not by Seth.
9266:
4283:
2708:
2529:
2095:
1122:
where the two halves of the lower jaw connected. Small slit-like
1043:
993:
959:
843:, based on what they interpreted as part of a cranial crest in a
403:
103:
78:
3980:
3531:
2260:
data. The drag experienced by bird bills and pterosaur jaws was
469:
Several theories have been suggested to explain the function of
7718:
7485:
7067:
5675:
5542:
4636:
2524:(adapted to dry environments). The most widespread plants were
2506:
2468:
2135:
2111:
2052:
feature (differing according to sex), as has been proposed for
439:
182:
33:
4587:
2187:. Unlike skimmers and other pterosaurs, the palatine bones of
1277:
The interrelationship of these clades within the larger clade
867:
fossil, instead arguing that it was a misidentified part of a
6816:
5412:
4134:
4021:
3839:
The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World
2756:
2525:
2513:
2425:
2396:
2309:
1183:
911:
836:, and did not find a dsunagripterid identity well-supported.
595:
451:
337:
4022:
Barrett, P.; Butler, R.; Edwards, N.; R. Milner, A. (2008).
3734:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2345:
and the terrestrially stalking azhdarchids, indicating that
2102:
752:(measured from the tip of the premaxilla to the back of the
438:
in front of the eye with the bony nostril), and part of its
4411:
10.1206/0003-0082(2001)319<0001:CANSNT>2.0.CO;2
4392:
3841:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 475â524.
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
656:
629:
617:
553:
of flying reptiles) was collected in 1983 near the town of
538:
385:
4234:
972:
had the proportionally largest cranial crest of any known
513:, where it coexisted with many other types of pterosaurs,
3587:"The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group"
2942:(in Italian). Venice: Erizzo Editrice. pp. 187â194.
2821:
2704:
2467:
is known from the Romualdo Formation, which dates to the
2142:, concluding that the crest also had multiple functions.
759:
492:(differing according to sex). As the genus name implies,
4460:
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)300[1:EOTSTT]2.0.CO;2
3085:"Cranial crest development in the Azhdarchoid pterosaur
2894:
2890:(Thesis). Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht. p. 11.
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2252:, to direct water from the jaw while skimming. In 2007,
739:(changes during growth) and compression of the fossils;
594:
In 2002, Kellner and Campos described and named the new
16:
Genus of azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous
4393:
Gaffney, E. S.; D. A. Campos, D.; Hirayama, R. (2001).
3433:
3349:
3058:
2026:, which had also been suggested for the crests of some
804:. In their 2018 re-description of the further-prepared
6182:
3679:"New find: pterosaur had strange crest, fishing style"
3580:
3578:
9331:
4361:
4147:
complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England"
3880:
3259:
3089:, with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly"
2798:
2695:. Well-preserved fish fossils record the presence of
2540:
Other pterosaurs from the Romualdo Formation include
832:
a valid genus, and instead classified it as a member
4024:"Pterosaur distribution in time and space: An atlas"
3400:
3310:
3013:(Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae, Thalassodrominae)".
2061:
In 2006, Martill and Naish found that the crests of
893:(shown from above and the side), compared to a human
290:
267:
3704:
Posture, locomotion, and paleoecology of pterosaurs
3575:
3527:
3525:
623:
611:
5230:
4448:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2174: – three bird species in the genus
496:was originally proposed to have fed like a modern
6706:
5651:
4441:
4318:
4193:
4044:
3937:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3706:. Vol. 376. GSA Special Papers. p. 56.
3701:
3008:
2485:million years ago). The formation is part of the
2402:In a 2002 comment on the original description of
906:was 4.2 to 4.5 m (14 to 15 ft), making
561:of northeastern Brazil. Found in outcrops of the
9367:
6800:
4489:Hirayama, R. (1998). "Oldest known sea turtle".
4442:Gaffney, E. S.; Tong, H.; Meylan, P. A. (2009).
4140:
3633:
3522:
3488:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
3210:
3208:
3054:
3052:
2759:coexisted in time (as has been proposed for the
2166:Kellner and Campos originally found the jaws of
1684:Cladogram based on Andres and colleagues, 2014:
8009:
7929:
6842:
4570:Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy
4386:
3934:
2683:, are known from the deposits. There were also
968:(whose crest consisted mainly of soft tissue),
705:In 2006, palaeontologists David M. Martill and
4690:
4199:
3160:
3158:
3078:
3076:
3074:
2771:data for the Romualdo Formation to test this.
2755:. It is possible that not all species in each
2044:; aided by colour, it could have been used in
4603:
4539:
3584:
3214:
3205:
3142:
3049:
2962:
2879:
2825:
9381:Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of South America
8594:
3861:
3836:
3357:â A new name for an old turtle. Comment on "
3082:
2353:. In 2018, PĂȘgas and colleagues agreed that
2162:(left), but this theory has been criticised.
1281:remained disputed, and the clade containing
344:that lived in what is now Brazil during the
149:National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo
7708:
4368:Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona
4038:
3311:Grellet Tinner, G.; Codrea, V. A. (2015). "
3155:
3071:
1229:Martill and Naish considered Tapejaridae a
935:(short-tailed pterosaurs). As a pterosaur,
392:in 2005, became the basis of the new genus
4766:
4610:
4596:
2885:
2419:, stating it is supposedly used to change
2221:Comparison of the jaw of a skimmer (aâb),
1042:was primarily composed of premaxillae and
124:
4418:
4260:
4176:
4166:
4141:Rodrigues, T.; Kellner, A. W. A. (2013).
4074:
3813:
3803:
3762:
3752:
3610:
3558:
3112:
2826:Kellner, A. W. A.; Campos, D. A. (2002).
855:considerably, creating a 42-million-year
4488:
3788:"A new view of pterosaur feeding habits"
3165:Witton, M. P. (2009). "A new species of
2937:
2439:
2386:
2216:
2149:
2101:
2002:
1177:
1091:
998:
884:
871:(lower shell) of the prehistoric turtle
524:
3702:Chatterjee, S.; Templin, R. J. (2004).
3454:
1326:based on Pinheiro and colleagues, 2011:
897:The holotype (and only known skull) of
606:. The generic name is derived from the
520:
9368:
5639:
4567:
3976:
3974:
3868:Flugsaurier 2015 Portsmouth, Abstracts
3627:
3585:Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014).
3450:
3448:
3439:
3164:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
2925:
2268:tested by creating model bills of the
1182:Reconstructed skeleton of the related
760:Assigned and formerly assigned species
9228:
9227:
7996:
6788:
6787:
6169:
5638:
4753:
4629:
4591:
3930:
3928:
3785:
3676:
3485:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2285:, were not adapted for skimming. The
1233:(unnatural) group in 2006, and found
1214:but shared a keel on the palate with
7997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2276:, and the (presumably) non-skimming
1327:
4015:
3971:
3445:
3145:Boletim do Museu Nacional: Geologia
3129:
2493:was described, was thought to be a
2145:
1009:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
454:that has been placed within either
13:
4533:
4362:de Lapparent de Broin, F. (2000).
3988:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3925:
3866:(Pterodactyloidea: Tapejaridae)".
3083:Martill, D. M.; Naish, D. (2006).
3015:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2007:Blood vessels on the crest of the
1193:American Museum of Natural History
466:(as the family Thalassodromidae).
14:
9422:
2971:
2154:It was originally suggested that
1998:
1173:
1149:, or possibly a different genus (
545:The first known specimen of this
9353:
9341:
9208:
9202:
9195:
7978:
7970:
7962:
6770:
6764:
6152:
6147:
5621:
5614:
5606:
4540:Brito, P.; Yabumoto, Y. (2011).
3656:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00300.x
3114:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00575.x
2435:
1993:
1145:(the possible second species of
1058:of the skull connected with the
910:the largest known member of its
687:
666:
159:
46:
9411:Taxa named by Alexander Kellner
6170:
4754:
4617:
4560:
4482:
4435:
4355:
4312:
4277:
4228:
4091:
3874:
3855:
3830:
3779:
3728:
3695:
3670:
3479:
3394:
3343:
3304:
3253:
4055:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
3895:10.1126/science.297.5590.2207b
2956:
2931:
2786:Timeline of pterosaur research
880:
398:in 2015, and assigned back to
1:
9406:Fossil taxa described in 2002
4298:10.1080/08912963.2017.1343314
4222:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.008
3546:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3508:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.11
3290:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104410
3191:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.07.006
3035:10.1080/02724634.2018.1443273
2791:
2382:
2048:, and could also have been a
1241:in their analysis) to be the
980:(the frontmost snout bones),
646:. The specimen was not fully
602:, skull DGM 1476-R being the
4321:PalÀontologische Zeitschrift
4045:Elgin, A.; Frey, E. (2011).
3957:10.1016/0031-0182(73)90006-0
3805:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050217
3754:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050204
3239:10.1080/08912963.2014.904302
2297:to model the performance of
992:(a distinct feature of this
954:(opening which combined the
630:
618:
388:. A jaw tip was assigned to
322:(Headden & Campos, 2015)
298:(Headden & Campos, 2015)
7:
2774:
2767:), but there is not enough
2751:, and up to six species of
2301:, since it was assigned to
2170:similar to those of modern
2158:(right) fed like an extant
1063:(excluding the crest). The
1031:. The crest probably had a
939:was covered with hair-like
434:(opening that combined the
10:
9427:
3455:Kellner, A. W. A. (2004).
3403:Thalassodromeus sebesensis
3359:Thalassodromeus sebesensis
3355:Thalassodromeus sebesensis
3313:Thalassodromeus sebesensis
2886:Veldmeijer, A. J. (2006).
1133:Although the lower jaw of
624:
612:
567:Museu de CiĂȘncias da Terra
277:Kellner & Campos, 2002
9236:
9192:
9094:
9044:
8976:
8967:
8939:
8915:
8904:
8860:
8825:
8815:
8711:
8649:
8640:
8636:
8625:
8590:
8549:
8514:
8478:
8469:
8435:
8398:
8389:
8362:
8358:
8335:
8279:
8250:
8246:
8235:
8177:
8148:
8139:
8116:
8107:
8048:
8039:
8024:
8020:
8005:
7992:
7959:
7925:
7809:
7767:
7677:
7668:
7630:
7568:
7559:
7544:
7535:
7474:
7436:
7425:
7374:
7337:
7328:
7281:
7272:
7200:
7185:
7176:
7148:
7139:
7048:
7025:
7014:
7003:
6951:
6940:
6905:
6851:
6838:
6827:
6811:
6796:
6783:
6761:
6731:
6715:
6702:
6641:
6626:
6617:
6568:
6540:
6447:
6436:
6392:
6369:
6360:
6308:
6304:
6293:
6271:
6260:
6212:
6197:
6193:
6178:
6165:
6145:
6103:
6030:
6021:
5967:
5917:
5902:
5893:
5882:
5859:
5848:
5786:
5771:
5762:
5740:
5731:
5701:
5697:
5686:
5662:
5647:
5634:
5603:
5553:
5503:
5493:
5445:
5395:
5386:
5329:
5320:
5281:
5272:
5261:
5226:
5215:
5199:
5187:
5124:
5109:
5105:
5094:
5078:
5066:
5026:
5010:
5001:
4959:
4950:
4918:
4907:
4864:
4833:
4823:
4796:
4781:
4777:
4762:
4749:
4717:
4699:
4686:
4625:
4403:American Museum Novitates
4341:10.1007/s12542-009-0016-6
4143:"Taxonomic review of the
4112:10.11646/zootaxa.3869.3.1
4076:10.1007/s13358-011-0017-4
4049:Barbosania gracilirostris
3612:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030
2653:, as well as the turtles
2459:National Museum of Brazil
2281:smaller pterosaurs, like
2243:In 2004, palaeontologist
2183:feature also shared with
2011:holotype cast at the CMNH
1928:
1911:
1904:
1887:
1880:
1842:
1825:
1818:
1792:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1751:
1724:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1610:
1593:
1586:
1569:
1562:
1545:
1538:
1509:
1492:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1423:
1406:
1399:
1382:
1375:
1365:
1347:
1340:
488:) and they may have been
312:
305:
287:
282:
266:
259:
156:Scientific classification
154:
132:
123:
23:
4168:10.3897/zookeys.308.5559
3427:10.1016/j.gr.2014.08.003
3388:10.1016/j.gr.2014.08.004
3370:(Submitted manuscript).
3337:10.1016/j.gr.2014.06.002
2940:Sulle Orme Dei Dinosauri
2781:List of pterosaur genera
2512:concretions embedded in
2449:mounted as attacking an
2225:(c), and the jaw tip of
1915:Tupuxuara longicristatus
1796:Domeykodactylus ceciliae
1317:Quetzalcoatlus northropi
748:had a larger skull than
533:was named after the god
450:; both are grouped in a
6185:Archaeopterodactyloidea
4047:"A new ornithocheirid,
3712:10.1130/0-8137-2376-0.1
3536:Tupandactylus imperator
2857:10.1126/science.1073186
2634:, and an indeterminate
2110:has been compared to a
2015:Possible functions for
1846:Noripterus complicidens
1077:lower temporal fenestra
1016:skeletal pneumatisation
965:Tupandactylus imperator
4568:Witton, M. P. (2013).
2461:
2399:
2240:
2163:
2115:
2012:
1198:The classification of
1195:
1104:
1011:
894:
874:Kallokibotion bajazidi
694:Reconstruction of the
622:, '"sea"' and
542:
251:Kellner & Campos,
141:is hypothetical) with
9314:Paleobiology Database
4009:10.1139/cjes-37-6-891
3864:Thalassodromeus sethi
3677:Bogle, L. S. (2002).
3560:10.4202/app.2010.0057
2641:. The crocodyliforms
2443:
2390:
2220:
2153:
2105:
2006:
1891:Thalassodromeus sethi
1410:Tupuxuara deliradamus
1386:Thalassodromeus sethi
1181:
1095:
1018:and a well-developed
1002:
899:Thalassodromeus sethi
888:
717:of the related genus
600:Thalassodromeus sethi
569:) was preserved in a
528:
362:Thalassodromeus sethi
272:Thalassodromeus sethi
5797:Archaeoistiodactylus
5707:Archaeoistiodactylus
3534:"New information on
1120:mandibular symphysis
521:History of discovery
8862:Targaryendraconidae
8551:Ornithocheiriformes
8238:Ornithocheiromorpha
7537:Neopterodactyloidea
7464:Dsungaripteromorpha
5232:Campylognathoididae
4952:Eudimorphodontoidea
4503:1998Natur.392..705H
4333:2009PalZ...83..323F
4253:2014Palgy..57..343A
4214:2011CrRes..32..236M
4202:Cretaceous Research
4159:2013ZooK..308....1R
4067:2011SwJP..130..259E
4001:2000CaJES..37..891M
3949:1973PPP....14...97M
3889:(5590): 2207â2208.
3691:on 26 January 2017.
3684:National Geographic
3648:2012Letha..45..139H
3603:2014CBio...24.1011A
3500:2003GSLSP.217..139U
3419:2015GondR..27.1683C
3380:2015GondR..27.1680D
3329:2015GondR..27.1673G
3282:2020CrRes.11004410M
3270:Cretaceous Research
3231:2015HBio...27..815H
3183:2009CrRes..30.1293W
3171:Cretaceous Research
3105:2006Palgy..49..925M
3027:2018JVPal..38E3273P
2928:, pp. 234â243.
2849:2002Sci...297..389K
2516:, and overlies the
2415:in the head of the
2078:holotype, with its
2046:species recognition
2040:functions, such as
1932:Tupuxuara leonardii
1779:Dsungaripterus weii
1748:Dsungaripteromorpha
1427:Tupuxuara leonardii
1311:Dsungaripterus weii
1111:area at the tip of
956:antorbital fenestra
578:compression fossils
517:and other animals.
476:s crest, including
436:antorbital fenestra
9401:Romualdo Formation
8391:Istiodactyliformes
6865:Lonchognathosaurus
6708:Eupterodactyloidea
5851:Pterodactyliformes
5654:Pterodactylomorpha
5641:Pterodactylomorpha
5555:Pterodactylomorpha
5397:Angustinaripterini
5028:Eudimorphodontinae
5003:Eudimorphodontidae
4286:Historical Biology
4262:10.1111/pala.12069
3786:Gross, L. (2007).
3276:: Article 104410.
3218:Historical Biology
2765:Niobrara Formation
2462:
2455:Romualdo Formation
2400:
2328:might have been a
2241:
2164:
2116:
2050:sexually dimorphic
2013:
1196:
1105:
1012:
895:
563:Romualdo Formation
543:
511:Romualdo Formation
509:is known from the
490:sexually dimorphic
458:(as the subfamily
9396:Fossils of Brazil
9391:Cretaceous Brazil
9329:
9328:
9301:Open Tree of Life
9230:Taxon identifiers
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9157:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8817:Targaryendraconia
8811:
8810:
8621:
8620:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8331:
8330:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8218:
7988:
7987:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7664:
7663:
7632:Chaoyangopterinae
7561:Chaoyangopteridae
7421:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7400:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6803:Ornithocheiroidea
6790:Ornithocheiroidea
6779:
6778:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6733:Ornithocheiroidea
6698:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6496:Gladocephaloideus
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6394:Aurorazhdarchidae
6296:Ctenochasmatoidea
6256:
6255:
6214:Germanodactylidae
6161:
6160:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6017:
6016:
5992:Dendrorhynchoides
5969:Batrachognathinae
5935:Dendrorhynchoides
5865:Changchengopterus
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5630:
5629:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5406:Angustinaripterus
5322:Rhamphorhynchinae
5274:Rhamphorhynchidae
5257:
5256:
5248:Campylognathoides
5183:
5182:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
4961:Raeticodactylidae
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4866:Austriadraconidae
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4579:978-0-691-15061-1
4497:(6677): 705â708.
3442:, pp. 51â52.
3407:Gondwana Research
3368:Gondwana Research
3317:Gondwana Research
2843:(5580): 389â392.
2691:, ostracods, and
2489:and, at the time
2245:Sankar Chatterjee
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1829:Noripterus parvus
1807:
1806:
1737:
1736:
1712:Chaoyangopteridae
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1524:
1523:
1465:Chaoyangopterinae
1447:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1306:Chaoyangopterinae
1155:mandibular fossae
1050:(toothless). The
1038:The upper jaw of
834:Chaoyangopteridae
729:T. longicristatus
604:holotype specimen
589:Alexander Kellner
555:Santana do Cariri
370:Alexander Kellner
357:holotype specimen
329:
328:
255:
9418:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9337:
9322:
9321:
9309:
9308:
9296:
9295:
9283:
9282:
9270:
9269:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9225:
9224:
9212:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9046:Coloborhynchinae
8974:
8973:
8929:Ornithocheiridae
8921:Brasileodactylus
8913:
8912:
8823:
8822:
8713:Ornithocheirinae
8647:
8646:
8642:Ornithocheiridae
8638:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8567:Brasileodactylus
8476:
8475:
8396:
8395:
8364:Lonchodraconidae
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8146:
8145:
8114:
8113:
8109:Nyctosauromorpha
8046:
8045:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8012:Pteranodontoidea
8007:
8006:
7999:Pteranodontoidea
7994:
7993:
7983:
7982:
7975:
7974:
7967:
7966:
7931:Pteranodontoidea
7927:
7926:
7811:Quetzalcoatlinae
7800:Mistralazhdarcho
7765:
7764:
7706:
7705:
7675:
7674:
7566:
7565:
7542:
7541:
7434:
7433:
7335:
7334:
7279:
7278:
7198:
7197:
7183:
7182:
7146:
7145:
7050:Thalassodromidae
7023:
7022:
7012:
7011:
6949:
6948:
6907:Dsungaripterinae
6849:
6848:
6844:Dsungaripteridae
6840:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6797:
6785:
6784:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6713:
6712:
6704:
6703:
6624:
6623:
6619:Ctenochasmatinae
6601:Plataleorhynchus
6445:
6444:
6439:Ctenochasmatidae
6367:
6366:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6269:
6268:
6263:Euctenochasmatia
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6179:
6167:
6166:
6156:
6151:
6079:Propterodactylus
6065:Ningchengopterus
6028:
6027:
6023:Pterodactyloidea
5900:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5857:
5856:
5769:
5768:
5738:
5737:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5660:
5659:
5649:
5648:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5529:Jianchangopterus
5515:Fenghuangopterus
5501:
5500:
5447:Rhamphorhynchini
5393:
5392:
5327:
5326:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5197:
5196:
5126:Dimorphodontidae
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5076:
5075:
5008:
5007:
4957:
4956:
4916:
4915:
4831:
4830:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4751:
4750:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4676:Pterosauromorpha
4627:
4626:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4554:
4553:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4292:(8): 1139â1149.
4281:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3807:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3687:. Archived from
3674:
3668:
3667:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3597:(9): 1011â1016.
3582:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3542:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3452:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3413:(4): 1683â1685.
3398:
3392:
3391:
3374:(4): 1680â1682.
3365:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3323:(4): 1673â1679.
3308:
3302:
3301:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3177:(5): 1293â1300.
3162:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3006:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2832:
2823:
2559:Brasileodactylus
2484:
2476:Early Cretaceous
2453:, both from the
2374:
2370:
2359:
2262:hydrodynamically
2248:pterosaurs like
2208:was the smaller
2202:
2146:Feeding and diet
2124:sexual selection
2024:thermoregulation
2021:
1907:
1906:
1883:
1882:
1877:Thalassodrominae
1821:
1820:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:Dsungaripteridae
1754:
1753:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1589:
1588:
1565:
1564:
1541:
1540:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1402:
1401:
1378:
1377:
1372:Thalassodrominae
1368:
1367:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1237:(which included
1117:
1097:Life restoration
1007:holotype skull,
916:Thalassodromidae
799:
787:Dsungaripteridae
779:Banguela oberlii
691:
670:
633:
627:
626:
621:
615:
614:
586:palaeontologists
478:thermoregulation
475:
460:Thalassodrominae
367:palaeontologists
346:Early Cretaceous
323:
299:
292:
269:
250:
243:
232:Thalassodrominae
230:
219:Pterodactyloidea
217:
204:
164:
163:
128:
115:
45:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
9426:
9425:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9354:
9352:
9342:
9340:
9332:
9330:
9325:
9317:
9312:
9304:
9299:
9291:
9286:
9278:
9273:
9265:
9260:
9251:
9250:
9245:
9238:Thalassodromeus
9232:
9222:
9213:
9194:
9154:
9135:Liaoningopterus
9090:
9040:
8978:Tropeognathinae
8963:
8935:
8909:
8892:
8856:
8827:Cimoliopteridae
8807:
8707:
8630:
8617:
8612:Zhenyuanopterus
8586:
8537:
8516:Istiodactylinae
8510:
8491:Longchengpterus
8484:Lingyuanopterus
8471:Istiodactylidae
8465:
8431:
8404:Hongshanopterus
8385:
8354:
8340:
8327:
8290:Hongshanopterus
8275:
8240:
8215:
8188:Barbaridactylus
8173:
8135:
8103:
8050:Pteranodontidae
8035:
8030:Santanadactylus
8014:
8001:
7984:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7945:
7889:
7884:Zhejiangopterus
7805:
7763:
7742:Palaeocursornis
7704:
7683:Montanazhdarcho
7670:Azhdarchiformes
7660:
7641:Chaoyangopterus
7626:
7555:
7531:
7517:Montanazhdarcho
7470:
7430:
7428:Azhdarchomorpha
7397:
7370:
7324:
7287:Aymberedactylus
7268:
7196:
7172:
7160:Aymberedactylus
7135:
7115:Thalassodromeus
7044:
7019:
7008:
6999:
6987:Montanazhdarcho
6945:
6928:
6916:Domeykodactylus
6901:
6895:Tendaguripterus
6832:
6823:
6805:
6792:
6775:
6763:
6747:
6727:
6721:Altmuehlopterus
6678:
6637:
6613:
6564:
6536:
6441:
6424:
6388:
6382:Gallodactylidae
6362:Aurorazhdarchia
6356:
6334:Normannognathus
6310:Gallodactylidae
6298:
6289:
6265:
6252:
6246:Tendaguripterus
6238:Normannognathus
6231:Germanodactylus
6223:Altmuehlopterus
6208:
6187:
6174:
6157:
6119:
6099:
6013:
5978:Batrachognathus
5963:
5958:Vesperopterylus
5913:
5887:
5878:
5853:
5832:
5788:Wukongopterinae
5782:
5764:Wukongopteridae
5758:
5727:
5714:Normannognathus
5691:
5682:
5656:
5643:
5626:
5613:
5605:
5569:
5549:
5522:Jianchangnathus
5505:Scaphognathidae
5495:Digibrevisauria
5477:
5472:Rhamphorhynchus
5441:
5428:Qinglongopterus
5420:Harpactognathus
5388:Rhamphorhynchae
5382:
5377:Qinglongopterus
5356:Harpactognathus
5316:
5310:Scaphognathinae
5302:Parapsicephalus
5266:
5253:
5241:Bergamodactylus
5220:
5211:
5193:
5179:
5157:Parapsicephalus
5120:
5099:
5097:Macronychoptera
5090:
5072:
5050:
5022:
5016:Arcticodactylus
4997:
4985:Raeticodactylus
4946:
4912:
4895:
4875:Arcticodactylus
4860:
4854:Raeticodactylus
4819:
4807:Austriadactylus
4792:
4771:
4758:
4733:
4713:
4707:Avemetatarsalia
4692:Avemetatarsalia
4682:
4667:Avemetatarsalia
4632:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4586:
4580:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4538:
4534:
4487:
4483:
4440:
4436:
4391:
4387:
4360:
4356:
4317:
4313:
4282:
4278:
4233:
4229:
4198:
4194:
4139:
4135:
4096:
4092:
4043:
4039:
4020:
4016:
3979:
3972:
3933:
3926:
3879:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3835:
3831:
3784:
3780:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3700:
3696:
3675:
3671:
3632:
3628:
3591:Current Biology
3583:
3576:
3540:
3530:
3523:
3484:
3480:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3399:
3395:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3309:
3305:
3260:McPhee, James;
3258:
3254:
3213:
3206:
3163:
3156:
3141:
3130:
3081:
3072:
3057:
3050:
3021:(2): e1443273.
3011:Thalassodromeus
3007:
2972:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2830:
2824:
2799:
2794:
2777:
2745:Thalassodromeus
2725:aspidorhynchids
2697:hybodont sharks
2577:Santanadactylus
2547:Araripedactylus
2518:Crato Formation
2491:Thalassodromeus
2482:
2465:Thalassodromeus
2438:
2408:Thalassodromeus
2391:Restoration of
2385:
2372:
2368:
2362:Thalassodromeus
2357:
2355:Thalassodromeus
2326:Thalassodromeus
2318:Thalassodromeus
2314:Thalassodromeus
2299:Thalassodromeus
2291:Thalassodromeus
2289:rigging of the
2283:Rhamphorhynchus
2274:Thalassodromeus
2266:aerodynamically
2250:Thalassodromeus
2211:Rhamphorhynchus
2206:Thalassodromeus
2200:
2198:Thalassodromeus
2193:Thalassodromeus
2189:Thalassodromeus
2185:Thalassodromeus
2180:Thalassodromeus
2168:Thalassodromeus
2148:
2072:sexual maturity
2037:Thalassodromeus
2019:
2017:Thalassodromeus
2001:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1867:
1858:
1808:
1738:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1525:
1513:Chaoyangopterus
1448:
1439:
1283:Thalassodromeus
1264:Thalassodromeus
1239:Thalassodromeus
1220:Thalassodromeus
1204:Thalassodromeus
1200:Thalassodromeus
1176:
1147:Thalassodromeus
1115:
937:Thalassodromeus
933:pterodactyloids
928:Thalassodromeus
922:. Although the
908:Thalassodromeus
883:
853:Thalassodromeus
847:found near the
818:new combination
814:Thalassodromeus
797:
762:
750:Thalassodromeus
741:Thalassodromeus
711:Thalassodromeus
709:suggested that
703:
702:
701:
700:
699:
692:
683:
682:
681:
673:Diagram of the
671:
523:
507:Thalassodromeus
502:Thalassodromeus
494:Thalassodromeus
486:sexual maturity
473:
471:Thalassodromeus
444:Thalassodromeus
419:Thalassodromeus
400:Thalassodromeus
333:Thalassodromeus
321:
297:
278:
275:
249:
246:Thalassodromeus
241:
228:
215:
202:
158:
119:
118:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
27:
25:Thalassodromeus
17:
12:
11:
5:
9424:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9376:Tapejaromorphs
9363:
9362:
9350:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9310:
9297:
9284:
9271:
9258:
9242:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9219:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9168:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9116:
9112:Caulkicephalus
9108:
9100:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9085:Uktenadactylus
9081:
9073:
9066:
9063:Coloborhynchus
9059:
9051:
9049:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9031:
9024:
9016:
9008:
9000:
8992:
8983:
8981:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8954:
8946:
8944:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8933:
8925:
8916:
8910:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8887:Targaryendraco
8883:
8875:
8866:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8847:
8839:
8831:
8829:
8820:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8801:Uktenadactylus
8797:
8789:
8786:Ornithocheirus
8782:
8774:
8766:
8758:
8750:
8742:
8738:Coloborhynchus
8734:
8726:
8717:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8697:
8689:
8681:
8677:Caulkicephalus
8673:
8665:
8662:Arthurdactylus
8658:
8650:
8644:
8631:
8628:Ornithocheirae
8626:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8608:
8600:
8598:
8585:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8555:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8528:
8520:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8456:
8453:Linlongopterus
8449:
8441:
8439:
8437:Mimodactylidae
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8425:Lonchodectidae
8421:
8414:
8411:Linlongopterus
8407:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8376:
8368:
8366:
8353:
8352:
8343:
8341:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8321:Targaryendraco
8317:
8309:
8302:
8294:
8285:
8283:
8281:Lonchodectidae
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8251:
8241:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8205:
8198:
8195:Muzquizopteryx
8191:
8183:
8181:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8149:
8143:
8141:Aponyctosauria
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8125:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8093:
8085:
8078:
8070:
8063:
8054:
8052:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8025:
8015:
8010:
8003:
8002:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7935:
7933:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7880:
7872:
7869:Thanatosdrakon
7865:
7862:Quetzalcoatlus
7858:
7855:Phosphatodraco
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7827:Arambourgiania
7823:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7773:
7771:
7762:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7738:
7734:Navajodactylus
7730:
7723:
7714:
7712:
7703:
7702:
7694:
7687:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7655:Shenzhoupterus
7651:
7644:
7636:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7616:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7586:
7582:Argentinadraco
7578:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7497:
7493:Argentinadraco
7489:
7481:
7479:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7437:
7431:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7388:
7380:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7315:
7307:
7299:
7291:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7249:Nemicolopterus
7245:
7238:
7231:
7223:
7215:
7206:
7204:
7195:
7194:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7163:
7155:
7153:
7143:
7141:Tapejariformes
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7103:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7076:Argentinadraco
7072:
7064:
7055:
7053:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7034:
7026:
7020:
7017:Tapejaromorpha
7015:
7009:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6960:
6957:Argentinadraco
6952:
6946:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6923:Dsungaripterus
6919:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6891:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6852:
6846:
6833:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6812:
6806:
6801:
6794:
6793:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6716:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6645:
6643:Pterodaustrini
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6572:
6570:Gnathosaurinae
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6547:
6545:
6542:Moganopterinae
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6461:Balaenognathus
6457:
6448:
6442:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6414:
6411:Aurorazhdarcho
6407:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6350:Moganopterinae
6346:
6338:
6330:
6323:
6319:Aurorazhdarcho
6314:
6312:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6266:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6227:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6176:
6175:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6039:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5931:
5923:
5921:
5919:Anurognathinae
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5895:Anurognathidae
5888:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5873:Douzhanopterus
5869:
5860:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5819:Douzhanopterus
5815:
5808:
5801:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5777:Kunpengopterus
5772:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:Anurognathidae
5717:
5710:
5702:
5692:
5689:Monofenestrata
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5672:
5663:
5657:
5652:
5645:
5644:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5508:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5409:
5401:
5399:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5370:Orientognathus
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5291:
5287:Dolicorhamphus
5282:
5276:
5267:
5264:Breviquartossa
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5234:
5221:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5146:
5143:Caelestiventus
5139:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5069:Zambellisauria
5067:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5037:Carniadactylus
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4890:Seazzadactylus
4886:
4879:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4843:
4839:Carniadactylus
4834:
4828:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4787:Daohugoupterus
4782:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4759:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4700:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4532:
4481:
4434:
4405:(3319): 1â20.
4385:
4354:
4327:(2): 323â331.
4311:
4276:
4247:(2): 343â355.
4227:
4208:(2): 236â243.
4192:
4153:(308): 1â112.
4145:Ornithocheirus
4133:
4106:(3): 201â223.
4090:
4061:(2): 259â275.
4037:
4014:
3995:(6): 891â900.
3970:
3924:
3873:
3854:
3847:
3829:
3778:
3727:
3720:
3694:
3669:
3642:(2): 139â156.
3626:
3574:
3553:(3): 567â580.
3521:
3494:(1): 139â190.
3478:
3467:(4): 521â534.
3444:
3432:
3393:
3342:
3303:
3262:Ibrahim, Nizar
3252:
3225:(7): 815â826.
3204:
3154:
3128:
3099:(4): 925â941.
3070:
3048:
2970:
2955:
2949:978-8870770186
2948:
2930:
2893:
2878:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2761:pteranodontids
2571:Coloborhynchus
2437:
2434:
2384:
2381:
2377:Quetzalcoatlus
2237:cross-sections
2147:
2144:
2068:sexual display
2000:
1999:Crest function
1997:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:Shenzhoupterus
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1249:. This clade (
1245:to the family
1206:to the family
1175:
1174:Classification
1172:
1161:differed from
1103:pair in flight
1060:articular bone
986:parietal bones
882:
879:
861:Gareth J. Dyke
761:
758:
754:squamosal bone
735:) were due to
715:junior synonym
693:
686:
685:
684:
672:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
638:refers to the
522:
519:
376:refers to the
327:
326:
325:
324:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
300:
285:
284:
283:Other species
280:
279:
276:
264:
263:
257:
256:
239:
235:
234:
226:
222:
221:
213:
209:
208:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
137:skeleton (the
133:Reconstructed
130:
129:
121:
120:
117:
116:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
30:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9423:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9361:
9351:
9349:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9320:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9263:
9259:
9254:
9248:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9226:
9211:
9207:
9205:
9198:
9151:
9150:
9149:Maaradactylus
9146:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9120:Cearadactylus
9117:
9114:
9113:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9096:Anhanguerinae
9093:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9077:Siroccopteryx
9074:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9035:Tropeognathus
9032:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9020:Siroccopteryx
9017:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8969:Anhangueridae
8966:
8960:
8959:
8958:Iberodactylus
8955:
8953:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8938:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8903:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8851:Cimoliopterus
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:Camposipterus
8840:
8838:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:Siroccopteryx
8790:
8788:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8730:Camposipterus
8727:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8703:
8702:
8701:Tropeognathus
8698:
8695:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8685:Cimoliopterus
8682:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8669:Camposipterus
8666:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8655:Araripesaurus
8652:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8629:
8624:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8596:Boreopteridae
8593:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8574:Cearadactylus
8571:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8525:Istiodactylus
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8418:Yixianopterus
8415:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8334:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8234:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8179:Nyctosauridae
8176:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8122:Alamodactylus
8119:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8041:Pteranodontia
8038:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7981:
7976:
7973:
7965:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7876:Wellnhopterus
7873:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7848:Hatzegopteryx
7845:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7820:Aralazhdarcho
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7700:
7699:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7691:Radiodactylus
7688:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:Apatorhamphus
7571:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7424:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7365:Tupandactylus
7362:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7295:Caupedactylus
7292:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7167:Caupedactylus
7164:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:Caupedactylia
7147:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7006:Neoazhdarchia
7002:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6943:Azhdarchoidea
6939:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:Puntanipterus
6884:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6826:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6773:
6767:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6652:Beipiaopterus
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6608:Tacuadactylus
6605:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6489:Forfexopterus
6486:
6484:
6483:
6482:Elanodactylus
6479:
6477:
6476:
6475:Cratonopterus
6472:
6470:
6469:
6468:Cathayopterus
6465:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:Ardeadactylus
6450:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6435:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:Ardeadactylus
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6327:Cycnorhamphus
6324:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6284:Pterodactylus
6281:
6279:
6278:
6277:Diopecephalus
6274:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6259:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6203:Prejanopterus
6200:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6155:
6150:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:Herbstosaurus
6047:
6045:
6044:
6043:Eurolimnornis
6040:
6038:
6037:
6036:Dermodactylus
6033:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5885:Caelidracones
5881:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5847:
5829:
5828:
5827:Wukongopterus
5824:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5812:Darwinopterus
5809:
5807:
5806:
5805:Cuspicephalus
5802:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5753:Pterorhynchus
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5609:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5536:Scaphognathus
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5206:
5205:Eudimorphodon
5202:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:Peteinosaurus
5162:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5115:Herbstosaurus
5112:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5085:
5084:Peteinosaurus
5081:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5047:
5046:
5045:Eudimorphodon
5042:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4940:Preondactylia
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:Peteinosaurus
4929:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4910:Eopterosauria
4906:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4814:Preondactylus
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4798:Preondactylia
4795:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:10.1038/33669
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:Palaeontology
4238:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:(2): 97â118.
3942:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3848:9780521858670
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3721:9780813723761
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:Palaeontology
3090:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2769:stratigraphic
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:Santanachelys
2676:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:Araripesuchus
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:Santanaraptor
2621:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:Tropeognathus
2599:
2598:
2597:Maaradactylus
2593:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:Cearadactylus
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:Araripesaurus
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:Brachyphyllum
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:Santana Group
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2436:Palaeoecology
2433:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2349:had a strong
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2305:at the time.
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:black skimmer
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:biomechanical
2255:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2106:The crest of
2104:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:hypertrophied
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1994:Palaeobiology
1991:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:Neoazhdarchia
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:Tupandactylus
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:Azhdarchoidea
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Azhdarchoidea
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:Tupandactylus
1125:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:lacrimal bone
1061:
1057:
1056:quadrate bone
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:frontal bones
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:The skull of
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
892:
887:
878:
876:
875:
870:
866:
865:T. sebesensis
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:T. sebesensis
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
780:
776:
772:
767:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
697:
690:
679:
676:
669:
660:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:specific name
632:
620:
609:
608:Ancient Greek
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Araripe Basin
556:
552:
548:
540:
536:
532:
527:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
472:
467:
465:
464:Neoazhdarchia
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
413:T. sebesensis
410:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:specific name
371:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:Araripe Basin
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
319:
318:
314:
313:
311:
308:
304:
295:
289:
288:
286:
281:
274:
273:
265:
262:
258:
254:
248:
247:
240:
237:
236:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
37:
35:
32:
31:
26:
22:
19:
9348:Paleontology
9237:
9201:
9147:
9142:Ludodactylus
9140:
9133:
9126:
9118:
9110:
9103:
9083:
9075:
9070:Nicorhynchus
9068:
9061:
9054:
9033:
9026:
9018:
9010:
9002:
8994:
8986:
8956:
8949:
8941:Hamipteridae
8927:
8919:
8885:
8877:
8869:
8849:
8841:
8836:Aetodactylus
8834:
8799:
8791:
8784:
8776:
8770:Ludodactylus
8768:
8760:
8752:
8744:
8736:
8728:
8722:Aetodactylus
8720:
8699:
8691:
8683:
8675:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8610:
8603:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8532:Liaoxipterus
8530:
8523:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8460:Mimodactylus
8458:
8451:
8444:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8402:
8378:
8371:
8346:
8338:Lanceodontia
8319:
8311:
8306:Lonchodectes
8304:
8296:
8288:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8127:
8120:
8095:
8087:
8080:
8074:Ornithostoma
8072:
8065:
8057:
8028:
7968:
7882:
7874:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7841:Eurazhdarcho
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7769:Azhdarchinae
7755:
7747:
7740:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7710:Azhdarchidae
7696:
7689:
7681:
7653:
7646:
7639:
7618:
7610:
7605:Meilifeilong
7603:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7572:
7548:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7491:
7484:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7440:
7390:
7383:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7341:
7317:
7309:
7301:
7293:
7285:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7242:Huaxiapterus
7240:
7233:
7227:Eopteranodon
7225:
7217:
7211:Afrotapejara
7209:
7202:Sinopterinae
7191:Afrotapejara
7189:
7165:
7158:
7127:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7105:
7097:
7090:
7082:
7074:
7066:
7058:
7036:
7031:Bennettazhia
7029:
6994:Ornithostoma
6992:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6921:
6914:
6893:
6885:
6880:Ordosipterus
6878:
6871:
6863:
6855:
6830:Tapejaroidea
6815:
6719:
6673:Pterodaustro
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6630:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6586:Huanhepterus
6584:
6579:Gnathosaurus
6577:
6559:Moganopterus
6557:
6550:
6531:Pterofiltrus
6529:
6524:Petrodactyle
6522:
6515:
6510:Liaodactylus
6508:
6503:Kepodactylus
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6418:Huanhepterus
6416:
6409:
6401:
6380:
6375:Aerodactylus
6373:
6348:
6342:Petrodactyle
6340:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6282:
6275:
6244:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6201:
6092:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6058:Kryptodrakon
6056:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6006:
6000:Jeholopterus
5998:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5956:
5949:
5943:Jeholopterus
5941:
5933:
5928:Anurognathus
5926:
5908:Mesadactylus
5906:
5871:
5863:
5825:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5795:
5775:
5751:
5744:
5733:Darwinoptera
5719:
5712:
5705:
5674:
5666:
5612:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5470:
5464:Nesodactylus
5462:
5456:Cacibupteryx
5454:
5436:Sericipterus
5434:
5426:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5375:
5368:
5363:Nesodactylus
5361:
5354:
5347:
5342:Cacibupteryx
5340:
5335:Bellubrunnus
5333:
5308:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5246:
5239:
5203:
5190:Lonchognatha
5171:
5163:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5113:
5082:
5043:
5035:
5014:
4990:
4983:
4978:Pachagnathus
4976:
4968:
4938:
4930:
4924:Austriadraco
4922:
4888:
4883:Austriadraco
4881:
4873:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4812:
4805:
4785:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4569:
4561:Bibliography
4549:
4545:
4535:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3992:
3986:
3940:
3936:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3838:
3832:
3795:
3792:PLOS Biology
3791:
3781:
3744:
3741:PLOS Biology
3740:
3730:
3703:
3697:
3689:the original
3682:
3672:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3594:
3590:
3550:
3544:
3535:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3464:
3460:
3435:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3273:
3269:
3255:
3222:
3216:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3148:
3144:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3064:
3060:
3018:
3014:
3010:
2964:
2958:
2939:
2933:
2887:
2881:
2840:
2834:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2729:cladocyclids
2721:pycnodontids
2685:clam shrimps
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2650:Caririsuchus
2648:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2490:
2464:
2463:
2444:
2430:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2395:wading in a
2392:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2254:biophysicist
2249:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2155:
2139:
2131:
2119:
2117:
2107:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2036:
2016:
2014:
2008:
1989:
1981:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1844:
1843:
1827:
1826:
1794:
1793:
1777:
1776:
1727:Azhdarchidae
1725:
1710:
1683:
1612:
1611:
1595:
1594:
1573:Huaxiapterus
1571:
1570:
1547:
1546:
1511:
1510:
1494:
1493:
1477:
1476:
1425:
1424:
1408:
1407:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1350:Azhdarchidae
1348:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1250:
1247:Azhdarchidae
1243:sister taxon
1238:
1234:
1231:paraphyletic
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1039:
1037:
1013:
1004:
1003:Cast of the
969:
963:
947:
945:
936:
927:
926:skeleton of
919:
907:
898:
896:
890:
872:
864:
852:
840:
838:
829:
824:
820:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
777:
770:
765:
763:
749:
745:
740:
733:T. leonardii
732:
728:
724:
718:
710:
707:Darren Naish
704:
695:
674:
651:
599:
598:and species
593:
582:jugal region
549:(an extinct
544:
530:
506:
501:
498:skimmer bird
493:
470:
468:
462:) or within
447:
443:
418:
417:
412:
407:
406:
399:
393:
389:
361:
360:
332:
331:
330:
315:
293:
271:
270:
261:Type species
245:
244:
143:
134:
24:
18:
9386:Albian life
9028:Thapunngaka
8988:Amblydectes
8907:Anhangueria
8871:Aussiedraco
8605:Boreopterus
8380:Lonchodraco
8313:Lonchodraco
8256:Aussiedraco
8202:Nyctosaurus
8059:Bogolubovia
7727:Bogolubovia
7598:Lacusovagus
7590:Eoazhdarcho
7550:Eoazhdarcho
7509:Leptostomia
7501:Keresdrakon
7376:Caiuajarina
7343:Bakonydraco
7311:Lacusovagus
7303:Keresdrakon
7274:Tapejarinae
7235:Huaxiadraco
7219:Bakonydraco
7178:Tapejaridae
7107:Leptostomia
7099:Lacusovagus
7092:Kariridraco
7038:Keresdrakon
6979:Leptostomia
6971:Keresdrakon
6632:Ctenochasma
6594:Lusognathus
6517:Otogopterus
6172:Lophocratia
6105:Lophocratia
6072:Pangupterus
6008:Sinomacrops
5349:Dorygnathus
5218:Novialoidea
5173:Rhamphinion
5150:Dimorphodon
4825:Caviramidae
4769:Pterosauria
4756:Pterosauria
4719:Pterosauria
4658:Archosauria
4619:Pterosauria
4397:Cearachelys
3798:(8): e217.
3747:(8): e204.
3461:Ameghiniana
3440:Witton 2013
2926:Witton 2013
2689:sea urchins
2662:Cearachelys
2639:dromaeosaur
2636:unenlagiine
2503:sedimentary
2499:LagerstÀtte
2451:anhanguerid
2417:sperm whale
2235:, d), with
2128:sample size
1535:Tapejarinae
1362:Tapejaridae
1295:LĂŒ Junchang
1291:Mark Witton
1260:metacarpals
1208:Tapejaridae
978:premaxillae
941:pycnofibres
924:postcranial
881:Description
849:SebeÈ River
456:Tapejaridae
225:Subfamily:
206:Pterosauria
139:postcranium
9370:Categories
9105:Anhanguera
8996:Ferrodraco
8951:Hamipterus
8879:Barbosania
8754:Ferrodraco
8746:Draigwenia
8581:Hamipterus
8560:Barbosania
8505:Nurhachius
8373:Ikrandraco
8348:Draigwenia
8298:Ikrandraco
8263:Serradraco
8209:Volgadraco
8097:Volgadraco
8089:Tethydraco
8082:Pteranodon
7940:see belowâ
7834:Cryodrakon
7757:Volgadraco
7749:Tethydraco
7648:Jidapterus
7612:Microtuban
7450:Microtuban
7351:Europejara
7330:Tapejarini
7319:Vectidraco
7256:Sinopterus
6873:Noripterus
6742:see belowâ
6666:Gegepterus
6659:Eosipterus
6114:see belowâ
6094:Wenupteryx
5985:Cascocauda
5564:see belowâ
4992:Yelaphomte
4728:see belowâ
4649:Sauropsida
2967:: 401â405.
2792:References
2753:Anhanguera
2741:mawsoniids
2733:bonefishes
2713:ophiopsids
2701:guitarfish
2668:Araripemys
2656:Brasilemys
2591:Barbosania
2542:Anhanguera
2522:xerophytic
2481:(about 110
2413:spermaceti
2383:Locomotion
2351:bite force
2342:Anhanguera
2295:T. oberlii
2227:T. oberlii
2070:, and the
2055:Pteranodon
1549:Sinopterus
1479:Jidapterus
1268:type genus
1159:T. oberlii
1143:T. oberlii
1073:tapejarids
1048:edentulous
1033:keratinous
1020:trabecular
974:vertebrate
845:concretion
821:T. oberlii
810:B. oberlii
791:St. Gallen
571:calcareous
423:vertebrate
408:T. oberlii
294:T. oberlii
212:Suborder:
144:Anhanguera
9056:Aerodraco
8498:Luchibang
8446:Haopterus
8168:Simurghia
8161:Epapatelo
8129:Cretornis
8067:Dawndraco
7793:Azhdarcho
7786:Albadraco
7778:Aerotitan
7698:Alanqidae
7476:Alanqidae
7442:Cretornis
7392:Torukjara
7385:Caiuajara
7122:Tupuxuara
7060:Aerotitan
6964:Inabtanin
6552:Feilongus
5951:Luopterus
5668:Allkaruen
5295:Klobiodon
5135:Allkaruen
4970:Caviramus
4847:Caviramus
4635:Kingdom:
4519:0028-0836
4468:2246/5824
4454:: 1â698.
4420:2246/2936
4380:2385-4499
4374:: 43â95.
4349:129166567
4306:133637418
4034:: 61â107.
3965:0031-0182
3473:1851-8044
3298:213739173
3247:129306469
3199:140174098
3167:Tupuxuara
3087:Tupuxuara
2749:Tupuxuara
2747:, two of
2717:oshuniids
2674:Euraxemys
2631:Mirischia
2619:Irritator
2614:theropods
2586:Tupuxuara
2526:Cycadales
2510:limestone
2446:Irritator
2330:raptorial
2322:Tupuxuara
2287:aluminium
2278:Tupuxuara
2223:Tupuxuara
2176:Rhynchops
2091:precocial
2084:Tupuxuara
2063:Tupuxuara
2032:metabolic
2028:dinosaurs
1324:Cladogram
1299:subfamily
1287:Tupuxuara
1272:Tupuxuara
1251:Tupuxuara
1235:Tupuxuara
1224:Tupuxuara
1216:Tupuxuara
1188:Tupuxuara
1081:Tupuxuara
1069:Tupuxuara
920:Tupuxuara
746:Tupuxuara
725:Tupuxuara
720:Tupuxuara
547:pterosaur
529:Although
515:dinosaurs
448:Tupuxuara
432:fenestrae
342:pterosaur
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
41:110
9267:52570583
9247:Wikidata
9128:Guidraco
9012:Mythunga
9004:Haliskia
8778:Mythunga
8762:Guidraco
8693:Haliskia
8270:Unwindia
7620:Xericeps
7525:Xericeps
7457:Xericeps
7358:Tapejara
7129:Xericeps
7084:Banguela
6857:Banguela
6086:Samrukia
5746:Ceoptera
4643:Chordata
4641:Phylum:
4637:Animalia
4527:45417065
4476:85790134
4429:59449305
4271:83742539
4187:23794925
4128:30685981
4120:25283914
4085:89178816
3911:12353519
3870:: 47â48.
3824:20076682
3773:17676976
3664:14766774
3621:24768054
3569:54745522
3516:86710955
3123:15609202
3067:: 67â86.
3043:90477315
2873:45430990
2865:12130783
2775:See also
2693:molluscs
2609:Unwindia
2582:Tapejara
2528:and the
2507:lagoonal
2421:buoyancy
2404:T. sethi
2393:T. sethi
2366:T. sethi
2347:T. sethi
2337:T. sethi
2303:T. sethi
2239:at right
2232:Banguela
2172:skimmers
2156:T. sethi
2140:T. sethi
2132:T. sethi
2120:T. sethi
2114:'s bill.
2108:T. sethi
2076:T. sethi
2009:T. sethi
1597:Tapejara
1314:but not
1256:notarium
1212:Tapejara
1167:T. sethi
1163:T. sethi
1151:Banguela
1139:mandible
1135:T. sethi
1124:foramina
1113:T. sethi
1101:T. sethi
1086:Tapejara
1044:maxillae
1040:T. sethi
1005:T. sethi
970:T. sethi
952:fenestra
948:T. sethi
904:wingspan
891:T. sethi
889:Size of
869:plastron
830:Banguela
825:T. sethi
812:back to
806:T. sethi
802:Banguela
795:T. sethi
775:binomial
771:T. sethi
766:T. sethi
737:ontogeny
696:T. sethi
678:holotype
675:T. sethi
648:prepared
640:Egyptian
619:thĂĄlassa
531:T. sethi
427:wingspan
395:Banguela
390:T. sethi
378:Egyptian
317:Banguela
307:Synonyms
193:Chordata
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
147:behind,
135:T. sethi
9334:Portals
9306:4128924
9293:1095136
9280:4818532
9253:Q132575
8154:Alcione
7263:Wightia
4647:Class:
4499:Bibcode
4329:Bibcode
4249:Bibcode
4210:Bibcode
4178:3689139
4155:Bibcode
4151:ZooKeys
4100:Zootaxa
4063:Bibcode
3997:Bibcode
3945:Bibcode
3919:5460243
3903:3832354
3883:Science
3815:1925131
3764:1925135
3644:Bibcode
3636:Lethaia
3599:Bibcode
3496:Bibcode
3415:Bibcode
3376:Bibcode
3325:Bibcode
3278:Bibcode
3227:Bibcode
3179:Bibcode
3151:: 1â14.
3101:Bibcode
3061:Deinsea
3023:Bibcode
2845:Bibcode
2836:Science
2763:of the
2737:chanids
2530:conifer
2474:of the
2160:skimmer
2136:toucans
2130:; more
2096:air-sac
2042:display
1191:in the
1109:palatal
1052:rostrum
994:species
960:occiput
631:dromeĂșs
625:ÎŽÏÎżÎŒÎ”ÏÏ
613:ΞΏλαÏÏα
557:in the
541:(left).
482:display
404:species
402:as the
238:Genus:
199:Order:
110:↓
9360:Brazil
9319:134889
7719:Alanqa
7486:Alanqa
7068:Alanqa
5676:Sordes
5543:Sordes
4576:
4525:
4517:
4491:Nature
4474:
4427:
4378:
4347:
4304:
4269:
4185:
4175:
4126:
4118:
4083:
3963:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3845:
3822:
3812:
3771:
3761:
3718:
3662:
3619:
3567:
3514:
3471:
3296:
3245:
3197:
3121:
3041:
2946:
2871:
2863:
2709:amiids
2677:, and
2606:, and
2514:shales
2495:member
2483:
2479:period
2469:Albian
2373:
2369:'s
2310:storks
2112:toucan
1982:
1270:) and
1029:matrix
990:suture
798:'s
784:family
713:was a
610:words
574:nodule
440:palate
349:period
34:Albian
9288:IRMNG
6817:Piksi
5413:Dearc
4672:Clade
4663:Clade
4654:Clade
4523:S2CID
4472:S2CID
4425:S2CID
4345:S2CID
4302:S2CID
4267:S2CID
4124:S2CID
4081:S2CID
3915:S2CID
3899:JSTOR
3660:S2CID
3565:S2CID
3541:(PDF)
3512:S2CID
3364:(PDF)
3294:S2CID
3243:S2CID
3195:S2CID
3119:S2CID
3039:S2CID
2869:S2CID
2831:(PDF)
2757:taxon
2616:like
2472:stage
2426:sonar
2397:marsh
2358:'
2201:'
2020:'
1266:(the
1184:genus
1116:'
1099:of a
1025:orbit
912:clade
652:sethi
596:genus
551:order
474:'
452:clade
338:genus
336:is a
9275:GBIF
4705:see
4574:ISBN
4515:ISSN
4376:ISSN
4183:PMID
4116:PMID
4104:3869
3961:ISSN
3907:PMID
3843:ISBN
3820:PMID
3769:PMID
3716:ISBN
3617:PMID
3469:ISSN
2944:ISBN
2861:PMID
2705:gars
2647:and
2264:and
2229:(or
1285:and
1222:and
1107:The
1083:and
1071:and
731:and
657:Amon
644:Seth
642:god
539:Amon
535:Seth
480:and
446:was
386:Amon
382:Seth
380:god
253:2002
49:Preê
9262:EoL
4507:doi
4495:392
4464:hdl
4456:doi
4452:300
4415:hdl
4407:doi
4337:doi
4294:doi
4257:doi
4218:doi
4173:PMC
4163:doi
4108:doi
4071:doi
4059:130
4005:doi
3953:doi
3891:doi
3887:297
3810:PMC
3800:doi
3759:PMC
3749:doi
3708:doi
3652:doi
3607:doi
3555:doi
3504:doi
3492:217
3423:doi
3384:doi
3333:doi
3286:doi
3274:110
3235:doi
3187:doi
3109:doi
3031:doi
2853:doi
2841:297
2501:(a
1320:).
1089:).
857:gap
365:by
359:of
340:of
9372::
9316::
9303::
9290::
9277::
9264::
9249::
4674::
4665::
4656::
4548:.
4544:.
4521:.
4513:.
4505:.
4493:.
4470:.
4462:.
4450:.
4446:.
4423:.
4413:.
4401:.
4370:.
4366:.
4343:.
4335:.
4325:83
4323:.
4300:.
4290:30
4288:.
4265:.
4255:.
4245:57
4243:.
4239:.
4216:.
4206:32
4204:.
4181:.
4171:.
4161:.
4149:.
4122:.
4114:.
4102:.
4079:.
4069:.
4057:.
4053:.
4032:28
4030:.
4026:.
4003:.
3993:37
3991:.
3985:.
3973:^
3959:.
3951:.
3941:14
3939:.
3927:^
3913:.
3905:.
3897:.
3885:.
3818:.
3808:.
3794:.
3790:.
3767:.
3757:.
3743:.
3739:.
3714:.
3681:.
3658:.
3650:.
3640:45
3638:.
3615:.
3605:.
3595:24
3593:.
3589:.
3577:^
3563:.
3551:56
3549:.
3543:.
3524:^
3510:.
3502:.
3490:.
3465:41
3463:.
3459:.
3447:^
3421:.
3411:27
3409:.
3382:.
3372:27
3366:.
3331:.
3321:27
3319:.
3292:.
3284:.
3272:.
3268:.
3241:.
3233:.
3223:27
3221:.
3207:^
3193:.
3185:.
3175:30
3173:.
3157:^
3149:75
3147:.
3131:^
3117:.
3107:.
3097:49
3095:.
3091:.
3073:^
3065:11
3063:.
3051:^
3037:.
3029:.
3019:38
3017:.
2973:^
2896:^
2867:.
2859:.
2851:.
2839:.
2833:.
2800:^
2739:,
2735:,
2731:,
2727:,
2723:,
2719:,
2715:,
2711:,
2707:,
2703:,
2699:,
2687:,
2671:,
2665:,
2659:,
2628:,
2622:,
2600:,
2594:,
2588:,
2584:,
2580:,
2574:,
2568:,
2562:,
2556:,
2550:,
2544:,
2537:.
2457:,
2379:.
2272:,
2058:.
984:,
914:,
727:,
628:,
616:,
320:?
296:?
99:Pg
43:Ma
9336::
9123:?
9115:?
9080:?
9048:?
9023:?
9015:?
9007:?
8999:?
8991:?
8980:?
8943:?
8932:?
8924:?
8882:?
8874:?
8846:?
8819:?
8804:?
8796:?
8781:?
8773:?
8765:?
8757:?
8749:?
8741:?
8733:?
8725:?
8704:?
8696:?
8688:?
8680:?
8672:?
8428:?
8351:?
8324:?
8316:?
8301:?
8293:?
8212:?
8132:?
8100:?
8092:?
8077:?
8062:?
7879:?
7781:?
7760:?
7752:?
7737:?
7722:?
7701:?
7686:?
7623:?
7615:?
7593:?
7585:?
7577:?
7528:?
7520:?
7512:?
7504:?
7496:?
7478:?
7467:?
7445:?
7346:?
7314:?
7306:?
7298:?
7290:?
7230:?
7222:?
7214:?
7152:?
7132:?
7110:?
7102:?
7087:?
7079:?
7071:?
7063:?
7052:?
7041:?
6982:?
6974:?
6898:?
6890:?
6868:?
6860:?
6820:?
6724:?
6589:?
6544:?
6456:?
6421:?
6406:?
6385:?
6353:?
6345:?
6337:?
6322:?
6249:?
6241:?
6226:?
6089:?
6053:?
6003:?
5995:?
5946:?
5938:?
5868:?
5822:?
5800:?
5724:?
5679:?
5671:?
5546:?
5507:?
5497:?
5467:?
5459:?
5431:?
5423:?
5313:?
5305:?
5290:?
5208:?
5192:?
5176:?
5168:?
5160:?
5138:?
5087:?
5071:?
5040:?
5019:?
4973:?
4943:?
4935:?
4927:?
4878:?
4857:?
4842:?
4827:?
4611:e
4604:t
4597:v
4582:.
4552:.
4550:9
4529:.
4509::
4501::
4478:.
4466::
4458::
4431:.
4417::
4409::
4395:"
4382:.
4372:9
4351:.
4339::
4331::
4308:.
4296::
4273:.
4259::
4251::
4224:.
4220::
4212::
4189:.
4165::
4157::
4130:.
4110::
4087:.
4073::
4065::
4011:.
4007::
3999::
3967:.
3955::
3947::
3921:.
3893::
3851:.
3826:.
3802::
3796:5
3775:.
3751::
3745:5
3724:.
3710::
3666:.
3654::
3646::
3623:.
3609::
3601::
3571:.
3557::
3518:.
3506::
3498::
3475:.
3429:.
3425::
3417::
3390:.
3386::
3378::
3353:"
3339:.
3335::
3327::
3300:.
3288::
3280::
3249:.
3237::
3229::
3201:.
3189::
3181::
3125:.
3111::
3103::
3045:.
3033::
3025::
2952:.
2875:.
2855::
2847::
291:â
268:â
242:â
229:â
216:â
203:â
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:ê
38:~
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
