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The operation started on 11 September 1946 in
Amsterdam, where Germans and their families were taken from their homes in the middle of the night and given one hour to collect fifty kilograms of luggage. They were allowed to take one hundred guilders. The rest of their possessions went to the state.
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The operation ended in 1948, and when the state of war with
Germany officially ended on 26 July 1951 the Germans were no longer regarded as state enemies.
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Bijdragen en
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documentary, published on it in his study of the postwar years
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de Lange, Ton (6 June 1945). "Tegen alles wat Duits was".
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camps near the German border, the biggest of which was
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