1492:
1121:
1068:
1444:
5057:
5046:
3773:
138:
824:
birds than to crocodiles, should be the valid name for that group, and have precedence over later names with identical definitions, such as
Avemetatarsalia and Pan-Aves. While this has been followed by some researchers, others have either continued to use Avemetatarsalia or Ornithodira, or have followed Senter only reluctantly. Mike Taylor (2007) for example noted that, while Senter is correct in stating that Ornithosuchia has priority, this is "undesirable" because it probably excludes the eponymous family
1035:
195:
967:
1289:
869:
3132:
5092:
4089:
3117:
3760:
934:
1472:
5040:
1384:
3124:
3767:
1002:
5064:
1405:
5051:
1101:
1345:
901:
2381:
1215:. (2020) supported an alternative hypothesis regarding the relationships of lagerpetids. They were interpreted as non-pterosaur pterosauromorphs. This phylogeny would shorten the morphological and chronological gap perceived between pterosaurs and other stem-birds, and explain the origin of this group. Bennett (2020) argued that
823:
In a 2005 review of archosaur classification, Phil Senter attempted to resolve this conflicting set of terminology by applying strict priority to names based on when and how they were first defined. Senter noted that
Ornithosuchia, the earliest name used for the total group of archosaurs closer to
1730:
Ezcurra, Martín D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Bronzati, Mario; Dalla
Vecchia, Fabio Marco; Agnolin, Federico L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Cabreira, Sergio F.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Gentil, Adriel R.; Irmis, Randall B.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Novas, Fernando E.; Roberto da Silva,
558:
573:. This ankle orientation operated on a single hinge, allowing for better mobility. Probably as a result of this change, the common ancestor of the avemetatarsalians had an upright, bipedal posture, with their legs extending vertically, similar to that of mammals.
476:. Aphanosaurs were rare, four-legged carnivores which were only properly distinguished as a group in 2017. The split between dinosaurs and pterosaurs occurred just after aphanosaurs branched off the archosaur family tree. This split corresponds to the subgroup
728:) for a branch-based clade including all archosaurs more closely related to birds than to crocodiles. In the same year, Gauthier also coined and defined a slightly more restrictive node-based clade, Ornithodira, containing the last common ancestor of the
1850:
Ezcurra, Martín D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Bronzati, Mario; Dalla
Vecchia, Fabio Marco; Agnolin, Federico L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Cabreira, Sergio F.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Gentil, Adriel R.; Irmis, Randall B. (2020-12-17).
2158:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (2017).
1786:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (2017).
2304:"The earliest-diverging avemetatarsalian: a new osteoderm-bearing taxon from the Triassic (?Earliest Late Triassic) of Madagascar and the composition of avemetatarsalian assemblages prior to the radiation of dinosaurs"
506:
Pterosauromorpha includes all avemetatarsalians closer to pterosaurs than to dinosaurs. True non-pterosaur pterosauromorphs have been historically difficult to determine. Small, insectivorous archosaurs of the family
606:
stretching from the ankles to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Birds evolved flight much later. Their wings formed from elongated fingers and their arms, all covered with
690:, found from Early Anisian strata, show that moderately large bipedal dinosauromorphs had appeared by 246 Ma. The tracks show that the dinosaur lineage appeared soon after the
832:
is implemented to govern it. In fact, the name
Ornithosuchia may be "illegal" under the PhyloCode because it does not include its eponymous taxon as part of its definition.
503:
of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, and all of its descendants. Until the discovery of aphanosaurs, Ornithodira and
Avemetatarsalia were considered roughly equivalent concepts.
2088:
Gauthier, J. and de
Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves"". pp. 7–41 in Gauthier, J. and L. F. Gall (eds.),
1491:
1120:
521:, on the other hand, includes all avemetatarsalians closer to dinosaurs than to pterosaurs. Probable non-dinosaur dinosauromorphs include the diverse and widespread
770:. In 2005, Sereno stated the opinion that Ornithodira was not a useful concept, whereas Avemetatarsalia was. In 2001, the same clade was given the name "Panaves" (
464:
Although dinosaurs and pterosaurs were the only avemetatarsalians to survive past the end of the
Triassic, other groups flourished during the Triassic. The most
461:, or "all birds", in reference to its definition containing all animals, living or extinct, which are more closely related to birds than to crocodilians.
579:
and other filamentary structures are known across the avemetatarsalians, from the downy pycnofibers of pterosaurs, to quill-like structures present in
2061:
1219:, a genus historically considered a relative of ornithodirans or even a basal pterosauromorph, was instead a non-archosaur archosauriform (possibly a
5210:
708:
shows that the earliest avemetatarsalians had many pseudosuchian-like features, and that the traits typical for the group evolved later.
2302:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Patellos, Emily; Kammerer, Christian F.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, Andre´ R.; Flynn, John J. (2023-07-25).
2435:
2414:
798:), coined by Jacques Gauthier. He defined it as the largest and most inclusive clade of archosaurs containing Aves (birds, anchored on
4125:
446:
2090:
New
Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
1933:"A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry"
755:
5215:
691:
1917:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. 8. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55.
2350:(2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (Hrsg.) (eds.).
453:, shortly after avemetatarsalians as a whole. The name Avemetatarsalia was first established by British palaeontologist
5205:
1931:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2020-07-28).
2367:
2097:
766:
that was a typical character of the group. Avemetatarsalia was defined as all
Avesuchia closer to Dinosauria than to
2133:
1255:), though the later recognition of aphanosaurs as basal avemetatarsalians corrected this view. The results of the
598:
Two clades of avemetatarsalians, pterosaurs and birds, independently evolved flight. Pterosaurs are the earliest
549:. Lagerpetids were also traditionally considered dinosauromorphs, though this has been more recently debated.
2407:
4118:
660:
5056:
194:
2160:
1788:
3772:
1991:
2245:"Reassessment of the Triassic archosauriform Scleromochlus taylori: neither runner nor biped, but hopper"
500:
5045:
565:
The foundational characteristic is the "advanced mesotarsal" ankles, which are characterized by a large
5200:
5095:
2134:"Phylogenetic definitions in the pre-PhyloCode era; implications for naming clades under the PhyloCode"
746:
was explicitly added. It was thus a potentially larger group than the Ornithodira of Gauthier. In 1999
5063:
2110:
Senter, P. (2005). "Phylogenetic taxonomy and the names of the major archosaurian (Reptilia) clades".
1910:
602:
known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings are formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other
5150:
4231:
4092:
2400:
1067:
441:, and one group of small feathered dinosaurs (Aves, i.e. birds) has survived up to the present day.
4974:
4146:
4111:
3691:
3582:
3116:
3066:
2210:
3759:
3015:
788:
5177:
3766:
1236:
as the earliest diverging avemetatarsalian, outside of the minimally inclusive clade containing
5112:
4668:
3041:
695:
169:
5039:
3131:
2359:
2072:
Sereno, P. C. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications.
1581:"Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into Early Triassic"
5172:
4758:
3720:
3123:
1256:
1245:
465:
445:
were the first flying vertebrates and persisted through the Mesozoic before dying out at the
2351:
2062:
Dinosaur Evolution: Crocodile-Like Ancient Cousin, Teleocrater Rhadinus, Confuses Scientists
1443:
5159:
5050:
4496:
3623:
1803:
8:
4204:
2511:
725:
433:. The two most successful groups of avemetatarsalians were the dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
375:
1807:
4997:
4056:
2279:
2244:
2191:
1967:
1932:
1888:
1827:
1768:
1731:
Lúcio; Smith, Nathan D.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Turner, Alan H.; Langer, Max C. (2020).
1712:
1661:
1632:
1605:
1580:
351:
189:
698:
was slow and drawn out across much of the Triassic. The primitive traits found in the
2925:
2794:
2738:
2363:
2352:
2347:
2325:
2284:
2266:
2183:
2093:
2011:
1972:
1954:
1892:
1880:
1872:
1819:
1772:
1760:
1752:
1610:
747:
454:
270:
2007:
1732:
1716:
754:
was indeed outside Gauthier's original conception of Ornithodira, so he named a new
4652:
4412:
4216:
3163:
3150:
3084:
2969:
2875:
2761:
2722:
2681:
2641:
2590:
2573:
2560:
2523:
2423:
2386:
2315:
2274:
2256:
2225:
2195:
2175:
2042:
2003:
1962:
1944:
1864:
1852:
1831:
1811:
1744:
1704:
1694:
1656:
1648:
1600:
1592:
806:). Gauthier referred Aves, all other Dinosauria, all Pterosauria, and a variety of
717:
603:
329:
319:
137:
5085:
4963:
4906:
4517:
4051:
3985:
3850:
3571:
3373:
3364:
3259:
3245:
2903:
2838:
2822:
2775:
2610:
2320:
2303:
1683:"The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades"
1096:
980:
947:
825:
680:
640:
630:
607:
518:
450:
334:
181:
163:
121:
36:
5080:
4936:
4437:
4350:
4316:
4066:
3645:
3550:
3500:
3409:
3275:
3004:
2980:
2868:
2783:
2651:
2631:
1034:
699:
668:
653:
585:
290:
146:
116:
2161:"The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan"
1868:
1789:"The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan"
1748:
5194:
5135:
4929:
4922:
4878:
4857:
4812:
4675:
4466:
4103:
4061:
4020:
4015:
3820:
3669:
3658:
3534:
3510:
3387:
3334:
3304:
3297:
3235:
3225:
3056:
2918:
2911:
2860:
2811:
2804:
2753:
2710:
2661:
2480:
2329:
2270:
2015:
1958:
1876:
1756:
742:
671:. If so, the origin of avemetatarsalians would be pushed back into the early
644:
513:
481:
469:
364:
78:
1949:
1288:
868:
684:
and were made by an unknown small quadrupedal animal, but footprints called
4951:
4870:
4802:
4747:
4682:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4583:
4474:
4421:
4365:
4341:
4041:
3882:
3840:
3830:
3810:
3709:
3490:
3416:
3311:
2852:
2745:
2671:
2600:
2288:
2187:
1976:
1884:
1853:"Enigmatic dinosaur precursors bridge the gap to the origin of Pterosauria"
1823:
1764:
1733:"Enigmatic dinosaur precursors bridge the gap to the origin of Pterosauria"
1652:
1614:
1596:
1466:
1378:
1339:
1283:
1252:
1220:
1063:
1030:
962:
896:
862:
614:
580:
522:
508:
473:
438:
310:
157:
2047:
2030:
966:
794:
5144:
4915:
4894:
4886:
4843:
4696:
4689:
4661:
4604:
4597:
4558:
4452:
4445:
4395:
4372:
4358:
4327:
4046:
4025:
3995:
3975:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3905:
3860:
3480:
3439:
3423:
3380:
3290:
3268:
3184:
3030:
2959:
2889:
2831:
2229:
1400:
1316:
1270:
1248:
1237:
1232:
929:
849:
763:
737:
704:
648:
539:
301:
53:
2179:
1815:
933:
4822:
4792:
4775:
4710:
4703:
4618:
4548:
4538:
4459:
4430:
4379:
4189:
4164:
3965:
3895:
3726:
3599:
3557:
3543:
3520:
3470:
3394:
3350:
3343:
3283:
3215:
3204:
3194:
3073:
2896:
2882:
2845:
2731:
2696:
2621:
2496:
2453:
2301:
2261:
1487:
1471:
1437:
1081:
1048:
996:
812:
767:
733:
686:
676:
675:
age, around 249 Ma. The oldest Polish footprints are classified in the
599:
591:
566:
533:
527:
430:
407:
239:
175:
151:
98:
63:
2211:"The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process"
1641:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1383:
4986:
4611:
4485:
4173:
4006:
3870:
3635:
3612:
3460:
3402:
3319:
2990:
2942:
2768:
2358:. Berkeley: Zweite Auflage, University of California Press. pp.
1708:
1116:
1015:
1001:
835:
829:
672:
618:
570:
442:
422:
252:
206:
103:
47:
5106:
1930:
5129:
4832:
4730:
4569:
4158:
2447:
2392:
1849:
1729:
1404:
807:
729:
545:
434:
226:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
40:
1699:
1682:
1100:
595:, to feathers in theropod dinosaurs and their descendants, birds.
561:
The "advanced mesotarsal" ankle present in most avemetatarsalians.
5164:
2462:
2092:. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
1344:
900:
740:
in 1991 gave a different definition of Ornithodira, one in which
656:
636:
576:
418:
415:
108:
83:
20:
758:
clade for this purpose: Avemetatarsalia, named after the birds (
557:
4152:
3915:
2471:
2441:
762:), the last surviving members of the clade, and the metatarsal
664:
216:
525:, as well as more controversial and fragmentary taxa such as
411:
126:
5003:
3697:
2157:
1785:
759:
426:
339:
2082:
1578:
828:, and questioned the utility of using priority before the
1579:
Brusatte, S. L.; Niedźwiedzki, G.; Butler, R. J. (2011).
613:
Avemetatarsalians were generally more lightly built than
511:
may potentially be examples, alongside the similar genus
635:
Bird-line archosaurs appear in the fossil record by the
617:. They had smaller heads and usually a complete lack of
1585:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1240:
and ornithodirans. Preliminary analyses had considered
145:
Seven avemetatarsalians (top left to bottom right): a
437:
were the largest terrestrial animals for much of the
4960:
4854:
4839:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4744:
4580:
4565:
4554:
4544:
4534:
4409:
4338:
4323:
4312:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3891:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3816:
3806:
3665:
3654:
3609:
3568:
3531:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3361:
3331:
3256:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3053:
3027:
3001:
2986:
2976:
2965:
2955:
2693:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2376:
326:
307:
297:
286:
1687:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
19:"Panaves" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2346:
5192:
4408:
2218:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
643:about 245 million years ago, represented by the
449:. Both dinosaurs and pterosaurs appeared in the
3161:
2571:
1937:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1915:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight
1911:"Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds"
472:("primitive") known avemetatarsalians were the
4293:
4133:
1723:
1626:
1624:
4119:
2408:
2127:
2125:
2031:"The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane"
2028:
4743:
2066:
447:Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event
2295:
2151:
1637:and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs"
1621:
1263:. (2023) are shown in the cladogram below:
771:
4126:
4112:
2415:
2401:
2208:
2122:
842:(2017), with clade names from Cau (2018).
136:
4188:
2495:
2319:
2308:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2278:
2260:
2046:
2022:
1966:
1948:
1698:
1660:
1604:
5211:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances
1908:
556:
2242:
2202:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1574:
1572:
1570:
5193:
2243:Bennett, S. Christopher (2020-02-19).
2131:
2109:
1630:
5111:
5110:
4145:
4107:
3788:
3148:
2558:
2434:
2396:
1989:
661:Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains
3149:
2559:
2422:
1926:
1924:
1904:
1902:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1669:
1567:
13:
3789:
2074:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2029:Elgin RA, Hone DW, Frey E (2011).
1779:
802:) but not Crocodylia (anchored on
14:
5227:
1921:
1899:
1838:
711:
692:Permian–Triassic extinction event
5091:
5090:
5062:
5055:
5049:
5044:
5038:
4088:
4087:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3130:
3122:
3115:
2379:
1990:Baron, Matthew G. (2021-08-20).
1490:
1470:
1442:
1403:
1382:
1343:
1287:
1119:
1099:
1066:
1033:
1000:
965:
932:
899:
867:
193:
51:
2236:
2103:
2055:
2008:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103777
667:may belong to a more primitive
1983:
694:. Their age suggests that the
552:
457:in 1999. An alternate name is
1:
2035:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1560:
394:Gauthier and de Queiroz, 2001
5216:Taxa named by Michael Benton
865:(crocodile-line archosaurs)
736:and all of its descendants.
499:, “throat”), defined as the
7:
16:Clade of archosaur reptiles
10:
5232:
4135:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
2340:
2321:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad038
1992:"The origin of Pterosaurs"
1913:. In Padian, Kevin (ed.).
1909:Gauthier, Jacques (1986).
659:reported in 2010 from the
628:
18:
5206:Anisian first appearances
5119:
5075:
5036:
4985:
4959:
4950:
4905:
4865:
4853:
4784:
4773:
4739:
4728:
4651:
4592:
4579:
4530:
4526:
4515:
4484:
4420:
4404:
4393:
4337:
4308:
4304:
4289:
4270:
4242:
4224:
4215:
4197:
4184:
4141:
4083:
4034:
4005:
3880:
3799:
3795:
3784:
3755:
3708:
3679:
3643:
3634:
3608:
3597:
3567:
3530:
3452:
3448:
3437:
3360:
3330:
3255:
3176:
3172:
3157:
3144:
3113:
3083:
3052:
3026:
3000:
2951:
2940:
2821:
2793:
2721:
2705:
2691:
2582:
2567:
2554:
2522:
2504:
2491:
2430:
2079:, 11(4, Supplement):1–53.
1869:10.1038/s41586-020-3011-4
1749:10.1038/s41586-020-3011-4
1485:
1465:
1458:
1434:
1427:
1398:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1337:
1330:
1313:
1306:
1281:
1274:
1114:
1093:
1086:
1060:
1053:
1027:
1020:
992:
985:
959:
952:
926:
918:
893:
886:
860:
853:
624:
615:crocodile-line archosaurs
468:(earliest-branching) and
357:
350:
283:
278:
190:Scientific classification
188:
144:
135:
30:
425:more closely related to
1950:10.1073/pnas.1916631117
787:
1681:Nesbitt, S.J. (2011).
1653:10.1098/rstb.1999.0489
1597:10.1098/rspb.2010.1746
810:archosaurs, including
793:
724:(previously coined by
562:
5173:Paleobiology Database
2048:10.4202/app.2009.0145
1996:Earth-Science Reviews
1635:Scleromochlus taylori
1631:Benton, M.J. (1999).
1257:phylogenetic analyses
1211:. (2020) and Ezcurra
629:Further information:
560:
2230:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01
804:Crocodylus niloticus
501:last common ancestor
2209:Andrea Cau (2018).
2180:10.1038/nature22037
1943:(30): 17932–17936.
1816:10.1038/nature22037
1808:2017Natur.544..484N
1647:(1388): 1423–1446.
1591:(1708): 1107–1113.
583:dinosaurs, such as
4057:Ichthyosauromorpha
4047:Drepanosauromorpha
2262:10.7717/peerj.8418
924:†Pterosauromorpha
563:
167:(foreground) with
5201:Avemetatarsalians
5188:
5187:
5113:Taxon identifiers
5104:
5103:
5071:
5070:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
4946:
4945:
4769:
4768:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4389:
4388:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4101:
4100:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
3780:
3779:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3593:
3592:
3433:
3432:
3140:
3139:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
2936:
2935:
2926:Sharovipterygidae
2795:Sharovipterygidae
2739:Dinocephalosaurus
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2348:Michael J. Benton
2174:(7651): 484–487.
1863:(7838): 445–449.
1802:(7651): 484–487.
1743:(7838): 445–449.
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1416:
1415:
1226:In 2023, Nesbitt
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
820:, to this group.
720:defined the name
696:rise of dinosaurs
657:fossil footprints
401:
400:
395:
387:
379:
368:
323:
274:
130:
31:Avemetatarsalians
5223:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5108:
5107:
5094:
5093:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5048:
5042:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4863:
4862:
4856:
4841:
4830:
4820:
4810:
4800:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4653:Sulcimentisauria
4590:
4589:
4582:
4567:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4418:
4417:
4413:Pterosauromorpha
4411:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4340:
4325:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4232:Archosauromorpha
4222:
4221:
4217:Archosauromorpha
4195:
4194:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4143:
4142:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4035:Possible members
3993:
3983:
3973:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3667:
3656:
3641:
3640:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3570:
3533:
3518:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3363:
3333:
3258:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3164:Archosauriformes
3159:
3158:
3151:Archosauriformes
3146:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3085:Archosauriformes
3055:
3029:
3003:
2988:
2978:
2970:Cryptovaranoides
2967:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2876:Langobardisaurus
2762:Protanystropheus
2723:Trachelosauridae
2703:
2702:
2695:
2682:Vritramimosaurus
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2642:Mecistotrachelos
2639:
2629:
2619:
2608:
2598:
2591:Aenigmastropheus
2588:
2580:
2579:
2574:Archosauromorpha
2569:
2568:
2561:Archosauromorpha
2556:
2555:
2524:Archosauromorpha
2502:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2432:
2431:
2424:Archosauromorpha
2417:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:Dinosaurs portal
2384:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2357:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2264:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1952:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1793:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1576:
1494:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1429:
1407:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1291:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1123:
1103:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1056:
1055:
1037:
1023:
1022:
1004:
988:
987:
969:
955:
954:
936:
921:
920:
903:
889:
888:
872:
871:
856:
855:
846:
845:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
718:Jacques Gauthier
393:
385:
374:
363:
330:Pterosauromorpha
328:
318:
309:
299:
288:
269:
198:
197:
140:
114:
113:
50:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5163:
5158:
5151:Avemetatarsalia
5149:
5148:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5121:Avemetatarsalia
5115:
5105:
5100:
5086:Phytodinosauria
5067:
5054:
5010:
4981:
4975:Sauropodomorpha
4964:Sauropodomorpha
4942:
4907:Herrerasauridae
4901:
4849:
4778:
4765:
4733:
4716:
4647:
4575:
4520:
4518:Dinosauromorpha
4503:
4480:
4398:
4385:
4333:
4298:
4296:Avemetatarsalia
4277:
4274:Avemetatarsalia
4258:
4244:Avemetatarsalia
4238:
4211:
4180:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4102:
4097:
4071:
4052:Kuehneosauridae
4030:
4001:
3986:Vjushkovisaurus
3876:
3851:Protecovasaurus
3791:
3776:
3757:
3733:
3704:
3692:Avemetatarsalia
3681:Avemetatarsalia
3675:
3630:
3602:
3589:
3583:Proterochampsia
3572:Proterochampsia
3563:
3526:
3442:
3429:
3374:Bharitalasuchus
3365:Erythrosuchidae
3356:
3326:
3260:Proterosuchidae
3251:
3246:Syntomiprosopus
3166:
3153:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3099:
3079:
3048:
3022:
2996:
2945:
2932:
2904:Sclerostropheus
2839:Augustaburiania
2823:Tanystropheidae
2817:
2789:
2776:Sclerostropheus
2717:
2699:
2687:
2611:Elachistosuchus
2576:
2563:
2538:
2518:
2487:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2300:
2296:
2241:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2136:
2132:Taylor (2007).
2130:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2027:
2023:
1988:
1984:
1929:
1922:
1907:
1900:
1848:
1839:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1728:
1724:
1679:
1670:
1629:
1622:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1475:
1441:
1417:
1381:
1342:
1303:Avemetatarsalia
1286:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1097:Sauropodomorpha
981:Dinosauriformes
948:Dinosauromorpha
883:Avemetatarsalia
866:
826:Ornithosuchidae
783:
780:
777:
774:
750:concluded that
714:
681:Prorotodactylus
641:Middle Triassic
633:
631:Origin of birds
627:
608:flight feathers
555:
519:Dinosauromorpha
451:Triassic Period
421:containing all
406:(meaning "bird
404:Avemetatarsalia
337:
335:Dinosauromorpha
268:
266:Avemetatarsalia
192:
182:Rhamphorhynchus
164:Thalassodromeus
131:
125:is part of the
122:Prorotodactylus
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
37:Middle Triassic
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5229:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5169:
5156:
5141:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5081:Ornithoscelida
5076:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5000:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4937:Staurikosaurus
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4866:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4796:
4785:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4750:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4587:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4552:
4542:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4438:Faxinalipterus
4434:
4426:
4424:
4415:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4351:Incertovenator
4346:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4317:Incertovenator
4309:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4067:Thalattosauria
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3949:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3814:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3790:Related topics
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3651:
3649:
3646:Incertae sedis
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3551:Halazhaisuchus
3547:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3501:Marcianosuchus
3494:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3410:Guchengosuchus
3406:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3276:Chasmatosuchus
3272:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3198:
3188:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:Allokotosauria
3009:
3007:
3005:Allokotosauria
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2981:Tasmaniosaurus
2974:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2869:Gwyneddosaurus
2865:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2784:Trachelosaurus
2780:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2652:Prolacertoides
2645:
2635:
2632:Malutinisuchus
2625:
2615:
2604:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2354:The Dinosauria
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2314:(2): 327–353.
2294:
2235:
2201:
2150:
2121:
2102:
2081:
2065:
2054:
2021:
1982:
1920:
1898:
1837:
1778:
1722:
1668:
1620:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1253:pseudosuchians
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
991:
986:
984:
976:
975:
972:
971:
958:
953:
951:
943:
942:
939:
938:
925:
919:
917:
910:
909:
906:
905:
892:
887:
885:
879:
878:
875:
874:
859:
854:
852:
844:
838:after Nesbitt
800:Vultur gryphus
748:Michael Benton
713:
712:Classification
710:
669:dinosauromorph
654:Early Triassic
626:
623:
586:Psittacosaurus
554:
551:
455:Michael Benton
399:
398:
397:
396:
388:
386:Gauthier, 1986
380:
369:
355:
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
332:
313:
305:
295:
291:Incertovenator
281:
280:
276:
275:
263:
256:
255:
250:
243:
242:
237:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
186:
185:
173:(background),
147:Gentoo penguin
142:
141:
133:
132:
117:Early Triassic
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5228:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5097:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4930:Sanjuansaurus
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:Herrerasaurus
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:Daemonosaurus
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Herrerasauria
4852:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4813:Daemonosaurus
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4676:Eucoelophysis
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:Scleromochlus
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4094:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Sauropterygia
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Protorosauria
4019:
4017:
4016:Proterosuchia
4014:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3821:Lucianosaurus
3815:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3761:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:Sikannisuchus
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3535:Euparkeriidae
3529:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:Polymorphodon
3505:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:Erythrosuchus
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:Protopyknosia
3329:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:Samsarasuchus
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:Proterosuchus
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:Sarmatosuchus
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:Koilamasuchus
3220:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3118:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:Prolacertidae
3051:
3043:
3042:Rhynchosauria
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3031:Rhynchosauria
3025:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:Tanytrachelos
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:Tanystropheus
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:Gracilicollum
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2812:Sharovipteryx
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:Gracilicollum
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2711:Jesairosaurus
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:Protorosaurus
2656:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2481:Archelosauria
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2369:0-520-24209-2
2365:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2098:0-912532-57-2
2095:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2041:(1): 99–111.
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:10.1206/352.1
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:Scleromochlus
1214:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
990:
989:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
968:
964:
957:
956:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
935:
931:
923:
922:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
902:
898:
891:
890:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
864:
858:
857:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
821:
819:
818:Scleromochlus
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
791:
790:
786:, from Greek
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Scleromochlus
749:
745:
744:
743:Scleromochlus
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Ornithosuchia
719:
709:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
650:
646:
645:dinosauriform
642:
639:stage of the
638:
632:
622:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
581:ornithischian
578:
574:
572:
568:
559:
550:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
529:
524:
520:
516:
515:
514:Scleromochlus
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
482:Ancient Greek
479:
475:
471:
470:plesiomorphic
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
392:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
372:Ornithosuchia
370:
366:
362:
359:
358:
356:
353:
349:
341:
336:
333:
331:
325:
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
306:
304:
303:
296:
293:
292:
285:
284:
282:
277:
272:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
187:
184:
183:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
134:
128:
124:
123:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
42:
38:
29:
26:
22:
5120:
5043:
4952:Eusaurischia
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4871:Chindesaurus
4869:
4842:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4803:Chindesaurus
4801:
4791:
4759:Ornithischia
4748:Ornithischia
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4683:Ignotosaurus
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4641:Technosaurus
4639:
4634:Soumyasaurus
4632:
4626:Pisanosaurus
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4584:Silesauridae
4568:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4475:Venetoraptor
4473:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4429:
4422:Lagerpetidae
4378:
4371:
4366:Spondylosoma
4364:
4357:
4349:
4342:Aphanosauria
4326:
4315:
4295:
4273:
4272:
4243:
4169:
4134:
4042:Choristodera
4007:Paraphyletic
3994:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3883:Nomina dubia
3881:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3841:Palaeosaurus
3839:
3831:Tecovasaurus
3829:
3819:
3811:Crosbysaurus
3809:
3764:
3727:crocodilians
3721:Pseudosuchia
3710:Pseudosuchia
3680:
3668:
3657:
3644:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3491:Litorosuchus
3489:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3422:
3417:Shansisuchus
3415:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3349:
3342:
3318:
3312:Tsylmosuchus
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3267:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3203:
3193:
3183:
3120:
3072:
3065:
2989:
2979:
2968:
2958:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2853:Fuyuansaurus
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2810:
2803:
2782:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2746:Fuyuansaurus
2744:
2737:
2730:
2709:
2680:
2672:Rhombopholis
2670:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2609:
2601:Czatkowiella
2599:
2589:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2353:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2171:
2167:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1940:
1936:
1914:
1860:
1856:
1799:
1795:
1781:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1690:
1686:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1588:
1584:
1486:
1467:Silesauridae
1436:
1435:
1399:
1379:Lagerpetidae
1377:
1358:
1340:Aphanosauria
1338:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1284:Pseudosuchia
1282:
1260:
1251:(a clade of
1241:
1231:
1230:. described
1227:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1115:
1094:
1064:Ornithischia
1061:
1031:Silesauridae
1028:
995:
993:
963:Lagerpetidae
960:
927:
913:
897:Aphanosauria
894:
882:
863:Pseudosuchia
861:
839:
834:
822:
817:
811:
803:
799:
756:branch-based
751:
741:
721:
715:
703:
685:
679:
647:
634:
612:
597:
590:
584:
575:
569:and a small
564:
544:
538:
532:
526:
512:
509:Lagerpetidae
505:
496:
492:
491:, “bird”) +
488:
484:
477:
463:
458:
439:Mesozoic Era
431:crocodilians
403:
402:
390:
383:Ornithotarsi
382:
371:
360:
315:
311:Aphanosauria
300:
289:
265:
259:
246:
233:
180:
174:
168:
162:
158:Kentrosaurus
156:
150:
120:
25:
5145:Wikispecies
4916:Gnathovorax
4895:Caseosaurus
4697:Lutungutali
4690:Kwanasaurus
4662:Amanasaurus
4605:Asilisaurus
4598:Agnosphitys
4559:Nyasasaurus
4497:Pterosauria
4486:Pterosauria
4453:Kongonaphon
4446:Ixalerpeton
4396:Ornithodira
4373:Teleocrater
4359:Dongusuchus
4328:Mambachiton
4174:Archosauria
4026:Thecodontia
3996:Wangisuchus
3976:Microcnemus
3956:Fenhosuchus
3946:Exilisuchus
3936:Collilongus
3926:Blomosuchus
3906:Ankistrodon
3861:Uatchitodon
3636:Archosauria
3624:Phytosauria
3613:Phytosauria
3481:Heteropelta
3440:Eucrocopoda
3424:Uralosaurus
3381:Chalishevia
3291:Jaikosuchus
3269:Archosaurus
3185:Antarctanax
2960:Boreopricea
2890:Macrocnemus
2832:Amotosaurus
2224:(1): 1–25.
1401:Pterosauria
1359:Ornithodira
1317:Mambachiton
1271:Archosauria
1249:poposauroid
1242:Mambachiton
1238:aphanosaurs
1233:Mambachiton
930:Pterosauria
914:Ornithodira
850:Archosauria
764:ankle joint
738:Paul Sereno
705:Teleocrater
702:aphanosaur
700:quadrupedal
652:. However,
649:Asilisaurus
600:vertebrates
553:Description
540:Nyasasaurus
523:silesaurids
478:Ornithodira
474:aphanosaurs
408:metatarsals
338:(including
316:Ornithodira
302:Mambachiton
253:Archosauria
46:247–0
5195:Categories
5079:See also:
4823:Eodromaeus
4793:Alwalkeria
4776:Saurischia
4731:Dinosauria
4711:Silesaurus
4704:Sacisaurus
4619:Lewisuchus
4549:Marasuchus
4539:Lagosuchus
4460:Lagerpeton
4431:Dromomeron
4380:Yarasuchus
4253:see below↓
4205:Sauropsida
4190:Sauropsida
4165:Sauropsida
3966:Megacnemus
3896:Albisaurus
3800:Tooth taxa
3600:Crurotarsi
3558:Osmolskina
3544:Euparkeria
3521:Vancleavea
3471:Dorosuchus
3395:Fugusuchus
3351:Triopticus
3344:Kranosaura
3284:Gamosaurus
3216:Kalisuchus
3205:Eorasaurus
3195:Cuyosuchus
3094:see below↓
3074:Prolacerta
3067:Kadimakara
2897:Raibliania
2883:Luxisaurus
2846:Cosesaurus
2732:Austronaga
2697:Tanysauria
2622:Elessaurus
2533:see below↓
2512:Sauropsida
2497:Sauropsida
2454:Sauropsida
2002:: 103777.
1561:References
1488:Dinosauria
1438:Lagosuchus
1259:of Nesbit
1221:doswelliid
1082:Saurischia
1049:Dinosauria
997:Marasuchus
813:Lagosuchus
768:Crocodylia
734:pterosaurs
687:Sphingopus
677:ichnogenus
619:osteoderms
592:Tianyulong
567:astragalus
534:Lagosuchus
528:Marasuchus
443:Pterosaurs
423:archosaurs
279:Subgroups
240:Sauropsida
176:Diplodocus
170:Anhanguera
152:Marasuchus
119:record if
115:(possible
5002:includes
4998:Theropoda
4987:Theropoda
4612:Gamatavus
4151:Kingdom:
3871:Zanclodon
3725:includes
3696:includes
3461:Asperoris
3403:Garjainia
3320:Vonhuenia
2991:Teyujagua
2943:Crocopoda
2769:Pectodens
2440:Kingdom:
2330:0024-4082
2271:2167-8359
2255:: e8418.
2147:(1): 1–6.
2141:PaleoBios
2118:(3): 1–7.
2112:PaleoBios
2016:0012-8252
1959:0027-8424
1893:228077525
1877:0028-0836
1773:228077525
1757:1476-4687
1709:2246/6112
1693:: 1–292.
1207:Kammerer
1117:Theropoda
1016:Dracohors
836:Cladogram
830:PhyloCode
781:all birds
730:dinosaurs
716:In 1986,
673:Olenekian
571:calcaneum
435:Dinosaurs
213:Kingdom:
207:Eukaryota
5165:42329835
5130:Wikidata
5096:Category
4833:Saltopus
4669:Diodorus
4570:Saltopus
4159:Chordata
4157:Phylum:
4153:Animalia
4093:Category
2463:Diapsida
2448:Chordata
2446:Phylum:
2442:Animalia
2289:32117608
2188:28405026
2077:Memoir 2
1977:32631980
1885:33299179
1824:28405026
1765:33299179
1717:83493714
1615:20926435
1244:to be a
808:Triassic
792:+ Latin
732:and the
577:Feathers
546:Saltopus
459:Pan-Aves
429:than to
419:reptiles
410:") is a
391:Pan-Aves
361:Dracones
352:Synonyms
320:Gauthier
227:Chordata
223:Phylum:
217:Animalia
203:Domain:
5136:Q133187
4163:Class:
2452:Class:
2341:Sources
2280:7035874
2196:9095072
1968:7395432
1832:9095072
1804:Bibcode
1662:1692658
1606:3049033
1084:
1051:
1018:
983:
950:
916:
775:
637:Anisian
604:tissues
416:diapsid
365:Haeckel
41:Present
39:–
21:Paraves
5178:144376
4009:groups
3916:Avipes
2805:Ozimek
2472:Sauria
2366:
2328:
2287:
2277:
2269:
2194:
2186:
2168:Nature
2096:
2014:
1975:
1965:
1957:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1857:Nature
1830:
1822:
1796:Nature
1771:
1763:
1755:
1737:Nature
1715:
1659:
1613:
1603:
1080:
1047:
1014:
979:
946:
840:et al.
665:Poland
625:Origin
543:, and
378:, 1908
367:, 1895
322:, 1986
273:, 1999
271:Benton
5004:birds
4170:Clade
3698:birds
2477:Clade
2468:Clade
2459:Clade
2362:–19.
2249:PeerJ
2214:(PDF)
2192:S2CID
2164:(PDF)
2137:(PDF)
1889:S2CID
1828:S2CID
1792:(PDF)
1769:S2CID
1713:S2CID
1261:et al
1246:basal
1228:et al
1213:et al
1209:et al
726:Huene
497:deirḗ
493:δειρή
489:órnis
485:ὄρνις
466:basal
427:birds
412:clade
376:Huene
260:Clade
247:Clade
234:Clade
127:clade
4996:see
4973:see
4887:Tawa
4844:Tawa
4757:see
4495:see
4230:see
4203:see
3719:see
3690:see
3670:Smok
3622:see
3581:see
3040:see
3014:see
2510:see
2364:ISBN
2326:ISSN
2285:PMID
2267:ISSN
2184:PMID
2094:ISBN
2012:ISSN
1973:PMID
1955:ISSN
1881:PMID
1873:ISSN
1820:PMID
1761:PMID
1753:ISSN
1611:PMID
816:and
795:aves
789:pan-
772:lit.
760:Aves
589:and
340:Aves
54:PreꞒ
5160:EoL
2316:doi
2312:199
2275:PMC
2257:doi
2226:doi
2176:doi
2172:544
2043:doi
2004:doi
2000:221
1963:PMC
1945:doi
1941:117
1865:doi
1861:588
1812:doi
1800:544
1745:doi
1741:588
1705:hdl
1695:doi
1691:352
1657:PMC
1649:doi
1645:354
1601:PMC
1593:doi
1589:278
1223:).
663:of
414:of
5197::
5175::
5162::
5147::
5132::
4172::
2479::
2470::
2461::
2324:.
2310:.
2306:.
2283:.
2273:.
2265:.
2251:.
2247:.
2222:57
2220:.
2216:.
2190:.
2182:.
2170:.
2166:.
2145:27
2143:.
2139:.
2124:^
2116:25
2114:.
2039:56
2037:.
2033:.
2010:.
1998:.
1994:.
1971:.
1961:.
1953:.
1939:.
1935:.
1923:^
1901:^
1887:.
1879:.
1871:.
1859:.
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1840:^
1826:.
1818:.
1810:.
1798:.
1794:.
1767:.
1759:.
1751:.
1739:.
1735:.
1711:.
1703:.
1689:.
1685:.
1671:^
1655:.
1643:.
1639:.
1623:^
1609:.
1599:.
1587:.
1583:.
1569:^
621:.
610:.
537:,
531:,
517:.
262::
249::
236::
179:,
161:,
155:,
149:,
104:Pg
48:Ma
43:,
4961:†
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4890:?
4882:?
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4855:†
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3982:†
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3962:†
3952:†
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2607:†
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2372:.
2360:7
2332:.
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2291:.
2259::
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2232:.
2228::
2198:.
2178::
2100:.
2051:.
2045::
2018:.
2006::
1979:.
1947::
1895:.
1867::
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1665:.
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1095:†
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342:)
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109:N
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89:T
84:P
79:C
74:D
69:S
64:O
59:Ꞓ
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