Eastern Orthodox Church

6957: 12156:"Everywhere following the decrees of the Holy Fathers, and aware of the recently recognized Canon of the one hundred and fifty most God-beloved Bishops who convened during the reign of Theodosius the Great of pious memory, who became emperor in the imperial city of Constantinople otherwise known as New Rome; we too decree and vote the same things in regard to the privileges and priorities of the most holy Church of that same Constantinople and New Rome. And this is in keeping with the fact that the Fathers naturally enough granted the priorities to the throne of Old Rome on account of her being the imperial capital. And motivated by the same object and aim the one hundred and fifty most God-beloved Bishops have accorded the like priorities to the most holy throne of New Rome, with good reason deeming that the city which is the seat of an empire, and of a senate, and is equal to old imperial Rome in respect of other privileges and priorities, should be magnified also as she is in respect of ecclesiastical affairs, as coming next after her, or as being second to her." 14260:, p. 322 "From the beginning of the twentieth century the Ecumenical Patriarchate has shown a special concern for Christian reconciliation. At his accession in 1902, Patriarch Joachim III sent an encyclical letter to all the autocephalous Orthodox Churches, asking in particular for their opinion on relations with other Christian bodies. In January 1920 the Ecumenical Patriarchate followed this up with a bold and prophetic letter addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded League of Nations. Many of the ideas in this letter anticipate subsequent developments in the WCC. Constantinople, along with several of the other Orthodox Churches, was represented at the Faith and Order Conferences at Lausanne in 1927 and at Edinburgh in 1937. The Ecumenical Patriarchate also participated in the first Assembly of the WCC at Amsterdam in 1948, and has been a consistent supporter of the work of the WCC ever since." 4914: 6666: 4922: 6504: 5616: 20645: 379: 5572:

example, their salvation of mankind is an activity engaged in common: "Christ became man by the good will of the Father and by the cooperation of the Holy Spirit. Christ sends the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father, and the Holy Spirit forms Christ in our hearts, and thus God the Father is glorified." Their "communion of essence" is "indivisible". Trinitarian terminology—essence, hypostasis, etc.—are used "philosophically", "to answer the ideas of the heretics", and "to place the terms where they separate error and truth." The words do what they can do, but the nature of the Trinity in its fullness is believed to remain beyond man's comprehension and expression, a holy mystery that can only be experienced.

4377: 9172: 8067: 7570: 6523: 4523: 8231: 8060: 116: 5859: 6956: 6061: 4185:, the Eastern half grew disillusioned with the Pope's centralisation of power, as well as his blatant attempts of excluding the Eastern half in regard to papal approvals. It had previously been the case that the emperor would have a say when a new Pope was elected, but towards the high Middle Ages, the Christians in Rome were slowly consolidating power and removing Byzantine influence. However, even before this exclusionary tendency from the West, well before 1054, the Eastern and Western halves of the Church were in perpetual conflict, particularly during the periods of Eastern 6249: 5732: 3070: 4333: 5273: 4022: 4197: 6821: 3247: 4502: 6175: 5159: 3149:(universality, oneness with the ancient Church) is important for multiple doctrinal reasons that have more bearing internally in each church than in their relation to the others, now separated in faith. The meaning of holding to a faith that is true is the primary reason why anyone's statement of which church split off from which other has any significance at all; the issues go as deep as the schisms. The depth of this meaning in the Eastern Orthodox Church is registered first in its use of the word " 6626: 5936: 6221: 5581: 2495: 7019: 6140: 11099:

Constantinople beyond the canonical space and, to our great grief, makes it impossible for us to continue the Eucharistic community with its hierarch, clergy and laity. From now on until the Patriarchate of Constantinople's rejection of its anti-canonical decisions, it is impossible for all the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church to concelebrate with the clergy of the Church of Constantinople and for the laity to participate in sacraments administered in its churches.

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culture. It is a continuity that exists only inasmuch as it lives within Christians themselves. It is not static, nor an observation of rules, but rather a sharing of observations that spring both from within and also in keeping with others, even others who lived lives long past. The church proclaims the Holy Spirit maintains the unity and consistency of holy tradition to preserve the integrity of the faith within the church, as given in the scriptural promises.

6404: 27705: 22735: 17795: 27747: 6478: 27771: 4259:. The Council of Florence briefly reestablished communion between East and West, which lasted until after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. In each case, however, the councils were rejected by the Orthodox people as a whole, and the union of Florence also became very politically difficult after Constantinople came under Ottoman rule. However, in the time since, several local Orthodox Christian churches have renewed union with Rome, known as the 3350: 27715: 17805: 3107:). The letter states: "Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, there is the universal Church." Thus, almost from the beginning, Christians referred to the Christian Church as the "one, holy, catholic (from the Greek καθολική, 'according to the whole, universal') and apostolic Church". The Eastern Orthodox Church claims that it is today the continuation and preservation of that same early church. 2451: 5665:, and similarly in understanding the Christian life to lead to the unification in Christ of all members of his body, views the church as embracing all Christ's members, those now living on earth, and also all those through the ages who have passed on to the heavenly life. "In general," Eastern Orthodox Christianity sees the Church "as a purely mystical body, the understanding of which cannot be attained through the development of a rational or 27811: 3518:. In the Orthodox Church, an ecumenical council is the supreme authority that can be invoked to resolve contested issues of the faith. As such, these councils have been held to resolve the most important theological matters that came to be disputed within the Christian Church. Many lesser disagreements were resolved through local councils in the areas where they arose, before they grew significant enough to require an ecumenical council. 27862: 27759: 22724: 20442: 19653: 16895: 6883: 27845: 105: 16567: 4934: 27783: 5747: 27828: 6544: 3492: 5430:, four countries have over 100,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians: Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and the United States; all but the latter had fewer than 20,000 at the turn of the 20th century. The U.S. has seen its community more than quadruple since 1910, from 460,000 to 1.8 million as of 2017; consequently, the number of Eastern Orthodox parishes has been growing, with a 16% increase between 2000 and 2010. 4329:, the Orthodox community was generally tolerated until the rise of nationalist movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and left to govern its own internal affairs, both religiously and legally. Until the empire's dissolution in the early 20th century, Orthodox Christians would remain the largest non-Muslim minority, and at times among the wealthiest and most politically influential. 3053:"Eastern", then, indicates the geographical element in the church's origin and development, while "Orthodox" indicates the faith, as well as communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. There are additional Christian churches in the east that are in communion with neither the Catholic Church nor the Eastern Orthodox Church, who tend to be distinguished by the category named " 12465: 9015: 4420:, a devout Orthodox Christian, cemented the title as "Tsar of All Rus", establishing Russia's first centralised state with divinely appointed rulers. In 1589, the Patriarchate of Constantinople granted autocephalous status to Moscow, the capital of what was now the largest Orthodox Christian polity; the city thereafter referred to itself as the 5840:, made manifest also directly by God in Old Testament times through his dwelling in the Ark of the Covenant. Thus, physical items connected with saints are also regarded as holy, through their participation in the earthly works of those saints. According to church teaching and tradition, God himself bears witness to this holiness of saints' 5591:

actions. It is sometimes said among Eastern Orthodox that humans are "inclined to sin"; that is, people find some sinful things attractive. It is the nature of temptation to make sinful things seem the more attractive, and it is the fallen nature of humans that seeks or succumbs to the attraction. Orthodox Christians reject the

4795:(UAOC), founded in 1917 which declared itself the restored autonomous church that existed prior to 1686 but had been eradicated within Soviet Ukraine by the 1930s. The church was largely supported by Ukrainian émigrés and diaspora, and was restored as a legally recognised church by the Ukrainian government in 1991. In 1992, the 3173:, with "glory" or "glorification" (of God by the church and of the church by God), especially in worship, yield the pair "correct belief" and "true worship". Together, these express the core of a fundamental teaching about the inseparability of belief and worship and their role in drawing the church together with Christ. All 5145:) over which he governs. His main duty is to make sure the traditions and practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church are preserved. Bishops are equal in authority and cannot interfere in the jurisdiction of another bishop. Administratively, these bishops and their territories are organised into various autocephalous groups or 11288: 5560:, which is how he reaches humanity. The God who is transcendent and the God who touches mankind are one and the same. That is, these energies are not something that proceed from God or that God produces, but rather they are God himself: distinct, yet inseparable from God's inner being. This view is often called 6454:. It is normally given immediately after baptism as part of the same service, but is also used to receive lapsed members of the Eastern Orthodox Church. As baptism is a person's participation in the death and resurrection of Christ, so Chrismation is a person's participation in the coming of the Holy Spirit at 3923:", to denote the "united" nature of Jesus (two natures united into one) consistent with Cyril's theology: "The term union ... signifies the concurrence in one reality of those things which are understood to be united" and "the Word who is ineffably united with it in a manner beyond all description" ( 7535:

has been separated from the mainstream communion over issues of ecumenism and calendar reform since the 1920s. The movement rejects the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Moscow Patriarchate, and all churches which are in communion with them, accusing them of heresy and placing themselves

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as an affirmation of the divinity of the one to whom she gave birth. It is also believed that her virginity was not compromised in conceiving God-incarnate, that she was not harmed and that she remained forever a virgin. Scriptural references to "brothers" of Christ are interpreted as kin, given that

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To admit into communion schismatics and a person anathematized in other Local Church with all the 'bishops' and 'clergy' consecrated by him, the encroachment on somebody else's canonical regions, the attempt to abandon its own historical decisions and commitments – all this leads the Patriarchate of

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On 23 February 1996, in response to the one-sided and illegal actions of Patriarch Bartholomew the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church resolved to recognise them 'as schismatic and compelling our Church to suspend canonical and Eucharistic communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople… and

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The Eastern Orthodox Church regards the bodies of all saints as holy, made such by participation in the holy mysteries, especially the communion of Christ's holy body and blood, and by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit within the church. Indeed, that persons and physical things can be made holy is a

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as "one God in three persons", "three persons" is not to be emphasised more than "one God", and vice versa. While the three persons are distinct, they are united in one divine essence, and their oneness is expressed in community and action so completely that they cannot be considered separately. For

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According to the 2015 Yearbook of International Religious Demography, as of 2010, the Eastern Orthodox population was 4% of the global population, declining from 7.1% in 1910. The study also found a decrease in proportional terms, with Eastern Orthodox Christians making up 12.2% of the world's total

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Pew research conducted in 2017 found a doubling in the global Orthodox population since the early 20th century, with the greatest resurgence in Russia. In the former Soviet Union—where the largest Orthodox communities live—self-identified Orthodox Christians generally report low levels of observance

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experimentation in order to force them give up their religious convictions. However, this was only supported by one faction within the regime, and lasted only three years. The Communist authorities closed down the prison in 1952, and punished many of those responsible for abuses (twenty of them were

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initiated his own campaign against the Russian Orthodox Church and forced the closure of about 12,000 churches. It is estimated that 50,000 clergy had been executed between the revolution and the end of the Khrushchev era. Members of the church hierarchy were jailed or forced out, their places taken

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The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernised" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is

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The official designation of the church in Eastern Orthodox liturgical or canonical texts is 'the Orthodox Catholic Church.' Because of the historical links of Eastern Orthodoxy with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, in English usage it is referred to as the 'Eastern'

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is given only to baptised and chrismated Eastern Orthodox Christians who have prepared by fasting, prayer and confession. The priest will administer the gifts with a spoon, called a "cochlear", directly into the recipient's mouth from the chalice. From baptism young infants and children are carried

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The church includes the Christian saints from all times, and also judges, prophets and righteous Jews of the first covenant, Adam and Eve, even the angels and heavenly hosts. In Eastern Orthodox services, the earthly members together with the heavenly members worship God as one community in Christ,

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The 28th canon of the fourth ecumenical council clarified this point by stating: "For the Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of Old Rome because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops (i.e. the second ecumenical council in 381) actuated by the same

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The lines of even this test can blur, however, when differences that arise are not due to doctrine, but to recognition of jurisdiction. As the Eastern Orthodox Church has spread into the west and over the world, the church as a whole has yet to sort out all the inter-jurisdictional issues that have

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Many evangelicals share conservative positions with us on such issues as abortion, the family, and marriage. Do you want vigorous grassroots engagement between Orthodox and evangelicals? Yes, on problems, for example, like the destruction of the family. Many marriages are split. Many families have

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in the 17th century. Although all of the groups of Old Believers emerged as a result of opposition to the Nikonian reforms, they do not constitute a single monolithic body. Despite their emphasis on invariable adherence to the pre-Nikonian traditions, the Old Believers feature a great diversity of

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with the Eastern Orthodox Church, despite their similar names. Slow dialogue towards restoring communion between the two churches began in the mid-20th century, and, notably, in the 19th century, when the Greek Patriarch in Egypt had to absent himself from the country for a long period of time; he

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The church does recognise that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate, but there is no official recognition of civil divorces. For the Eastern Orthodox, to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken, the violation of such a union, perceived as

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Jesus said that "when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven" (Mk 12:25). For the Orthodox Christian this passage should not be understood to imply that Christian marriage will not remain a reality in the Kingdom, but points to the fact

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The creation of Chrism may be accomplished by any bishop at any time, but usually is done only once a year, often when a synod of bishops convenes for its annual meeting. Some autocephalous churches get their chrism from others. Anointing with it substitutes for the laying-on of hands described in

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Once established as holy scripture, there has never been any question that the Eastern Orthodox Church holds the full list of books to be venerable and beneficial for reading and study, even though it informally holds some books in higher esteem than others, the four gospels highest of all. Of the

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Since the fall of man, then, it has been mankind's dilemma that no human can restore his nature to union with God's grace; it was necessary for God to effect another change in human nature. Eastern Orthodox Christians believe that Christ Jesus was both God and Man absolutely and completely, having

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of bishops who gather together at least twice each year to discuss the state of affairs within their respective sees. While bishops and their autocephalous synods have the ability to administer guidance in individual cases, their actions do not usually set precedents that affect the entire Eastern

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transformed the Russian Church into a propaganda tool to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. Following Soviet victory in the war, various autonomous and Independent Orthodox churches around eastern Europe were forcefully integrated or reintegrated into the Russian Church, including the

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From the Eastern Orthodox perspective, marriage is one of the holy mysteries or sacraments. As well as in many other Christian traditions, for example in Catholicism, it serves to unite a woman and a man in eternal union and love before God, with the purpose of following Christ and his Gospel and

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This does not "make" the person a saint; it merely recognises the fact and announces it to the rest of the church. A day is prescribed for the saint's celebration, hymns composed and icons created. Numerous saints are celebrated on each day of the year. They are venerated (shown great respect and

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Orthodoxy asserts that its shared beliefs, and its theology, exist within holy tradition and cannot be separated from it, and that their meaning is not expressed in mere words alone; that doctrine cannot be understood unless it is prayed; and that it must also be lived in order to be prayed, that

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and Anglican branches). "Eastern" is used to indicate that the highest concentrations of the Eastern Orthodox Church presence remain in the eastern part of the Christian world, although it is growing worldwide. Orthodox Christians throughout the world use various ethnic or national jurisdictional

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In a very strict sense, it is not entirely orthodox to call the holy scripture the "Word of God". That is a title the Eastern Orthodox Church reserves for Christ, as supported in the scriptures themselves, most explicitly in the first chapter of the gospel of John. God's Word is not hollow, like

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on the third day, ninth day, fortieth day, and the one-year anniversary after the death of an Orthodox Christian. There are also several days throughout the year that are set aside for general commemoration of the departed, sometimes including nonbelievers. These days usually fall on a Saturday,

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Church teaching is that Eastern Orthodox Christians, through baptism, enter a new life of salvation through repentance whose purpose is to share in the life of God through the work of the Holy Spirit. The Eastern Orthodox Christian life is a spiritual pilgrimage in which each person, through the

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itself developed, the words "catholic" and "catholicity" are sometimes used to refer to that church specifically. However, the more prominent dictionary sense given for general use is still the one shared by other languages, implying breadth and universality, reflecting comprehensive scope. In a

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When Eastern Orthodox Christians refer to fallen nature they are not saying that human nature has become evil in itself. Human nature is still formed in the image of God; humans are still God's creation, and God has never created anything evil, but fallen nature remains open to evil intents and

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to call for a great ecumenical synod in order to define the church's position against the growing, often widely diverging, philosophical and theological interpretations of Christianity. He made it possible for this council to meet not only by providing a location, but by offering to pay for the

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If we speak about Islam (and of course if we mean moderate Islam), then I believe there is the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Islam and Christianity. This is what we have had in Russia for centuries, because Russian Islam has a very long tradition. But we never had religious wars.

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Patriarch Bartholomew issued an 'Act' on 20 February 1996 on the renewal of the 1923 Tomos of Patriarch Meletius IV and on the establishment of the 'Autonomous Orthodox Estonian Metropolia' on the territory of Estonia. Temporal administration was entrusted to Archbishop John of Karelia and All

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All members of the Eastern Orthodox Church profess the same faith, regardless of race or nationality, jurisdiction or local custom, or century of birth. Holy tradition encompasses the understandings and means by which that unity of faith is transmitted across boundaries of time, geography, and

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Catholic Church" on the other, each of which was defined in terms of inter-communion with either Rome or Constantinople. While the Eastern Orthodox Church recognises what it shares in common with other churches, including the Catholic Church, it sees catholicity in terms of complete union in

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The Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church has at least 150 million followers – more than half the total of Orthodox Christians. ... But Mr Shterin, who lectures on trends in ex-Soviet republics, says some Moscow-linked parishes will probably switch to a new Kiev-led church, because many

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Eastern Orthodox Christianity is the fastest growing religion in certain Western countries, primarily through labour migration from Eastern Europe, and to a lesser degree conversion. Ireland saw a doubling of its Eastern Orthodox population between 2006 and 2011. Spain and Germany have the

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two natures indivisibly: eternally begotten of the Father in his divinity, he was born in his humanity of a woman, Mary, by her consent, through descent of the Holy Spirit. He lived on earth, in time and history, as a man. As a man he also died, and went to the place of the dead, which is

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According to Alexei Krindatch, "the total number of Orthodox parishes" increased by 16% from 2000 to 2010 in the United States, from this, he wrote that Orthodox Churches are growing. Krindatch did not provide figures about any change in the membership over that same period in his 2010

4132:. It is the most solemn day of the year for all Serbs of the Orthodox faith and has played a role of vital importance in the history of the Serbian people. Slava remains a celebration of the conversion of the Serbian people, which the church blessed and proclaimed a church institution. 3435:, mostly because its adherents refused to comply with the demands of the Roman state—often even when their lives were threatened—by offering sacrifices to the pagan gods. Despite persecution, skepticism, and initial social stigma, the Christian Church spread, particularly following the 4979:

and he has no real authority over churches other than the Constantinopolitan church. Rather, his role is limited to defined prerogatives interpreted by the ecumenical patriarch. At times, though, the office of the ecumenical patriarch has been accused of Constantinopolitan or Eastern

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is blessed. The catechumen is fully immersed in the water three times in the name of the Trinity. This is considered to be a death of the "old man" by participation in the crucifixion and burial of Christ, and a rebirth into new life in Christ by participation in his resurrection.

3045:). This identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Eastern Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. In addition, struggles between Rome and Constantinople to control parts of 6811:

Notwithstanding certain overtures by both Catholic and Eastern Orthodox leaders, the majority of Orthodox Christians, as well as Catholics, are not in favour of communion between their churches, with only a median of 35 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively, claiming support.

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polarities have been significant, even and especially in recent times. A pertinent point of contention between the monarchically papal, administratively centralised Catholic Church and the decentralised confederation of Orthodox churches is the theological significance of the

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consideration, gave equal privileges to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honoured with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is."

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category being 186 people, a statistically insignificant decline within the category "Orthodox Christians" as the percentage of population from 2007 to 2014. But only 53% of people who were Orthodox Christian as children still self identify as Orthodox Christian in 2014. The

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as well. They accepted Christianity collectively along familial and tribal lines, a gradual process that occurred between the seventh and ninth centuries. In commemoration of their baptisms, each Serbian family or tribe began to celebrate an exclusively Serbian custom called

6038:, and each bears its own consideration in its interpretation. While divinely inspired, the text still consists of words in human languages, arranged in humanly recognisable forms. The Eastern Orthodox Church does not oppose honest critical and historical study of the Bible. 6689:

In 1920, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, published an encyclical "addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded

5654:. It is then through the fire of God's love in the action of the Holy Spirit that each member becomes more holy, more wholly unified with Christ, starting in this life and continuing in the next. The church teaches that everyone, being born in God's image, is called to 4474:. The Orthodox faith became further tied to Russian identity and nationalism, while the church was further subordinated to the interests of the state. Consequently, Russian Orthodox Church, along with the imperial regime to which it belonged, came to be presented as an 3290:) is used in its original sense, as a designation for the universality of the Christian Church, centred around Christ. Therefore, the Eastern Orthodox notion of catholicity is not centred around any singular see, unlike the Catholic Church which has one earthly centre. 7412:

Within the main body of Eastern Orthodoxy there are unresolved internal issues as to the autonomous or autocephalous status or legitimacy of the following Orthodox churches, particularly between those stemming from the Russian Orthodox or Constantinopolitan churches:

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and piety: In Russia, only 6% of Orthodox Christian adults reported attending church at least weekly, 15% say religion is "very important" in their lives, and 18% say they pray daily; other former Soviet republics display similarly low levels of religious observance.

7479:) – Recognised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Church of Greece, Church of Cyprus, and Patriarchate of Alexandria as of October 2020, opposed by the Russian, Antiochian, Czech and Slovak, Serbian and Polish Orthodox Churches, and the Orthodox Church in America. 5769:, whether their names are known or not. There are, however, those saints of distinction whom God has revealed as particularly good examples. When a saint is revealed and ultimately recognised by a large portion of the church a service of official recognition ( 4399:

By the time most Orthodox communities came under Muslim rule in the mid 15th century, Orthodoxy was very strong in Russia, which had maintained close cultural and political ties with the Byzantine Empire; roughly two decades after the fall of Constantinople,

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liturgy, where it is mentioned "He made it one with his divinity without mingling, without confusion and without alteration", and "His divinity parted not from his humanity for a single moment nor a twinkling of an eye." They do not accept the teachings of

7813:, the 2008 US Religious Landscape Survey "suggests that if there is growth, it is statistically insignificant." The 2014 US Religious Landscape Survey also shows, within the survey's ±9.2% margin of sampling error corresponding to the sample size of the 5606:

Through Christ's destruction of Hades' power to hold humanity hostage, he made the path to salvation effective for all the righteous who had died from the beginning of time—saving many, including Adam and Eve, who are remembered in the church as saints.

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resulted in the conversion of some churches to the Catholic Church, which then also used "Greek Catholic" to indicate their continued use of the Byzantine rites. Today, only a minority of Eastern Orthodox adherents use Greek as the language of worship.

6605:. In 2024 the Patriarchate ordained its first female deacon, Angelic Molen, in Zimbabwe, making her the first female deacon in the Eastern Orthodox Church. This move was met with criticism from other autocephalous Orthodox church leaders, such as the 5234:

According to Eastern Orthodox teaching the position of "first among equals" gives no additional power or authority to the bishop that holds it, but rather that this person sits as organisational head of a council of equals (like a president).

9087: 7127:. Based on the definitions, the list is in the order of precedence and alphabetical order where necessary, with some of their constituent autonomous churches and exarchates listed as well. The liturgical title of the primate is in italics. 3030:, which used a Latin translation of the Bible), even before the Great Schism of 1054. After 1054, "Greek Orthodox" or "Greek Catholic" marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople, much as "Catholic" did for communion with the 2577:("first among equals"), a title formerly given to the patriarch of Rome. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played an especially prominent role in the history and culture of 7051:. The Orthodox Church in America is recognised as autocephalous only by the Russian, Bulgarian, Georgian, Polish and Czech-Slovak churches. In December 2018, representatives of two unrecognised Ukrainian Orthodox churches, along with two 5832:

the word "brother" was used in multiple ways, as was the term "father". Due to her unique place in salvation history, Mary is honoured above all other saints and especially venerated for the great work that God accomplished through her.

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texts. Eastern Orthodox theologians refer to the church as Catholic. This name and longer variants containing "Catholic" are also recognised and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Eastern Orthodox writers. The

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The Byzantine Empire never fully recovered from the sack of Constantinople in 1204. Over the next two centuries, it entered a precipitous decline in both territory and influence. In 1453, a much-diminished Byzantine Empire fell to the

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in American English usage referred to it as the 'Eastern' or 'Greek Orthodox' Church. These terms are sometimes misleading, especially when applied to Russian or Slavic churches and to the Orthodox communities in western Europe and

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raising up a faithful, holy family through their holy union. The church understands marriage to be the union of one man and one woman, and certain Orthodox leaders have spoken out strongly in opposition to the civil institution of

17760: 9185:"Because of the use of the name 'Greek Catholics' by the Eastern churches of the Catholic Church and the historical links of the Orthodox Catholic church with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, the 8215:"Because of the use of the name 'Greek Catholics' by the Eastern churches of the Catholic Church and the historical links of the Orthodox Catholic church with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, the 10401:(given 12 July 1205, and addressed to the papal legate, who had absolved the crusaders from their pilgrimage vows). Text taken from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook by Paul Halsall. Modified. Original translation by J. Brundage. 7654: 11604: 5242:(the second ecumenical council, meeting in 381) and supported by later such councils was that the Patriarch of Constantinople should be given equal honour to the Pope of Rome since Constantinople was considered to be the " 4446:

composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within the Ottoman Empire.

3919:", who accepted the Council of Chalcedon. Oriental Orthodox are also sometimes referred to as "non-Chalcedonians", or "anti-Chalcedonians". The Oriental Orthodox Church denies that it is monophysite and prefers the term " 7767:

population is Orthodox. However, only 5% belong to a parish or regularly attend Divine Liturgy. Lunkin said that this was long known by experts but a myth persists that 80–90% of the population is Orthodox. According to

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was held at Constantinople in 381, presided over by the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch, with 150 bishops, defining the nature of the Holy Spirit against those asserting His inequality with the other persons of the

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groups which profess different interpretations of church tradition and they are often not in communion with each other (some groups even practise re-baptism before admitting a member of another group into their midst).

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Addressed "to all the Churches of Christ, wheresoever they be", the letter of the Ecumenical Patriarchate opens the words anticipating the spirit of the ecclesial bodies which would later form the World Council of

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While the Catholic Church numbers seven sacraments, and many Protestant groups list two (baptism and the Eucharist) or even none, the Eastern Orthodox do not limit the number. However, for the sake of convenience,

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On July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the "Great Schism" that created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

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Because of the schism, the Eastern Orthodox no longer recognise the primacy of the pope of Rome. The patriarch of Constantinople therefore, like the Pope before him, now enjoys the title of "first among equals".

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for insubordination, alongside support with the Ukrainian émigré community. The church submitted a request for Ukrainian autocephaly at its founding synod in Kyiv in 1992. These churches were competing with the

6706:"is important for Orthodoxy: it has helped to force the various Orthodox churches out of their comparative isolation, making them meet one another and enter into a living contact with non-Orthodox Christians." 5433:

Turkey, which for centuries once had one of the largest Eastern Orthodox communities, saw its overall Christian population fall from roughly one-fifth in 1914 to 2.5% in 1927. This was predominantly due to the

3892:, having maintained a separate patriarchate. The Coptic Orthodox Church is currently the largest Christian church in Egypt and in the whole Middle East. There was also a similar, albeit smaller scale, split in 3309:

usage wherein the church usually refers to itself as the "Catholic Church", whose faith is the "Orthodox faith". It is also the sense within the phrase "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church", found in the

17684: 11634: 4685:

annexed Estonia and outlawed the Orthodox Church of Estonia, forcefully bringing their churches back under the control of the Moscow Patriarch. However, the church's Primate, Metropolitan Aleksander, fled to

4827:

and barred all members of the Russian Church from receiving communion or sacraments from any churches with ties to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. On 15 December 2018, the UAOC and UOC-KP voted to merge in the

11575: 4878:(AROCWE), voted to dissolve itself, although the vote failed, it resulted in a split in AROCWE, with several churches leaving to form the "Vicariate of Russian Tradition of the Metropolis of France", while 17729: 16665: 7781:

Data are estimated, there are no census figures available, Greece is said to be 98% Orthodox by CIA, but additional studies found only 60–80% believe in God, if true, then no more than 80% may be Orthodox.

826: 6414:

is the mystery which transforms the old and sinful person into a new and pure one; the old life, the sins, any mistakes made are gone and a clean slate is given. Through baptism a person is united to the

4705:, who had been born in Estonia, rejected this loss of territory, and severed ties with Patriarch Bartholomew on February 23, removing his name from the diptychs. The two sides would then negotiate in 3301:

Just as Christ is indivisible, so are union with him and faith in him, whereby the Christian Church is "universal", unseparated, and comprehensive, including all who share that faith. Orthodox bishop

16675: 3298:

Christian context, the Christian Church, as identified with the original church founded by Christ and his apostles, is said to be catholic (or universal) in regard to its union with Christ in faith.

836: 14613: 17349: 7123:

Below is a list of the 15 autocephalous Orthodox churches forming the main body of Orthodox Christianity, all of which are titled equal to each other, but the Ecumenical Patriarchate is titled the

5877:

Orthodox Christians believe that when a person dies the soul is temporarily separated from the body. Though it may linger for a short period on Earth, it is ultimately escorted either to paradise (

4634:, between 1991 and 2008, the share of Russian adults identifying as Orthodox Christian rose from 31 per cent to 72 per cent, based on analysis of three waves of data (1991, 1998 and 2008) from the 11366:"Holy Synod of the Russian Church expresses its deep sorrow over uncanonical actions of Patriarch Theodoros of Alexandria who entered into communion with schismatics | The Russian Orthodox Church" 17113: 4593:

as an organisation enjoyed relative freedom and even prospered, albeit under strict secret police control. That, however, did not rule out demolishing churches and monasteries as part of broader

5900:

The Eastern Orthodox believe that the state of the soul in Hades can be affected by the love and prayers of the righteous up until the Last Judgment. For this reason the Church offers a special

17765: 17396: 17392: 16720: 6800:, stated that every effort should be made to restore the original unity of the Kyivan Church in its Orthodox and Catholic branches, saying that the restoration of Eucharistic communion between 5603:. But being God, neither death nor Hades could contain him, and he rose to life again, in his humanity, by the power of the Holy Spirit, thus destroying the power of Hades and of death itself. 881: 18134: 18026: 17724: 16725: 886: 14785: 3584:

is the second of Constantinople in 553, interpreting the decrees of Chalcedon and further explaining the relationship of the two natures of Jesus; it also condemned the alleged teachings of

7601: 6535:

holy, being an offence resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners. Thus, permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the church towards sinful man.

10961: 18139: 17991: 17734: 17153: 11508:"The Russian Orthodox Church Holy Synod integrates the head of the Archdiocese of the Western European Parishes of Russian Tradition as well as clergy and parishes who wish to follow him" 2337: 13547: 18144: 17599: 17388: 17263: 17253: 17058: 16695: 12003: 4181:

involved in the split, but these were greatly exacerbated by political factors of both Church and state, and by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Regarding

856: 17459: 17268: 17158: 17088: 11486: 3666:

In addition to these councils, there have been a number of other significant councils meant to further define the Eastern Orthodox position. They are the Synods of Constantinople, in

13940: 18061: 18001: 17664: 17579: 17509: 17479: 17328: 17248: 17213: 17198: 17138: 17073: 7544:

is in contradiction with the ecumenical councils. There is no official communion of True Orthodox; and they often are local groups and are limited to a specific bishop or locality.

5658:, fulfilment of the image in likeness to God. God the creator, having divinity by nature, offers each person participation in divinity by cooperatively accepting His gift of grace. 17379: 8389: 17775: 17654: 17529: 17203: 11596: 17594: 17494: 17303: 17278: 17128: 17123: 17103: 17068: 17053: 13791: 7060: 6031:. The church has defined what Scripture is; it also interprets what its meaning is. Christ promised: "When He, the Spirit of truth, has come, He will guide you into all truth". 4829: 4276: 3573:

is that of Chalcedon in 451, Patriarch of Constantinople presiding, 500 bishops, affirmed that Jesus is truly God and truly man, without mixture of the two natures, contrary to

2990:

The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the "Orthodox Catholic Church". It is the name by which the church refers to itself and which is issued in its liturgical or

1171: 5785:). In showing the saints this love and requesting their prayers, the Eastern Orthodox manifest their belief that the saints thus assist in the process of salvation for others. 17964: 17869: 17609: 17375: 17366: 17357: 17288: 17258: 17243: 17228: 17218: 17208: 17173: 17168: 17118: 17063: 17038: 11083:"Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church" 18016: 17574: 17489: 17484: 17298: 17233: 17188: 17148: 17043: 14456: 14315:

A large number of Orthodox Churches are members of the World Council of Churches; Orthodox ecclesiastics and theologians serve on its committees and attend its conferences.

11891: 10166: 5178:

court, abbots, priests, deacons, monks and laymen were not allowed to vote. The primary goal of these great synods was to verify and confirm the fundamental beliefs of the

17780: 17699: 17634: 17614: 17353: 17273: 17223: 17178: 17163: 17133: 17048: 16715: 8131:

Eastern Orthodoxy, official name, used in British English as well, is Orthodox Catholic Church, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity.

6264:

Locality is also expressed in regional terms of churchly jurisdiction, which is often also drawn along national lines. Many Orthodox churches adopt a national title (e.g.

4574:

revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. By 1957 about 22,000 Russian Orthodox churches had become active. However, in 1959,

4458:

of 1917, the Russian Orthodox Church remained, in effect, a governmental agency and an instrument of tsarist rule. It was used to varying degrees in imperial campaigns of

876: 20644: 4173:, which led to separation between the Church of the West, the Catholic Church, and the Eastern Byzantine churches, now the Orthodox. There were doctrinal issues like the 378: 17619: 17584: 17534: 17283: 17193: 17083: 5280:

The most reliable estimates currently available number Eastern Orthodox adherents at around 220 million worldwide, making Eastern Orthodoxy the second largest Christian

4812: 946: 14204: 6606: 4875: 12143:"Gsell, Most Rev. Francis Xavier (27 Oct. 1872–12 July 1960), RC Bishop of Darwin, 1938–49; Titular Bishop of Paris; assistant at the Pontifical throne, Rome, 1951", 11626: 21935: 16700: 14721: 1785: 861: 16273: 11567: 11261: 1223: 12206: 6100:

Lesser cycles also run in tandem with the annual ones. A weekly cycle of days prescribes a specific focus for each day in addition to others that may be observed.

5296:

reached similar figures, noting that Eastern Orthodoxy has seen slower growth and less geographic spread than Catholicism and Protestantism, which were driven by

20097: 19690: 16705: 14141: 12896:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Soner, B. Ali (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". 10772: 6988: 6794: 5063: 866: 5844:

through the many miracles connected with them that have been reported throughout history since biblical times, often including healing from disease and injury.

4913: 20826: 18177: 16871: 16798: 11028: 8577: 5438:, which saw most Christian territories become independent nations. The remaining Christian population was reduced further by large-scale genocides against the 3224:

arisen in the expansion, leaving some areas of doubt about what is proper church governance. Moreover, as in the ancient church persecutions, the aftermath of

3026:

was written, was the primary liturgical language of the church. For this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as "Greek" (in contrast to the

1184: 12761: 12343: 3556:

is that of Ephesus in 431, presided over by the Patriarch of Alexandria, with 250 bishops, which affirmed that Mary is truly "Birthgiver" or "Mother" of God (

20479: 20162: 19913: 17841: 16710: 16545: 11114:[MINUTES of the meeting of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church of 15 October 2018] (in Russian). Russian Orthodox Church. 16 October 2018. 10526: 5170:

The ecumenical councils followed a democratic form, with each bishop having one vote. Though present and allowed to speak before the council, members of the

871: 683: 8038: 7740:

groups in the world, if taken all together, substantially outnumber the Eastern Orthodox, but they differ theologically and do not form a single communion.

3317:

With the mutual excommunications of the East–West Schism in 1054, the churches in Rome and Constantinople each viewed the other as having departed from the

21970: 14621: 11656: 7400: 7099:(or first hierarch). The primate may carry the honorary title of patriarch, metropolitan (in the Slavic tradition) or archbishop (in the Greek tradition). 7056: 6712:, then the Metropolitan of Volokolamsk and head of external relations for the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, stated that Orthodox and 6372:

of the Eastern Orthodox Church will often speak of the "seven great mysteries". The term "sacrament" also properly applies to other sacred actions such as

5123: 2536: 15831: 15827: 14695: 6617:, who criticized the move as being politically motivated and did not accurately reflect the historical use of deaconesses in the Eastern Orthodox Church. 21286: 16640: 11706: 10942: 7440: 5208: 4714: 4011: 3627: 2950: 1070: 801: 12529:"Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus by the Commissioner on Religions and Nationalities of the Republic of Belarus from November 2011" 12392:

Based on a survey of 56,900 people interviewed in 2012, responding 41% yes to the statement: "I am Orthodox, and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church."

12058: 9131: 6108:; Monday honours the holy bodiless powers (angels, archangels, etc.); Tuesday is dedicated to the prophets and especially the greatest of the prophets, 4147:, as the Roman priests did. Perhaps the greatest legacy of their efforts is the Russian Orthodox Church, which is the largest of the Orthodox churches. 24167: 21150: 15674: 12180: 10073:

A. Avenarius. Christianity in 9th-century Rus. // Beitruge zur byzantinischen Geschichte im 9.-11. Jahrhundert. Prague: V. Vavrinek, 1978. pp. 301–315.

9484: 6531:

that relations will not be "fleshy", but "spiritual". Love between wife and husband, as an icon of relationship between Christ and church, is eternal.

4879: 17: 13472: 13433: 12726: 8531: 21527:

Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.

20396: 16690: 16670: 14561: 13992: 11230: 8305: 8093: 7610:

or whose bishops have been excommunicated by one of the 14 autocephalous churches. These include nationalist and other schismatic bodies such as the

5250:

of the second ecumenical council: "Because is new Rome, the bishop of Constantinople is to enjoy the privileges of honor after the bishop of Rome".

4796: 4077: 987: 851: 831: 7095:

Each church has defined geographical boundaries of its jurisdiction and is ruled by its council of bishops or synod presided by a senior bishop–its

3595:

is the third of Constantinople in 681; it declared that Christ has two wills of his two natures, human and divine, contrary to the teachings of the

26658: 20006: 16685: 16680: 13386: 10038: 7943: 6665: 6582:). This is also true of widowed wives of clergy, who do not remarry and become nuns when their children are grown. Only men are allowed to receive 5893:, which is held by Catholicism. The soul's experience of either of these states is only a "foretaste"—being experienced only by the soul—until the 5705: 4884: 1356: 846: 841: 16181:

The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence

12784: 7069:

of autocephaly (decree which defines the conditions of a church's independence) from the Ecumenical Patriarchate and thus received a place in the

6698:(WCC); as such, almost all Eastern Orthodox churches are members of the WCC and "Orthodox ecclesiastics and theologians serve on its committees". 5765:. They also hold that the congregation of the church comprises both the living and the dead. All persons currently in heaven are considered to be 5723:

directly under the Metropolitan. An oblate programme exists for Orthodox laity Saint Benedict Russian Orthodox Church in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

26507: 18071: 17919: 16608: 16509: 14471: 11681: 10965: 10810:

Finland. A schismatic group headed by the suspended clergymen was accepted into canonical communion. Thus the schism in Estonia became a reality.

7482: 7390: 7048: 4805: 2327: 1454: 722: 678: 12181:"The Leadership of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Significance of Canon 28 of Chalcedon – Theology – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 11223:"ROC Synod disbelieves entire Greek Church could recognize OCU and called not to remember Archbishop Hieronymos for his communion with Epifaniy" 27564: 9772: 8770: 7694: 7684: 6300:, etc.) and this title can identify which language is used in services, which bishops preside, and which of the typica is followed by specific 4631: 3446:, Christianity was present in numerous regions well beyond the Levant. A number of influential schools of thought had arisen, particularly the 2481: 1361: 12011: 10084: 8981:

The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (greek catholicos = universal).

7319:

Archbishop of Bucharest, Metropolitan of Muntenia and Dobrudja, Locum Tenens of the Throne of Caesarea of Cappadocia, and Patriarch of Romania

6735:

In that regard, the differences between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox communions have not been improved in any relevant way. Dogmatic and

4921: 22438: 21561: 21046: 14180: 12870: 10589: 7899: 7500: 5627:

The Eastern Orthodox Church understands the death and resurrection of Jesus to be real historical events, as described in the gospels of the

5451: 4767:

by the Ecumenical Patriarch as an autonomous church, however, the Russian Church never agreed to nor recognised this transfer, mostly due to

4491: 4365: 3432: 3225: 1778: 1444: 14643: 11478: 8956:

The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).

8927:

The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).

8902:

The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).

8873:

The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).

7395:

Archbishop of Prague, the Metropolitan of Czech lands and Slovakia or the Archbishop of Presov, the Metropolitan of Czech lands and Slovakia

6010:, but deemed by the Eastern Orthodox worthy to be read in worship services, even though they carry a lesser esteem than the 39 books of the 3830:(431), which are the earliest surviving Eastern Christian churches that keep the faith of only the first two ecumenical councils, i.e., the 3166:("common belief", from the ancient verb δοκέω-δοκῶ which is translated "to believe", "to think", "to consider", "to imagine", "to assume"). 27516: 24869: 17969: 16613: 16266: 13944: 13728: 7704: 7325: 6953:

with one another. In addition, some schismatic churches not in any communion exist, with all three groups identifying as Eastern Orthodox.

4709:, and a settlement was reached on 16 May 1996. In it, the ethnically Estonian population of Estonia would be under the jurisdiction of the 774: 4597:(urban planning), and state persecution of individual believers. As an example of the latter, Romania stands out as a country which ran a 3690:

to discuss many modern phenomena, other Christian confessions, Eastern Orthodoxy's relation with other religions and fasting disciplines.

20738: 19683: 17899: 16623: 16291: 8710:

Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) . "Western rite Orthodoxy".

8397: 7527: 7485:, self-governing by declaration which later was approved and recognised by the Georgian Orthodox Church – jurisdiction disputed with the 7462: 5823:

The Eastern Orthodox believe that Christ, from the moment of his conception, was both fully God and fully human. Mary is thus called the

5615: 1570: 977: 784: 519: 404: 199: 14384: 12570:"Statistical database: Population Census 2000 – Religious affiliation". Statistics Estonia. 22 October 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2011. 11138: 2949:"shar the ecumenical authority of Constantinople III. "By an agreement that appears to be in place in the Orthodox world, possibly the 26552: 26479: 23692: 22793: 22394: 20141: 20028: 18170: 11171: 11050: 8558: 6229: 5035:, forfeit their claim to apostolic succession. Orthodox churches differentiate themselves from other Christian churches by practising " 2789:. Roughly half of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in the post Eastern Bloc countries, mostly in Russia. The communities in the former 13773: 11457: 11317: 6116:; Friday is also consecrated to the Cross and recalls the day of the Crucifixion; Saturday is dedicated to All Saints, especially the 5926:

Having been perfected, the saints will forever progress towards a deeper and fuller love of God, which equates with eternal happiness.

26357: 22771: 21945: 20472: 20154: 19995: 19939: 19865: 19849: 17834: 16645: 16550: 16332: 16320: 14755: 14587: 12998: 11815: 11344: 10480: 7664: 7187: 7132: 6805: 6614: 6594: 6503: 6461:

A baptised and chrismated Eastern Orthodox Christian is a full member of the church and may receive the Eucharist regardless of age.

5335:, and parts of Africa; churches are present in the major cities of most countries. Adherents constitute the largest single religious 5055: 4863: 4824: 4820: 4775:, initially, had a policy of repression against the Orthodox Church, regardless of its denomination. However, after the start of the 4232:

extended a formal apology for the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, which had also been strongly condemned by the Pope at the time,

3881:

the other. Those that remained in communion with the other patriarchs (by accepting the Council of Chalcedon) are known today as the

3703: 3635: 2875: 806: 618: 613: 26803: 26643: 26517: 26502: 21897: 21849: 21420: 20059: 19955: 16881: 16356: 13348:

Meyendorff, Gregory of Nyssa; transl., introduction and notes by Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson; preface by John (1978).

9515: 8601:

Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) . "Eastern Orthodox".

8248:

Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) . "Eastern Orthodox".

7689: 7232:

Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem and all Holy Land, Syria, Arabia, beyond the Jordan River, Cana of Galilee, and Sacred Zion

7227: 6900: 6265: 5067: 4908: 3018:

From ancient times through the first millennium, Greek was the most prevalent shared language in the demographic regions where the

2991: 1771: 962: 628: 577: 552: 6112:; Wednesday is consecrated to the Cross and recalls Judas' betrayal; Thursday honours the holy apostles and hierarchs, especially 3944:. Both the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches formally believe themselves to be the continuation of the true church. 3458:, had also managed to gain influence. However, their positions caused theological conflicts within the church, thus prompting the 3216:. That faith is expressed most fundamentally in scripture and worship, and the latter most essentially through baptism and in the 20227: 19879: 18106: 17709: 16259: 12235: 9285: 9075: 8466: 6498: 6349: 4792: 4237: 3671: 3126:. In the Eastern Orthodox view, the Assyrians and Orientals left the Orthodox Church in the years following the Third Ecumenical 1474: 582: 42: 12613: 12411: 12268: 11759: 8675:

Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) . "ecumenical councils".

4819:

in Kyiv, and lifted the Russian Church's excommunication of members of the UAOC and the UOC-KP. In response, on 15 October, the

3463:

transportation of all the existing bishops of the church. Most modern Christian churches regard this synod, commonly called the

21827: 21817: 21581: 20937: 20808: 19932: 19845: 19676: 18186: 17519: 17015: 16735: 16344: 13273: 10855:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Vol. 25. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 7669: 7282: 7217: 6984: 6018:. Though it is a psalm, and is in the book of psalms, it is not classified as being within the Psalter (the first 150 psalms). 4966: 4740: 4678: 4544: 3998:

into local languages; with time, as these translations were copied by speakers of other dialects, the hybrid literary language

3783: 3339: 2568: 2437: 2384: 1166: 1123: 623: 542: 424: 228: 2711:

in 1054. The 1054 schism was the culmination of mounting theological, political, and cultural disputes, particularly over the

26663: 22406: 20836: 20831: 20040: 18163: 16912: 16808: 16803: 16361: 15812: 15767: 15741: 15715: 15684: 15658: 15615: 15589: 15563: 15542: 15496: 15259: 15232: 15212: 15175: 15150: 15130: 15087: 15039: 14990: 14920: 14895: 14863: 14308: 14279: 14052: 13969: 13785: 13738: 13602: 13363: 12832: 12670: 12640: 12510: 12301: 12216: 11734: 10900: 10860: 10835: 10625: 10553: 10373: 10309: 10178: 10146: 9949: 9609: 9209: 9028:: "The official designation of the church in Eastern Orthodox liturgical or canonical texts is 'the Orthodox Catholic Church. 8807: 8729: 8694: 8620: 8286: 8267: 8157: 7875: 7699: 4851:

In addition to severing ties with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Russian Church has also severed communion with Archbishop

4726: 4656: 4635: 4471: 3735:". From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe. Eastern 1751: 1469: 1194: 1189: 11790: 11398: 10789: 5126:, granted autocephaly by the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2022; and a number of autonomous churches. Each church has a ruling 5046:

The Eastern Orthodox communion is organised into several regional churches, which are either autocephalous or lower-ranking

27128: 24162: 22531: 20962: 20932: 20465: 19872: 18031: 17827: 17629: 17434: 6936: 6779: 6634: 6215: 6201:. There are numerous versions and styles that are traditional and acceptable and these vary a great deal between cultures. 5655: 4902: 4736: 4356:. During the Greek Genocide, many Orthodox Christians were persecuted and killed. The culmination of the martyrdom was the 3771: 3732: 2646: 2359: 1741: 1731: 1558: 1335: 1217: 435: 413: 14812: 13849: 12647:

according to the 2011 census, Orthodox Christianity is the fastest growing religious grouping in Ireland, showing ...

8274:

The Eastern Orthodox are the second largest Christian communion, exceeded in members only by the Roman Catholic communion.

6034:

Scriptures are understood to contain historical fact, poetry, idiom, metaphor, simile, moral fable, parable, prophecy and

5339:

in Russia—which is home to roughly half the world's Eastern Orthodox Christians—and are the majority in Ukraine, Romania,

5134:

to administer its jurisdiction and lead the Eastern Orthodox Church in the preservation and teaching of the apostolic and

3888:

Those who disagreed with the findings of the Council of Chalcedon were the majority in Egypt. Today they are known as the

27799: 27246: 26527: 26128: 22569: 20137: 20125: 20117: 16453: 16337: 14076: 11515: 11369: 11201: 11115: 11086: 10645: 9204: 6949:

of the Eastern Orthodox Church are distinct in terms of administration and local culture, but for the most part exist in

5479: 5059: 4860: 4760: 3882: 2879: 2322: 1449: 120: 15783: 14952: 11253: 10569: 8390:"Pope Francis Bows, Asks For Blessing From Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew In Extraordinary Display Of Christian Unity" 7342:

Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda

4840:, of the UOC-KP, becoming the first primate of the unified church. On 5 January 2019, Bartholomew I signed the official 3775: 27456: 27186: 27068: 26522: 25107: 23056: 20798: 20219: 20065: 20044: 17949: 16593: 16203: 8439:

His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.

7978: 7429: 6420: 6380: 5192:("first among equals") and, while he was not present at any of the councils, he continued to hold this title until the 4917:

A timeline showing the main autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, from an Eastern Orthodox point of view, up to 2022

4710: 4662: 4547:, which reunified with its Russian counterpart in 2007. Some actions against Orthodox priests and believers along with 4272: 3957: 2887: 2474: 1419: 1386: 1176: 1156: 759: 15104: 14741: 7080: 5673:

in a union that transcends time and space and joins heaven to earth. This unity of the church is sometimes called the

4470:. The church's close ties with the state came to a head under Nicholas I (1825–1855), who explicitly made Orthodoxy a 2979:

In keeping with the church's teaching on universality and with the Nicene Creed, Eastern Orthodox authorities such as

27506: 26332: 23577: 22455: 21554: 21039: 20210: 19923: 19152: 17679: 17644: 16189: 16142: 16118: 16094: 16070: 16030: 15995: 15971: 15948: 15904: 15864: 15475: 15451: 15425: 15401: 15377: 15353: 15329: 15305: 15194: 15018: 13526: 13501: 13298: 13067: 11960: 11791:"The Primacy of the See of Constantinople in Theory and Practice* – Theology – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 10691: 10053: 9848: 9824: 9799: 8648: 7169: 6922: 5435: 4353: 4306: 3447: 933: 16246: 14723:Митрополит Киевский Епифаний заявил, что в ближайшее время еще несколько поместных православных церквей признают ПЦУ 12545: 11427: 10211:, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern". 9100:"it is all gathered together and still lives in the Holy Apostolic Orthodox Catholic Church of the Seven Councils.". 6384: 3330:

communion and faith, with the Church throughout all time, and the sharing remains incomplete when not shared fully.

27887: 27559: 25117: 22699: 21448: 21104: 20972: 20020: 19596: 19549: 19529: 19484: 19394: 19358: 19262: 19227: 19030: 18825: 18630: 18091: 17569: 17564: 16833: 16763: 15918: 13685: 12753: 12497: 11892:"Ecumenical Patriarch: Allegations spread about "papal claims" of the Ecumenical Patriarchate are completely false" 11545: 11310:"Patriarch Kirill ceases liturgical commemoration of patriarch of Alexandria for recognizing new church of Ukraine" 10814:

to omit the name of the Patriarch of Constantinople in the diptych of the Primates of the Local Orthodox Churches.'

8852: 7772:

2006 estimate, 15–20% are practising Russian Orthodox but there is a large populations of non-practising believers.

7587:

are groups which do not accept the liturgical reforms which were carried out within the Russian Orthodox Church by

7578: 6991:; these two churches had separated from each other in the 1920s due to the subjection of the latter to the hostile 6638: 6602: 5553: 5107: 4763:. In 1924, Orthodox churches in Ukraine besides the Metropolitan of Kyiv were placed under the jurisdiction of the 4752: 4442:, abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by a 4263:. Recent decades have seen a renewal of ecumenical spirit and dialogue between the Catholic and Orthodox churches. 3905: 3699: 3581: 3486: 2934: 2883: 2695:

The Churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch—except for some breaks of communion such as the

2394: 1249: 1109: 1046: 562: 70: 62:

This article is about the Eastern Orthodox Church as an institution. For its religion, doctrine and tradition, see

14786:"Georgian Patriarch Ilia II addressed the Patriarch of Constantinople in relation to the situation around the UOC" 12108:

Logan, John B. (March 1964). "The Orthodox Church. By Timothy Ware. Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1963. Pp. 352. 6s".

8939: 5423:, at roughly 1.5 million each, followed by Italy with around 900,000 and France with between 500,000 and 700,000. 3986:

for teachers who could minister to the Moravians in their own language. Cyril and Methodius began translating the

27521: 27416: 26542: 26537: 26493: 26123: 24967: 24226: 23211: 21966: 21864: 21832: 21385: 21330: 21298: 21279: 21143: 21112: 21080: 21063: 20661: 20630: 20344: 20328: 20256: 20106: 20074: 19985: 19902: 19834: 19818: 19631: 19621: 19559: 19479: 19434: 19429: 19414: 19409: 19384: 19312: 19302: 19287: 19277: 19272: 19247: 19242: 19232: 19167: 19040: 18920: 18585: 18500: 18021: 17981: 17884: 17689: 17559: 17469: 17183: 16748: 16325: 16228: 13429: 12317: 10987: 10926: 10746: 10717: 8030: 7115: 7065: 6825: 6790: 6673: 6642: 5650:, cultivates the practice of unceasing prayer. Each life occurs within the life of the church as a member of the 5239: 5212: 4841: 4815:

revoked the Russian Church's letter of issue, allowing them to ordain the Metropolitan of Kyiv, re-established a

4698: 4619: 4508: 4299: 3835: 3642: 3592: 3545: 3508: 3480: 3443: 2938: 2922: 2867: 2600: 2129: 1075: 1051: 1031: 1017: 326: 223: 16247:

A repository with scientific papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Orthodox Church in English and in German

15056: 11284: 8180: 6392: 27376: 27201: 26474: 25493: 25434: 25321: 25200: 25132: 23555: 23193: 23112: 22658: 21907: 21822: 20743: 20370: 20336: 20315: 19775: 19554: 19509: 19474: 19464: 19444: 19374: 19352: 19337: 19317: 19297: 19292: 19237: 19192: 19182: 19162: 19142: 19137: 19127: 19077: 19020: 19010: 18990: 18945: 18925: 18905: 18845: 18815: 18785: 18740: 18650: 18605: 18378: 17996: 17649: 15840: 11285:"РПЦ розірвала відносини з Олександрійським Патріархом і вдерлась на його канонічну територію – рішення Синоду" 10419: 7330:

Romanian Orthodox Archbishop of the United States of America and Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of the Americas

6904: 6187: 6183: 5761:

The Eastern Orthodox Church believes death and the separation of body and soul to be unnatural—a result of the

4756: 4744: 4677:

falling out of communication with the Russian Church. They petitioned to be placed under direct control of the

4201: 3667: 3534: 3436: 2504: 2332: 2277: 1615: 25613: 25488: 21625: 20296: 12579: 12415: 11538:"Constantinople bishop of France creates Russian Vicariate in place of Russian Exarchate that Synod dissolved" 8840:

The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church"

7106:(or dioceses) ruled by a bishop. Some churches have given an eparchy or group of eparchies varying degrees of 6150: 5994:

to its divinely inspired human authors. Holy scripture forms the primary and authoritative written witness of

5408: 4376: 429: 27526: 26941: 26678: 26342: 26191: 26113: 25535: 24577: 24125: 22764: 22465: 21787: 21393: 21182: 21166: 20750: 19963: 19626: 19591: 19544: 19534: 19514: 19504: 19494: 19469: 19459: 19449: 19404: 19389: 19327: 19322: 19217: 19157: 19122: 19102: 19092: 19035: 18985: 18965: 18900: 18885: 18835: 18820: 18810: 18735: 18715: 18700: 18670: 18655: 18545: 18428: 18124: 18076: 18046: 17904: 17719: 17669: 17624: 17604: 16743: 15605: 14669: 12261: 9263: 9047: 7679: 6373: 6325: 6072: 5008: 4791:

This situation led to the rise of rival, anti-Russian and anti-Soviet churches within Ukraine, including the

3321:, leaving a smaller but still-catholic church in place. Each retained the "Catholic" part of its title, the " 3200:

The term "Eastern Church" (the geographic east in the East–West Schism) has been used to distinguish it from

2627: 2467: 2038: 1992: 1960: 1586: 1514: 1279: 14845: 13634: 13226: 13175: 9531: 6197:) within which a chant may be set, depending on the time of year, feast day, or other considerations of the 6014:. The lowest tier contains the remaining books not accepted by either Protestants or Catholics, among them, 27584: 27386: 24599: 23344: 22470: 21547: 21230: 21174: 21158: 21132: 21032: 20818: 20793: 19611: 19606: 19564: 19539: 19524: 19499: 19489: 19419: 19369: 19364: 19347: 19267: 19212: 19207: 19197: 19172: 19147: 19132: 19112: 19067: 18940: 18890: 18880: 18855: 18800: 18750: 18745: 18730: 18720: 18705: 18625: 18620: 18590: 18520: 18515: 18438: 18393: 18101: 18011: 17959: 17929: 17924: 17909: 17894: 17879: 17874: 17864: 17694: 17589: 17474: 17464: 16876: 16773: 16575: 16399: 14484: 14457:"Блаженніший Святослав: "Відновлення євхаристійного спілкування між Римом і Константинополем не є утопією"" 14339: 13661: 13466: 13423: 12469: 10879:(1991). "The Formation of Modern Ukrainian Religious Culture: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In 9386: 9382: 9154: 7649: 7107: 6677: 6566: 5990:, meaning writings containing the foundational truths of the Christian faith as revealed by Christ and the 5906: 5528: 5420: 5267: 5047: 4702: 4212:

The final breach is often considered to have arisen after the capture and sacking of Constantinople by the

4085: 4045: 3953: 3000: 2673: 2639: 1756: 1329: 1151: 567: 547: 527: 316: 27817: 25623: 13999: 11627:"The Ecumenical Patriarchate has dissolved the Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe" 11222: 9115: 8309: 8097: 7507:, with the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepting this situation in 1978; in 2022, the Latvian Parliament (the 6120:, and to the memory of all those who have departed this life in the hope of resurrection and eternal life. 3885:, where the adjective "Greek" refers to their ties to the Greek-speaking culture of the Byzantine Empire. 27594: 27306: 27301: 27073: 25596: 25557: 25112: 25026: 24594: 22961: 22541: 22322: 22184: 20776: 20733: 20693: 20669: 20576: 20198: 19616: 19601: 19519: 19439: 19424: 19332: 19257: 19252: 19177: 19117: 19107: 19097: 19072: 19025: 19015: 19005: 18980: 18960: 18910: 18870: 18865: 18805: 18770: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18635: 18575: 18555: 18530: 18505: 18495: 18480: 18475: 18453: 18408: 18398: 18363: 18342: 18096: 18086: 18066: 18036: 17954: 17939: 17850: 17739: 17674: 17639: 17554: 17544: 17504: 17293: 17024: 16423: 9966: 7569: 6833: 6793:

could in the future unite into a united church around the Kyiv throne. In 2019, the Primate of the UGCC,

6769: 6725: 4991:

to be the head of the Church and the Church to be his body. It is believed that Church authority and the

4890: 4784:

church in Ukraine. Many of the church's leaders at this time were installed and closely monitored by the

4697:

In 1993, the synod of the Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile was re-registered and on 20 February 1996,

4579:

by docile clergy, many of whom had ties with the KGB. By 1985 fewer than 7,000 churches remained active.

3859: 3631: 3119: 2954: 2267: 1970: 1706: 997: 572: 25628: 25618: 18155: 16009: 11450:"Patriarch Kirill ceases liturgical commemoration of archbishop of Cyprus for backing schism in Ukraine" 8758:

The official designation of the Orthodox Church is the 'Eastern Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church.'

5327:. However, Eastern Orthodoxy has become more globalised over the last century, seeing greater growth in 5020: 27868: 27737: 26372: 26317: 26013: 24753: 24270: 22956: 22898: 22651: 22613: 22100: 21428: 21313: 20674: 20581: 20566: 20388: 20170: 19454: 19342: 19222: 19087: 18995: 18975: 18955: 18950: 18930: 18895: 18860: 18850: 18840: 18775: 18675: 18665: 18660: 18645: 18600: 18595: 18550: 18490: 18388: 18257: 18081: 18006: 17976: 17934: 17889: 17659: 17549: 17524: 17514: 17499: 17143: 17108: 17008: 16588: 16533: 16521: 16387: 14165: 14160: 13051: 12795: 12709: 9466: 7486: 7472: 7418: 7271: 7045: 7041: 6786: 6776: 6646: 6273: 5947: 5837: 5524: 5119: 5115: 4833: 4768: 4670: 4409: 4384: 3866: 3420: 2842: 2724: 2499: 1524: 1146: 754: 711: 699: 362: 84: 27851: 24351: 12969: 9899:"Religion and Contested Cultural Heritage: The Rotunda and Hagia Sophia as Church, Mosque, and Museum" 9182: 8212: 8122: 7602:

Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church § Churches that are not recognised despite wanting to

6721: 6130: 5527:

is eternal and proceeds from the Father. Orthodox doctrine regarding the Trinity is summarised in the

4567:. In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed. 3838:(381) as legitimate. "Nestorian" is an outsider's term for a tradition that predated the influence of 3209:

titles, or more inclusively, the title "Eastern Orthodox", "Orthodox Catholic", or simply "Orthodox".

3204:(the geographic West, which at first came to designate the Catholic communion, later also the various 27619: 27408: 27266: 26718: 25606: 25385: 25016: 24646: 24206: 23338: 23090: 22927: 22882: 22694: 22684: 22646: 22401: 22211: 22179: 22133: 22110: 21496: 21480: 21346: 20571: 20402: 20284: 19379: 19282: 19082: 18935: 18790: 18755: 18725: 18710: 18640: 18615: 18565: 18560: 18540: 18485: 18448: 18443: 18423: 18297: 18227: 17539: 17443: 16406: 12939: 10790:"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000: Russian Orthodox Church" 7644: 7611: 7588: 7304: 7201: 7022: 7007: 6695: 6269: 6006:" (ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, "things that are read") comprises ten of the Old Testament books rejected in the 5805: 5224: 5150:

Orthodox Church. Bishops are almost always chosen from the monastic ranks and must remain unmarried.

5079: 4867: 4748: 4717:. After signing the document the Russian Church restored communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate. 4594: 4260: 3683: 3384: 2806: 2630:. It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, as passed down by holy tradition. Its 2588: 2364: 2317: 2307: 2162: 2002: 1965: 1210: 1104: 957: 938: 648: 409: 175: 92: 38: 25724: 15690: 11391:"ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 20 ноября 2020 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru" 10497:

Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: from the late Middle Ages to World War One

8774: 6522: 5182:

as truth, and to remove as heresy any false teachings that would threaten the Christian Church. The

3314:, and referred to in Orthodox worship, e.g. in the litany of the catechumens in the Divine Liturgy. 3142:, traditionally dated to the year 1054, although it was more a gradual process than a sudden break. 3057:". While the Eastern Orthodox Church continues officially to call itself "Catholic", for reasons of 27123: 27083: 27038: 26828: 26818: 26623: 26377: 26202: 26138: 26108: 25998: 25763: 25672: 25640: 25601: 25513: 24420: 23672: 23608: 23078: 23063: 22757: 22674: 22579: 22574: 22389: 22354: 22280: 22236: 22231: 22028: 21854: 21699: 21596: 21591: 21354: 21120: 20382: 20290: 20269: 19399: 18970: 18875: 18580: 18368: 18337: 18262: 18247: 18051: 17944: 17451: 17427: 16618: 16598: 16485: 16430: 16418: 16198: 14841: 12861: 10088: 7564: 7451: 7367: 7337: 7314: 7261: 6361: 6285: 6277: 6051: 5983: 5917: 5882: 5770: 5600: 5542: 5103: 5099: 5071: 5024: 4690:

with 21 clergymen and 8,000 followers and established a synod there operating there throughout the

4602: 4590: 4360:

with the killing of a large number of Orthodox. Among them, 347 clergymen of the Smyrna region and

4037: 3807: 3603: 3553: 3468: 3265:

The Eastern Orthodox Church considers itself to be both orthodox and catholic. The doctrine of the

3138:

definitions. Similarly, the churches in Rome and Constantinople separated in an event known as the

2608: 2552: 2432: 2379: 1636: 1374: 1056: 967: 779: 764: 673: 653: 643: 500: 419: 24115: 11597:"ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ: Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο κατήργησε την Εξαρχία των Κοινοτήτων Ρωσικής Παραδόσεως" 6976:; they are those who, without authority from their parent churches, have continued to use the old 5689:

is an affiliation of monastics of the Eastern Orthodox Church who strive to live according to the

4522: 3521:

There are seven councils authoritatively recognised as ecumenical by the Eastern Orthodox Church:

3061:, the common title of "Eastern Orthodox Church" avoids casual confusion with the Catholic Church. 1818: 27574: 27511: 27461: 27421: 27366: 27001: 26996: 26886: 26833: 26723: 26653: 26449: 26260: 26175: 25380: 25358: 25157: 24979: 24504: 24157: 24084: 23768: 23139: 22848: 22359: 21998: 21887: 21837: 21694: 21611: 21586: 21377: 21322: 21072: 20952: 20762: 20351: 20236: 20101: 19975: 19307: 19000: 18610: 18570: 18525: 18312: 18302: 18287: 18056: 17986: 16965: 16603: 16538: 16394: 16382: 16222: 15488:

Counseling and Psychotherapy With Religious Persons: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach

12999:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 11657:"Church of Ukraine: Stops commemoration of Kirill, asks to be deprived of the Patriarchal Throne" 10348: 7674: 7541: 7504: 7492: 7294: 7250: 7143: 7088: 7006:

from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church rite reforms introduced by

6893: 6782: 6658: 6293: 6289: 5698: 5620: 5595:

that the descendants of Adam and Eve are actually guilty of the original sin of their ancestors.

5495: 5467: 5087: 5083: 5016: 4837: 4751:, ending in 1392. Poland-Lithuania lost the territory to Russia as part of the peace deal of the 4666: 4435: 4311: 4101: 3897: 3831: 3526: 3464: 2732: 2442: 2399: 2174: 2023: 1479: 1244: 1026: 982: 972: 769: 638: 633: 330: 10138: 9554: 8427: 7436:) – Recognised only by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, opposed only by the Russian Orthodox Church. 5858: 4630:, there has been marked growth in Christian Orthodoxy, particularly in Russia. According to the 27441: 27336: 27296: 27276: 27133: 27108: 27013: 26986: 26936: 26906: 26896: 26813: 26778: 26763: 26748: 26703: 26638: 26312: 26243: 26148: 26143: 25884: 25807: 25569: 25451: 25375: 25172: 25162: 25021: 24989: 24927: 24898: 24415: 24410: 24221: 24102: 24062: 23847: 23188: 23183: 23163: 23159: 22679: 22270: 22128: 22070: 21961: 21940: 21705: 21254: 21198: 20871: 20602: 20542: 20358: 20303: 19947: 18765: 18129: 18041: 16855: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16497: 16478: 14696:"Archbishop of Cyprus: My decision to commemorate Metropolitan Epifaniy first serves Orthodoxy" 13579: 10508: 7377: 7175: 6753: 6252:

Shards of pottery vases on the street, after being thrown from the windows of nearby houses. A

6104:

Each day of the Weekly Cycle is dedicated to certain special memorials. Sunday is dedicated to

6060: 6055: 5951: 5384: 5095: 4958: 4852: 4764: 4392: 4361: 4357: 4252: 4073: 4069: 4057: 4015: 3963: 3962:

In the ninth and tenth centuries, Christianity made great inroads into pagan Europe, including

3932: 3901: 3889: 3847: 3811: 3767: 3744: 2960: 2957:

will at some future date be recognized as the eighth council" by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

2899: 2312: 2124: 2007: 1746: 911: 668: 302: 115: 14614:"It's Official: Church of Greece Recognizes the Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine" 13489: 12630: 12291: 10301: 10295: 9541: 9525: 9273: 8745: 8147: 6578:

may not remarry and it is common for such members of the clergy to retire to a monastery (see

4286:, ending what was once the most powerful state in the Orthodox Christian world, if not in all 3751:

churches were established in Europe: Greece, Georgia, Ukraine, as well as in Russia and Asia.

3236:

without action, the prayer is idle, empty, and in vain, and therefore the theology of demons.

27682: 27627: 27544: 27496: 27471: 27271: 27093: 27088: 26956: 26946: 26768: 26444: 26387: 26207: 26153: 25574: 25552: 25471: 25412: 25078: 24517: 24378: 23535: 23134: 23046: 22738: 22337: 22063: 21872: 21775: 21730: 21659: 21452: 21246: 21190: 18795: 18373: 18322: 18307: 18292: 18282: 18272: 18242: 18237: 18232: 17001: 16490: 16104: 16080: 16056: 14042: 13959: 13592: 13035: 12660: 10920:

Historical and canonical reference for reasons making believers leave the Moscow patriarchate

10617: 10414:. Translated by Wilton-Ely, John; Wilton-Ely, Valerie. Thames and Hudson. 1979. p. 191. 9898: 9438: 9125: 8797: 6764: 6729: 6630: 6508: 6341: 6281: 6105: 5853: 5751: 5718: 4926: 3459: 3073: 2798: 2677: 2615: 2559:. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the 2544: 2262: 2068: 2053: 1977: 1866: 1831: 1802: 1681: 1439: 706:

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

470: 312: 194: 182: 77: 24398: 24346: 12822: 12278: 12167:

The General Councils: A History of the Twenty-one General Councils from Nicaea to Vatican II

11163: 9141: 9097: 9057: 9025: 7511:) declared the restoration of autocephaly of the LOC from the ROC, due to security reasons. 6654: 4713:, while the ethnically Russian population of Estonia would be under the jurisdiction of the 3622:

There are also two other councils which are considered ecumenical by some Eastern Orthodox:

27834: 27672: 27662: 27647: 27554: 27481: 27451: 27426: 27391: 27351: 27346: 27321: 27191: 27113: 27063: 27043: 27033: 26921: 26868: 26843: 26693: 26688: 26668: 26633: 26618: 26562: 26337: 26270: 26238: 26118: 26053: 25919: 25797: 25650: 25530: 25429: 25341: 25309: 25304: 25152: 24884: 24174: 23758: 23518: 23129: 23073: 23024: 23009: 22862: 22559: 22509: 22494: 22371: 22080: 21980: 21930: 21925: 21882: 21842: 21770: 21504: 21456: 21440: 21424: 21214: 21096: 20813: 20755: 20711: 20607: 20488: 20049: 19999: 19979: 19892: 19855: 19721: 19062: 18915: 18760: 18403: 18327: 18277: 16768: 16466: 13355: 13349: 12152: 11919:"An Orthodox Response to the Recent Roman Catholic Declaration on the Nature of the Church" 11449: 11309: 10678: 10436: 8331: 7629: 7110:(self-government). Such autonomous churches maintain varying levels of dependence on their 6961: 6297: 5982:. Orthodox Christians hold that the Bible is a verbal icon of Christ, as proclaimed by the 5455: 5228: 5193: 5111: 5028: 4776: 4349: 4162: 4156: 4125: 3983: 3870: 3687: 3570: 3201: 3139: 3131: 2930: 2728: 2708: 2623: 2088: 1861: 1691: 1656: 1161: 1041: 589: 495: 466: 149: 88: 23371: 16919:

of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.

14503:

Nowadays we have a good system of collaboration between Christian denominations and Islam.

12970:"'Editors' Introduction: Why a Special Issue?: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East" 12592: 12474: 11341:"Патриарх Кирилл прекращает поминовение Александрийского патриарха из-за признания им ПЦУ" 11340: 11194:"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church | The Russian Orthodox Church" 10477: 10437:"Dr. David Carlson – Continuing the Dialogue of Love: Orthodox-Catholic Relations in 2004" 10398: 7606:

Churches with irregular or unresolved canonical status are entities that have carried out

5717:

and hermitages fit within the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia, all of which are

4816: 8: 27763: 27677: 27652: 27632: 27609: 27536: 27486: 27466: 27381: 27371: 27326: 27286: 27241: 27236: 27226: 27216: 27211: 27206: 27196: 27181: 27176: 27171: 27166: 27161: 27138: 27048: 27023: 26901: 26891: 26853: 26823: 26808: 26793: 26783: 26773: 26738: 26733: 26683: 26628: 26603: 26547: 26404: 26392: 26280: 26275: 26265: 26133: 25934: 25847: 25792: 25768: 25655: 25540: 25498: 25293: 25142: 24770: 24562: 24447: 24243: 24040: 23925: 23853: 23743: 23664: 23491: 23144: 22968: 22814: 22728: 22704: 22689: 22608: 22598: 22584: 22564: 22554: 22524: 22504: 22433: 22164: 21993: 21920: 21750: 21679: 21606: 21401: 21222: 20501: 20446: 19657: 18383: 18332: 18267: 18217: 17749: 17420: 16899: 16040: 14420: 14077:"Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage in the Orthodox Church: Economia and Pastoral Guidance" 12083: 11112:"Журналы заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 15 октября 2018 года" 10988:"Metropolitan Epifaniy (Dumenko) becomes Primate of One Local Orthodox Church of Ukraine" 10828:

A History of Russian Christianity. Volume I: From the Earliest Years Through Tsar Ivan IV

10654: 10613: 9494: 7469:) of the Russian Orthodox Church – Jurisdiction disputed by the Romanian Orthodox Church. 7287:

Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York, First Hierarch of the Russian church abroad

7052: 6797: 6248: 5901: 5886: 5809: 5789: 5755: 5690: 5641: 5538: 5293: 4975:

status. The patriarch of Constantinople has the honour of primacy, but his title is only

4674: 4528:

The rebuilt Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, currently the second tallest Orthodox church

4475: 4405: 4256: 4105: 4084:

Slavic Orthodox Church, which shortly thereafter became Patriarchate. The success of the

4053: 3971: 3924: 3654: 3100: 2980: 2582: 2455: 2450: 2414: 2169: 2141: 2083: 2028: 1950: 1701: 1671: 238: 16655: 14515: 13135: 12546:"Tieslietu ministrija iesniegtie religisko organizaciju parskati par darbibu 2011. gada" 11568:"IT'S OFFICIAL: ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE DISSOLVES RUSSIAN ARCHDIOCESE OF WESTERN EUROPE" 10434: 9991: 5731: 5292:

Christian population in 2015 compared to 20.4% a century earlier. A 2017 report by the

27657: 27637: 27604: 27501: 27491: 27436: 27431: 27361: 27341: 27331: 27316: 27311: 27291: 27261: 27256: 27231: 27221: 27153: 27118: 27103: 27008: 26981: 26971: 26931: 26916: 26911: 26863: 26858: 26798: 26753: 26713: 26608: 26595: 26382: 26307: 26180: 26003: 25677: 25635: 25476: 25444: 25419: 25346: 25326: 25147: 25095: 25083: 25061: 24653: 24611: 24484: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24135: 23919: 23895: 23274: 23198: 22946: 22892: 22603: 22549: 22460: 22450: 22241: 22156: 22105: 21715: 21368: 21338: 21088: 21055: 20907: 20728: 20698: 20612: 20505: 20277: 19768: 19751: 19569: 18780: 18510: 18418: 18317: 18252: 18212: 16435: 16411: 16152: 16045: 15280: 14489: 14370: 14344: 14123: 13380: 12921: 12479: 12178: 11020: 10325: 10131: 8885: 8467:"The Orthodox Faith – Volume I – Doctrine and Scripture – The Symbol of Faith – Church" 8420: 7948: 7764: 6237: 5878: 5778: 5515:. These three persons are typically distinguished by their relation to each other. The 5188: 5004: 4971: 4732: 4536: 4455: 4401: 4380: 4007: 3912: 3827: 3515: 3380: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3069: 3038: 2926: 2863: 2720: 2716: 2573: 2194: 2187: 2078: 2073: 2058: 1943: 1871: 1651: 1581: 1295: 1234: 1099: 1036: 1010: 474: 384: 217: 24765: 24324: 23947: 23677: 15074: 14644:"Archbishop of Cyprus commemorates Metropolitan Epifaniy of Kyiv for first time (upd)" 13236: 13185: 11479:"Archbishop of Cyprus commemorates Metropolitan Epifaniy of Kyiv for first time (upd)" 10943:"Московський патріархат створювали агенти НКВС, – свідчать розсекречені СБУ документи" 10612:. Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 75 (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD, and Plymouth: 7655:

Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

5808:, the Mother of God is the fulfilment of the Old Testament archetypes revealed in the 5777:

love) but not worshipped, for worship is due God alone (this view is also held by the

5231:, held in Greece in 2016, was the only such Eastern Orthodox council in modern times. 4424: 3618:

while forbidding their worship. It is often referred to as "The Triumph of Orthodoxy".

27714: 27708: 27642: 27599: 27589: 27579: 27569: 27476: 27396: 27356: 27281: 27251: 27143: 27098: 27078: 27053: 27028: 26991: 26976: 26951: 26926: 26838: 26788: 26743: 26728: 26708: 26698: 26673: 26613: 26557: 26322: 26098: 25694: 25665: 25589: 25584: 25545: 25483: 25439: 25424: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25336: 25071: 24957: 24723: 24693: 24673: 24494: 24299: 24280: 24275: 24216: 24179: 23900: 23815: 23738: 23636: 23626: 23594: 23582: 23550: 23527: 23509: 23405: 23260: 23168: 23154: 23117: 23105: 22934: 22853: 22805: 22640: 22519: 22425: 22349: 22248: 22221: 22140: 22088: 22038: 21797: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21745: 21735: 21684: 21464: 21206: 20993: 20803: 19896: 18830: 18695: 18535: 17804: 16349: 16295: 16185: 16138: 16128: 16114: 16090: 16066: 16026: 15991: 15967: 15944: 15900: 15860: 15808: 15763: 15737: 15711: 15680: 15654: 15611: 15585: 15559: 15538: 15492: 15471: 15447: 15440: 15421: 15397: 15373: 15349: 15325: 15301: 15255: 15228: 15208: 15190: 15171: 15146: 15126: 15083: 15035: 15014: 14996: 14986: 14958: 14916: 14891: 14859: 14304: 14275: 14142:"Breaking with tradition, Greek Orthodox Church ordains first woman deacon in Africa" 14127: 14115: 14048: 13965: 13781: 13734: 13598: 13522: 13497: 13359: 13063: 12925: 12913: 12828: 12666: 12636: 12297: 12255: 12212: 12125: 11956: 11816:"First Without Equals – A Response to the Text on Primacy of the Moscow Patriarchate" 11767: 10896: 10856: 10831: 10621: 10549: 10415: 10305: 10174: 10142: 10032: 10017: 9945: 9844: 9820: 9795: 9605: 9410: 8993: 8803: 8725: 8690: 8654: 8644: 8616: 8263: 8153: 8005: 7953: 7917: 7607: 7458:) of the Romanian Orthodox Church – Territory claimed by the Russian Orthodox Church. 6745: 6691: 6579: 6516: 6428: 6035: 5735: 5447: 5439: 5356: 5247: 5200: 5199:

Other councils have helped to define the Eastern Orthodox position, specifically the

4889:, head of the AROCWE, personally joined the Russian Church. Additionally, during the 4623: 4575: 4439: 4417: 4332: 4233: 4229: 4139:

had great success in part because they used the people's native language rather than

3851: 3843: 3803: 3787: 3736: 3451: 3054: 2964: 2946: 2770: 2666: 2419: 2389: 2369: 2302: 2252: 2180: 1997: 1856: 1846: 1646: 1641: 1610: 1499: 1089: 448: 139: 63: 25177: 24775: 24435: 24184: 16915:

with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the

16212: 16062:

The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture

15879: 13277: 12528: 7727:, as a whole, is larger, but is not a single church nor is it a single denomination. 7499:) holding autocephaly prior to 1941, forcibly integrated in 1941 as a result of the 7405:

Metropolitan of Skopje and Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia and of Justiniana Prima

6301: 5272: 4598: 2704: 209: 27667: 27549: 27446: 27058: 27018: 26966: 26961: 26878: 26848: 26758: 26648: 26512: 26464: 26459: 26023: 25988: 25961: 25719: 25704: 25579: 25503: 25353: 25331: 25239: 25100: 24879: 24842: 24698: 24683: 24631: 24425: 24405: 24373: 24368: 24339: 24334: 24258: 24248: 24072: 24036: 24028: 23999: 23912: 23832: 23827: 23790: 23780: 23706: 23644: 23486: 23323: 23173: 22831: 22384: 22226: 22201: 21780: 21740: 21238: 20766: 20683: 20421: 19713: 19645: 19187: 18466: 17914: 16916: 16790: 16526: 16514: 16502: 16473: 16461: 16204:

A Brief Outline of the Orthodox Church, Ἐκκλησιαστικός Φάρος, 65 (2004), pp. 60–75.

15934: 15914: 15890: 14536: 14402: 14107: 13646: 13624:

Orthodox Study Bible, St. Athanasius Academy of Theology, 2008, p. 778, commentary.

13055: 12905: 12148: 12117: 10888: 10880: 10677:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), 10670: 9236: 8717: 8682: 8608: 8255: 7859: 7660:

Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

7553: 7357: 7347: 7096: 6973: 6862: 6709: 6388: 6309: 6109: 6084: 6007: 5975: 5866: 5666: 5584: 5512: 5308: 5175: 5091: 5075: 4871: 4856: 4771:

and most of the Russian Church's leaders being imprisoned by Soviet officials. The

4225: 4205: 4061: 4021: 3916: 3878: 3855: 3740: 3294: 3255: 3228:

has complicated some issues of governance that have yet to be completely resolved.

3174: 3046: 3019: 3008: 2790: 2689: 2619: 2404: 2297: 2048: 1920: 1851: 1686: 1661: 1489: 1264: 1141: 926: 663: 658: 490: 258: 187: 25316: 13059: 12514: 11029:

The Ecumenical Patriarchate unveiled documents in support of Ukrainian autocephaly

10377: 10015: 9103: 6937:

List of the current autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches and their dependencies

6752:

was snubbed by most Orthodox Christians as he led mass before a practically empty

6427:

Properly, the mystery of baptism is administered by bishops and priests; however,

5220: 4929:

of the main autocephalous and autonomous Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions as of 2022

4638:(ISSP), a collaborative effort involving social scientists in about 50 countries. 3679: 2890:. The Eastern Orthodox churches "are defined positively by their adherence to the 1544: 1539: 27775: 27718: 26347: 26327: 25817: 25709: 25699: 25368: 25036: 24827: 24807: 24738: 24703: 24636: 24356: 24329: 24304: 24253: 24231: 24019: 23962: 23733: 23250: 23051: 22977: 22917: 22872: 22841: 22593: 22499: 22290: 21988: 20771: 19813: 19731: 18413: 16785: 16635: 16583: 16179: 16175: 16156: 16132: 16108: 16084: 16060: 16020: 16016: 15985: 15959: 15938: 15894: 15874: 15854: 15757: 15731: 15705: 15648: 15513: 15486: 15465: 15461: 15435: 15415: 15411: 15391: 15387: 15367: 15363: 15343: 15339: 15319: 15315: 15295: 15291: 15275: 15249: 15222: 15140: 15109:, trans. from Greek by Rev. Athanasius Richardson, London: A.R. Mowbray & Co. 15029: 15008: 14930: 14885: 14442: 14199: 14017:"OCA Reaffirms SCOBA Statement in Wake of Massachusetts Same-Sex Marriage Ruling" 13692:. The Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania, Orthodox Church in America. Archived from 13557: 13476: 13437: 12727:"Orthodox Christianity's geographic center remains in Central and Eastern Europe" 12511:"Опитування: Віруючим якої церкви, конфесії Ви себе вважаєте? // Центр Разумкова" 11390: 10962:"СБУ рассекретила архивы: московского патриарха в 1945 году избирали агенты НКГБ" 10930: 10797: 10649: 10594: 10484: 9442: 9414: 8859:. The Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania, Orthodox Church in America. Archived from 8827: 8532:"Orthodox Christianity's geographic center remains in Central and Eastern Europe" 8509: 8492: 8164:

The Eastern Orthodox Churches are properly known as the "Orthodox Catholic Church

7639: 7634: 7537: 7238: 7158: 6977: 6820: 6801: 6233: 6068: 6003: 5782: 5694: 5360: 5285: 5012: 4942: 4539:

of 1917, part of the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church fled abroad to escape

4443: 4196: 4182: 4128:

in a special way to honour the saint on whose day they received the sacrament of

4093: 3999: 3873:(451), over a dispute about the relation between the divine and human natures of 3795: 3650: 3607: 3514:

Several doctrinal disputes from the fourth century onwards led to the calling of

3372: 3318: 3259: 3182: 3111: 3031: 2984: 2911: 2903: 2778: 2712: 2611: 2560: 2508: 2242: 2151: 1711: 1666: 921: 796: 749: 284: 20967: 19668: 13560:): "It is impossible for a man to be saved if he does not read the Scriptures.". 11139:"Bishop Epiphaniy (Dumenko) elected Primate of the "Orthodox Church in Ukraine"" 8914: 7822:

category "is most heavily made up of immigrants and the children of immigrants."

7456:

Archbishop of Chișinău, Metropolitan of Bessarabia and Exarch of the Territories

7070: 6174: 3246: 26469: 26362: 26302: 26018: 25993: 25778: 25682: 25564: 25508: 25461: 24874: 24822: 24718: 24688: 24668: 24663: 24658: 24641: 24537: 24457: 24440: 24393: 24383: 23422: 23085: 23068: 22887: 22867: 22836: 22589: 22489: 22285: 22174: 22120: 22053: 22033: 21792: 21633: 21472: 20998: 20856: 20513: 19053: 18353: 16828: 16820: 16753: 15981: 15756: 15551: 15530: 14588:"The Church of Greece has recognized the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine (upd)" 14564:[The Church of Greece recognised the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine]. 14225: 13853: 13145: 11045: 9214: 9137: 9021: 7532: 7299:

Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch

7033: 6969: 6950: 6829: 6713: 6699: 6485: 6416: 6329: 6321: 6113: 6088: 6047: 6027: 5995: 5987: 5967: 5662: 5651: 5592: 5516: 5443: 5328: 5312: 5204: 5158: 4627: 4345: 4337: 4283: 4213: 4190: 4170: 4140: 4031: 3987: 3967: 3786:, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until 3759: 3728: 3717: 3424: 3368: 3302: 3282: 3217: 3213: 3154: 3077: 2917:

The seven ecumenical councils recognised by the Eastern Orthodox churches are:

2907: 2830: 2822: 2700: 2696: 2658: 2604: 2596: 2578: 2288: 2247: 2227: 2098: 2063: 1915: 1836: 1736: 1494: 1459: 1381: 1131: 1094: 916: 298: 242: 156: 24430: 23687: 17819: 16993: 14111: 13211: 13163: 12909: 12121: 11507: 11365: 11193: 11111: 11082: 10892: 10642: 9751: 9730: 9709: 9688: 9667: 9646: 9625: 7040:—that is, administratively completely independent—regional churches, plus the 6324:

is used for the administration of the "Holy mysteries" or seven sacraments in

5580: 5135: 5043:... rich in mystery and symbolism," similar to their views on the sacraments. 4364:

were tortured and killed. The period 1923–1924 was followed by the obligatory

4119:

The work of Cyril and Methodius and their disciples had a major impact on the

3645:

was actually a series of councils held between 1341 and 1351. It affirmed the

3099:) occurred in a letter written about AD 110 from one Greek church to another ( 3013:Пространный христианский катехизис православныя, кафолическия восточныя Церкви 27881: 27787: 26397: 25951: 25832: 25224: 25219: 25167: 25004: 24942: 24837: 24728: 24626: 24557: 24489: 24479: 24452: 24388: 24285: 24263: 24196: 24092: 24055: 23974: 23882: 23333: 23284: 22989: 22514: 22445: 22295: 22003: 21643: 21638: 20866: 20861: 20622: 20597: 20497: 20426: 19796: 19202: 17798: 16778: 15789: 14966: 14962: 14119: 13047: 12917: 12129: 9240: 8711: 8676: 8658: 8602: 8249: 7957: 7867: 7749:

According to Roman Lunkin in an interview about the 2012 survey published by

7737: 7724: 7624: 7584: 7111: 6999: 6942: 6650: 6625: 6466: 6253: 6025:

The Eastern Orthodox Church does not subscribe to the Protestant doctrine of

5979: 5963: 5943: 5935: 5894: 5801: 5739: 5628: 5376: 5142: 4799:(UOC-KP) came into existence, being founded by members of the Russian Church 4780: 4701:

restored the church's position as subordinate to Constantinople, not Moscow.

4586: 4571: 4459: 4315:. The ecumenical patriarch was the religious and administrative ruler of the 4109: 4081: 4049: 4003: 3799: 3779: 3500: 3205: 3023: 2983:

have insisted that the full name of the church has always included the term "

2826: 2631: 2201: 2108: 1905: 1900: 1676: 1600: 1565: 906: 246: 165: 25066: 17412: 16980: 15579: 15251:

The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions

15000: 14981:

Diamond, Larry Jay; Plattner, Marc F.; Costopoulos, Philip J., eds. (2005),

14074: 12824:

Turning to tradition: converts and the making of an American Orthodox church

11682:"Resolution of the Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of May 27, 2022" 11005:СТАТУТ ПРО УПРАВЛІННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПРАВОСЛАВНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЇВСЬКОГО ПАТРІАРХАТУ 8799:

The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions

5552:

In discussing God's relationship to his creation, Eastern Orthodox theology

4874:. In response to the severing of ties with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the 27751: 26532: 26434: 26295: 25983: 25978: 25956: 25946: 25827: 25259: 25194: 25137: 25122: 25088: 24713: 24621: 23654: 23545: 23540: 23391: 23361: 23235: 23203: 22951: 22922: 22909: 22327: 22275: 22206: 22196: 21877: 21809: 21674: 21570: 21436: 20927: 20922: 20917: 20716: 20706: 20679: 20653: 20517: 19759: 19717: 19703: 19699: 18203: 16758: 16374: 16218: 15896:

The Challenge of Our Past: Studies in Orthodox Canon Law and Church History

13191: 13120: 12811:

Conducted as part of the Religious Congregations and Membership Study 2010.

12632:

Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation

12580:

Table 28, 2013 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables

12383: 11977:"The Orthodox Churches – The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church" 11016: 8994:"Eastern Orthodoxy | Definition, Origin, History, & Facts | Britannica" 8773:

Orthodox Christian Church in Thailand (Moscow Patriarchate). Archived from

6992: 6866: 6841: 6749: 6669: 6443: 6220: 6080: 6011: 5813: 5500: 5459: 5380: 5320: 5316: 5179: 5171: 5163: 4992: 4772: 4682: 4606: 4501: 4431: 4221: 4217: 4027: 3975: 3941: 3823: 3791: 3755: 3713: 3638:

and condemned any alteration of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed of 381.

3596: 3416: 3376: 3311: 3274: 3270: 3081: 3027: 2810: 2794: 2643: 2157: 1930: 1810: 1429: 1284: 537: 485: 388: 334: 24760: 23442: 16251: 14098:

Karras, Valerie A. (June 2004). "Female Deacons in the Byzantine Church".

13302: 13151: 12689: 8721: 8686: 8612: 8259: 7018: 5820:(symbolising the Mother of God's carrying of God without being consumed). 5031:

requires apostolic faith, and bishops without apostolic faith, who are in

4938: 4601:

where many Orthodox (along with people of other faiths) were subjected to

3110:

A number of other Christian churches also make a similar claim: the Roman

2676:, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The 2494: 26454: 26429: 26253: 26221: 26212: 26158: 26088: 26073: 25966: 25857: 25518: 25466: 25254: 24972: 24952: 24792: 24733: 24471: 24467: 24290: 23805: 23753: 23723: 23560: 23414: 23306: 23230: 23095: 23031: 22982: 22629: 22379: 22342: 22191: 22043: 22018: 21915: 21003: 20977: 20529: 20521: 20509: 18185: 17808: 16303: 14954:

The Eastern Orthodox-Catholic Church and the Anglican Church: Their Union

14877: 14562:"Η Εκκλησία της Ελλάδος αναγνώρισε την Αυτοκέφαλη Εκκλησία της Ουκρανίας" 14220: 14181:"Eastern Orthodox Church ordains Zimbabwean woman as its first deaconess" 12549: 12179:

Faculty of Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (30 April 2009).

12033: 11419: 10876: 10853:

Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345

8363: 8184: 7874:, in contrast to the more recent (15th century) term "Russia". See also: 7871: 7076: 7037: 6968:

Another group of non-mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians are referred

6869:

in Russia, as the two religions have never had religious wars in Russia.

6741: 6583: 6447: 6439: 6419:

by becoming a member of the Eastern Orthodox Church. During the service,

6357: 6337: 5991: 5762: 5520: 5297: 4954: 4845: 4287: 4136: 3979: 3763: 3748: 3708: 3574: 3266: 3212:

What unites Orthodox Christians is the catholic faith as carried through

3146: 3135: 3058: 2802: 2735: 2548: 2272: 2232: 2217: 2103: 2043: 1987: 1504: 1424: 1414: 1399: 1274: 1239: 603: 557: 532: 280: 25773: 25714: 24817: 24238: 24067: 23616: 14240: 13693: 12794:. Hartford, CT: Hartford Institute for Religion Research. Archived from 11866: 11841: 11537: 9752:"The Seventh Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 8860: 6702:, a British metropolitan bishop of the Orthodox Church, has stated that 6403: 6139: 4321:, an Ottoman administrative unit meaning "Roman", which encompassed all 3911:

Those who disagreed with the Council of Chalcedon are sometimes called "

3189:), meaning "correctness of glorification", to denote what is in English 26420: 26415: 26290: 26285: 26248: 26226: 26083: 26063: 26058: 25899: 25889: 25852: 25456: 25234: 25182: 24922: 24567: 24547: 24120: 24045: 23984: 23748: 23728: 23649: 23301: 23269: 23240: 23019: 23014: 22999: 22477: 22216: 22013: 21669: 21601: 21013: 21008: 20947: 20876: 20786: 20721: 20457: 16952:

UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.

16449: 15061:(2nd ed.), London: Catholic Truth Society / University of Virginia 14443:"Предстоятель ПЦУ Епіфаній: Найперше мусимо зберегти свою незалежність" 13324: 13299:"Russian Orthodox Oklahoma – Only the finest russian orthodox oklahoma" 12403: 11976: 11918: 11004: 10794:

Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church

9992:"Image 219 of The Divine Liturgies of Saints Basil, Gregory, and Cyril" 9689:"The Fourth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 9647:"The Second Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 8943: 8336: 7900:"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" 7863: 7790:

With an absolute majority in the subnational entity of Republika Srpska

7193: 7091:

from the 14th century, when its status was upgraded into a patriarchate

7026: 6907: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6849: 6736: 6610: 6560: 6446:) is the mystery by which a baptised person is granted the gift of the 6353: 5971: 5959: 5812:(because she carried the New Covenant in the person of Christ) and the 5535: 5400: 5396: 5368: 5301: 5131: 5011:—and that this unbroken historical link is an essential element of the 4800: 4564: 4479: 4438:

had been independent of the State. In 1721, the first Russian Emperor,

4421: 4322: 4216:

in 1204; the final break with Rome occurred circa 1450. The sacking of

4186: 4089: 4065: 3920: 3611: 3408: 2894:

definitions of the seven councils, by the strong sense of not being a

2846: 2814: 2786: 2681: 2592: 2556: 2212: 1605: 1484: 1464: 1318: 288: 161: 25264: 24140: 21024: 15704: 15082:(4th ed.), Mount Athos, Greece: Holy Monastery of St. Gregorios, 14403:"Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration – March 17, 2001" 14241:"Female Priests? Women Deacons Refuted by Fr John Whiteford -Jay Dyer" 14221:"DEACONESSES, FEMALE DEACONS, AND THE AGENDA OF THE ST. PHOEBE CENTER" 10919: 9731:"The Sixth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 9710:"The Fifth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 9668:"The Third Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 9626:"The First Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 9109: 7137:

Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome and First Among Equals Patriarch

5556:

between God's eternal essence, which is totally transcendent, and his

5054:

and worship. These include the fourteen autocephalous churches of the

3349: 3305:

has called that "simple Christianity". That is the sense of early and

3080:

as tribute to an enthroned Mary and baby Jesus in this church mosaic (

26367: 26163: 26078: 26068: 25939: 25894: 25879: 25812: 25660: 25127: 25049: 25009: 24999: 24962: 24937: 24917: 24812: 24678: 24532: 24522: 24294: 24147: 23957: 23942: 23907: 23890: 23872: 23785: 23565: 23481: 23460: 23455: 23432: 23427: 23386: 23381: 23318: 23255: 23178: 23149: 23100: 23041: 22994: 22634: 22482: 22317: 22307: 22300: 22258: 22253: 22048: 22008: 21488: 20957: 20897: 20182: 19789: 18433: 18198: 16312: 14985:, Johns Hopkins University and the National Endowment for Democracy, 13492:. In Collins, John Joseph; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). 13043: 11952: 11032: 10137:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7103: 6703: 6598: 6587: 6552: 6548: 6477: 6455: 6369: 6304:. In the Middle East, Orthodox Christians are usually referred to as 6194: 6117: 6015: 5890: 5646: 5546: 5545:(wholly independent of, and removed from, the material universe) and 5332: 5216: 4560: 4548: 4540: 4451: 3839: 3731:

is generally considered to be the centre and the "cradle of Orthodox

3675: 3646: 3563: 3558: 3388: 3306: 3150: 2996: 2968: 2942: 2834: 2741:

The Eastern Orthodox Church is the primary religious denomination in

2685: 2669: 2654: 2650: 2635: 2374: 2237: 2207: 1534: 1529: 1519: 1509: 1434: 1342: 1254: 1136: 505: 442: 262: 23837: 23366: 12712:

reuses information from other sources without citing them in detail.

11707:"Ukraine's Moscow-backed Orthodox church says cuts ties with Russia" 9773:"Fanar: Churches reach agreement on pan-Orthodox Holy Synod in 2016" 8639:

Prokurat, Michael; et al., eds. (1996). "ECUMENICAL COUNCILS".

8575: 6882: 6865:

expressed the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Islam and

6308:("Roman") Orthodox, because of their historical connection with the 6022:

human words. "God said, 'let there be light'; and there was light."

5998:

and is essential as the basis for all Orthodox teaching and belief.

5307:

Over two-thirds of all Eastern Orthodox members are concentrated in

4706: 4298:

control for some seven centuries; most Eastern Orthodox communities

4244:

and riches, are still held in various European cities, particularly

352:

Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christian Church, Orthodox Catholic Church

27770: 26170: 25914: 25904: 25759: 25249: 25229: 25056: 24932: 24787: 24361: 24110: 24050: 23969: 23877: 23864: 23842: 23822: 23800: 23795: 23775: 23715: 23682: 23621: 23465: 23450: 23328: 23289: 23245: 23036: 22973: 22877: 22780: 22023: 21892: 20942: 20912: 20881: 20553: 20533: 20525: 19829: 18222: 15470:(4th rev. ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 14816: 9084:, p. 248 "In the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church, authority". 7536:

under bishops who do the same thing. They adhere to the use of the

7276:

Metropolitan of Minsk and Slutsk, Patriarchal Exarch of All Belarus

7205: 6717: 5870: 5561: 5427: 5372: 5348: 5281: 5243: 5051: 4691: 4388: 4174: 4113: 4097: 3937: 3858:" is commonly referred to as "the Assyrian Church" or fully as the 3428: 3396: 3293:

Due to the influence of the Catholic Church in the west, where the

3037:

In Hungarian, the church is still commonly called "Eastern Greek" (

2918: 2871: 2838: 2818: 2805:, which are decreasing due to forced migration driven by increased 2766: 2222: 2093: 1394: 1324: 1312: 1301: 740: 266: 124: 13274:"News & Events – the Benedictine Fellowship of Saint Laurence" 12690:"Number of Orthodox Christians in Ireland doubled over five years" 11072:

Yearbook of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Year 2022, pp. 1007–1026.

10675:

Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc

8232:"Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050" 8061:"Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050" 7489:, which nearly all Churches continued to recognise as part of ROC. 7061:

proclaimed the formation of the unified Orthodox Church of Ukraine

4933: 4325:

regardless of ethnicity. While legally subordinate to Muslims and

4072:. In a short time they managed to prepare and instruct the future 27758: 26439: 26043: 26008: 25929: 25842: 25783: 25687: 25390: 25244: 24994: 24947: 24832: 24708: 24527: 23989: 23952: 23763: 23313: 23279: 23122: 22823: 22723: 22332: 22312: 22169: 22058: 21517:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church. 20781: 20441: 20186: 19652: 16894: 16566: 12785:"[Highlights from the] 2010 US Orthodox Christian census" 12628: 10923: 8825: 7063:. On 5 January 2019, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine received its 6757: 6411: 6376: 6345: 6333: 6224:

An illustration of the traditional interior of an Orthodox church

6198: 5568: 5504: 5490: 5404: 5392: 5352: 5340: 5276:

Percentage distribution of Eastern Orthodox Christians by country

5040: 4582: 4552: 4485: 4467: 4295: 4228:

in 1204 is viewed with some rancour to the present day. In 2004,

4129: 3991: 3392: 3362: 3354: 2774: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2662: 2540: 2257: 1982: 1955: 1409: 1259: 717:

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

609:

Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

104: 15442:

Rome, Constantinople, Moscow: Historical and Theological Studies

13490:"The Textual History of Septuagint-Daniel and Theodotion Daniel" 12895: 11198:

Russian Orthodox Church Department for External Church Relations

10258:

Roman Jakobson, "Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies".

9861: 9155:"The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church" 8519:

congregations 'don't vary a lot in their political preferences.'

7595: 7423:

Archbishop of Washington, Metropolitan of All America and Canada

6601:; in the following year, it ordained six sub-deaconesses in the 5746: 4371: 3325:

Catholic Church" (or Catholic Church) on the one hand, and the "

3134:(451), respectively, in their refusal to accept those councils' 26352: 26231: 26216: 26035: 25924: 25909: 25867: 25645: 25523: 24797: 24552: 24542: 24191: 24152: 23994: 23602: 23572: 23296: 21539: 19582: 16215:

at Kursk Root Hermitage of the Birth of the Most Holy Theotokos

15417:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

14858:, Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, 11420:"Patriarch Kirill ceases commemoration of Archbishop of Cyprus" 10546:

Father Arseny, 1893–1973: Prisoner, Priest and Spiritual Father

10085:"St. Clement of Ohrid Cathedral – About Saint Clement of Ohrid" 9244: 9186: 8559:"Christians flee growing persecution in Africa and Middle East" 8216: 8197:

The full title of our Church is 'The Orthodox Catholic Church.'

7834: 7574: 7508: 7084: 7003: 6946: 6845: 6575: 6563:

and right hand on the head of the candidate and is reading the

6556: 6451: 6179: 6064: 5958:

The official Bible of the Eastern Orthodox Church contains the

5754:, one of the most venerated of Orthodox Christian icons of the 5661:

The Eastern Orthodox Church, in understanding itself to be the

5519:

is eternal and not begotten and does not proceed from any, the

5388: 5364: 5344: 5324: 5127: 5036: 5032: 5000: 4996: 4981: 4830:

Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine

4687: 4512: 4326: 4294:, another major centre of Eastern Christianity, had been under 4277:

History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire

4245: 3721: 3585: 3530: 3504: 3455: 3412: 3104: 2910:". Those churches are negatively defined by their rejection of 2782: 2762: 2754: 2742: 2409: 1910: 1696: 1289: 270: 250: 128: 24743: 20163:

Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon

15803: 15631: 15300:(2nd ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 14016: 13425:

The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church

13197: 13100: 12004:"Churches of Serbia, North Macedonia, end decades-old dispute" 10328:. Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre (UCRDC) 10114:. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. 10051: 8814:

The official name of the body is the Orthodox Catholic Church.

8183:. St. Paul's Greek Orthodox Church, Irvine, CA. Archived from 7425:) – Autocephaly not recognised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. 6728:" and desire "vigorous grassroots engagement" between the two 6590:

had both liturgical and pastoral functions within the church.

6543: 4317: 3716:, the largest church in the world and patriarchal basilica of 3491: 3005:

The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church

27793: 26048: 25822: 25802: 25787: 25363: 25189: 24984: 24847: 24802: 24782: 23979: 23376: 23222: 23004: 22265: 21725: 21664: 21621: 20688: 20171:

Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon

15919:"The Local Churches and Catholicity: An Orthodox Perspective" 15515:

The Shorter Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church

15467:

The Orthodox Church: Its Past and Its Role in the World Today

11867:"Archpriest Andrei Novikov. The Apotheosis of Eastern Papism" 10435:

Articles on moral / morality Orthodox Christian perspective.

10199:, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints". 9940:

Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2009).

9602:

The spirituality of the Christian East: a systematic handbook

8942:. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Ras and Prizren. Archived from 7209: 7197: 6854: 6257: 6076: 5841: 5817: 5766: 5713: 5412: 5336: 5146: 4988: 4946: 4556: 4291: 4241: 4144: 4120: 4104:

in the ninth century; this script, along with the liturgical

3995: 3893: 3874: 3538: 3400: 3285: 2891: 1925: 1887: 1404: 1307: 254: 19724:

legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:

15647: 15485:

Nielsen, Stevan L.; Johnson, W. Brad; Ellis, Albert (2001),

15321:

Living Tradition: Orthodox Witness in the Contemporary World

14934: 14075:

Mgr. Athenagoras Peckstadt, Bishop of Sinope (18 May 2005).

13242: 12677:

However, the fastest-growing church is the Orthodox Church …

12344:

Orthodoxism Is Declining in the Overall Christian Population

11254:"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church" 11046:"Holy War: The Fight for Ukraine's Churches and Monasteries" 9521: 7831:

The primate of the Polish Orthodox Church is referred to as

5912:

The Eastern Orthodox believe that after the Final Judgment:

5462:). Today, only 0.2% of Turkey's population represent either 4014:

were driven out of Great Moravia in AD 886 and emigrated to

25973: 25862: 23810: 22749: 20902: 19809: 15832:

Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) § Religion

15828:

Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613) § Religion

14742:"Holy Synod – Encyclicals – Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine" 13594:

Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice

13569:

Pomazansky, Michael, Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, pp. 33–34.

12236:"Major branches of religions ranked by number of adherents" 12059:"The 1,000-Year-Old Schism That Pope Francis Seeks To Heal" 10887:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–22. 10543: 10487:

by Fr. Andrew Phillips, "Orthodox England", 4/17 July 2005.

10346: 9419:, vol. 79, Paris: Imprimerie Catholique, p. 1180B 9303: 7839:, but the Polish Orthodox Church is officially a Metropolis 5680: 5463: 5183: 4813:

Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

4785: 4178: 4166: 3842:, the origin of which might lie in certain sections of the 3814:

and is said to have "changed the history of architecture".

3743:

and continued to flourish in Ukraine and Russia, after the

3615: 3496: 3404: 3251: 3162: 2895: 2564: 2512: 1269: 15630: 15393:

Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes

14980: 14205:

Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America

12274: 10223:, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science". 10164: 10054:"The Heresy of Eutyches (Eutychianism) – Nature of Christ" 9447:, vol. 91, Paris: Imprimerie Catholique, p. 601C 9178: 8494:

Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes

8306:"Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination" 8094:"Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination" 6694:". This gesture was instrumental in the foundation of the 6607:

Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America

4876:

Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe

4092:. A major event in this effort was the development of the 25872: 25837: 24512: 23886: 20013: 15676:

Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa

15396:(2nd rev. ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 15106:

The marriage service of the Holy Orthodox Catholic Church

13880: 13254: 13038:. In Cunningham, Mary B.; Theokritoff, Elizabeth (eds.). 12658: 12484: 12223:

There are over 220 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.

10643:

The Anti-Humans. Student Re-Education in Romanian Prisons

8709: 8674: 8607:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 169–70. 8600: 8576:

Huma Haider University of Birmingham (16 February 2017).

8513: 8341: 8287:"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church" 8247: 7608:

episcopal consecrations outside of the norms of canon law

7528:

Eastern Orthodox Church organization § True Orthodox

6429:

in emergencies any Eastern Orthodox Christian can baptise

4570:

After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941,

4463: 4344:

During the period 1914–1923 in Asia Minor (Anatolia) the

3095:

The first known use of the phrase "the catholic Church" (

2906:, and, despite their varied origins, by adherence to the 2515:

of Christ, in one of the oldest monasteries in the world.

21225:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445) 16233: