149:
17:
233:
from New York's 17th
Congressional District from 1926 to 1928. Cohen saw the establishment of a Jewish Autonomous Region in the USSR as providing an important "haven for the salvage and rehabilitation of many thousands of Jews suffering in the infernos of central and eastern Europe" and supported the
257:
and position in the
Communist Party apparatus made him the ideal conduit for information to Ambidjan regarding developments in the Soviet Union. In the summer of 1935 Budish travelled to Birobidzhan to tour the region and conduct talks with government officials regarding the future role of Ambidjan.
139:
who contributed more than $ 2 million to ICOR. Rosenwald and many other prominent and wealthy
American Jews contributed to ICOR's efforts, and their contributions were supplemented by those of working and middle class readers of the Yiddish press in the United States that carried appeals for funding
98:
and to provide a humanitarian alternative for Jews facing anti-Semitism in Europe. ICOR was motivated by the situation of the Jews of
Eastern Europe who had faced decades of pogroms and turmoil (including almost a decade of war) in the Pale of Settlement and constant threat of anti-Semitism in their
103:
yielded what many saw as a trend towards the dissipation of Jewish culture, language, and "nationality". Originally, the committee worked in partnership with its
American contributors and Soviet authorities in order to support the newly founded large Jewish collective farms in the former
112:
Jews from
Ukraine and Belorussia who had previously fled to larger cities for safety, as well as those whose livelihoods had been disrupted in the requisitions and economic restructuring of the early period of Soviet consolidation.
237:
Ambidjan began formal operations in
September 1935 with the establishment of an office located at 285 Madison Avenue in New York City. Lord Marley was named honorary president with Cohen the president of the organization.
261:
Following Budish's 1935 talks, Soviet authorities gave
Ambidjan permission to proceed with its efforts to subsidize the emigration of European Jews to Birobidzhan. Selection of settlers, primarily from
750:
597:
152:
Yiddish was regarded as the national language of the Jewish people by the Soviet Union and some
American ICOR literature was published in bilingual English and Yiddish editions.
281:
Ambidjan's efforts attracted a wide spectrum of
Americans to membership in its ranks, including a substantial contingent from the middle and upper classes, some of whom were
74:
1080:
278:, was to be made by Ambidjan in consultation with Soviet officials. Ambidjan would provide a grant of $ 350 per family selected to aid in the costs of relocation.
370:
Ch. 2, 3. Gessen, Masha (2016). "Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region". New York, NY: Schocken Books.
1110:
590:
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168:. In the 1930s the organization was also involved in protests against Nazi Germany and encouraged a boycott of German goods and also fundraised for the
757:
332:
1130:
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242:
337:
1100:
1075:
203:
The American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan (Ambidjan) was established on February 27, 1934, at a meeting held in the
916:
633:
1105:
1035:
957:
94:
The founding meeting was held in New York City in December 1924 and the initial mission of the organization was to raise money to fund
1120:
1115:
967:
116:
When, in 1928, the Soviet Union abandoned the idea of Jewish settlement in Crimea and endorsed instead the eventual formation of a
1085:
1070:
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931:
774:
766:
689:
628:
517:
How the Back-to-the-Soil Movement Began: Two Years of Blazing the New Jewish "Covered Wagon" Trail Across the Russian Prairies.
50:
in North America devoted to supporting the settlement of Jews in new collective settlements, firstly in the newly established
1050:
821:
648:
496:
The Jew and Communism: The Story of Early Communist Victories and Ultimate Defeats in the Jewish Community, USA, 1919-1941.
1095:
1065:
553:
383:
347:
1090:
1055:
962:
782:
743:
95:
1060:
860:
709:
663:
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Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928-1996.
253:, the New York-based Soviet foreign trade office in the United States. Budish's close ties with Soviet Ambassador
668:
352:
156:
The Canadian wing became a separate organization in 1935. The ICOR was active among first and second generation
20:
Agrarian and workerist imagery is evident on the cover of this 1938 pamphlet published in New York City by ICOR.
1013:
977:
895:
724:
554:
Red star over Birobidzhan: Canadian Jewish Communists and the "Jewish Autonomous Region" in the Soviet Union.
850:
719:
212:
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827:
529:
Henry Srebrnik, "Leadership and Control Within an American Jewish Communist Front: The Case of the ICOR,"
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873:
643:
192:
99:
countries of refuge in Central and Western Europe. Alternatively, the relative safety and welcome in the
575:
888:
204:
136:
117:
108:, notably Southern Ukraine and the Crimea. These "kolkhozes" (collective farms) attracted many former
921:
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184:
51:
561:
792:
694:
59:
1135:
684:
618:
972:
704:
524:
Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951.
417:
Dreams of Nationhood: American Jewish Communists and the Soviet Birobidzhan Project, 1924-1951.
230:
169:
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as offering an alternative for "Jewish Colonization". The organization was dissolved in 1951.
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In 1934 the original ICOR organization was supplemented by a new fundraising and
55:
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564:, a Jewish agricultural settlement named after ICOR, and their murder during
380:
208:
67:
491:
New York: American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan, 1936.
1006:
653:
565:
148:
835:
798:
605:
342:
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and leading spokesman for the Birobidzhan project in the United Kingdom.
124:, the Soviet agency facilitating Jewish settlement, and its partner, the
534:
225:
The chief American behind the establishment of the new organization was
569:
510:
The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival: Volume 1.
191:'s party line. The organization declined following the signing of the
120:
in the eastern USSR, ICOR followed suit. ICOR worked closely with the
81:(Ambidjan). The two groups merged into a unified organization in 1946.
926:
267:
188:
100:
16:
296:
The organization was unable to withstand the anti-Communism of the
282:
323:
Committee for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land (KOMZET)
305:
275:
271:
161:
157:
63:
288:
In 1946 ICOR and Ambijan merged to form a unified organization.
840:
391:
A Gift to Biro-Bidjan: Chicago, 1937: From Despair to New Hope.
327:
322:
301:
263:
250:
160:-speaking Jewish immigrants and was intended as a rival to the
121:
109:
487:
American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan,
234:
establishment of Ambidjan with his money, time, and effort.
845:
317:
125:
79:
American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan
765:
489:
Birobidjan: The Jewish Autonomous Territory in the USSR.
606:
Jewish advocacy and political organizations in Canada
318:
Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land (OZET)
164:
movement and its agitation for a Jewish homeland in
543:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.
419:
Brighton, MA: Academic Studies Press, 2010; pg. 33.
42:), commonly known by its transliterated acronym of
333:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union
34:ייִדישע קאָלאָניזאַציע אָרגאַניזאַציע אין רוסלאַנד
498:New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959.
1027:
533:vol. 16, no. 3 (Spring 1998), pp. 103–117.
338:Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
304:in 1948 greatly increased the attractiveness of
1081:Jewish organizations based in the United States
241:A key figure behind the scenes at Ambidjan was
948:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
715:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
505:New York: American Birobidjan Committee, 1946.
26:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
1111:Jewish settlement schemes in the Soviet Union
751:
591:
37:
503:The Jews in the Soviet Union and Birobidjan.
211:. The meeting was addressed by Lord Marley,
39:Yidishe Kolonizatsye Organizatsye in Rusland
1126:Secular Jewish culture in the United States
634:Canadian Jewish Political Affairs Committee
519:Philadelphia: United Jewish Campaign, 1925.
958:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
758:
744:
598:
584:
512:New York: New York University Press, 1988.
447:
445:
443:
441:
427:
425:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
229:, a banker and stockbroker who had been a
84:
147:
15:
458:
438:
422:
396:
393:oakton.edu/ Retrieved October 16, 2010.
1028:
690:Canadian Federation of Jewish Students
629:Canadian Institute for Jewish Research
66:. The organization was founded in the
739:
579:
562:The Short History of the Jews of ICOR
526:Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2010.
285:. Dues in the organization cost $ 5.
1131:Soviet Union–United States relations
1101:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
1076:Jewish organizations based in Canada
767:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
649:Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs
381:"Biro-Bidjan and American Support,"
70:in 1924 and soon spread to Canada.
33:
13:
474:
131:One of ICOR's initial patrons was
14:
1147:
1106:Organizations established in 1924
963:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
783:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
547:
96:Jewish collective farms in Crimea
1121:Secular Jewish culture in Europe
1116:Secular Jewish culture in Canada
710:New Fraternal Jewish Association
664:Independent Jewish Voices Canada
89:
353:Jewish Colonization Association
300:era; moreover, the creation of
1086:Jewish political organizations
1071:Jewish community organizations
1046:Communism in the United States
1014:The Black Book of Soviet Jewry
896:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
725:Zionist Organization of Canada
373:
364:
291:
1:
1036:Canada–Soviet Union relations
851:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
720:Union of Progressive Zionists
179:ICOR was associated with the
1051:Defunct Jewish organizations
932:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking
828:Jewish Communist Youth Union
669:United Jewish People's Order
358:
143:
46:, was a Communist-sponsored
7:
874:Night of the Murdered Poets
644:Canadian Zionist Federation
311:
198:
187:and generally followed the
38:
10:
1152:
1096:Jews and Judaism in Crimea
1066:Jewish clubs and societies
889:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
379:Oakton Community College,
137:Sears, Roebuck and Company
118:Jewish Autonomous Republic
991:
940:
922:1970s Soviet Union aliyah
904:
859:
814:
804:Jewish history in the JAO
788:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
773:
677:
611:
185:Communist Party of Canada
52:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
1091:Jewish Ukrainian history
1056:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
793:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
695:Canadian Jewish Congress
482:10 Years of Biro-Bidjan.
60:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
1061:Jewish Canadian history
983:Jackson–Vanik amendment
685:Canada-Israel Committee
619:Atlantic Jewish Council
193:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
75:solidarity organization
58:), and latterly in the
992:Media and publications
941:International activism
917:Anti-Zionist Committee
822:Jewish Communist Party
705:Jewish Labor Committee
522:Henry Felix Srebrnik,
415:Henry Felix Srebrnik,
170:International Brigades
153:
85:Organizational history
21:
953:Soviet Jewry movement
884:Rootless cosmopolitan
700:Jewish Defense League
639:Canadian Young Judaea
484:New York: ICOR, 1938.
466:Dreams of Nationhood,
453:Dreams of Nationhood,
433:Dreams of Nationhood,
255:Alexander Troyanovsky
151:
54:and Southern Russia (
19:
869:1931 Menshevik Trial
515:James N. Rosenberg,
220:Member of Parliament
217:British Labour Party
181:Communist Party, USA
1041:Communism in Canada
912:Soviet anti-Zionism
861:Soviet antisemitism
247:Communist Party USA
624:B'nai Brith Canada
386:2010-05-28 at the
245:, a member of the
205:Ritz-Carlton Hotel
154:
106:Pale of Settlement
22:
1023:
1022:
968:Cleveland Council
733:
732:
539:Robert Weinberg,
213:Dudley Leigh Aman
174:Spanish Civil War
48:mass organization
1143:
760:
753:
746:
737:
736:
659:Hashomer Hatzair
600:
593:
586:
577:
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494:Melech Epstein,
469:
462:
456:
449:
436:
429:
420:
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394:
377:
371:
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249:and employee of
227:William W. Cohen
172:fighting in the
133:Julius Rosenwald
41:
35:
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1000:Am Yisrael Chai
987:
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729:
673:
607:
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550:
501:Henry Frankel,
477:
475:Further reading
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397:
388:Wayback Machine
378:
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243:Jacob M. Budish
201:
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135:, president of
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1136:Stavropol Krai
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548:External links
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348:Territorialism
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56:Stavropol Krai
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140:and support.
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90:Establishment
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68:United States
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
31:
27:
18:
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1007:Jews on Land
1005:
998:
947:
714:
654:Habonim Dror
566:World War II
555:
540:
530:
523:
516:
509:
508:Nora Levin,
502:
495:
488:
481:
480:S. Almazov,
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43:
25:
23:
836:Yevsektsiya
799:Birobidzhan
343:Yevsektsiya
292:Dissolution
231:Congressman
1030:Categories
570:Yad Vashem
464:Srebrnik,
451:Srebrnik,
431:Srebrnik,
927:Refusenik
359:Footnotes
268:Lithuania
189:Comintern
166:Palestine
144:Expansion
101:New World
572:website.
535:In JSTOR
384:Archived
312:See also
298:McCarthy
283:non-Jews
199:Ambidjan
183:and the
905:Zionism
775:History
678:Defunct
531:Shofar,
468:pg. 34.
455:pg. 37.
435:pg. 36.
306:Zionism
276:Germany
272:Romania
162:Zionist
158:Yiddish
64:Siberia
30:Yiddish
841:Komzet
830:(EKSM)
824:(EKP)
795:(JAO)
612:Active
328:Gezerd
302:Israel
274:, and
264:Poland
251:Amtorg
122:Komzet
110:shtetl
77:, the
973:Nativ
568:, at
846:OZET
556:BNET
215:, a
126:OZET
44:ICOR
24:The
207:in
62:in
1032::
440:^
424:^
398:^
270:,
266:,
195:.
176:.
128:.
36:,
32::
759:e
752:t
745:v
599:e
592:t
585:v
28:(
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