17:
40:), which is used as an opacifier in paints, in paper, and in plastics. It has very high refraction index (rutile modification 2.7 and anatase modification 2.55) and optimum refraction is obtained with crystals about 225 nanometers. Impurities in the crystal alter the optical properties. It is also used to opacify
169:" may be added to the propellant mixture to ensure the heat does not penetrate far below the surface of the grain, which could cause detonation. The opacifiers also prevent sub-surface overheating and localized premature ignition in the grains where imperfections absorbing the thermal radiation are present.
99:; the color is paler than the lead antimonate one. Later calcium and sodium phosphates became used; bone ash contains calcium phosphate in a high proportion. Calcium fluoride was also used, especially in China.
67:
Ancient milk glasses used crystals of calcium antimonate, formed in the melt from calcium present in the glass and an antimony additive. Opaque yellow glasses contained crystals of
76:
59:(RI) substantially different from the system. Conversely, clarity may be achieved in a system by choosing components with very similar refractive indices.
110:
crystals can be precipitated. Fluorides of aluminium, calcium, barium, and magnesium can be used with suitable heat treatment. Tin oxide can be used, but
68:
137:
In context of x-rays, opacifiers are additives with high absorption of x-rays; typically these are particles or compounds of lead, barium (often
96:
118:
give better results; for titania, the appropriate resulting particle size is between submicron to 20 Ξm. Another desirable opacifier is
165:, the primary method of heat transfer into the propellant grain from the combustion process is by radiation, and opacifiers such as "
141:), tungsten, or other high atomic weight elements. Sometimes opacifiers are added to medical implants to make them visible under
324:
297:
270:
75:
mineral may have been used as the additive. Under oxidizing condition, lead also forms incompletely dissolved
359:
364:
158:
314:
287:
211:
8:
215:
202:
Karvinen, S. (2003). "The effects of trace elements on the crystal properties of TiO2".
223:
320:
293:
266:
91:). From 2nd century BC tin oxide appears in use as opacifier, likely in the form of
219:
162:
126:
115:
56:
33:
29:
125:
Opacifiers must also form small particles in the system. Opacifiers are generally
289:
The
Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials
236:
182:
138:
16:
353:
262:
178:
41:
170:
92:
72:
166:
119:
45:
28:
is a substance added to a material in order to make the ensuing system
149:
which are often unrecognizable in the body when viewed using X-rays.
103:
174:
111:
49:
146:
173:
is commonly used for this purpose; other possible additives are
237:
Tin Oxide ( SnO2 ) Stannic Oxide â Properties and
Applications
258:
142:
107:
185:, etc. in amounts ranging commonly between 0.1 and 0.5%.
145:
imaging. This is especially true in the case of most
102:
For dental ceramics, several approaches are in use.
316:
Glasses and Glass
Ceramics for Medical Applications
313:El-Meliegy, Emad; Noort, Richard van (2011-12-02).
255:Materials Science and Engineering: A First Course
351:
312:
341:Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items
95:mineral. Opaque yellow can be produced as
319:. Springer Science & Business Media.
285:
252:
201:
32:. An example of a chemical opacifier is
15:
352:
152:
20:Tablet with opaque blister packaging
132:
13:
14:
376:
286:Henderson, Julian (2013-04-15).
333:
306:
279:
246:
230:
195:
1:
224:10.1016/S1293-2558(03)00082-7
188:
7:
10:
381:
62:
159:solid rocket propellants
241:The A to Z of Materials
55:Opacifiers must have a
21:
253:Raghavan, V. (2004).
161:and some translucent
19:
204:Solid State Sciences
216:2003SSSci...5..811K
77:lead pyroantimonate
360:Physical chemistry
153:Rocket propellants
22:
365:Materials science
163:smokeless powders
372:
344:
337:
331:
330:
310:
304:
303:
283:
277:
276:
250:
244:
234:
228:
227:
199:
133:X-ray opacifiers
57:refractive index
34:titanium dioxide
380:
379:
375:
374:
373:
371:
370:
369:
350:
349:
348:
347:
338:
334:
327:
311:
307:
300:
284:
280:
273:
251:
247:
235:
231:
200:
196:
191:
155:
135:
90:
86:
82:
69:lead antimonate
65:
39:
12:
11:
5:
378:
368:
367:
362:
346:
345:
332:
325:
305:
298:
278:
271:
245:
229:
210:(5): 811â819.
193:
192:
190:
187:
183:methylene blue
154:
151:
139:barium sulfate
134:
131:
88:
84:
80:
64:
61:
52:is also used.
42:ceramic glazes
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
377:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
355:
342:
336:
328:
326:9781461412281
322:
318:
317:
309:
301:
299:9781135953171
295:
292:. Routledge.
291:
290:
282:
274:
272:81-203-2455-2
268:
264:
263:Prentice Hall
260:
256:
249:
242:
238:
233:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
198:
194:
186:
184:
180:
179:Prussian blue
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
150:
148:
144:
140:
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
97:lead stannate
94:
78:
74:
70:
60:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
35:
31:
27:
18:
340:
335:
315:
308:
288:
281:
254:
248:
240:
232:
207:
203:
197:
171:Carbon black
156:
136:
124:
101:
66:
54:
25:
23:
93:cassiterite
73:bindheimite
354:Categories
189:References
167:lamp black
120:zinc oxide
46:milk glass
339:US Army.
104:Spodumene
26:opacifier
175:nigrosin
147:polymers
112:zirconia
50:bone ash
343:, vol.8
212:Bibcode
116:titania
63:Glasses
323:
296:
269:
30:opaque
259:India
143:X-ray
127:inert
321:ISBN
294:ISBN
267:ISBN
114:and
108:mica
44:and
36:(TiO
220:doi
157:In
106:or
79:(Pb
24:An
356::
265:.
261::
257:.
239:,
218:.
206:.
181:,
177:,
129:.
122:.
83:Sb
71:;
48:;
329:.
302:.
275:.
243:.
226:.
222::
214::
208:5
89:7
87:O
85:2
81:2
38:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
