32:
620:
301:
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1667:"Visit to Gateshead [near Newcastle] a yeshiva town called "the last shtetl in Europe": relics and ephemera include short photocopy of writings by the famous Gateshead figure Rebbitzen Zipa Lopian ["Auntie Zipa"] and a note by me about her; short letter from me to Rav Mattisyahu Salomon, the mashgiach [spiritual director] of Gateshead Yeshiva, after my meeting with him; an account of the trip, with photograph, written for Rabbi Joseph Freilich's yeshiva magazine [see also "Gallery of photographs" in this series for views of this trip], 1984 January 18-22 | Archives at Yale"
421:, it is assumed that everything has deeper and secondary meanings, which must be probed. All subjects have implications and ramifications. Moreover, the person who makes a statement must have a reason, and this too must be probed. Often a comment will evoke an answer to the assumed reason behind it or to the meaning believed to lie beneath it, or to the remote consequences to which it leads. The process that produces such a response—often with lightning speed—is a modest reproduction of the
661:
as well as the market places. When the scholar converses with his intellectual peers, incomplete sentences, a hint, a gesture, may replace a whole paragraph. The listener is expected to understand the full meaning on the basis of a word or even a sound... Such a conversation, prolonged and animated,
456:
started from about the 1840s. Contributing factors included poverty as a result of changes in economic climate (including industrialisation which hurt the traditional Jewish artisan and the movement of trade to the larger towns), repeated fires destroying the wooden homes, and overpopulation. Also,
416:
tradition. The picture includes the tendency to examine, analyze and re-analyze, to seek meanings behind meanings and for implications and secondary consequences. It includes also a dependence on deductive logic as a basis for practical conclusions and actions. In life, as in the
793:
movement. Yiddish and Hebrew literature can only to a degree be considered to represent the complete reality. It mostly focused on the elements that attract attention, rather than on an "average Jew". Also, in successful
America, memories of
31:
283:
as a phenomenon of
Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe was destroyed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. The term is sometimes used to describe largely Jewish communities in the United States, such as existed on the
689:. Discouraged from Talmudic study, women would perform the necessary tasks of a household. In addition, shtetls offered communal institutions such as synagogues, ritual baths and ritual food processors.
750:
formed an entire town and community, residents worked diverse jobs such as shoe-making , metallurgy, or tailoring of clothes. Studying was considered the most valuable and hardest work of all. Learned
91:. The term is used in the context of former East European Jewish societies as mandated islands within the surrounding non-Jewish populace, and thus bears certain connotations of discrimination.
777:, "was in a state of permanent crisis, both political and economic, of social uncertainty and cultural conflicts". Rosenberg outlines a number of reasons for the image of "disintegrating
1245:
711:
Jews, many of whom lived in poverty. Acts of philanthropy aided social institutions such as schools and orphanages. Jews viewed giving charity as an opportunity to do a good deed (
619:
911:, a town in south-eastern Poland. As a child, Singer lived in Biłgoraj for periods with his family, and he wrote that life in the small town made a deep impression on him.
662:
may be as incomprehensible to the uninitiated as if the excited discussants were talking in tongues. The same verbal economy may be found in domestic or business circles.
2242:
2165:
465:. From the 1880s until 1915 up to 2 million Jews left Eastern Europe. At the time about three-quarters of its Jewish population lived in areas defined as
461:
of the
Russian Imperial administrators and the Polish landlords, as well as the resultant pogroms in the 1880s, made life difficult for residents of the
437:
in 1882 banned Jews from rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people. In the 20th century, revolutions, civil wars, industrialisation and
2039:
340:, inhabited mostly but not exclusively by Jews" and from the 1790s onward and until 1915 shtetls were also "subject to Russian bureaucracy", as the
490:
inhabitants were able to emigrate before and after the
Holocaust, which resulted in many Ashkenazi Jewish traditions being passed on. However, the
1786:
1055:(1897–1990), Russian-, later American-Jewish biologist and photographer; photographed traditional Jewish life in Eastern Europe in 1935–39.
1049:(1885–1941), Jewish writer (Yiddish-language prose and poetry) and photographer; immortalized Jewish life in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s.
771:
argued that this alleged cultural break-up is never clearly defined. He argued that the whole Jewish life in
Eastern Europe, not only in
767:
disintegrated before it was destroyed during World War II; however, Joshua
Rosenberg of the Institute of East-European Jewish Affairs at
300:
1289:
1204:
744:. Learning and education were the ultimate measures of worth in the eyes of the community, while money was secondary to status. As the
677:"at its heart, it was a community of faith built upon a deeply rooted religious culture". A Jewish education was most paramount in
643:, a language rarely spoken by outsiders, but they also had a unique rhetorical style, rooted in traditions of Talmudic learning:
400:
The attitudes and thought habits characteristic of the learning tradition are as evident in the street and market place as the
1902:
474:. The Holocaust resulted in the total extermination of these towns. It was not uncommon for the entire Jewish population of a
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2002:
1952:
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specifically for the film, and was set to become a historical museum. However, it is still unknown if the set survived the
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is noted both for volubility and for laconic, allusive speech. Both pictures are true, and both are characteristic of the
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261:
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in
Eastern Europe, as well as much of the culture specific to this way of life, was all but eradicated by the Nazis.
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162:
1823:
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1033:. Their contribution is in making a permanent record in color of the life that is described in literature—the
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saw periods of relative tolerance and prosperity as well as times of extreme poverty and hardships, including
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1712:
1214:
1209:
1183:
584:
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2166:
Education/Newsletter/March 2017/Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish communities that perished in the
Holocaust
1464:
591:, thought to be the only 100% Jewish community not in Israel or the United States, has been described as a
2341:
1828:
1147:
2020:
1618:
1081:
2078:
Klier, John D. (2000). "What
Exactly Was a Shtetl?". In Ėstraĭkh, Gennadiĭ; Krutikov, Mikhail (eds.).
358:
culture describes the traditional way of life of East
European Jews. In literature by authors such as
1666:
916:
758:
men who did not provide bread and relied on their wives for money were not frowned upon but praised.
2203:
1796:
1015:
Many Jewish artists in Eastern Europe dedicated much of their artistic careers to depictions of the
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2012:
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481:
329:
36:
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84:
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8:
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1974:
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On three things the world stands. On Torah, On service , And on acts of human kindness.
699:(charity) is a key element of Jewish culture, both secular and religious, to this day.
615:
in the South African Jewish Museum in Cape Town, as it would have appeared in Lithuania
349:
305:
170:
166:
122:
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1377:
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1998:
1948:
1876:
1753:
1598:
1527:
1500:
1305:
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860:
821:
722:
This approach to good deeds finds its roots in Jewish religious views, summarized in
526:" to refer to these enclaves in Yiddish, particularly those with village structures.
224:
with the meaning 'little town'. Despite the existence of Jewish self-administration (
1332:
2351:
2309:
2247:
2185:
2170:
2130:
2083:
1994:
1555:
1297:
973:
565:, has a significant Jewish history and Yiddish words are part of the now dying-out
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227:
205:
191:
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1937:
2254:
1742:
1285:
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1219:
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509:
359:
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1523:
The Image of the Shtetl and Other Studies of Modern Jewish Literary Imagination
1492:
1052:
1026:
994:
562:
548:
497:
393:
341:
265:
260:, in Russian bureaucracy), a type of settlement which originated in the former
126:
80:
40:
2237:
2134:
1446:
How the Concept of Shtetl Moved From Small-Town Reality to Mythic Jewish Idyll
1393:
2325:
2222:
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1849:
1160:
1098:
1046:
942:
852:
817:
800:, in addition to sufferings, were colored with nostalgia and sentimentalism.
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289:
88:
20:
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In keeping with his own conception of contradictory reality, the man of the
1932:
1089:
1037:, the weddings, the marketplaces and the religious aspects of the culture.
1022:
683:. Men and boys could spend up to 10 hours a day dedicated to studying at a
566:
458:
2087:
2121:
Rogovin, Or (2009). "Chelm as Shtetl: Y. Y. Trunk's Khelemer Khakhomim".
1986:
931:
877:
843:(based on other stories of Sholem Aleichem), are other notable fictional
723:
480:
to be rounded up and murdered in a nearby forest or taken to the various
333:
2269:
1978:
986:, Roth, et al., but soon reveals a plot twist which subverts the genre.
908:
1991:
Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews
827:
588:
370:, socially stable and unchanging despite outside influence or attacks.
249:
181:
761:
There is a belief found in historical and literary writings that the
544:
134:
2191:
1578:"Kiryas Joel: A Hasidic Shtetl in Suburban New York - Berman Center"
738:
Material things were neither disdained nor extremely praised in the
408:. The popular picture of the Jew in Eastern Europe, held by Jew and
240:), officially there were no separate Jewish municipalities, and the
1962:
1903:"Ukraine-Shot Shoah Feature 'Shttl' Boarded By Upgrade Productions"
1246:
List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust
1169:
694:
430:
121:) were mainly found in the areas that constituted the 19th-century
2017:
The Golden Age Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe
2304:
1622:
1119:
1034:
970:" broadcast; it was about Polish Christian and Jewish relations.
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753:
656:
640:
534:
530:
409:
403:
337:
142:
138:
130:
76:
46:
1748:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
2294:
1359:"Shtetl: A Word that Holds a Special Place in Hearts and Minds"
856:
714:
422:
413:
389:
154:
150:
146:
1646:"Gateshead's Twenty-First Century Shtetl - Mishpacha Magazine"
1114:
891:
864:
783:'" and other kinds of stereotyping. For one, it was an "anti-
629:, reconstructed in the South African Jewish Museum, Cape Town
418:
235:
2175:
1548:"Forever Changed, A Belarus Shtetl 70 Years After the Nazis"
2314:
2227:
1692:"Jewish shtetl in Azerbaijan survives amid Muslim majority"
1465:"Jewish Communities (Shtetls) of Ukraine genealogy project"
1294:
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English
1143:
558:
177:
2279:
623:
Interior of a wooden dwelling in a traditional Lithuanian
2232:
816:
figures prominently in the Jewish humor as the legendary
384:
began around the 13th century. Throughout this history,
2300:
Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland. History of Shtetl
2063:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
976:'s 2011 short story "Shtetl Days", begins in a typical
366:, shtetls are portrayed as pious communities following
512:
founded new communities in the United States, such as
2295:
Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Virtual Shtetl
1619:"Diverse and Divided: Who Are the Jews of Belgium?"
907:. Singer's mother was the daughter of the rabbi of
268:as well. For clarification, the expression "Jewish
2280:The Journey to Trochenbrod and Lozisht August 2006
2037:
1936:
1741:
863:in 1910, after a pogrom destroyed her shtetl near
392:in the 19th-century Russian Empire. According to
2323:
2233:Remembering Luboml: images of a Jewish Community
2011:
1420:
1491:
1439:
1437:
1435:
924:, tells a fictional story set in the Ukrainian
1497:Life Is With People: The Culture of the Shtetl
873:life long after she had arrived in Palestine.
551:Orthodox community is also sometimes called a
1284:
1237:
1231:
1187:
1137:
1127:
1016:
998:
977:
965:
950:
925:
902:
881:
868:
844:
834:'s stories, and Anatevka, the setting of the
795:
784:
778:
772:
762:
745:
739:
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672:
666:
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255:
241:
219:
213:
199:
185:
116:
110:
104:
98:
92:
69:
61:
52:
44:
1713:"How the Mountain Jews of Azerbaijan Endure"
1432:
1416:
1414:
751:
712:
700:
692:
684:
654:
401:
269:
247:
233:
225:
570:
378:The history of the oldest Eastern European
16:Town with a predominantly Jewish population
1784:
1205:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia
671:provided a strong sense of community. The
2061:Shtetl: A Vernacular Intellectual History
1526:. Syracuse University Press. p. 17.
1411:
609:A reconstruction of a traditional Jewish
2243:Pre-1939 Kresy (now Ukraine) photo album
2238:Towns in the Encyclopedia of Jewish Life
2058:
1985:
1744:A Time for Building: The Third Migration
1710:
1597:. Oxford University Press. p. 199.
1590:
1356:
1263:
1261:
1186:– the world's last surviving historical
618:
604:
299:
79:term for small towns with predominantly
30:
2120:
1900:
901:'s short stories and novels are set in
543:, composed of about 12,000 people. The
508:In the later part of the 20th century,
348:, and was administering the area where
2324:
2317:Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
2305:Shoshana Eden, paintings of her shtetl
2046:. Mainz: Institute of European History
1487:
1485:
808:
803:
304:Map showing percentage of Jews in the
2260:The Lost Jewish Communities of Poland
2077:
1931:
1901:Wiseman, Andreas (16 December 2022).
1739:
1735:
1733:
1519:
1258:
529:In Europe, the Orthodox community in
1379:Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland
1302:10.1093/acref/9780199891573.001.0001
1225:List of Hasidic dynasties and groups
945:, is an adaptation of a traditional
350:the settlement of Jews was permitted
1961:
1643:
1482:
1357:Sacharow, Fredda (22 August 2014).
520:, and they sometimes use the term "
264:and was formally recognized in the
209:
195:
13:
2188:(formerly: JewishGen ShtetlSeeker)
2181:The JewishGen Communities Database
2038:Schumacher-Brunhes, Marie (2015).
1924:
1730:
1711:Pheiffer, Evan (25 October 2022).
867:. But she continued writing about
537:, is widely described as the last
346:annexed the eastern part of Poland
336:in private possession of a Polish
14:
2393:
2291:. In German and Russian languages
2248:Jewish Web Index – Polish Shtetls
2219:Multimedia Learning Center Online
2159:
1785:Rothenberg, Joshua (March 1981).
1200:History of the Jews in Bessarabia
890:and most notably on his hometown
1965:(1984). "Inventing the Shtetl".
1795:. pp. 25–31. Archived from
1154:
176:In Yiddish, a larger city, like
1894:
1881:National Center for Jewish Film
1869:
1856:
1842:
1811:
1778:
1766:
1704:
1684:
1659:
1637:
1611:
1584:
1570:
1540:
1513:
1126:drama depicting the lives of a
503:
1457:
1386:
1369:
1350:
1325:
1288:; LaFlaur, Mark, eds. (1999).
1278:
1195:History of the Jews in Ukraine
1040:
1005:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
966:
886:on the Eastern fringes of the
402:
262:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2265:History of the Jews in Poland
2080:The Shtetl: Image and Reality
2044:EGO - European History Online
1594:Flanders – A Cultural History
1428:. Princeton University Press.
1251:
1215:History of the Jews in Russia
1210:History of the Jews in Poland
989:The award-winning 2014 novel
941:, written and illustrated by
633:Not only did the Jews of the
396:and Elizabeth Herzog (1962):
313:
198:), and a village is called a
2285:Shtetl gallery. 80 paintings
1787:"Demythologizing the Shtetl"
1495:; Herzog, Elizabeth (1962).
982:reminiscent of the works of
7:
2337:Historic Jewish communities
1829:Public Broadcasting Service
1296:. Oxford University Press.
1238:
1232:
1188:
1177:
1170:Return to My Shtetl Delatyn
1138:
1128:
1017:
1010:
999:
978:
951:
926:
903:
882:
869:
845:
796:
785:
779:
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752:
746:
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492:
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467:
452:
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380:
354:
324:
295:
292:in the early 20th century.
279:
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234:
226:
220:
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200:
186:
117:
111:
105:
99:
93:
70:
62:
53:
45:
43:of a Jewish wedding with a
10:
2398:
2347:Jews and Judaism in Europe
2228:Jewish history of Radziłów
2171:Boris Feldblyum Collection
2059:Shandler, Jeffrey (2014).
2021:Princeton University Press
1943:. New Haven, Connecticut:
1267:Marie Schumacher-Brunhes,
600:
373:
18:
2372:Yiddish words and phrases
2357:Jewish Belarusian history
2143:10.2979/pft.2009.29.2.242
2135:10.2979/pft.2009.29.2.242
2019:. Princeton, New Jersey:
2013:Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan
1422:Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan
937:The 1992 children's book
917:Everything Is Illuminated
830:, the setting of many of
581:) refers to Brno itself.
129:(constituting modern-day
85:existed in Eastern Europe
19:For the documentary, see
2362:Jewish Ukrainian history
1644:Doe, John (4 May 2011).
1591:de Vries, Andre (2007).
1398:JewishVirtualLibrary.org
1275:, published July 3, 2015
330:Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern
2217:Simon Wiesenthal Center
2186:The JewishGen Gazetteer
1939:The Death of the Shtetl
1773:Excerpt from Pirke Avot
1273:European History Online
1059:
1003:communities across the
888:Austro-Hungarian Empire
435:Alexander III of Russia
2253:12 August 2004 at the
2194:(formerly: ShtetLinks)
1862:Tokarczuk, O. (2022).
1740:Sorin, Gerald (1992).
1333:"Definition of SHTETL"
939:Something from Nothing
880:'s books are based on
736:
664:
630:
616:
571:
441:destroyed traditional
427:
412:alike, is true to the
319:
270:
248:
57:
2332:Ashkenazi Jews topics
2192:JewishGen KehilaLinks
2088:10.4324/9781351198394
1945:Yale University Press
1819:"Reactions to Shtetl"
1426:The Golden Age Shtetl
1376:"History of Shtetl",
1142:was built outside of
899:Isaac Bashevis Singer
732:
645:
622:
608:
398:
364:Isaac Bashevis Singer
332:as "an East European
303:
246:was referred to as a
34:
2377:Types of communities
2270:History of Berdychiv
1967:The American Scholar
1134:Operation Barbarossa
922:Jonathan Safran Foer
789:" propaganda of the
730:'s "three pillars":
2275:Antopol Yizkor Book
2208:Jewish Encyclopedia
1697:The Times of Israel
1520:Miron, Dan (2000).
1337:Merriam-Webster.com
1083:Fiddler on the Roof
949:set in a fictional
840:Fiddler on the Roof
809:Literary references
804:Artistic depictions
769:Brandeis University
482:concentration camps
450:The decline of the
433:introduced by Tsar
218:is a diminutive of
2342:Jewish communities
2082:. pp. 23–35.
1866:, Riverhead Books.
1864:The Books of Jacob
1453:. 3 February 2014.
1107:An American Pickle
991:The Books of Jacob
705:was essential for
631:
617:
496:as a community of
320:
306:Pale of Settlement
274:" was often used.
171:Kingdom of Hungary
167:Kingdom of Romania
123:Pale of Settlement
83:populations which
58:
2097:978-1-900755-41-2
2070:978-0-813-56273-5
2030:978-0-691-16074-0
2004:978-0-395-82295-1
1954:978-0-300-15209-8
1717:New Line Magazine
1671:archives.yale.edu
1311:978-0-19-989157-3
861:Ottoman Palestine
822:Wise Men of Chelm
352:. The concept of
157:), as well as in
2389:
2213:Cities of Poland
2154:
2117:
2074:
2055:
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2008:
1995:Houghton Mifflin
1982:
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1852:. 14 April 2011.
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1286:Speake, Jennifer
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1148:Russian invasion
1141:
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1021:. These include
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974:Harry Turtledove
969:
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947:Jewish folk tale
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2382:Jewish enclaves
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2255:Wayback Machine
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914:The 2002 novel
832:Sholem Aleichem
811:
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360:Sholem Aleichem
316:
310:Congress Poland
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286:Lower East Side
159:Congress Poland
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2160:External links
2158:
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2129:(2): 242–272.
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2009:
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1973:(3): 329–349.
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1799:on 7 June 2010
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1759:978-0801851223
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1184:Qırmızı Qəsəbə
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1132:on the eve of
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1012:
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995:Olga Tokarczuk
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585:Qırmızı Qəsəbə
575:" (pronounced
563:Czech Republic
549:United Kingdom
505:
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498:Ashkenazi Jews
394:Mark Zborowski
375:
372:
342:Russian Empire
328:is defined by
297:
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266:Russian Empire
184:, is called a
127:Russian Empire
41:Isaak Asknaziy
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2048:. Retrieved
2043:
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1966:
1938:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1877:"The Dybbuk"
1871:
1863:
1858:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1803:15 September
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1790:
1780:
1768:
1743:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1676:17 September
1674:. Retrieved
1670:
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1651:17 September
1649:. Retrieved
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1613:
1593:
1586:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1522:
1515:
1499:. Schocken.
1496:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
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1401:. Retrieved
1397:
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1336:
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1293:
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1023:Marc Chagall
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567:Hantec slang
557:
552:
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510:Hasidic Jews
507:
504:Modern usage
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1834:15 December
1552:VOANews.com
1118:, 2023 – a
1041:Photography
964:programme "
932:Trochenbrod
878:Joseph Roth
724:Pirkei Avot
514:Kiryas Joel
447:existence.
334:market town
317: 1905
39:the artist
37:painting by
2326:Categories
2123:Prooftexts
1993:. Boston:
1722:26 October
1451:Vox Tablet
1252:References
1067:The Dybbuk
828:Kasrilevke
589:Azerbaijan
518:New Square
271:miasteczko
250:miasteczko
182:Chernivtsi
112:shtetelach
51:band in a
2176:JewishGen
2151:163047588
2114:249174895
2106:606487250
1963:Gay, Ruth
1912:6 January
1886:7 January
1824:Frontline
1792:Midstream
1124:Ukrainian
1075:The Fixer
1031:Mané-Katz
961:Frontline
545:Gateshead
257:mestechko
135:Lithuania
118:shtetlekh
106:shtetlach
2251:Archived
2204:Diaspora
2040:"Shtetl"
2015:(2014).
1989:(1997).
1979:41211052
1935:(2010).
1907:Deadline
1469:Geni.com
1424:(2014).
1394:"Shtetl"
1342:28 March
1317:28 March
1290:"shtetl"
1269:"Shtetl"
1230:List of
1178:See also
1035:klezmers
1011:Painting
984:Aleichem
909:Biłgoraj
897:Many of
876:Many of
702:Tzedakah
695:Tzedakah
431:May Laws
425:process.
414:Talmudic
296:Overview
169:and the
100:shtetels
35:An 1893
2352:Shtetls
2200:Galicia
2050:8 March
1629:9 March
1623:Haaretz
1562:5 April
1474:5 April
1403:5 April
1233:shtetls
1120:Yiddish
904:shtetls
883:shtetls
846:shtetls
836:musical
791:Zionist
774:shtetls
754:yeshiva
686:yeshiva
680:shtetls
668:Shtetls
657:yeshiva
641:Yiddish
636:shtetls
601:Culture
535:Belgium
531:Antwerp
484:. Some
410:Gentile
404:yeshiva
390:pogroms
386:shtetls
381:shtetls
374:History
338:magnate
228:kehilla
206:Yiddish
192:Yiddish
143:Ukraine
139:Moldova
131:Belarus
125:in the
94:Shtetls
87:before
77:Yiddish
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2027:
2001:
1977:
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1756:
1601:
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1239:shtots
1189:shtetl
1173:, 1992
1165:, 1996
1162:Shtetl
1139:shtetl
1129:shtetl
1110:, 2020
1102:, 1998
1094:, 1983
1086:, 1971
1078:, 1968
1070:, 1937
1029:, and
1018:shtetl
1000:shtetl
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967:Shtetl
952:shtetl
927:shtetl
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820:: the
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639:speak
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444:shtetl
423:pilpul
355:shtetl
325:shtetl
280:shtetl
243:shtetl
215:Shtetl
165:, the
155:Russia
151:Latvia
147:Poland
63:Shtetl
54:shtetl
24:(film)
22:Shtetl
2147:S2CID
2139:JSTOR
2110:S2CID
1975:JSTOR
1115:Shttl
1091:Yentl
920:, by
892:Brody
865:Minsk
855:made
814:Chełm
587:, in
572:štetl
419:Torah
236:kahal
221:shtot
210:דאָרף
196:שטאָט
187:shtot
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2102:OCLC
2092:ISBN
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2052:2021
2025:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1914:2023
1888:2022
1836:2009
1805:2010
1754:ISBN
1724:2022
1678:2024
1653:2024
1631:2022
1599:ISBN
1564:2019
1528:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1476:2019
1405:2019
1344:2021
1319:2021
1306:ISBN
1236:and
1144:Kyiv
1136:. A
1060:Film
559:Brno
516:and
457:the
429:The
362:and
344:had
308:and
277:The
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178:Lviv
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