4775:
420:
572:) had been known since the mid-20th century, their possible functions were the subject mainly of speculation, and few actual studies were published. Initial speculation regarded the claws as slashing implements used to disembowel large prey. In this scenario, the shortened upper foot would serve as an anchor point for powerful tendons to improve kicking ability. However, subsequent studies of the actual claw shape showed that the underside of the claw was only weakly keeled and would not have been an effective cutting instrument. Instead, it appeared to be more of a hooking implement. Manning et al. suggested in 2006 that the claws were similar to
7983:
586:, which had slightly opposing first toes and strong tendons in the toes and foot. This makes it likely that advanced dromaeosaurids also used their claws to puncture and grip their prey to aid in pinning it to the ground, while using shallow wing beats and tail movements to stabilize themselves. Other lines of evidence for this behavior include teeth which had large, hooked serrations only on the back edge (useful in pulling flesh upward rather than slicing it) and large claws on the wings (for greater maneuvering of prey while mantling it with the wings).
551:
4782:
6165:
4019:
5726:
8393:
5731:
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species with modern birds to shed light on their actual function. Fowler and colleagues showed that many modern predatory birds also have enlarged claws on the second toes. In modern raptors, these claws are used to help grip and hold prey of sizes smaller than or equal to the predator, while the birds use their body weight to pin their prey to the ground and eat it alive. Fowler and colleagues suggested that this behavior is entirely consistent with the anatomy of advanced dromaeosaurids like
173:
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121:
4007:
7810:
6225:
7834:
6171:
8381:
7846:
8369:
7822:
512:, have often been referred to as "four winged dinosaurs". Though it has been suggested that these hind wings would have prevented some paravians from getting around on the ground, and that they must have lived in trees, there is very little evidence that any of the earliest paravians were capable of climbing. This apparent paradox was addressed by later studies which showed that early paravians like
8357:
465:. Basal members of Paraves are well known for the possession of an enlarged claw on the second digit of the foot, which was held off the ground when walking in some species. A number of differing scientific interpretations of the relationships between paravian taxa exist. New fossil discoveries and analyses make the classification of Paraves an active subject of research.
1440:("true maniraptorans") was named by Padian, Hutchinson, & Holtz (1997). They defined their clade to include only avialans and deinonychosaurs. Paraves and Eumaniraptora are generally considered to be synonyms, though some phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups have a similar but not identical content; Agnolín and Novas (2011) recovered
1461:, initially based primarily on the presence of a retractable second toe with sickle-claw (now also known to be present in some avialans). The name Deinonychosauria was coined by Ned Colbert and Dale Russell in 1969, and defined as a clade (all theropods closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds) by Jacques Gauthier in 1986.
579:
A larger study of sickle-claw function, published in 2011 by Fowler and colleagues, concluded that the earlier study by
Manning and colleagues was correct and that the "sickle claws" would have been ineffective as cutting weapons. They compared the claw and overall foot anatomy of various primitive
528:
Most theropods walked with three toes contacting the ground, but fossilized footprint tracks confirm that many basal paravians, including dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and some early avialans, held the second toe off the ground in a hyperextended position, with only the third and fourth toes bearing
498:
Paravians generally have long, winged forelimbs, though these have become smaller in many flightless species and some extinct lineages that evolved before flight. The wings usually bore three large, flexible, clawed fingers in early forms. The fingers became fused and stiffened and the claws highly
485:
Most of the earliest paravian groups were carnivorous, though some smaller species (especially among the troodontids and early avialans) are known to have been omnivores, and it has been suggested that an omnivorous diet was the ancestral state for this group, with strict carnivory evolving in some
563:
One of the best-known features of paravians is the presence of an enlarged and strongly curved "sickle claw" on a hyper-extendible second toe, modified to hold the sickle claw clear of the ground when walking, most notably developed in the dromaeosaurids and troodontids. While this characteristic
1464:
However, several more recent studies have cast doubt on the hypothesis that dromaeosaurids and troodontids were more closely related to each other than either was to birds, instead finding that troodontids were more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurids. Because
Deinonychosauria was
602:
are found in
Paraves. The ancestors of Paraves first started to shrink in size in the early Jurassic 200 million years ago, and fossil evidence shows that this theropod line evolved new adaptations four times faster than other groups of dinosaurs, and was shrinking 160 times faster than other
1566:
are often considered to be synonyms, depending on the interpretation of paravian systematics. Deinonychosauria will become a synonym of
Dromaeosauridae when troodontids are found to form a clade with Avialae, to the exclusion of Dromaeosauridae. Tetrapterygidae is a polyphyletic grouping of
589:
In more primitive dromaeosaurids and in troodontids, the feet were not as specialized and the claws were not as large or as hooked. Additionally, the toe joints allowed more range of motion than the simple up-down movements of advanced dromaeosaurids. This makes it likely that these species
529:
the weight of the animal. This is called functional didactyly. The enlarged second toe bore an unusually large, curved sickle-shaped claw (held off the ground or 'retracted' when walking). This claw was especially large and flattened from side to side in the large-bodied predatory
1465:
originally defined as all animals closer to dromaeosaurids than to birds without specific reference to troodontids, this would render
Deinonychosauria a synonym of Dromaeosauridae. The clade containing avialans, microraptorians, unenlagiids,
2578:
Lefèvre, Ulysse; Cau, Andrea; Cincotta, Aude; Hu, Dongyu; Chinsamy, Anusuya; Escuillié, François; Godefroit, Pascal (2017). "A new
Jurassic theropod from China documents a transitional step in the macrostructure of feathers".
607:. (2007) suggested that extreme miniaturization was ancestral for the clade, whose common ancestor has been estimated to have been around 65 centimetres (26 in) long and 600–700 grams (21–25 oz) in mass. In
2635:
Cau, Andrea; Beyrand, Vincent; Voeten, Dennis F.A.E.; Fernandez, Vincent; Tafforeau, Paul; Stein, Koen; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Currie, Philip J.; Godefroit, Pascal (2017-12-06).
1770:
Li, Rihui; Lockley, M.G.; Makovicky, P.J.; Matsukawa, M.; Norell, M.A.; Harris, J.D.; Liu, M. (2007). "Behavioral and faunal implications of Early
Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China".
506:
Many early members of
Paraves had both well-developed wings and long feathers on the hind legs, which in some cases, formed a second set of airfoils. These species, most famously represented by
2813:
Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Hu, Dong-Yu; Escuillié, François; Wu, Wenhao; Dyke, Gareth (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".
623:. Fossils show that all the earliest members of Paraves found to date started out as small, while Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae gradually increased in size during the Cretaceous period.
2036:
619:
went later through four independent events of gigantism, three times in dromaeosaurids and once in troodontids, while the body mass continued to decrease in many forms within
1676:
Zhang, H.; Wang, M.; Liu, X. (2008). "Constraints on the upper boundary age of the
Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating".
482:. The serrations on the front edge of dromaeosaurid and troodontid teeth were very small and fine, while the back edge had serrations which were very large and hooked.
3092:
Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (2 July 2014). "New specimen of
Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers".
537:) was usually small and angled inward toward the center of the body, but only became fully reversed in more specialized members of the bird lineage. One species,
2512:
4774:
6087:
6058:
1722:
6722:
2059:
Hu, Dongyu; Lianhi, Hou; Zhang, Lijun; Xu, Xing (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
486:
specialized lineages. Fossils also suggest that legs and feet covered with feathers was an ancestral condition, possibly having originated in the
8428:
7884:
6115:
4843:
2707:
1433:
1343:
5024:
4944:
6015:
5399:
4954:
8240:
503:, allowed the forelimbs to elongate and an elaboration of their plumage, traits that made the evolution of flapping flight possible.
6717:
499:
reduced or lost in some advanced lineages. An increasingly asymmetric wrist joint, a trend that can be traced back to primitive
2742:
Sereno, P. C. (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria".
590:
specialized in smaller prey that could be pinned using only the inner toes, not requiring the feet to be as strong or sturdy.
543:, possessed a first toe which was highly modified in parallel with the second. Both the first and second toes on each foot of
8245:
3165:
2904:
3186:
7877:
576:
and were used for climbing, and in the case of larger species or individuals, climbing up the flanks of very large prey.
8438:
1884:
1632:
1626:
632:
2379:
2047:
1457:
Since the 1960s, the dromaeosaurids and troodontids have often been classified together in a group or clade named the
476:
The teeth of basal paravians were curved and serrated, but not blade-like except in some specialized species, such as
4018:
8418:
6164:
2502:
1824:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Motta, Matias J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Lo Coco, Gastón; Novas, Fernando E. (2019-02-12).
520:
in particular also seems to represent a case of flight evolving independently of the bird lineage within Paraves.
6261:
1644:
1587:
516:
were capable of flapping flight and powered launching from the ground into the air without relying on climbing.
7870:
2037:
125-Million-Year-Old Biplanes: New Evidence Suggests the Earliest Bird Species Had Feathers on their Hind Limbs
5725:
4781:
1579:. Then, around 110–90 Mya, the ancestors of Neornithes (modern birds) split from the other paravians.
419:
4767:
2885:
Avian ancestors. A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria,
8433:
8385:
8004:
7982:
7850:
6707:
2168:
Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
8423:
8347:
8096:
7932:
6489:
1649:
1599:
5730:
2221:"The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents"
2048:
The asymmetry of the carpal joint and the evolution of wing folding in maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs
6404:
6394:
3958:
3158:
3042:
478:
4012:
1507:. (2017) and other phylogenies in which find Eudromaeosauria to be an outgroup to a clade including
172:
6730:
6712:
4311:
3256:
1503:
and modern birds. Averaptora additionally contains troodontids according to Cau, Beyrand, Voeten
6735:
5850:
4715:
4006:
1448:
as paravians that were not eumaniraptorans, while Turner, Makovicky, and Norell (2012) recovered
6409:
8332:
8267:
8235:
8179:
8174:
8159:
7826:
6702:
6514:
6464:
6228:
5827:
5771:
3043:
Fountaine, Toby M.R.; Benton, Michael J.; Dyke, Gareth J.; Nudds, Robert L. (4 February 2005).
1616:
157:
8327:
8250:
6539:
4337:
3902:
2637:"Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs"
1590:
of Paraves, there are no extant survivors or genetic material, so their entire phylogeny is
8314:
8189:
8116:
8101:
7167:
3151:
3101:
2999:
2937:
2928:
Senter, P' (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
2822:
2716:
2648:
2588:
2542:
2449:
2342:
2283:
2177:
2126:
2068:
1991:
1932:
1779:
1685:
6170:
8:
8397:
8184:
8111:
6697:
6589:
6529:
6474:
6254:
5119:
4614:
4480:
4115:
2867:
2774:"Unenlagiid theropods: are they members of the Dromaeosauridae (Theropoda, Maniraptora)?"
2507:
2272:"A microraptorine (Dinosauria–Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America"
1441:
1207:
695:
454:
360:
3105:
3003:
2941:
2826:
2720:
2652:
2592:
2546:
2529:
Turner, Alan H.; Pol, Diego; Clarke, Julia A.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Norell, M. (2007).
2453:
2346:
2287:
2181:
2130:
2072:
1995:
1936:
1783:
1689:
1415:
in 1997. The clade was defined by Sereno in 1998 as a branch-based clade containing all
550:
8413:
8199:
8164:
7917:
7480:
6544:
6504:
6469:
5247:
5196:
4583:
3806:
3283:
3125:
3069:
3044:
3020:
2987:
2953:
2910:
2846:
2680:
2612:
2473:
2417:
2392:
2365:
2330:
2306:
2271:
2247:
2220:
2201:
2150:
2092:
2014:
1979:
1955:
1916:
1803:
1749:
1621:
391:
167:
2699:
2111:
1980:"Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution"
564:
claw and its associated modifications to the anatomy of the foot (such as a shortened
8305:
8215:
8194:
8154:
8034:
7952:
7833:
7606:
7553:
7503:
6646:
6636:
6579:
6379:
6374:
6314:
5967:
5226:
4469:
4254:
3858:
3225:
3117:
3091:
3074:
3025:
2914:
2900:
2838:
2795:
2672:
2664:
2604:
2560:
2465:
2422:
2370:
2311:
2252:
2193:
2142:
2096:
2084:
2019:
1960:
1880:
1857:
1795:
539:
344:
16:
Clade of all dinosaurs that are more closely related to birds than to oviraptorosaurs
2957:
2790:
2773:
2755:
2616:
1807:
1753:
8373:
8225:
7999:
7472:
6614:
6286:
6198:
6123:
6065:
5658:
5549:
5256:
4934:
4658:
4637:
3947:
3881:
3788:
3425:
3129:
3109:
3064:
3056:
3015:
3007:
2945:
2892:
2850:
2830:
2785:
2751:
2728:
2724:
2684:
2656:
2596:
2550:
2477:
2457:
2412:
2404:
2360:
2350:
2331:"An aberrant island-dwelling theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania"
2301:
2291:
2242:
2232:
2185:
2154:
2134:
2076:
2009:
1999:
1950:
1940:
1847:
1837:
1787:
1739:
1731:
1693:
1458:
1355:
1077:
1043:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Lefèvre, Cau, Cincotta,
664:
2988:"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds"
2205:
461:, which include diverse extinct taxa as well as the over 10,000 species of living
8169:
8073:
8056:
7927:
7704:
7532:
7002:
6524:
6509:
6447:
6346:
6274:
6145:
6138:
6101:
6022:
6006:
5586:
5558:
5205:
4833:
4692:
4623:
4495:
4458:
4300:
4285:
4204:
4160:
4139:
3916:
3795:
3752:
3577:
3508:
3241:
1945:
1611:
1519:
1474:
1445:
1154:
1103:
957:
612:
569:
530:
508:
473:
Like other theropods, all paravians are bipedal, walking on their two hind legs.
450:
442:
438:
369:
352:
36:
1877:
Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and its Paleobiological Significance
1329:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau, Beyrand, Voeten
8230:
8121:
8044:
7991:
7962:
7922:
7897:
7814:
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7696:
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5871:
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3461:
2335:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1367:
325:
130:
2949:
2896:
2636:
2600:
2440:
Bhullar, B.A.; et al. (2012). "Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls".
2189:
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5272:
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4132:
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3558:
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3439:
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1861:
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1825:
1591:
1499:
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1381:
1376:
1359:
1181:
920:
737:
608:
487:
136:
78:
2555:
2530:
2391:
Manning, P.L.; Payne, D.; Pennicott, J.; Barrett, P.M.; Ennos, R.A. (2006).
2355:
2296:
2004:
8361:
8133:
7838:
7582:
7427:
7243:
7081:
7029:
6901:
6862:
6631:
6619:
6609:
6599:
6296:
6218:
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5807:
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5531:
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5143:
5055:
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4080:
3935:
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3847:
3840:
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3701:
3658:
3619:
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3399:
3377:
3121:
3078:
3060:
3029:
3011:
2842:
2799:
2676:
2608:
2564:
2469:
2426:
2408:
2374:
2315:
2256:
2197:
2146:
2088:
2023:
1964:
1799:
1769:
1508:
1389:
1129:
1061:
941:
864:
650:
616:
500:
446:
404:
377:
315:
256:
1497:, which Agnolín and Novas redefine as the least inclusive clade including
120:
8299:
8128:
8078:
8061:
8019:
8014:
8009:
7643:
7490:
7296:
7275:
7264:
7229:
7096:
7086:
7044:
6935:
6802:
6604:
6429:
6424:
6356:
6341:
6309:
6043:
5953:
5888:
5629:
5579:
5510:
5462:
5287:
5233:
5181:
5128:
5014:
4984:
4903:
4667:
4417:
4407:
4070:
3909:
3674:
3633:
3604:
3597:
3565:
3475:
3409:
3349:
3336:
3295:
3174:
1583:
1528:
1416:
1412:
582:
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304:
294:
274:
142:
53:
7862:
3113:
2834:
2660:
2490:
2461:
2328:
2138:
2080:
1852:
8029:
7972:
7942:
7937:
7760:
7622:
7561:
7540:
7372:
7356:
7291:
7236:
7208:
7140:
7105:
6983:
6831:
6666:
6641:
6399:
6108:
5976:
5783:
5667:
5637:
5604:
5572:
5538:
5524:
5517:
5341:
5311:
5105:
5065:
4994:
4883:
4812:
4799:
4727:
4674:
4550:
4527:
4512:
4448:
4375:
4263:
4233:
4226:
4169:
4125:
3819:
3708:
3692:
3681:
3640:
3626:
3590:
3551:
3529:
2237:
1576:
1546:
1534:
1420:
1385:
1363:
1249:
907:
846:
719:
599:
565:
230:
160:
148:
98:
63:
6239:
8106:
7720:
7675:
7464:
7257:
7174:
7158:
7147:
7057:
6993:
6952:
6651:
6452:
6439:
6419:
6319:
6213:
6193:
6029:
5984:
5946:
5939:
5496:
5429:
5409:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5173:
5166:
5135:
4600:
4427:
4219:
4101:
3773:
3715:
3667:
3611:
3497:
3366:
3268:
3216:
1744:
1655:
1425:
1233:
794:
335:
243:
184:
103:
47:
8261:
1915:
Fowler, D.W.; Freedman, E.A.; Scannella, J.B.; Kambic, R.E. (2011).
1717:
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7393:
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5908:
5565:
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5279:
4893:
4644:
4568:
4212:
4176:
3722:
3454:
3207:
3198:
2110:
Xing, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F.; Du, X. (2003).
1540:
1358:. The ancestral paravian is the earliest common ancestor of birds,
1347:
812:
573:
434:
431:
217:
204:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
40:
1826:"Paravian Phylogeny and the Dinosaur-Bird Transition: An Overview"
1735:
8319:
8066:
7598:
7451:
7330:
7215:
7181:
7119:
6940:
6794:
6786:
6479:
6351:
6336:
6050:
5796:
5644:
5469:
5044:
4354:
4183:
2531:"A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight"
1716:
Turner, Alan Hamilton; Makovicky, Peter J.; Norell, Mark (2012).
1638:
1551:
1512:
1494:
1423:(which includes all the birds living in the world today) than to
1371:
981:
620:
458:
382:
108:
83:
20:
2975:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 45–48.
8380:
8024:
7728:
7667:
7443:
7435:
7364:
7304:
7188:
7126:
7009:
6676:
6671:
6549:
5621:
5419:
5034:
4913:
3388:
3192:
1823:
1483:
534:
194:
3143:
2329:
Z., Csiki; Vremir, M.; Brusatte, S. L.; Norell, M. A. (2010).
1718:"A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny"
1481:
by Agnolín and Novas (2013), defined as all animals closer to
7614:
7401:
6964:
3446:
1914:
423:
Birds, members of the paraves, are the only living dinosaurs.
2390:
1575:
Paravians diverged from other maniraptorans around 165
1550:; together they were proposed to be the sister group of the
547:
were held retracted and bore enlarged, sickle-shaped claws.
490:, even if this trait was later lost in more advanced birds.
8220:
8088:
7901:
7590:
6957:
6920:
6890:
6304:
6270:
5748:
5693:
1351:
462:
153:
2891:. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. pp. 1–96.
7909:
7893:
7712:
6569:
6331:
2985:
2634:
1594:
only from the fossil record. The prototypical fossil is
2812:
2528:
2263:
2973:
The Rise of Birds: 225 million years of evolution
8345:
2767:
2765:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2219:
Dececchi, T.A.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Habib, M.B. (2016).
1715:
1586:
of modern birds, which are direct descendants in the
6003:
5964:
5920:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5655:
5601:
5480:
5450:
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5365:
5354:
5299:
5244:
5193:
5154:
5116:
5086:
5071:
5061:
5051:
5040:
5030:
5020:
5010:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4849:
4839:
4829:
4701:
4655:
4611:
4580:
4563:
4492:
4476:
4465:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4423:
4413:
4403:
4392:
4381:
4371:
4323:
4297:
4251:
4157:
4112:
4097:
4087:
4076:
4066:
3944:
3749:
3422:
3405:
3395:
3384:
3373:
3362:
3045:"The quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic birds"
2577:
2322:
2218:
1879:(1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. Ch. 2.
1229:
1204:
1178:
1151:
1126:
1100:
1074:
374:
366:
357:
349:
341:
331:
321:
311:
300:
290:
128:Six paravian dinosaurs (top left to bottom right):
6861:
2862:
2860:
2762:
2623:
1723:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1370:. Paraves often comprises three major sub-groups:
2883:Agnolín, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (2013).
2772:Agnolín, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E. (2011).
2109:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1524:The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution
8405:
2986:Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (11 December 2015).
2878:
2876:
2857:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1659:, a putative but possibly chimeric Triassic bird
2524:
2522:
2384:
2058:
1454:as the only known non-eumaniraptoran paravian.
3240:
2806:
2269:
1977:
1704:
7878:
6255:
3159:
2873:
2744:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
2708:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2393:"Dinosaur killer claws or climbing crampons?"
2052:
1893:
1570:
6769:
2882:
2866:Mortimer, M. (2012): The Theropod Database:
2771:
2519:
2491:Dinosaurs 'shrank' regularly to become birds
1971:
1765:
1763:
1675:
1493:. Most studies use a similar definition for
1641:, a hypothetical dinosaur-bird intermediary
7885:
7871:
6262:
6248:
3347:
3166:
3152:
2970:
2921:
2735:
2691:
2571:
2161:
2103:
593:
119:
8241:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
7892:
4810:
3068:
3019:
2789:
2554:
2416:
2364:
2354:
2305:
2295:
2246:
2236:
2013:
2003:
1954:
1944:
1851:
1841:
1760:
1743:
533:. In these early species, the first toe (
2778:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
2212:
598:Extreme examples of miniaturization and
549:
418:
6269:
2700:"The origin and evolution of dinosaurs"
2503:"How Dinosaurs Shrank and Became Birds"
2439:
2167:
603:dinosaur lineages were growing. Turner
523:
8429:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
8406:
4047:
2927:
2741:
2697:
8266:
8265:
7866:
6754:
6243:
5747:
5746:
4797:
4034:
3334:
3185:
3147:
2270:Longrich, N.R.; Currie, P.J. (2009).
1978:Zanno, L.E.; Makovicky, P.J. (2011).
7821:
1921:and the Origin of Flapping in Birds"
1874:
1819:
1817:
7845:
2930:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1567:four-winged basal paravian genera.
441:period. In addition to the extinct
13:
2112:"Four-winged dinosaurs from China"
1627:Biogeography of paravian dinosaurs
1522:in the second edition of his book
1350:which are more closely related to
633:Biogeography of paravian dinosaurs
14:
8450:
6723:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
3139:
1814:
1380:and modern birds, as well as the
8391:
8379:
8367:
8355:
7981:
7844:
7832:
7820:
7809:
7808:
7699:(New World vultures and condors)
6224:
6223:
6169:
6163:
5729:
5724:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4017:
4011:
4005:
2515:from the original on 2023-07-20.
1366:which was not also ancestral to
637:
171:
51:
3335:
3173:
3085:
3036:
2979:
2964:
2791:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100008
2495:
2484:
2433:
1645:Temporal paradox (paleontology)
6755:
4798:
2729:10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.435
2041:
2030:
1868:
1669:
1388:, which may or may not form a
468:
457:, the group also contains the
1:
1663:
1602:, both complete and partial.
1598:, of which 11 specimens
1946:10.1371/journal.pone.0028964
626:
7:
7763:(woodpeckers and relatives)
4035:
1605:
1518:In 2015 Chatterjee created
10:
8455:
8097:Flying and gliding animals
7933:Fin and flipper locomotion
7625:(cormorants and relatives)
6718:Extinct species since 1500
1917:"The Predatory Ecology of
1830:Frontiers in Earth Science
1650:List of fossil bird genera
1571:Origin and early evolution
1395:The name 'Paraves' (Greek
630:
430:are a widespread group of
18:
8439:Taxa named by Paul Sereno
8274:
8208:
8147:
8087:
7990:
7979:
7908:
7804:
7755:(kingfishers and rollers)
7687:
7642:
7609:(albatrosses and petrels)
7581:
7552:
7523:
7502:
7493:(swifts and hummingbirds)
7475:(nightjars and relatives)
7463:
7426:
7417:
7384:
7347:
7338:
7329:
7325:
7299:(pheasants and relatives)
7274:
7198:
7157:
7095:
7067:
7043:
7019:
6992:
6913:
6900:
6857:
6830:
6826:
6765:
6761:
6750:
6746:
6685:
6588:
6488:
6438:
6365:
6295:
6282:
6183:
6161:
6002:
5963:
5919:
5880:
5869:
5838:
5815:
5806:
5791:
5782:
5759:
5755:
5742:
5722:
5692:
5654:
5600:
5548:
5491:
5479:
5449:
5350:
5339:
5298:
5243:
5192:
5153:
5115:
5085:
4825:
4821:
4806:
4793:
4764:
4726:
4700:
4691:
4654:
4610:
4579:
4559:
4548:
4491:
4367:
4363:
4352:
4322:
4296:
4250:
4156:
4111:
4062:
4058:
4043:
4030:
4003:
3969:
3943:
3934:
3857:
3814:
3805:
3760:
3748:
3744:
3691:
3657:
3585:
3576:
3516:
3507:
3434:
3420:
3358:
3343:
3330:
3294:
3276:
3267:
3249:
3236:
3181:
2950:10.1017/S1477201907002143
2897:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3
2756:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
2601:10.1007/s00114-017-1496-y
2190:10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y
1792:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7
1698:10.1007/s11434-008-0287-4
1247:
1227:
1220:
1202:
1195:
1175:
1168:
1149:
1142:
1124:
1117:
1098:
1091:
1072:
1065:
979:
954:
938:
931:
924:
903:
896:
860:
842:
835:
808:
790:
783:
776:
769:
733:
715:
708:
692:
685:
678:
661:
654:
479:Dromaeosaurus albertensis
397:
390:
287:
282:
168:Scientific classification
166:
127:
118:
30:
7654:(seriemas and relatives)
7633:(pelicans and relatives)
2870:. Retrieved 2013-AUG-15.
1843:10.3389/feart.2018.00252
1678:Chinese Science Bulletin
493:
19:Not to be confused with
8419:Late Jurassic dinosaurs
7747:(hornbills and hoopoes)
7662:(falcons and relatives)
2971:Chatterjee, S. (2015).
2889:and Scansoriopterygidae
2556:10.1126/science.1144066
2356:10.1073/pnas.1006970107
2297:10.1073/pnas.0811664106
2005:10.1073/pnas.1011924108
1403:'beside, near' + Latin
1346:defined to include all
594:Dichotomy in body sizes
437:that originated in the
8236:Terrestrial locomotion
8180:Evolution of cetaceans
8175:Origin of avian flight
8160:Evolution of tetrapods
7731:(trogons and quetzals)
7543:(cranes and relatives)
6813:(emus and cassowaries)
6703:Glossary of bird terms
6515:Confuciusornithiformes
3061:10.1098/rspb.2004.2923
3012:10.1126/sciadv.1501005
2868:Phylogeny of Theropoda
2409:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0395
2380:Supporting Information
1984:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1617:Origin of avian flight
1411:'bird') was coined by
560:
424:
8328:Paleobiology Database
8251:Undulatory locomotion
8200:Homologous structures
7572:(kagu and sunbittern)
7535:(gulls and relatives)
6540:Songlingornithiformes
6505:Omnivoropterygiformes
3903:Paralitherizinosaurus
2698:Sereno, P.C. (1997).
2581:The Science of Nature
1875:Mayr, G. (Oct 2016).
553:
422:
8386:Evolutionary biology
8195:Analogous structures
8190:Convergent evolution
7394:Phoenicopteriformes
1633:thecodont hypothesis
1526:, where he included
1473:to the exclusion of
524:Feet and sickle claw
8246:Rotating locomotion
8185:Comparative anatomy
7365:Mesitornithiformes
7359:(doves and pigeons)
6693:Families and orders
6555:Ichthyornithiformes
6530:Patagopterygiformes
5120:Patagopterygiformes
4615:Confuciusornithidae
4481:Scansoriopterygidae
4116:Scansoriopterygidae
3114:10.1038/nature13467
3106:2014Natur.511...79F
3004:2015SciA....1E1005C
2942:2007JSPal...5..429S
2835:10.1038/nature12168
2827:2013Natur.498..359G
2721:1997AREPS..25..435S
2661:10.1038/nature24679
2653:2017Natur.552..395C
2593:2017SciNa.104...74L
2547:2007Sci...317.1378T
2541:(5843): 1378–1381.
2508:Scientific American
2462:10.1038/nature11146
2454:2012Natur.487..223B
2347:2010PNAS..10715357C
2288:2009PNAS..106.5002L
2182:2005NW.....92..173X
2170:Naturwissenschaften
2139:10.1038/nature01342
2131:2003Natur.421..335X
2081:10.1038/nature08322
2073:2009Natur.461..640H
1996:2011PNAS..108..232Z
1937:2011PLoSO...628964F
1784:2008NW.....95..185L
1772:Naturwissenschaften
1690:2008SciBu..53.3574Z
1208:Scansoriopterygidae
696:Scansoriopterygidae
453:, and possibly the
361:Scansoriopterygidae
8434:Evolution of birds
8165:Evolution of birds
7918:Aquatic locomotion
7707:(eagles and hawks)
7607:Procellariiformes
7512:Opisthocomiformes
7481:Steatornithiformes
6708:List by population
6545:Hongshanornithidae
6470:Evolution of birds
5248:Songlingornithidae
5197:Hongshanornithidae
4584:Omnivoropterygidae
4496:Jeholornithiformes
3807:Therizinosauroidea
2238:10.7717/peerj.2159
1656:Protoavis texensis
1622:Evolution of birds
1442:scansoriopterygids
1344:branch-based clade
561:
455:scansoriopterygids
425:
8424:Prehistoric birds
8343:
8342:
8268:Taxon identifiers
8259:
8258:
8216:Animal locomotion
8155:Evolution of fish
8035:facultative biped
7860:
7859:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7593:(loons or divers)
7562:Phaethontiformes
7554:Phaethontimorphae
7504:Opisthocomiformes
7473:Caprimulgiformes
7413:
7412:
7402:Podicipediformes
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7039:
7038:
6822:
6821:
6779:Struthioniformes
6647:Waterfowl hunting
6580:Gastornithiformes
6575:Aepyornithiformes
6565:Lithornithiformes
6237:
6236:
6179:
6178:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6059:Lutetodontopteris
5968:Gastornithiformes
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5749:Aves / Neornithes
5738:
5737:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5694:Aves / Neornithes
5596:
5595:
5335:
5334:
5227:Parahongshanornis
4789:
4788:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4544:
4543:
4470:Archaeopterygidae
4348:
4347:
4255:Archaeopterygidae
4026:
4025:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3859:Therizinosauridae
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3226:Maniraptoriformes
3055:(1560): 289–294.
2906:978-94-007-5636-6
2821:(7454): 359–362.
2647:(7685): 395–399.
2448:(7406): 223–226.
2125:(6921): 335–340.
2067:(7264): 640–643.
1684:(22): 3574–3584.
1337:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
968:
967:
885:
884:
876:
875:
824:
823:
758:
757:
749:
748:
417:
416:
411:
345:Archaeopterygidae
278:
8446:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8384:
8383:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8336:
8335:
8323:
8322:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8263:
8262:
8226:Robot locomotion
8000:Limb development
7985:
7958:Lobe-finned fish
7887:
7880:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7848:
7847:
7836:
7824:
7823:
7812:
7811:
7764:
7756:
7748:
7740:
7737:Leptosomiformes
7732:
7724:
7716:
7708:
7705:Accipitriformes
7700:
7679:
7678:(perching birds)
7671:
7663:
7655:
7634:
7626:
7618:
7610:
7602:
7599:Sphenisciformes
7594:
7573:
7565:
7544:
7536:
7533:Charadriiformes
7515:
7494:
7476:
7455:
7447:
7444:Musophagiformes
7439:
7424:
7423:
7405:
7397:
7376:
7368:
7360:
7345:
7344:
7336:
7335:
7327:
7326:
7300:
7287:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7054:
6967:
6960:
6924:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6828:
6827:
6814:
6806:
6798:
6790:
6782:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6615:Bird collections
6570:Dinornithiformes
6475:Darwin's finches
6465:Origin of flight
6405:Seabird breeding
6395:Sexual selection
6264:
6257:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6227:
6226:
6199:Deinonychosauria
6174:
6173:
6167:
6124:Protodontopteryx
6066:Macrodontopteryx
6005:
5966:
5922:
5906:
5896:
5886:
5878:
5877:
5813:
5812:
5789:
5788:
5757:
5756:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5728:
5659:Cimolopterygidae
5657:
5603:
5550:Hesperornithidae
5489:
5488:
5482:
5452:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5301:
5246:
5195:
5156:
5118:
5088:
5073:
5063:
5053:
5042:
5032:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4992:
4982:
4972:
4962:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4921:
4911:
4901:
4891:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4851:
4841:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4659:Jinguofortisidae
4657:
4638:Eoconfuciusornis
4613:
4582:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4494:
4478:
4467:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4394:
4383:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4325:
4299:
4253:
4159:
4114:
4099:
4089:
4078:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4009:
3959:Oviraptorosauria
3948:Oviraptorosauria
3946:
3941:
3940:
3882:Nanshiungosaurus
3812:
3811:
3789:Jianchangosaurus
3758:
3757:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3583:
3582:
3514:
3513:
3432:
3431:
3426:Alvarezsauroidea
3424:
3407:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3274:
3273:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3183:
3182:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2998:(11): e1501005.
2992:Science Advances
2983:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2880:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2341:(35): 15357–61.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1912:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1673:
1459:Deinonychosauria
1434:node-based clade
1231:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1078:Oviraptorosauria
1076:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
934:
933:
927:
926:
899:
898:
838:
837:
786:
785:
779:
778:
772:
771:
711:
710:
688:
687:
681:
680:
665:Oviraptorosauria
657:
656:
647:
646:
642:
641:
403:
376:
368:
359:
351:
343:
333:
323:
313:
302:
292:
273:
176:
175:
123:
113:
50:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8392:
8390:
8378:
8368:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8346:
8344:
8339:
8331:
8326:
8318:
8313:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8289:
8288:
8283:
8270:
8260:
8255:
8204:
8170:Origin of birds
8143:
8083:
8005:Limb morphology
7986:
7977:
7963:Ray-finned fish
7928:Fish locomotion
7904:
7891:
7861:
7856:
7768:
7762:
7754:
7746:
7745:Bucerotiformes
7739:(cuckoo-roller)
7738:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7698:
7697:Cathartiformes
7683:
7677:
7669:
7668:Psittaciformes
7661:
7653:
7638:
7632:
7631:Pelecaniformes
7624:
7616:
7608:
7600:
7592:
7577:
7571:
7570:Eurypygiformes
7563:
7548:
7542:
7534:
7519:
7513:
7498:
7492:
7474:
7459:
7453:
7445:
7437:
7409:
7403:
7395:
7380:
7374:
7373:Pterocliformes
7366:
7358:
7309:
7298:
7285:
7270:
7194:
7153:
7091:
7056:
7055:
7048:
7047:
7035:
7015:
6988:
6965:
6958:
6918:
6917:
6905:
6904:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6818:
6812:
6811:Casuariiformes
6804:
6803:Apterygiformes
6796:
6788:
6780:
6757:
6742:
6713:Lists by region
6681:
6591:
6584:
6525:Chaoyangiformes
6510:Jeholornithidae
6484:
6448:Origin of birds
6434:
6415:Brood parasites
6361:
6291:
6278:
6268:
6238:
6233:
6175:
6168:
6151:
6146:Tympanonesiotes
6139:Pseudodontornis
6102:Palaeochenoides
6023:Caspiodontornis
6007:Pelagornithidae
5998:
5959:
5915:
5857:
5834:
5802:
5778:
5751:
5734:
5708:
5688:
5650:
5592:
5587:Parahesperornis
5559:Asiahesperornis
5544:
5475:
5445:
5344:
5331:
5294:
5239:
5206:Archaeornithura
5188:
5149:
5111:
5081:
4834:Archaeorhynchus
4815:
4802:
4785:
4772:
4742:
4722:
4693:Ornithothoraces
4687:
4650:
4624:Changchengornis
4606:
4575:
4553:
4540:
4487:
4459:Anchiornithidae
4357:
4344:
4318:
4312:Dromaeosauridae
4301:Dromaeosauridae
4292:
4286:Anchiornithidae
4246:
4205:Liaoningvenator
4161:Anchiornithidae
4152:
4140:Scansoriopteryx
4107:
4052:
4039:
4022:
3985:
3965:
3922:
3917:Therizinosaurus
3853:
3801:
3796:Lingyuanosaurus
3753:Therizinosauria
3728:
3687:
3653:
3578:Parvicursorinae
3572:
3509:Alvarezsauridae
3503:
3428:
3416:
3352:
3339:
3310:
3290:
3263:
3257:Avemetatarsalia
3242:Avemetatarsalia
3232:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3142:
3137:
3100:(7507): 79–82.
3090:
3086:
3041:
3037:
2984:
2980:
2969:
2965:
2926:
2922:
2907:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2811:
2807:
2770:
2763:
2740:
2736:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2633:
2624:
2576:
2572:
2527:
2520:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2438:
2434:
2397:Biology Letters
2389:
2385:
2327:
2323:
2268:
2264:
2217:
2213:
2166:
2162:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2031:
1976:
1972:
1913:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1822:
1815:
1768:
1761:
1714:
1705:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1635:of bird origins
1612:Origin of birds
1608:
1600:have been found
1582:Other than the
1573:
1520:Tetrapterygidae
1475:Eudromaeosauria
1368:oviraptorosaurs
1356:oviraptorosaurs
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1155:Anchiornithinae
1104:Dromaeosauridae
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
969:
958:Dromaeosauridae
886:
877:
825:
759:
750:
640:
635:
629:
613:Dromaeosauridae
596:
526:
509:Microraptor gui
496:
471:
439:Middle Jurassic
370:Dromaeosauridae
353:Anchiornithidae
272:
170:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
37:Middle Jurassic
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8452:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8401:
8400:
8388:
8376:
8364:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8324:
8311:
8296:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8134:Pterosaur wing
8131:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7923:Cephalopod fin
7920:
7914:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7890:
7889:
7882:
7875:
7867:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7818:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7758:
7753:Coraciiformes
7750:
7742:
7734:
7729:Trogoniformes
7726:
7718:
7710:
7702:
7693:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7676:Passeriformes
7673:
7665:
7660:Falconiformes
7657:
7652:Cariamiformes
7648:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7615:Ciconiiformes
7612:
7604:
7596:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7567:
7558:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7538:
7529:
7527:
7525:Cursorimorphae
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7508:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7432:
7430:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7399:
7390:
7388:
7386:Mirandornithes
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7370:
7362:
7357:Columbiformes
7353:
7351:
7349:Columbimorphae
7342:
7333:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7294:
7289:
7284:Meleagridinae
7280:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7204:
7202:
7200:Odontophoridae
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7163:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7062:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7006:
6998:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6979:Stictonettinae
6976:
6974:Dendrocygninae
6971:
6970:
6969:
6962:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6927:
6925:
6908:
6895:
6852:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6808:
6800:
6792:
6784:
6775:
6773:
6759:
6758:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6727:Notable birds
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6677:Egg collecting
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6560:Hesperornithes
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6535:Ambiortiformes
6532:
6527:
6522:
6520:Enantiornithes
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6189:Archaeornithes
6184:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6131:Protopelicanus
6127:
6120:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6095:Osteodontornis
6091:
6084:
6077:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:Dromornithidae
5988:
5981:
5972:
5970:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5926:
5924:Dromornithidae
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5902:
5899:Perplexicervix
5892:
5881:
5875:
5872:Incertae sedis
5867:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5851:Pangalliformes
5844:
5842:
5840:Pangalliformes
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5821:
5819:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5765:
5763:
5753:
5752:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5678:
5671:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5484:Hesperornithes
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5456:
5454:Ichthyornithes
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5413:
5403:
5393:
5383:
5373:
5363:
5351:
5345:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5322:
5319:Similiyanornis
5315:
5307:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5252:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5160:
5158:Ambiortiformes
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5076:Zhongjianornis
5069:
5059:
5049:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4968:
4965:Jianchangornis
4958:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4877:
4867:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4826:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:Enantiornithes
4709:
4707:
4705:Enantiornithes
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4631:Confuciusornis
4627:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4594:Omnivoropteryx
4589:
4587:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4560:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4463:
4452:
4442:
4432:
4421:
4411:
4401:
4390:
4379:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4095:
4092:Pneumatoraptor
4085:
4074:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3889:Neimongosaurus
3885:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3648:Trierarchuncus
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3544:Bonapartenykus
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3483:Shishugounykus
3479:
3472:
3465:
3462:Bonapartenykus
3458:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3393:
3382:
3371:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
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3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3140:External links
3138:
3136:
3135:
3084:
3035:
2978:
2963:
2936:(4): 429–463.
2920:
2905:
2872:
2856:
2805:
2784:(1): 117–162.
2761:
2734:
2690:
2622:
2570:
2518:
2494:
2483:
2432:
2403:(1): 110–112.
2383:
2321:
2282:(13): 5002–7.
2262:
2211:
2176:(4): 173–177.
2160:
2102:
2051:
2040:
2029:
1990:(1): 232–237.
1970:
1931:(12): e28964.
1892:
1886:978-1119020769
1885:
1867:
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1647:
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1572:
1569:
1446:alvarezsaurids
1382:dromaeosaurids
1360:dromaeosaurids
1335:
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1321:
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946:
945:
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932:
930:
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923:
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913:
912:
902:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
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879:
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874:
873:
870:
869:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
841:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
818:
817:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
789:
784:
782:
777:
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768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
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747:
746:
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732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
714:
709:
707:
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703:
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699:
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686:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
660:
655:
653:
645:
639:
636:
628:
625:
595:
592:
570:eudromaeosaurs
531:eudromaeosaurs
525:
522:
495:
492:
470:
467:
451:anchiornithids
443:dromaeosaurids
415:
414:
413:
412:
395:
394:
388:
387:
386:
385:
380:
372:
364:
355:
347:
339:
329:
326:Pneumatoraptor
319:
309:
298:
285:
284:
280:
279:
267:
260:
259:
254:
247:
246:
241:
234:
233:
228:
221:
220:
215:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
164:
163:
131:Confuciusornis
125:
124:
116:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8451:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8399:
8389:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8375:
8365:
8363:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8334:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8286:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7968:Pectoral fins
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7881:
7876:
7874:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7853:
7852:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7727:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7713:Strigiformes
7711:
7709:
7703:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7658:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7564:(tropicbirds)
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7487:
7486:Podargiformes
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7436:Cuculiformes
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7406:
7400:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7134:Macrocephalon
7131:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7021:Anseranatidae
7018:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6795:Tinamiformes
6793:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6771:Palaeognathae
6768:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6657:Pigeon racing
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6499:Archaeopteryx
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6230:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6209:Odontornithes
6207:
6205:
6204:Odontognathae
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6172:
6166:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:Barawertornis
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5829:
5828:Anserimorphae
5825:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5817:Anserimorphae
5814:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5773:
5772:Palaeognathae
5769:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5761:Palaeognathae
5758:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5727:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5440:Tingmiatornis
5434:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:Antarcticavis
5353:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5303:Yanornithidae
5297:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5273:Songlingornis
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:Longicrusavis
5217:
5215:
5214:
5213:Hongshanornis
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:Mengciusornis
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5090:Schizoouridae
5084:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4874:Changzuiornis
4868:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4854:Brevidentavis
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4769:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:Cretaaviculus
4391:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4272:Archaeopteryx
4269:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4241:Yixianosaurus
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:Fujianvenator
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:Epidexipteryx
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4008:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3827:Beipiaosaurus
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:Heptasteornis
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:Alvarezsaurus
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:Achillesaurus
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:Achillesaurus
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Proc Biol Sci
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:(3): 185–91.
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1736:10.1206/748.1
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:Archaeopteryx
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:Eumaniraptora
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1500:Archaeopteryx
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:Dromaeosaurus
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1451:Epidexipteryx
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Eumaniraptora
1435:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1390:natural group
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:Archaeopteryx
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:Archaeopteryx
1173:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
988:
987:
984:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
964:
963:
960:
959:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
936:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:Eumaniraptora
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
909:
901:
900:
894:
893:
890:
889:
881:
880:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
848:
840:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:
820:
819:
816:
815:
814:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
796:
788:
787:
781:
780:
774:
773:
767:
766:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:Yixianosaurus
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:
713:
712:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
690:
689:
683:
682:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
659:
658:
652:
649:
648:
644:
643:
638:Relationships
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Eumaniraptora
606:
601:
591:
587:
585:
584:
577:
575:
571:
567:
559:"sickle claw"
558:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
541:
540:Balaur bondoc
536:
532:
521:
519:
515:
511:
510:
504:
502:
491:
489:
488:Coelurosauria
483:
481:
480:
474:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
421:
409:
406:
402:
401:Eumaniraptora
399:
398:
396:
393:
389:
384:
381:
379:
373:
371:
365:
362:
356:
354:
348:
346:
340:
338:
337:
330:
328:
327:
320:
318:
317:
310:
307:
306:
299:
297:
296:
289:
288:
286:
281:
276:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
174:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
150:
145:
144:
139:
138:
137:Dromaeosaurus
133:
132:
126:
122:
117:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
42:
38:
29:
26:
22:
8398:Paleontology
8275:
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7723:(mousebirds)
7721:Coliiformes
7591:Gaviiformes
7583:Aequornithes
7491:Apodiformes
7452:Otidiformes
7428:Otidimorphae
7375:(sandgrouse)
7297:Phasianinae
7263:
7256:
7249:
7244:Odontophorus
7242:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7146:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7082:Oreophasinae
7028:
7008:
7001:
6906:(waterfowls)
6902:Anseriformes
6652:Cockfighting
6637:Conservation
6632:Bird feeding
6620:Birdwatching
6610:Ornithomancy
6550:Gansuiformes
6497:
6490:Fossil birds
6380:Intelligence
6219:Unenlagiidae
6144:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6081:Odontopteryx
6079:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5870:
5808:Galloanserae
5795:
5682:Lamarqueavis
5680:
5675:Cimolopteryx
5673:
5666:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5614:Australornis
5612:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5537:
5532:Pasquiaornis
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5468:
5461:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5357:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5286:
5278:
5271:
5265:Piscivoravis
5263:
5255:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5180:
5172:
5165:
5144:Patagopteryx
5142:
5134:
5127:
5104:
5097:
5074:
5064:
5056:Xinghaiornis
5054:
5043:
5033:
5023:
5013:
5005:Khinganornis
5003:
4993:
4983:
4975:Jiuquanornis
4973:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4924:Gargantuavis
4922:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4864:Changmaornis
4862:
4852:
4842:
4832:
4771:
4682:Jinguofortis
4680:
4673:
4666:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4599:
4592:
4566:
4535:Neimengornis
4533:
4526:
4520:Jixiangornis
4518:
4511:
4505:Dalianraptor
4503:
4479:
4468:
4457:
4447:
4439:Yandangornis
4437:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4395:
4384:
4374:
4338:Troodontidae
4327:Troodontidae
4284:
4279:Wellnhoferia
4277:
4270:
4262:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4196:
4191:Eosinopteryx
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4100:
4090:
4081:Palaeopteryx
4079:
4069:
4049:
4036:
4010:
3970:
3936:Pennaraptora
3915:
3908:
3901:
3896:Nothronychus
3894:
3887:
3880:
3875:Erlikosaurus
3873:
3868:Erliansaurus
3866:
3848:Suzhousaurus
3846:
3841:Martharaptor
3839:
3834:Enigmosaurus
3832:
3825:
3818:
3794:
3787:
3781:Fukuivenator
3779:
3772:
3766:Eshanosaurus
3764:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3702:Albertonykus
3700:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:Ceratonykini
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3620:Nemegtonykus
3618:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3496:
3490:Tugulusaurus
3488:
3481:
3474:
3469:Haplocheirus
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3408:
3400:Migmanychion
3398:
3387:
3378:Fukuivenator
3376:
3365:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3052:
3048:
3038:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2888:
2884:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2781:
2777:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2644:
2640:
2587:(9–10): 74.
2584:
2580:
2573:
2538:
2534:
2506:
2497:
2486:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2032:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1876:
1870:
1853:11336/130197
1833:
1829:
1775:
1771:
1727:
1721:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1654:
1595:
1588:stem lineage
1581:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1509:Troodontidae
1504:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1407:, plural of
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1375:
1374:, including
1339:
1338:
1330:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1203:
1177:
1176:
1150:
1130:Troodontidae
1125:
1099:
1073:
1062:Pennaraptora
1044:
980:
955:
942:Troodontidae
939:
906:
904:
865:Eosinopteryx
863:
861:
845:
843:
811:
809:
793:
791:
736:
734:
718:
716:
693:
662:
651:Pennaraptora
617:Troodontidae
604:
597:
588:
581:
578:
562:
554:
544:
538:
527:
517:
513:
507:
505:
501:coelurosaurs
497:
484:
477:
475:
472:
427:
426:
407:
400:
378:Troodontidae
334:
324:
316:Palaeopteryx
314:
303:
293:
269:
263:
257:Pennaraptora
250:
237:
224:
211:
158:Prince Creek
147:
141:
135:
129:
25:
8300:Wikispecies
8129:Insect wing
8079:Webbed foot
8020:unguligrade
8015:plantigrade
8010:digitigrade
7851:WikiProject
7761:Piciformes
7644:Australaves
7623:Suliformes
7541:Gruiformes
7396:(flamingos)
7305:Tetraoninae
7276:Phasianidae
7265:Rhynchortyx
7230:Dactylortyx
7097:Megapodidae
7087:Penelopinae
7045:Galliformes
6787:Rheiformes
6781:(ostriches)
6731:individuals
6605:Ornithology
6592:interaction
6347:Preen gland
6116:Proceriavis
6088:Odontoptila
6044:Gigantornis
5954:Ilbandornis
5889:Asteriornis
5630:Neogaeornis
5580:Hesperornis
5511:Chupkaornis
5463:Ichthyornis
5288:Yixianornis
5234:Tianyuornis
5182:Palintropus
5129:Alamitornis
5015:Meemannavis
4985:Juehuaornis
4904:Eogranivora
4844:Bellulornis
4668:Chongmingia
4418:Overoraptor
4408:Fukuipteryx
4071:Imperobator
3910:Segnosaurus
3675:Ceratonykus
3634:Parvicursor
3605:Khulsanurus
3598:Jaculinykus
3566:Patagonykus
3476:Patagonykus
3410:Yaverlandia
3350:Maniraptora
3337:Maniraptora
3296:Maniraptora
3175:Maniraptora
2715:: 435–489.
1919:Deinonychus
1584:crown group
1529:Microraptor
1417:Maniraptora
1386:troodontids
1364:troodontids
1115:Averaptora
583:Deinonychus
556:Deinonychus
518:Microraptor
514:Microraptor
469:Description
447:troodontids
305:Overoraptor
295:Imperobator
143:Microraptor
46:165–0
8408:Categories
8057:Cephalopod
7973:Pelvic fin
7943:Dorsal fin
7938:Caudal fin
7601:(penguins)
7454:(bustards)
7292:Perdicinae
7237:Dendrortyx
7209:Callipepla
7141:Megapodius
7106:Aepypodius
6984:Tadorninae
6966:true geese
6797:(tinamous)
6756:Neornithes
6667:Pheasantry
6642:Aviculture
6410:Incubation
6400:Lek mating
6187:See also:
6109:Pelagornis
5977:Brontornis
5784:Neognathae
5703:see below↓
5668:Ceramornis
5638:Polarornis
5605:Vegaviidae
5573:Fumicollis
5539:Potamornis
5525:Judinornis
5518:Enaliornis
5342:Ornithurae
5312:Abitusavis
5106:Schizooura
5066:Yumenornis
5025:Platanavis
4995:Kaririavis
4945:Horezmavis
4884:Chaoyangia
4813:Euornithes
4800:Euornithes
4737:see below↓
4728:Euornithes
4675:Cratonavis
4551:Pygostylia
4528:Kompsornis
4513:Jeholornis
4449:Zhongornis
4376:Alcmonavis
4264:Alcmonavis
4234:Xiaotingia
4227:Serikornis
4170:Anchiornis
4126:Ambopteryx
3980:see below↓
3820:Alxasaurus
3709:Linhenykus
3693:Mononykini
3682:Xixianykus
3641:Qiupanykus
3627:Ondogurvel
3591:Dzharaonyx
3552:Bradycneme
3530:Alnashetri
3305:see below↓
3208:Dinosauria
2887:Anchiornis
1664:References
1564:Averaptora
1547:Anchiornis
1535:Xiaotingia
1479:Averaptora
1477:was named
1471:Xiaotingia
1467:Anchiornis
1421:Neornithes
1419:closer to
1250:Pygostylia
908:Anchiornis
847:Serikornis
720:Xiaotingia
631:See also:
600:progenesis
566:metatarsus
283:Subgroups
231:Saurischia
218:Dinosauria
161:troodontid
156:, and the
149:Anchiornis
8414:Paravians
8374:Dinosaurs
8148:Evolution
8107:Bird wing
8052:Arthropod
8045:quadruped
7670:(parrots)
7514:(hoatzin)
7465:Strisores
7446:(turacos)
7438:(cuckoos)
7367:(mesites)
7286:(turkeys)
7258:Philortyx
7175:Agelastes
7168:Acryllium
7159:Numididae
7148:Talegalla
7058:gamebirds
7051:landfowls
7030:Anseranas
6994:Anhimidae
6953:Anserinae
6736:fictional
6458:dinosaurs
6453:Theropoda
6440:Evolution
6385:Migration
6367:Behaviour
6214:Sauriurae
6194:Carinatae
6030:Cyphornis
6016:Aequornis
5985:Gastornis
5947:Genyornis
5940:Dromornis
5497:Baptornis
5430:Limenavis
5410:Iaceornis
5400:Guildavis
5390:Gallornis
5380:Cerebavis
5370:Apatornis
5174:Apsaravis
5167:Ambiortus
5136:Kuszholia
4601:Sapeornis
4428:Rahonavis
4220:Pedopenna
4102:Rahonavis
3774:Falcarius
3716:Mononykus
3668:Albinykus
3498:Xiyunykus
3367:Elopteryx
3284:Theropoda
3269:Theropoda
3217:Theropoda
3191:Kingdom:
2915:199493087
2750:: 41–83.
2669:1476-4687
2231:: e2159.
2097:205218015
1862:2296-6463
1745:2246/6352
1730:: 1–206.
1426:Oviraptor
1348:dinosaurs
1333:. (2017)
1234:Rahonavis
795:Pedopenna
627:Evolution
545:B. bondoc
435:dinosaurs
336:Rahonavis
244:Theropoda
191:Kingdom:
185:Eukaryota
31:Paravians
8320:42329848
8285:Wikidata
8139:Wingspan
8122:feathers
8117:skeleton
8102:Bat wing
8062:Tetrapod
7948:Fish fin
7815:Category
7689:Afroaves
7617:(storks)
7419:Passerea
7404:(grebes)
7340:Columbea
7251:Oreortyx
7223:Cyrtonyx
7113:Alectura
7077:Cracinae
7069:Cracidae
6946:Oxyurini
6936:Aythyini
6931:Anatinae
6915:Anatidae
6662:Falconry
6625:big year
6480:Seabirds
6390:Foraging
6337:Feathers
6229:Category
6037:Dasornis
5909:Qinornis
5566:Canadaga
5504:Brodavis
5326:Yanornis
5280:Yanornis
5257:Hollanda
4955:Iteravis
4935:Hollanda
4894:Dingavis
4645:Yangavis
4569:Proornis
4213:Ostromia
4177:Aurornis
3723:Shuvuuia
3455:Bannykus
3199:Chordata
3197:Phylum:
3193:Animalia
3122:24990749
3079:15705554
3030:26824065
2958:83726237
2843:23719374
2800:21437379
2677:29211712
2617:32780661
2609:28831510
2565:17823350
2513:Archived
2470:22722850
2427:17148340
2375:20805514
2316:19289829
2257:27441115
2198:15685441
2147:12540892
2089:19794491
2024:21173263
1965:22194962
1925:PLOS ONE
1808:16380823
1800:17952398
1754:83572446
1606:See also
1592:inferred
1541:Aurornis
1487:than to
1354:than to
1166:Avialae
1089:Paraves
813:Aurornis
676:Paraves
574:crampons
459:avialans
432:theropod
392:Synonyms
205:Chordata
201:Phylum:
195:Animalia
181:Domain:
8348:Portals
8306:Paraves
8291:Q136586
8276:Paraves
8209:Related
8067:dactyly
7953:Flipper
7827:Commons
7331:Neoaves
7216:Colinus
7182:Guttera
7120:Eulipoa
6941:Mergini
6805:(kiwis)
6789:(rheas)
6600:Ringing
6425:Hybrids
6420:Nesting
6375:Singing
6352:Plumage
6327:Dactyly
6297:Anatomy
6287:Outline
6277:: Aves)
6051:Laornis
5797:Neoaves
5645:Vegavis
5470:Janavis
5045:Wyleyia
4355:Avialae
4184:Caihong
4050:Paraves
4037:Paraves
3971:Paraves
3130:4464659
3102:Bibcode
3070:1634967
3021:4730849
3000:Bibcode
2938:Bibcode
2851:4364892
2823:Bibcode
2717:Bibcode
2685:4471941
2649:Bibcode
2589:Bibcode
2543:Bibcode
2535:Science
2478:4370675
2450:Bibcode
2418:1617199
2366:2932599
2343:Bibcode
2307:2664043
2284:Bibcode
2248:4941780
2178:Bibcode
2155:1160118
2127:Bibcode
2069:Bibcode
2015:3017133
1992:Bibcode
1956:3237572
1933:Bibcode
1780:Bibcode
1686:Bibcode
1639:Proavis
1556:Paraves
1552:Avialae
1513:Avialae
1495:Avialae
1436:called
1372:Avialae
1340:Paraves
1047:(2017)
982:Avialae
621:Avialae
611:, both
428:Paraves
383:Avialae
270:Paraves
41:Present
21:Panaves
8231:Samara
8040:triped
8025:uniped
7839:Portal
7715:(owls)
7189:Numida
7127:Leipoa
7010:Chauna
7003:Anhima
6698:Genera
6672:Imping
6590:Human
6430:Colony
6357:Vision
6342:Flight
5622:Maaqwi
5420:Kookne
5035:Vorona
4914:Gansus
4386:Balaur
3389:Kakuru
3128:
3120:
3094:Nature
3077:
3067:
3028:
3018:
2956:
2913:
2903:
2849:
2841:
2815:Nature
2798:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2641:Nature
2615:
2607:
2563:
2476:
2468:
2442:Nature
2425:
2415:
2373:
2363:
2314:
2304:
2255:
2245:
2206:789908
2204:
2196:
2153:
2145:
2119:Nature
2095:
2087:
2061:Nature
2022:
2012:
1963:
1953:
1883:
1860:
1806:
1798:
1752:
1562:, and
1544:, and
1484:Passer
1469:, and
1413:Sereno
1362:, and
1045:et al.
535:hallux
410:. 1999
405:Padian
277:, 1997
275:Sereno
8362:Birds
8333:64113
8089:Wings
8074:Digit
8030:biped
7992:Limbs
7902:wings
7898:limbs
6959:swans
6921:ducks
6891:fowls
6686:Lists
6310:Brain
6275:class
6271:Birds
3447:Aorun
3222:Clade
3213:Clade
3204:Clade
3126:S2CID
2954:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2847:S2CID
2703:(PDF)
2681:S2CID
2613:S2CID
2474:S2CID
2225:PeerJ
2202:S2CID
2151:S2CID
2115:(PDF)
2093:S2CID
1804:S2CID
1750:S2CID
1505:et al
1352:birds
1342:is a
1331:et al
605:et al
494:Wings
463:birds
408:et al
264:Clade
251:Clade
238:Clade
225:Clade
212:Clade
8221:Gait
8112:keel
7910:Fins
7900:and
7894:Fins
6332:Eggs
6320:milk
6315:Crop
6305:Beak
6073:Manu
5849:see
5826:see
5770:see
4714:see
4336:see
4310:see
3957:see
3282:see
3255:see
3118:PMID
3075:PMID
3026:PMID
2901:ISBN
2839:PMID
2796:PMID
2673:PMID
2665:ISSN
2605:PMID
2561:PMID
2466:PMID
2423:PMID
2371:PMID
2312:PMID
2276:PNAS
2253:PMID
2194:PMID
2143:PMID
2085:PMID
2020:PMID
1961:PMID
1881:ISBN
1858:ISSN
1796:PMID
1631:The
1511:and
1444:and
1409:avis
1405:aves
1401:par'
1397:pará
1384:and
615:and
154:crow
152:, a
54:PreꞒ
8315:EoL
3612:Kol
3110:doi
3098:511
3065:PMC
3057:doi
3053:272
3016:PMC
3008:doi
2946:doi
2893:doi
2831:doi
2819:498
2786:doi
2752:doi
2748:210
2725:doi
2657:doi
2645:552
2597:doi
2585:104
2551:doi
2539:317
2458:doi
2446:487
2413:PMC
2405:doi
2361:PMC
2351:doi
2339:107
2302:PMC
2292:doi
2280:106
2243:PMC
2233:doi
2186:doi
2135:doi
2123:421
2077:doi
2065:461
2010:PMC
2000:doi
1988:108
1951:PMC
1941:doi
1848:hdl
1838:doi
1788:doi
1740:hdl
1732:doi
1728:371
1694:doi
1577:Mya
568:in
8410::
8330::
8317::
8302::
8287::
7896:,
4147:Yi
3224::
3215::
3206::
3124:.
3116:.
3108:.
3096:.
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