149:
115:
39:
134:
102:
393:
556:
450:
sink. The commandos attempted to swim out to the MTB, which by now had also been discovered and was under fire. Unable to locate it in the darkness, they were forced to swim back to the beach. Winter was fired on again when he reached the beach and was captured. He was taken to the German headquarters where he was put into a room with
Captain Lord Howard and Desgranges, who had also been captured.
428:. After reaching the shore they realised they were too close to some houses to leave their boat where it was. They dragged the boat 200 yards (180 m) east away from the houses and above the high water mark. Captain Lord Howard guarded the boat while the rest of the SSRF checked the area to ensure it was safe and they had not been observed landing.
507:), located an attempt by the enemy to land on a beach. Several men attempted to cross the beach while their disembarkation boat, attempting to return to sea, was hit and sunk. Those on the beach were killed or taken prisoner. All were members of the British army except one, a Frenchman officer of the
453:
The MTB had withdrawn out of range at about 01:30, but not before it had suffered engine damage; a bullet had disabled the starboard engine. After 10 minutes it moved back inshore hoping to pick up any survivors. It was again located by the
Germans at about 02:30. The MTB was forced to withdraw once
449:
boat had managed to get about 100 yards (91 m) out to sea when it was located and engaged by three machine gun posts above the beach. A gun emplacement to the west also starting firing towards them with heavier calibre guns. The combined fire from four positions damaged the boat, which began to
240:
had placed the German occupying forces on a high state of alert, and this ultimately contributed to
Aquatint's failure. The commandos were also unable to identify their correct landing place due to the darkness. Within minutes of landing, the raiding party was ambushed by a German patrol and forced
444:
boat. Captain Lord Howard, who had been left to guard the boat, was wounded trying to re-float the boat, and the others managed to get him aboard. The fight lasted for about 30 minutes. When the German patrol moved forward onto the beach, Lieutenant Hall tried to capture one of the
Germans but was
466:
Later on the morning of 13 September 1942 Winter and
Desgranges were ordered to collect the bodies of the men who had been killed on the beach. Of the 11 men who went ashore, three were killed: Major March-Phillips, Sergeant Williams, and Private Leonard; four were captured (the seriously wounded
383:
designs were being replaced by stronger designs with overhead cover to offer protection from air attack. The area of
Normandy targeted by Operation Aquatint had yet to receive any concrete gun emplacements but there was a network of coastal artillery batteries able to provide interlocking arcs of
595:
which called for the execution of all commandos upon capture. It was discovered after the war that Hayes had been betrayed to the
Germans, who were aware of all his movements from Normandy to the Spanish border. The persons believed responsible for Hayes' betrayal were never punished, as they
404:
The mission had previously been attempted over the night of 11/12 September 1942, but had to be cancelled after the MTB arrived off the coast of France. The raiding party had been unable to locate their target because of the dark and foggy conditions. On 12 September 1942, their MTB left
603:
Despite the results of the operation, the SOE and
Combined Operations Headquarters believed that the SSRF could still be of use, and ensured that it was not dissolved. Command of the unit was given to the newly promoted Major Appleyard. At the end of 1942, most of SSRF were moved to
245:(MTB) transport. The MTB was located and engaged by the German shore batteries, which damaged and broke one of its engines. It was forced to withdraw, leaving the commandos behind. At the end of the raid those commandos who had not been killed all became
431:
On their way back to the beach they sighted a German patrol of about seven or eight men coming from the direction of the houses so they took cover. They were discovered by the patrol's guard dog at about 00:50. The patrol opened fire on them with
608:
and absorbed into the 2nd
Special Air Service Regiment. Appleyard did not survive the war. He was returning from a Special Air Service mission when his plane was reported missing. It was the same day that Captain Hayes was executed in Paris.
528:, where he was joined three days later by Captain Burton, Hollings, and Orr. These three had managed to stay together when the boat was sunk, and were captured by a German parachute unit carrying out manoeuvres. Burton was sent to a
417:, they reached their intended position offshore just after midnight on 13 September 1942. Observing the coastline, in the dark they incorrectly identified a valley which they believed was St Honorine, but was actually
899:
877:
921:
295:. The mission was to collect information about the surrounding area, and take a German guard prisoner. Aerial reconnaissance had identified a small group of houses on the seafront thought to be occupied by Germans.
333:
591:
for nine months before being executed by firing squad on 13 July 1943. Hayes had landed in uniform and should have been considered a prisoner of war, but he was executed following the issue of the
1210:
474:
for interrogation. At the time, the
Germans were unaware that four commandos—Captain Burton, Privates Hollings and Orr, and Captain Hayes—had managed to evade capture and made it off the beach.
583:
border, arriving in October 1942. After crossing into Spain he was stopped by Spanish border guards who handed him over to the Germans. Hayes was returned to Paris and imprisoned in
548:
officer escaped from the camp in April 1945, disguised as French soldiers. Desgranges was also able to escape from captivity, travelling via Spain to Britain, where he joined the
421:, about one mile to the right of their intended target. At around 00:20 hours the landing party headed toward the beach in a small collapsible flat bottomed boat known as a
1203:
1219:
1196:
544:. The fate of Hollings and Orr has never been established. However Orr aka Opoczynski, a Jewish soldier, has a war grave at Durnbach dated 9/4/45. Winter and a
517:
The bodies of the dead were buried in the St-Laurent-sur-Mer cemetery on 15 September 1942. The funeral was only attended by the local German and the French
470:
Later on 13 September 1942 Captain Lord Howard and Lieutenant Hall were hospitalised because of their injuries, while Winter and Desgranges were taken to
352:
Jan Hollings (Jan Hellings) from the Netherlands, Private Adam Orr (Abraham Opoczynski) from Poland, Private Richard Leonard (Richard Lehniger) a Jewish
371:
in August 1942 had changed the German fortification plans; the success of the German defences in repelling the raid reinforced the importance of the
280:
454:
again under increasingly heavy mortar and machine gun fire. Unable to locate any survivors, it recrossed the German minefield and arrived back in
298:
The size of the SSRF landing party was limited to how many could be carried aboard a Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB), and comprised five officers, one
271:, also known as the Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF), mounted a number of operations in 1942. The first three missions were complete successes:
1952:
379:
had now started to reinforce gun emplacements with infantry strong points along the French coastline. The older gun emplacements based on
1919:
567:. He managed to evade capture and made contact with a local French family who provided him with civilian clothing and contacted the
249:. Only five of the raiding force would survive the war; one was killed in captivity and the fate of the other two is uncertain.
1957:
1084:
1061:
1039:
660:, MTB 344 was built in 1942. She was capable of 40 knots and was 60 feet (18 m) in length. Armament consisted of two
1497:
179:
328:, would remain on board the MTB due to an injury acquired on a previous mission. The other men on the raid were Captain
1637:
1504:
1178:
1159:
1129:
1103:
1448:
1251:
258:
483:
During the night of 12/13 September 1942, British soldiers attempted to land on the channel coast, to the east of
1777:
521:
commanders. To prevent anyone else from attending, the Germans had a machine gun set up covering the cemetery.
283:(7/8 September 1942). Aquatint was planned for a night in mid September 1942 as a reconnaissance mission near
1854:
563:
Captain Hayes, unable to reach the MTB, had started swimming away from the shooting, and came ashore beside
1899:
1644:
631:
549:
753:
467:
pair Captain Lord Howard and Lieutenant Hall, with Winter and Desgranges); and four others had escaped.
445:
himself hit over the head and captured. The SSRF left him behind, presuming he was dead. The men in the
1942:
1415:
284:
66:
30:
1623:
487:. Their presence was immediately detected by the German defences, opening fire and sinking a boat.
303:
1947:
1721:
1188:
661:
1441:
341:
1880:
1658:
1300:
1151:
1031:
418:
1826:
1791:
1630:
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1244:
1230:
588:
8:
1866:
1840:
1798:
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1384:
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1307:
1237:
758:
665:
545:
504:
318:
272:
138:
1873:
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1125:
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1080:
1076:
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1054:
Wartime Courage: Stories of Extraordinary Courage by Ordinary People in World War Two
1035:
568:
499:
During the night of 12/13 September, guards of the coast defences to the east of the
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264:
214:
164:
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at about 22:00. Moving at a reduced speed to avoid detection and avoid the offshore
1805:
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fire. German infantry carried out foot patrols in the areas between the batteries.
307:
246:
222:
141:
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for further questioning, after which Winter was sent to a prisoner of war camp at
1819:
1812:
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1525:
1518:
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1469:
1279:
1139:
1113:
529:
380:
299:
276:
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230:
218:
38:
440:. The SSRF managed to disperse the German patrol with return fire and reach the
1609:
592:
584:
580:
349:
322:
288:
133:
107:
1936:
1693:
1117:
372:
357:
630:
The Small Scale Raiding Force was normally under operational control of the
1049:
597:
437:
422:
329:
315:
148:
119:
114:
1686:
1391:
644:
518:
508:
433:
368:
353:
311:
237:
226:
225:. The raid was undertaken in September 1942 on part of what later became
169:
43:
555:
392:
669:
455:
414:
406:
337:
541:
533:
484:
500:
410:
345:
292:
210:
70:
1218:
605:
572:
537:
261:
525:
74:
576:
236:
Prior to the operation, a raid on the French coastal town of
471:
1073:
The Second World War, Vol. 6: Northwest Europe 1944–1945
532:
camp in Germany, Winter, Hollings and Orr were taken to
477:
On 14 September 1942, the Germans issued a communiqué:
943:
941:
939:
1143:
672:. The normal crew complement was six or seven men.
1146:D-Day: The Greatest Invasion – A People's History
1122:Clandestine Sea Operations to Brittany: 1940–1944
936:
524:After 10 days of questioning Winter was taken to
1934:
824:
822:
493:A second communiqué on 15 September 1942 read:
233:, also known as the Small Scale Raiding Force.
1220:British Commando raids of the Second World War
596:convinced the authorities they were acting as
579:. Hayes was moved along an escape line to the
321:, would lead the raid. His second in command,
1204:
1168:
819:
1112:
643:This area later became known as Dog sector,
396:British Commandos marching past a collapsed
16:1942 Second World War British raid in France
1920:List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall
1138:
400:boat of the type used in Operation Aquatint
1211:
1197:
1093:
1169:Zaloga, Steven J; Johnson, Hugh (2005).
959:
957:
955:
953:
854:
852:
850:
848:
838:
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834:
812:
810:
808:
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554:
391:
971:
969:
721:
719:
709:
707:
267:for probes of German coastal defences,
1935:
1025:
1192:
1056:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
1048:
950:
845:
831:
801:
1070:
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704:
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1953:World War II British Commando raids
409:at 20:12 and reached the coast off
314:forces. The commander of the SSRF,
13:
14:
1969:
1171:D-Day Fortifications in Normandy
575:and after several weeks reached
147:
132:
113:
100:
37:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
924:. Commando Veterans Association
914:
902:. Commando Veterans Association
892:
880:. Commando Veterans Association
878:"CWGC headstone March-Phillips"
870:
861:
792:
783:
774:
650:
332:, Captain John Burton, Captain
746:
737:
728:
686:
637:
624:
571:. Hayes was taken by train to
1:
1173:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1124:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
1018:
257:Following a request from the
252:
1958:Military history of Normandy
632:Special Operations Executive
550:Special Operations Executive
461:
287:, a small coastal town near
279:, (2/3 September 1942), and
259:Chief of Combined Operations
7:
1094:Messenger, Charles (1985).
10:
1974:
285:Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes
67:Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes
31:North West Europe Campaign
1910:
1226:
900:"CWGC headstone Williams"
754:"Obituary;Freddie Bourne"
662:British 18 inch torpedoes
387:
356:from Czechoslovakia, and
197:5 captured and 4 survived
185:
157:
125:
93:
49:
36:
28:
23:
1096:The Commandos: 1940–1946
1011:Binney, pp.167–168
1002:Binney, pp.168–170
922:"CWGC headstone Leonard"
798:Binney, pp.153–154
780:Richards and Foot, p.142
612:
360:Andre Desgranges of the
348:Allen Michael Williams,
304:non-commissioned officer
1026:Binney, Marcus (2006).
789:Zaloga and Johnson, p.7
536:and handed over to the
180:320th Infantry Division
1071:Hart, Russell (2003).
1032:Hodder & Stoughton
762:. London. 5 March 2002
560:
401:
342:Company Sergeant Major
310:, and a member of the
241:to try to reach their
126:Commanders and leaders
1152:Bloomsbury Publishing
559:Marker on Omaha Beach
558:
419:Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer
395:
319:'Gus' March-Phillipps
275:(14/15 August 1942),
213:for a failed raid by
193:2 killed in captivity
186:Casualties and losses
666:Vickers machine guns
589:solitary confinement
57:12–13 September 1942
759:The Daily Telegraph
546:Special Air Service
505:Cherbourg peninsula
334:Lord Francis Howard
273:Operation Barricade
139:Gus March-Phillipps
1098:. London: Kimber.
734:van der Vat, p.100
565:Asnieres-en-Bessin
561:
402:
362:Free French Forces
326:Geoffrey Appleyard
243:Motor Torpedo Boat
207:Operation Aquatint
191:3 killed in action
175:Motor Torpedo Boat
24:Operation Aquatint
1943:Conflicts in 1942
1928:
1927:
1915:British Commandos
1086:978-0-415-96850-8
1077:Osprey Publishing
1063:978-0-7475-9607-3
1041:978-0-340-82910-3
1028:Secret War Heroes
947:Messenger, p. 156
867:Messenger, p. 155
587:. He was kept in
569:French resistance
515:
514:
491:
490:
377:Organization Todt
265:Louis Mountbatten
215:British Commandos
204:
203:
165:British Commandos
89:
88:
1965:
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1199:
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1140:van der Vat, Dan
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1114:Richards, Brooks
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223:Second World War
217:on the coast of
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530:prisoner of war
509:Gaullist forces
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390:
381:First World War
344:Thomas Winter,
300:warrant officer
281:Operation Pound
277:Operation Dryad
269:No. 62 Commando
255:
231:No. 62 Commando
219:occupied France
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656:Nicknamed the
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593:Commando Order
585:Fresnes prison
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389:
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354:Sudeten German
340:Anthony Hall,
289:Port en Bessin
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195:2 fate unknown
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170:Free Frenchman
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144:
128:
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108:United Kingdom
96:
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85:German victory
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1180:1-84176-876-6
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1161:1-58234-314-4
1157:
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1131:0-7146-5316-0
1127:
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1105:0-7183-0553-1
1101:
1097:
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1051:
1050:Brown, Gordon
1047:
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999:
993:Binney, p.162
990:
984:Binney, p.160
981:
972:
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963:Binney, p.159
960:
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858:Binney, p.156
855:
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842:Binney, p.158
839:
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828:Binney, p.161
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725:Binney, p.153
722:
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710:
708:
701:Binney, p.151
698:
692:Chappel, p.48
689:
685:
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659:
658:Little Pisser
653:
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627:
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598:double agents
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438:hand grenades
435:
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373:Atlantic wall
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32:
27:
22:
19:
1930:
1900:
1895:Twin Pimples
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1855:Sidi Haneish
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
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1456:
1449:
1443:Cold Comfort
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1416:Litani River
1409:
1402:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
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1121:
1095:
1072:
1053:
1027:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
926:. Retrieved
916:
904:. Retrieved
894:
882:. Retrieved
872:
863:
794:
785:
776:
764:. Retrieved
757:
748:
739:
730:
697:
688:
657:
652:
639:
626:
602:
562:
523:
516:
492:
476:
469:
465:
452:
446:
441:
434:machine guns
430:
423:
403:
397:
366:
330:Graham Hayes
297:
256:
235:
206:
205:
120:Nazi Germany
94:Belligerents
18:
1882:Thistledown
1660:Houndsworth
1302:Abercrombie
1118:Foot, M R D
975:Brown, p.62
928:17 December
906:17 December
884:17 December
645:Omaha beach
519:Gendarmarie
415:mine fields
369:Dieppe raid
312:Free French
308:other ranks
227:Omaha Beach
221:during the
44:Omaha beach
1937:Categories
1828:Roundabout
1793:Postmaster
1632:Gunnerside
1583:Fahrenheit
1246:Ambassador
1232:Abstention
1150:. London:
1075:. Oxford:
1030:. London:
1019:References
743:Hart, p.29
670:Lewis guns
458:at 10:00.
456:Portsmouth
407:Portsmouth
338:Lieutenant
253:Background
1868:Speedwell
1842:Saxifrage
1800:Partridge
1751:Narcissus
1737:Musketoon
1674:Infatuate
1667:Huckaback
1513:Driftwood
1499:Checkmate
1422:Candytuft
1386:Barricade
1372:Bulbasket
1309:Acid Drop
1239:Agreement
680:Citations
618:Footnotes
542:Memmingen
534:Frankfurt
485:Cherbourg
462:Aftermath
1875:Tarbrush
1744:Myrmidon
1709:Keystone
1653:Hawthorn
1639:Hardtack
1618:Gauntlet
1576:Freshman
1569:Frankton
1555:Exporter
1541:Deep Cut
1485:Crackers
1457:Colossus
1436:Claymore
1429:Chestnut
1410:Branford
1397:Hill 170
1323:Astrakan
1267:Aquatint
1142:(2003).
1120:(2002).
1052:(2008).
501:Cotentin
411:Barfleur
346:Sergeant
306:, three
293:Normandy
211:codename
209:was the
158:Strength
71:Normandy
62:Location
29:Part of
1901:Wallace
1889:Tombola
1861:Sunstar
1849:Savanna
1835:Rumford
1786:Opossum
1730:Manacle
1688:Jubilee
1681:Jaywick
1604:Foxrock
1597:Farrier
1562:Flipper
1534:Dunhill
1506:Chopper
1471:Chariot
1464:Cartoon
1403:Bristle
1365:Begonia
1316:Albumen
1295:Archway
1288:Amherst
1260:Archery
606:Algeria
581:Spanish
573:Lisieux
552:(SOE).
538:Gestapo
447:Goatley
442:Goatley
424:Goatley
398:Goatley
350:Private
323:Captain
262:Admiral
200:Unknown
1807:Pistol
1772:Nicety
1765:Newton
1758:Nelson
1716:Loyton
1702:Kitbag
1625:Grouse
1590:Forfar
1478:Canuck
1450:Collar
1392:Bardia
1379:Brandy
1358:Batman
1351:Bigamy
1344:Biting
1337:Basalt
1330:Baobab
1274:Aflame
1253:Anklet
1177:
1158:
1128:
1102:
1083:
1060:
1038:
766:3 June
668:, and
664:, two
526:Rennes
388:Battle
375:. The
358:Maître
238:Dieppe
105:
82:Result
75:France
1821:Roast
1814:Rimau
1723:Maple
1646:Hardy
1548:Devon
1527:Defoe
1520:Dryad
1492:Chess
1281:Anglo
613:Notes
577:Paris
316:Major
1779:Noah
1611:Gaff
1175:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1036:ISBN
930:2012
908:2012
886:2012
768:2010
472:Caen
436:and
426:boat
367:The
54:Date
1695:J V
291:in
229:by
163:10
1939::
1154:.
1116:;
1079:.
1034:.
968:^
952:^
938:^
847:^
833:^
821:^
803:^
756:.
718:^
706:^
600:.
511:.
364:.
336:,
173:1
168:1
73:,
69:,
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1183:.
1164:.
1134:.
1108:.
1089:.
1066:.
1044:.
932:.
910:.
888:.
770:.
647:.
634:.
503:(
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