1140:
241:
230:
219:
183:
264:
253:
198:
36:
1278:
several thousand Soviet soldiers being trapped behind German lines. A few of them managed to break through to Soviet lines, some after fighting in the German rear for weeks. The trapped
Soviets had to leave almost all of their vehicles and heavy weapons behind. Though the Germans were not able to drive Soviet forces from the Luchesa valley in the northwest of the salient, that was of little significance because the Soviets there were unable to press their attack through the difficult terrain.
116:
1531:"Исаев, Алексей Валерьевич. Когда внезапности уже не было. История ВОВ, которую мы не знали. — М.: Яуза, Эксмо, 2006. (Alexey Valeryevich Isayev. When the sudden element was lost – History of World War II, the facts that we do not know. Yauza & Penguin Books. Moskva. 2006. Part II: 1942 Autumn-Winter Offensive. Sector 2: Operation Mars)"
1472:
Zhukov concluded that the main reason Soviet forces were unable to destroy the Rzhev salient "was underestimation of the rugged terrain" and "the shortage of supporting armour, artillery, mortars, and aircraft to pierce the enemy defences." He also did not expect the
Germans to bring "up considerable
1432:
disagrees with Glantz by citing that Zhukov spent less time planning Mars than Uranus, and that the Soviet artillery shell allocation was much smaller for Mars than for Uranus. Operation Uranus received "2.5 to 4.5 ammunition loads ... compared with less than one in
Operation Mars." In addition, the
1277:
Eventually the shifting of German forces, coupled with Soviet losses and supply difficulties, allowed the
Germans to gain the upper hand. Their lines held, and they retook much of the lost ground. The German counterattacks against the Belyi (western) and Vazuza (eastern) Soviet thrusts resulted in
1225:
The offensive was launched in the early hours of 25 November 1942. It got off to a bad start, as fog and snowy weather grounded the planned air support. It also greatly reduced the effect of the massive artillery barrages preceding the main attacks by making it impossible for the forward artillery
1367:
In order to confine the German forces in every sector of the front and prevent the large reinforcement to the critical sectors, and in order to strengthen their position in the places which were suitable for future offensives in the following winter, the
Russians renewed their offensives in the
1318:
when it was on the edge of a collapse. Subsequently, he was less willing to heed the advice of his commanders. In addition, he was unwilling to give up any ground he had won and saw usefulness in retaining the salient as a starting point for a future thrust upon Moscow. However, in the spring of
1269:
The relative lack of initial success compounded the Soviet problems. The minor penetrations and the resulting small bridgeheads made it difficult to bring forward reinforcements and follow-up forces, especially artillery so critical for reducing the German strongpoints. The
Germans reacted by
1255:
One part of a small wood... had been a battlefield; the trees blasted by shells and mines looked like stakes driven in at random. The earth was criss-crossed by trenches; dugouts bulged like blisters... The deep roar of guns and the furious barks of mortars were deafening.
1319:
1943, his desire to move back onto the offensive made him more receptive to withdrawing forces from the salient to free up manpower for operations elsewhere. A staged withdrawal was begun at the beginning of March 1943. By 23 March, the withdrawal was complete.
1335:
salient. It assaulted the Kursk salient from the north. However, its losses suffered at Rzhev during
Operation Mars resulted in the Ninth Army being short of forces, particularly infantry, and it could not muster enough force to fulfill its task.
1159:. The basic plan of the offensive was to launch multiple co-ordinated thrusts from all sides of the salient, resulting in the destruction of the Ninth Army. The offensive would also tie down German units and prevent them from being moved south.
1441:
orders, asserted that the goal of
Operation Mars was to tie down German forces in the Rzhev sector, preventing them from reinforcing Stalingrad. Thus, it ensured the success of Uranus and the Soviet offensives in the south.
1126:
between
January 1942 and March 1943. The battles became known as the "Rzhev meat grinder" ("Ржевская мясорубка") for their huge losses, particularly on the Soviet side. For many years, they were relegated to a footnote in
1322:
Historian A. V. Isayev has pointed out that together with influences on other sectors during the winter of 1942–1943, Operation Mars had an effect upon the strategic situation in 1943. In the plan for the large
1783:
1245:
in their rear areas. Despite repeated, persistent Soviet attacks, German small-arms fire and pre-planned artillery concentrations cut down the attacking Soviet infantry. Soviet tanks were picked off by
1241:, which were often centered on many of the small villages in the area. In some cases, German strongpoints remained manned for a time after the Soviets advanced past them, creating more problems for the
1586:Гроссманн Хорст. Ржев — краеугольный камень Восточного фронта. — Ржев: «Ржевская правда», 1996. German name: Grossmann H. Rzhew: Eckpfeiler der Ostfront. — Friedberg : Podzun-Pallas-Verlag, 1980.
1380:– which were planned to be used in the southern sectors – had to be kept here to close gaps in the front and to retake lost territories. This was the only method for us to stop the enemy breakthrough.
1270:
shifting units within the salient against the points of the Soviet advance and pinching off their spearheads. With limited reserves and reinforcement unlikely due to Soviet offensives elsewhere, the
1902:
1170:
were directed by Stalin and Zhukov "to crush the Rzhev-Sychovka-Olenino-Bely enemy grouping." The
Western Front was to "take Sychovka no later than the 15th December." The Kalinin Front's
1558:Гриф секретности снят: Потери Вооруженных Сил СССР в войнах, боевых действиях и военных конфликтах: Стат. исслед./ Г. Ф. Кривошеев, В. М. Андроников, П. Д. Буриков. — М.: Воениздат, 1993.
1461:, Aleksandr Petrovich Demyanov (code name "Heine"), revealed information about a large-scale Soviet offensive in the Rzhev area to convince the Germans that the next major attack by the
1695:Георгий Глебович Колыванов. «Марс», оказавшийся в тени «Урана» (Georgy Glebovich Kolyvanov. "Mars" in the shadow of "Uranus". Article published in the "Independent" 2 December 2005)
1390:
A major area of controversy is whether the operation was intended as a major offensive, or if it was launched simply in order to divert German attention and resources away from
406:
1907:
1897:
1201:-Vyazma highway axis, link up with the victorious Mars force, and envelop and destroy all German forces east of Smolensk. Once resistance around Vyazma was neutralized, the
1892:
507:
1297:
Operation Mars was a military failure, and the Soviets were unable to achieve any of their objectives. However, in the aftermath of Operation Mars the commander of
1414:
In the unlikely event that Zhukov was correct and Mars was really a diversion, there has never been one so ambitious, so large, so clumsily executed, or so costly.
1784:
Eduard Prokopyevich Sharapov. Eltigen incidcent and the punishment blade of Stalin – The person of special goal. Neva Publisher. Sainkt Petersburg. 2003.
1681:Типпельскирх К. История Второй мировой войны. СПб.:Полигон; М.:АСТ,1999 /(Tippelskirch K., Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges. — Bonn, 1954, Chapter VII
1139:
1453:, Soviet intelligence intentionally leaked the plan of Operation Mars to the Germans as part of a series of deceptive "radio games" named "Monastery" (
1344:
In the final assessment, Operation Mars was a failure for the Soviet forces. However, among the results of the battle were losses to the reserves of
1185:
Operation Mars was to be followed soon afterward by Operation Jupiter, which was to commence two to three weeks later. The Western Front's powerful
1151:
In Operation Mars, which was planned to start in late October, forces of the Kalinin and the Western Fronts would encircle and destroy the powerful
1457:). One of these "Monastery" operations was intended to lure the German attention to the Rzhev sector. During the intelligence operation, a Soviet
1402:. The Soviet forces concentrated for Operation Mars were much larger than the ones used in Operation Uranus around Stalingrad. Military historian
1770:
Andrey Tyurin, Vladimir Makarov et al. The fight between Lyublyanka and Abwehr – The "Monastery" radio game. Newspaper "Independence". 22-4-2005.
1119:
500:
1406:
believes that Operation Mars was the main Soviet offensive, while the narrative that it was merely intended to be a diversionary attack was
1108:. The offensive was one in a series of particularly bloody engagements that are collectively known in Soviet and Russian histories as the
371:
674:
1410:
circulated by the Soviet government to excuse its failure. He described the whole affair as the "greatest defeat of Marshal Zhukov".
834:
829:
493:
19:
This article is about the Soviet offensive operation in the Second World War. For the German offensive in the First World War, see
1226:
observers to adjust fire and observe the results. The northern thrust made little progress. The eastern attack across the frozen
544:
1865:
824:
1811:
812:
669:
534:
925:
635:
539:
1530:
1849:
895:
1830:
1754:
1632:
1086:
900:
790:
691:
396:
79:
57:
1750:
50:
880:
875:
645:
568:
1348:, which reduced the German forces that could be redirected against the more successful Soviet operations against
364:
1310:, recommended the Germans abandon the salient to economize on manpower and to assume more defensible positions.
1450:
951:
795:
401:
1720:
1032:
1022:
912:
664:
1230:
slowly ground forward. The two western thrusts made deeper penetrations, especially around the key town of
1210:
1167:
1070:(Russian: Вторая Ржевско-Сычёвская наступательная операция), was the codename for an offensive launched by
985:
740:
703:
608:
517:
437:
103:
1596:
Buttar, Prit. Meat Grinder: The Battles for the Rzhev Salient, 1942–43. Osprey Publishing, 2022, p. 369.
1434:
430:
1887:
1017:
979:
745:
357:
1737:Судоплатов, Павел Анатольевич. Спецоперации. Лубянка и Кремль 1930–1950 годы. — М.: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 1997.
1012:
620:
588:
563:
416:
24:
1314:
refused. His denial of a major withdrawal in the winter of 1941–1942 had ultimately stabilized the
1190:
1175:
1171:
931:
723:
44:
1369:
1271:
1186:
1128:
990:
807:
769:
757:
640:
625:
447:
20:
885:
858:
735:
578:
61:
1360:
863:
852:
603:
1870:
1736:
1395:
1353:
1328:
1303:
1194:
1179:
1097:
918:
800:
751:
557:
1307:
583:
268:
8:
995:
961:
906:
1769:
469:
1005:
966:
946:
941:
839:
614:
421:
1845:
1826:
1807:
1628:
1377:
1345:
1324:
1298:
1231:
1214:
1152:
890:
718:
442:
1871:
Operation "Mars" – The Second Offensive in Rzhev Vicinities. November–December 1942
1399:
1349:
1156:
1110:
1044:
1038:
1027:
1000:
936:
844:
697:
686:
659:
651:
630:
573:
381:
1694:
1724:
1403:
1373:
1357:
1206:
1049:
956:
818:
783:
708:
598:
245:
1680:
1585:
1425:
1262:
1202:
593:
1823:
Zhukov's Greatest Defeat: The Red Army's Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942
1881:
1534:
1466:
1429:
1291:
1287:
1247:
1163:
1105:
1101:
223:
1458:
1311:
1290:. The Germans were able to hit the flank of the Kalinin Front and trapped
1079:
1075:
1071:
713:
263:
257:
252:
240:
229:
218:
203:
188:
147:
143:
107:
1294:
MD Solomatin's Mechanized Corps for three days before they were relieved.
1315:
1238:
1730:
1465:
would occur in the central sector. Aside from Soviet intelligence, only
115:
1407:
1391:
234:
1286:"The Western Front failed to penetrate enemy defences," according to
729:
1250:
and the few German tanks, as well as in close combat with infantry.
1082:. It took place between 25 November and 20 December 1942 around the
1462:
1242:
1717:
1234:. Still, the progress was nowhere near what the Soviets expected.
349:
485:
1903:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
1438:
1227:
1198:
1123:
1090:
1332:
1144:
1115:
1083:
139:
1842:
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
1751:
Lyutmila Obchinikova. Secret activities at center of Moskva.
1446:
1237:
The German defenders fought stubbornly, clinging to their
1581:
1579:
1671:О провале операции пишут А. Исаев, В. Бешанов, Д. Гланц.
1641:
1368:
central sector. Their main efforts focused on Rzhev and
1566:
1564:
1718:
M. A. Гареев. Операция «Марс» и современные «марсиане»
1576:
1908:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
1699:
1898:
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
1599:
1561:
1473:reinforcements to this sector from other Fronts."
1653:
1525:
1523:
1879:
1893:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
1618:
1616:
1614:
1520:
1394:, preventing the Wehrmacht from relieving the
1066:(Russian: Операция «Марс»), also known as the
179:
1627:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. pp. 131–132.
1213:would then penetrate deeper into the rear of
501:
365:
23:. For the Portuguese military offensive, see
1554:
1552:
1839:
1611:
1331:was positioned in the southern area of the
1096:The offensive was a joint operation of the
1866:Counterpoint To Stalingrad: Operation Mars
1727:// Военно-исторический журнал № 10, 2003.]
508:
494:
372:
358:
1549:
1068:Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive Operation
194:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:1942 Soviet offensive during World War II
1825:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
1182:by 16 December and Bely by 20 December.
1138:
43:This article includes a list of general
1880:
1820:
1801:
1705:
1659:
1647:
1622:
1605:
1570:
1220:
489:
353:
1688:
1143:Soviet collective farmers hand over
29:
13:
1844:. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books.
379:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1919:
1859:
515:
584:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
262:
251:
239:
228:
217:
196:
181:
114:
34:
1777:
1763:
1744:
1711:
1674:
1665:
1134:
1590:
1451:Pavel Anatoliyevich Sudoplatov
1274:was put under great pressure.
130:25 November – 20 December 1942
1:
1795:
1625:Marshal of Victory, Volume II
1476:
1339:
1806:. New York: Back Bay Books.
1356:. About this matter, German
289:and 2 paratrooper divisions)
7:
1840:Krisvosheev, G. F. (1997).
1435:Makhmut Akhmetovich Gareyev
287:(with 13 infantry divisions
10:
1924:
1281:
163:Soviet operational failure
18:
1821:Glantz, David M. (1999).
1509:German: 40,000 casualties
1197:, would attack along the
525:
389:
305:
274:
210:
173:
122:
113:
101:
96:
25:Operation Mars (Portugal)
1513:
1469:knew about "Monastery".
337:40,000 combat casualties
1802:Beevor, Antony (2012).
1753:at official website of
1623:Zhukov, Georgy (1974).
1372:. Therefore, our three
1129:Soviet military history
318:145,301 wounded or sick
64:more precise citations.
21:German spring offensive
1422:
1388:
1258:
1148:
1114:, which occurred near
344:40,000-45,000 in total
295:3 motorized divisions)
211:Commanders and leaders
1412:
1385:Kurt von Tippelskirch
1365:
1361:Kurt von Tippelskirch
1253:
1193:Armies, supported by
1147:tanks to their crews.
1142:
306:Casualties and losses
1804:The Second World War
1398:or interfering with
1354:Battle of Stalingrad
1304:Generalfeldmarschall
1195:3rd Guards Tank Army
1178:armies were to take
1098:Soviet Western Front
316:70,373 irrecoverable
293:(5 panzer divisions,
1650:, pp. 370–371.
1221:Launch of offensive
1089:in the vicinity of
791:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
692:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
453:2nd Rzhev–Sychyovka
438:1st Rzhev–Sychyovka
1723:2010-04-01 at the
1433:Russian historian
1378:infantry divisions
1327:in July 1943, the
1325:offensive at Kursk
1149:
986:Western Carpathian
926:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
896:1st Jassy–Kishinev
881:Leningrad–Novgorod
876:Dnieper–Carpathian
280:702,923 personnel,
1888:Conflicts in 1942
1813:978-0-316-02375-7
1346:Army Group Center
1329:German Ninth Army
1308:Günther von Kluge
1299:Army Group Centre
1215:Army Group Centre
1153:German Ninth Army
1060:
1059:
483:
482:
348:
347:
269:Günther von Kluge
169:
168:
90:
89:
82:
1915:
1855:
1836:
1817:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1537:on 8 August 2011
1533:. Archived from
1527:
1420:
1400:Operation Uranus
1386:
1374:panzer divisions
1350:Army Group South
1265:
1111:Battles of Rzhev
1104:co-ordinated by
952:Petsamo–Kirkenes
830:Belgorod-Kharkov
796:Voronezh–Kharkov
520:
510:
503:
496:
487:
486:
470:2nd Rzhev–Vyazma
397:1st Rzhev–Vyazma
384:
374:
367:
360:
351:
350:
285:3 combined corps
267:
266:
256:
255:
244:
243:
233:
232:
222:
221:
206:
202:
200:
199:
191:
187:
185:
184:
159:German victory
124:
123:
118:
94:
93:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1878:
1877:
1862:
1852:
1833:
1814:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:Wayback Machine
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1503:
1502:235,000 wounded
1501:
1499:
1492:145,301 wounded
1491:
1489:
1479:
1421:
1419:David M. Glantz
1418:
1404:David M. Glantz
1387:
1384:
1358:Colonel General
1342:
1284:
1267:
1260:
1223:
1207:10th Tank Corps
1137:
1074:forces against
1061:
1056:
1050:Prague uprising
1033:Bratislava–Brno
1023:Moravia–Ostrava
913:Lvov–Sandomierz
741:Rzhev–Sychyovka
569:Białystok–Minsk
521:
516:
514:
484:
479:
417:Vyazma Airborne
385:
380:
378:
343:
338:
336:
328:
327:235,000 wounded
326:
324:
319:
317:
315:
301:~350,000 troops
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
288:
286:
281:
261:
260:
250:
246:Maksim Purkayev
238:
237:
227:
226:
216:
197:
195:
182:
180:
150:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1860:External links
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:978-1853672804
1850:
1837:
1831:
1818:
1812:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1762:
1743:
1729:
1710:
1708:, p. 370.
1698:
1687:
1673:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1610:
1608:, p. 369.
1598:
1589:
1575:
1573:, p. 308.
1560:
1548:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:100,000 killed
1493:
1478:
1475:
1416:
1382:
1341:
1338:
1283:
1280:
1263:Ilya Ehrenburg
1252:
1248:anti-tank guns
1222:
1219:
1168:Western Fronts
1136:
1133:
1078:forces during
1064:Operation Mars
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:East Pomerania
1010:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
975:
974:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
872:
871:
867:
866:
861:
856:
849:
848:
847:
837:
832:
827:
822:
815:
810:
805:
798:
793:
788:
780:
779:
775:
774:
767:
760:
755:
748:
743:
738:
733:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:Toropets–Kholm
701:
694:
689:
683:
682:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
553:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
531:
530:
526:
523:
522:
513:
512:
505:
498:
490:
481:
480:
478:
477:
461:
460:
450:
445:
440:
435:
428:
427:
426:
419:
414:
404:
390:
387:
386:
382:Rzhev campaign
377:
376:
369:
362:
354:
346:
345:
330:
325:100,000 killed
308:
307:
303:
302:
291:2 panzer corps
283:
277:
276:
272:
271:
248:
213:
212:
208:
207:
192:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
156:
152:
151:
138:
136:
132:
131:
128:
120:
119:
111:
110:
99:
98:
97:Operation Mars
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1920:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1832:0-7006-0944-X
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1634:9781781592915
1630:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1490:70,373 killed
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:Joseph Stalin
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:According to
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:Antony Beevor
1427:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1292:Major General
1289:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:3rd Tank Army
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:Rzhev salient
1154:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:Georgy Zhukov
1103:
1102:Kalinin Front
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:
977:
976:
972:
971:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:
850:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:
782:
781:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:Little Saturn
768:
766:
765:
761:
759:
758:Velikiye Luki
756:
754:
753:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
653:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:
555:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:Naval warfare
528:
527:
524:
519:
518:Eastern Front
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
491:
488:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
458:
454:
451:
449:
448:Velikiye Luki
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:
429:
425:
424:
420:
418:
415:
412:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
352:
341:
334:
331:
322:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:Total forces:
284:
279:
278:
273:
270:
265:
259:
254:
249:
247:
242:
236:
231:
225:
224:Georgy Zhukov
220:
215:
214:
209:
205:
193:
190:
178:
177:
172:
162:
161:
160:
157:
154:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
121:
117:
112:
109:
105:
104:Eastern Front
100:
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1875:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1787:(in Russian)
1779:
1773:(in Russian)
1765:
1759:(in Russian)
1757:. 18-1-2002
1746:
1740:(in Russian)
1732:
1713:
1701:
1690:
1684:(in Russian)
1676:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1624:
1601:
1592:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1495:
1485:
1471:
1459:double agent
1454:
1444:
1423:
1413:
1389:
1376:and several
1370:Velikye Luky
1366:
1343:
1321:
1312:Adolf Hitler
1302:
1296:
1285:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1239:strongpoints
1236:
1228:Vazuza river
1224:
1184:
1161:
1150:
1135:Soviet plans
1109:
1095:
1080:World War II
1067:
1063:
1062:
1037:
1018:Lake Balaton
1006:
991:East Prussia
980:Vistula–Oder
978:
924:
917:
905:
851:
840:2nd Smolensk
817:
801:
784:
770:
763:
762:
750:
728:
696:
675:Air war 1941
650:
613:
589:1st Smolensk
556:
545:Arctic Ocean
473:
463:
462:
456:
452:
431:
422:
410:
391:
339:
332:
320:
311:
258:Walter Model
189:Soviet Union
174:Belligerents
158:
148:Russian SFSR
144:Velikie Luki
108:World War II
102:Part of the
91:
76:
67:
48:
1706:Beevor 2012
1660:Glantz 1999
1648:Beevor 2012
1606:Beevor 2012
1571:Glantz 1999
1504:1,600 tanks
1363:commented:
1316:German Army
813:Gorky Blitz
808:3rd Kharkov
724:2nd Kharkov
626:1st Kharkov
621:Sea of Azov
329:1,600 tanks
297:1,615 tanks
282:1,718 tanks
62:introducing
1882:Categories
1796:References
1541:27 January
1477:Casualties
1428:historian
1408:propaganda
1396:Sixth Army
1392:Stalingrad
1340:Assessment
1272:Ninth Army
937:2nd Baltic
932:Dukla Pass
919:Doppelkopf
891:2nd Crimea
835:2nd Donbas
825:1st Donbas
802:Polar Star
752:Stalingrad
636:Sevastopol
631:1st Crimea
574:1st Baltic
558:Barbarossa
535:Baltic Sea
402:Sychyovsky
235:Ivan Konev
146:salients,
70:April 2009
45:references
1455:Монастырь
1437:, citing
962:Gumbinnen
907:Bagration
746:Sinyavino
730:Case Blue
615:Leningrad
540:Black Sea
333:Grossmann
1721:Archived
1482:Soviet:
1463:Red Army
1417:—
1383:—
1243:Red Army
1209:and the
1120:Sychevka
1007:Solstice
967:Budapest
957:Courland
947:Debrecen
942:Belgrade
864:2nd Kiev
736:Caucasus
709:Demyansk
670:Chechnya
604:1st Kiev
432:Seydlitz
423:Hannover
407:Mozhaysk
275:Strength
135:Location
1426:British
1352:in the
1282:Outcome
1180:Olenino
1164:Kalinin
1155:in the
1087:salient
1001:Breslau
996:Silesia
901:Karelia
853:Dnieper
719:Bamberg
660:Finland
609:Tallinn
443:Kozelsk
411:Jupiter
204:Germany
58:improve
1848:
1829:
1810:
1631:
1496:Glantz
1486:Isayev
1449:agent
1439:Stavka
1288:Zhukov
1199:Moscow
1124:Vyazma
1091:Moscow
1076:German
1072:Soviet
1045:Prague
1039:Berlin
1028:Vienna
845:Lenino
687:Lyuban
652:Moscow
641:Rostov
599:Odessa
474:Büffel
340:Buttar
321:Glantz
312:Isayev
201:
186:
155:Result
47:, but
1514:Notes
1232:Belyi
1145:KV-1S
1116:Rzhev
1084:Rzhev
886:Narva
859:Nevel
819:Kursk
785:Iskra
714:Kholm
698:Rzhev
665:Kerch
646:Gorky
579:Brody
564:Brest
140:Rzhev
1846:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1543:2013
1447:NKVD
1424:The
1333:Orel
1205:and
1191:33rd
1189:and
1176:22nd
1174:and
1172:39th
1166:and
1162:The
1122:and
1100:and
973:1945
870:1944
778:1943
764:Mars
681:1942
594:Uman
551:1941
464:1943
457:Mars
392:1942
142:and
127:Date
1755:FSB
1203:9th
1187:5th
106:of
1884::
1613:^
1578:^
1563:^
1551:^
1522:^
1301:,
1217:.
1131:.
1118:,
1093:.
1854:.
1835:.
1816:.
1662:.
1637:.
1545:.
1498::
1488::
1261:—
509:e
502:t
495:v
476:)
472:(
459:)
455:(
413:)
409:(
373:e
366:t
359:v
342::
335::
323::
314::
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
