Zinc oxide - Knowledge

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production of ceramics. ZnO affects the melting point and optical properties of the glazes, enamels, and ceramic formulations. Zinc oxide as a low expansion, secondary flux improves the elasticity of glazes by reducing the change in viscosity as a function of temperature and helps prevent crazing and shivering. By substituting ZnO for BaO and PbO, the heat capacity is decreased and the thermal conductivity is increased. Zinc in small amounts improves the development of glossy and brilliant surfaces. However, in moderate to high amounts, it produces matte and crystalline surfaces. With regard to color, zinc has a complicated influence.

1505: 348: 197: 1970:, the latter providing the basic environment. Certain additives, such as polyethylene glycol or polyethylenimine, can improve the aspect ratio of the ZnO nanowires. Doping of the ZnO nanowires has been achieved by adding other metal nitrates to the growth solution. The morphology of the resulting nanostructures can be tuned by changing the parameters relating to the precursor composition (such as the zinc concentration and pH) or to the thermal treatment (such as the temperature and heating rate). 844: 919: 1497: 1863: 2566: 2554: 1817:

particles are transported into a cooling duct and collected in a bag house. This indirect method was popularized by Edme Jean LeClaire of Paris in 1844 and therefore is commonly known as the French process. Its product normally consists of agglomerated zinc oxide particles with an average size of 0.1 to a few micrometers. By weight, most of the world's zinc oxide is manufactured via French process.

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air, it is non-toxic and more economical. Because zinc white is so "clean" it is valuable for making tints with other colors, but it makes a rather brittle dry film when unmixed with other colors. For example, during the late 1890s and early 1900s, some artists used zinc white as a ground for their oil paintings. These paintings developed cracks over time.

924: 2451:~10 Ω·cm). ZnO:Al coatings are used for energy-saving or heat-protecting windows. The coating lets the visible part of the spectrum in but either reflects the infrared (IR) radiation back into the room (energy saving) or does not let the IR radiation into the room (heat protection), depending on which side of the window has the coating. 2593:, which has a similar band gap (~3.4 eV at room temperature). Compared to GaN, ZnO has a larger exciton binding energy (~60 meV, 2.4 times of the room-temperature thermal energy), which results in bright room-temperature emission from ZnO. ZnO can be combined with GaN for LED-applications. For instance, a 1288:) as early as 200 BC by a cementation process where copper was reacted with zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is thought to have been produced by heating zinc ore in a shaft furnace. This liberated metallic zinc as a vapor, which then ascended the flue and condensed as the oxide. This process was described by 1769:

Current limitations to p-doping limit electronic and optoelectronic applications of ZnO, which usually require junctions of n-type and p-type material. Known p-type dopants include group-I elements Li, Na, K; group-V elements N, P and As; as well as copper and silver. However, many of these form deep

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is typically the origin of n-type character, but the subject remains controversial. An alternative explanation has been proposed, based on theoretical calculations, that unintentional substitutional hydrogen impurities are responsible. Controllable n-type doping is easily achieved by substituting Zn

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Many sunscreens use nanoparticles of zinc oxide (along with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide) because such small particles do not scatter light and therefore do not appear white. The nanoparticles are not absorbed into the skin more than regular-sized zinc oxide particles are and are only absorbed

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Ceramic industry consumes a significant amount of zinc oxide, in particular in ceramic glaze and frit compositions. The relatively high heat capacity, thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of ZnO coupled with a comparatively low coefficient of expansion are desirable properties in the

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of ZnO. Because of the polar Zn−O bonds, zinc and oxygen planes are electrically charged. To maintain electrical neutrality, those planes reconstruct at atomic level in most relative materials, but not in ZnO – its surfaces are atomically flat, stable and exhibit no reconstruction. However, studies

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in Paris was producing the oil paint on a large scale, and by 1850, zinc white was being manufactured throughout Europe. The success of zinc white paint was due to its advantages over the traditional white lead: zinc white is essentially permanent in sunlight, it is not blackened by sulfur-bearing

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In the indirect or French process, metallic zinc is melted in a graphite crucible and vaporized at temperatures above 907 °C (typically around 1000 °C). Zinc vapor reacts with the oxygen in the air to give ZnO, accompanied by a drop in its temperature and bright luminescence. Zinc oxide

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Paints containing zinc oxide powder have long been utilized as anticorrosive coatings for metals. They are especially effective for galvanized iron. Iron is difficult to protect because its reactivity with organic coatings leads to brittleness and lack of adhesion. Zinc oxide paints retain their

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reported producing an electricity generating device (called flexible charge pump generator) delivering alternating current by stretching and releasing zinc oxide nanowires. This mini-generator creates an oscillating voltage up to 45 millivolts, converting close to seven percent of the applied

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layer and ZnO nanostructures provide better light outcoupling. Other properties of ZnO favorable for electronic applications include its stability to high-energy radiation and its ability to be patterned by wet chemical etching. Radiation resistance makes ZnO a suitable candidate for space

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From the 12th to the 16th century zinc and zinc oxide were recognized and produced in India using a primitive form of the direct synthesis process. From India, zinc manufacturing moved to China in the 17th century. In 1743, the first European zinc smelter was established in

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because it is cheap, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly. ZnO has a higher theoretical capacity (978 mAh g) than many other transition metal oxides such as CoO (715 mAh g), NiO (718 mAh g) and CuO (674 mAh g). ZnO is also used as an electrode in supercapacitors.

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What are the active Ingredients in Sunscreen – Physical Ingredients:"The physical compounds titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect, scatter, and absorb both UVA and UVB rays." A table lists them as providing extensive physical protection against UVA and

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Zinc oxide itself is non-toxic; it is hazardous, however, to inhale high concentrations of zinc oxide fumes, such as those generated when zinc or zinc alloys are melted and oxidized at high temperature. This problem occurs while melting alloys containing

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The main usage of zinc oxide (zinc white) was in paints and as an additive to ointments. Zinc white was accepted as a pigment in oil paintings by 1834 but it did not mix well with oil. This problem was solved by optimizing the synthesis of ZnO. In 1845,

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The applications of zinc oxide powder are numerous, and the principal ones are summarized below. Most applications exploit the reactivity of the oxide as a precursor to other zinc compounds. For material science applications, zinc oxide has high

2364:. It is also used in coatings for paper. Chinese white is a special grade of zinc white used in artists' pigments. The use of zinc white as a pigment in oil painting started in the middle of 18th century. It has partly replaced the poisonous 1916:

Ordinary white powdered zinc oxide can be produced in the laboratory by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate with a zinc anode. Zinc hydroxide and hydrogen gas are produced. The zinc hydroxide upon heating decomposes to zinc oxide:

2022:, high thermal conductivity, binding, antibacterial and UV-protection properties. Consequently, it is added into materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesive, sealants, 4519:

Elen K, Van den Rul H, Hardy A, Van Bael MK, D'Haen J, Peeters R, et al. (February 2009). "Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods: a statistical determination of the significant parameters in view of reducing the diameter".

1529:. The wurtzite structure is most stable at ambient conditions and thus most common. The zincblende form can be stabilized by growing ZnO on substrates with cubic lattice structure. In both cases, the zinc and oxide centers are 2631:(TTFT) can be produced with ZnO. As field-effect transistors, they do not need a p–n junction, thus avoiding the p-type doping problem of ZnO. Some of the field-effect transistors even use ZnO nanorods as conducting channels. 5240:

Harper, D. Scott; Mueller, Laura J.; Fine, James B.; Gordon, Jeffrey; Laster, Larry L. (June 1990). "Clinical Efficacy of a Dentifrice and Oral Rinse Containing Sanguinaria Extract and Zinc Chloride During 6 Months of Use".

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to produce zinc vapor, which is then oxidized as in the indirect process. Because of the lower purity of the source material, the final product is also of lower quality in the direct process as compared to the indirect one.

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ZnO is added to cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to ZnO and is observed for other materials, such as

1603:(ZnO) with the corresponding radii of 0.074 nm for Zn and 0.140 nm for O. This property accounts for the preferential formation of wurtzite rather than zinc blende structure, as well as the strong 852: 1724:. Due to this large band gap, there have been efforts to create visibly transparent solar cells utilising ZnO as a light absorbing layer. However, these solar cells have so far proven highly inefficient. 6037:

Moustaghfir A, Tomasella E, Rivaton A, Mailhot B, Jacquet M, Gardette JL, Cellier J (2004). "Sputtered zinc oxide coatings: structural study and application to the photoprotection of the polycarbonate".

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in basic environments. Pre-seeding substrates with ZnO creates sites for homogeneous nucleation of ZnO crystal during the synthesis. Common pre-seeding methods include in-situ thermal decomposition of

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In sunscreen formulations that combined zinc oxide with small-molecule UV absorbers, UV light caused photodegradation of the small-molecule asorbers and toxicity in embryonic zebrafish assays.

824: 1363:, changing from white to yellow when heated in air and reverting to white on cooling. This color change is caused by a small loss of oxygen to the environment at high temperatures to form the 5205:

Steenberghe, Daniel Van; Avontroodt, Pieter; Peeters, Wouter; Pauwels, Martine; Coucke, Wim; Lijnen, An; Quirynen, Marc (September 2001). "Effect of Different Mouthrinses on Morning Breath".

5971:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information (2006). Retrieved 17 October 2009. JPL scientists developed UV-protective sunglasses using dyes and "zinc oxide, which absorbs ultraviolet light" 2711:

mechanical energy into electricity. Researchers used wires with lengths of 0.2–0.3 mm and diameters of three to five micrometers, but the device could be scaled down to smaller size.

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to provide a large surface area for interaction with gasses. The sensors are made selective for specific gasses by doping or surface-attaching materials such as catalytic noble metals.

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doping of ZnO remains difficult. This problem originates from low solubility of p-type dopants and their compensation by abundant n-type impurities. This problem is observed with

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using wurtzoid structures explained the origin of surface flatness and the absence of reconstruction at ZnO wurtzite surfaces in addition to the origin of charges on ZnO planes.

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Numerous specialised methods exist for producing ZnO for scientific studies and niche applications. These methods can be classified by the resulting ZnO form (bulk, thin film,

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of ZnO, growth from the melt is problematic. Growth by gas transport is difficult to control, leaving the hydrothermal method as a preference. Thin films can be produced by

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Battez AH, González R, Viesca JL, Fernández JE, Fernández JD, Machado A, Chou R, Riba J (2008). "CuO, ZrO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as antiwear additive in oil lubricants".

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Sirelkhatim, Amna; Mahmud, Shahrom; Seeni, Azman; Kaus, Noor Haida Mohamad; Ann, Ling Chuo; Bakhori, Siti Khadijah Mohd; Hasan, Habsah; Mohamad, Dasmawati (July 2015).

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of ZnO strongly varies with temperature and has a maximum of ~2000 cm/(V·s) at 80 K. Data on hole mobility are scarce with values in the range 5–30 cm/(V·s).

1958:, tetrapods, nanobelts, nanoflowers, nanoparticles, etc. Nanostructures can be obtained with most above-mentioned techniques, at certain conditions, and also with the 925: 2193:

gases and volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the mouth. Along with zinc oxide or zinc salts, these products also commonly contain other active ingredients, such as

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Bakin A, El-Shaer A, Mofor AC, Al-Suleiman M, Schlenker E, Waag A (2007). "ZnMgO-ZnO quantum wells embedded in ZnO nanopillars: Towards realisation of nano-LEDs".

5591: 2589:(LEDs). Moreover, ultrafast nonlinearities and photoconductive functions have been reported in ZnO. Some optoelectronic applications of ZnO overlap with that of 933: 4633:

Greene LE, Law M, Tan DH, Montano M, Goldberger J, Somorjai G, Yang P (July 2005). "General route to vertical ZnO nanowire arrays using textured ZnO seeds".

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Early humans probably used zinc compounds in processed and unprocessed forms, as paint or medicinal ointment, but their composition is uncertain. The use of

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Nomura K, Ohta H, Ueda K, Kamiya T, Hirano M, Hosono H (May 2003). "Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor".

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Hua G (2008). "Fabrication of ZnO nanowire arrays by cycle growth in surfactantless aqueous solution and their applications on dye-sensitized solar cells".

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Ohgaki T, Ohashi N, Sugimura S, Ryoken H, Sakaguchi I, Adachi Y, Haneda H (2008). "Positive Hall coefficients obtained from contact misplacement on evident

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because the melting point of brass is close to the boiling point of zinc. Inhalation of zinc oxide, which may occur when welding galvanized (zinc-plated)

7416: 3458: 2458:(PEN), can be protected by applying zinc oxide coating. The coating reduces the diffusion of oxygen through PEN. Zinc oxide layers can also be used on 1642:

Among the tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors, it has been stated that ZnO has the highest piezoelectric tensor, or at least one comparable to that of

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Greene LE, Law M, Goldberger J, Kim F, Johnson JC, Zhang Y, et al. (July 2003). "Low-temperature wafer-scale production of ZnO nanowire arrays".

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Millot M, Tena-Zaera R, Munoz-Sanjose V, Broto JM, Gonzalez J (2010). "Anharmonic effects in ZnO optical phonons probed by Raman spectroscopy".

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Torres-Torres, C.; Castro-Chacón, J. H.; Castañeda, L.; Rojo, R. Rangel; Torres-Martínez, R.; Tamayo-Rivera, L.; Khomenko, A. V. (2011-08-15).

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Oh BY, Jeong MC, Moon TH, Lee W, Myoung JM, Hwang JY, Seo DS (2006). "Transparent conductive Al-doped ZnO films for liquid crystal displays".

5672: 1635:. The high heat capacity and heat conductivity, low thermal expansion and high melting temperature of ZnO are beneficial for ceramics. The E2 1544:(reflection of a crystal relative to any given point does not transform it into itself). This and other lattice symmetry properties result in 8149: 6679: 387: 6087:

Robinson, Victor S. (1978) "Process for desulfurization using particulate zinc oxide shapes of high surface area and improved strength"

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in outdoor applications. The coating protects polycarbonate from solar radiation, and decreases its oxidation rate and photo-yellowing.

1336:. High-quality ZnO produced by the "French process" was added to photocopying paper as a filler. This application was soon displaced by 8211: 2161:

It is also a component in tape (called "zinc oxide tape") used by athletes as a bandage to prevent soft tissue damage during workouts.

1208:. It is a white powder which is insoluble in water. ZnO is used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, 2699:

in ZnO have been shown capable of fabricating "self-powered nanosystems" with everyday mechanical stress from wind or body movements.

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is also used for the same purpose. Some prepackaged foods also include trace amounts of ZnO even if it is not intended as a nutrient.

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A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of zinc salts, from which

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Lee JH, Chung YW, Hon MH, Leu C (2009-05-07). "Density-controlled growth and field emission property of aligned ZnO nanorod arrays".

3638:(1998). "Setting reaction and resultant structure of zinc phosphate cement in various orthophosphoric acid cement-forming liquids". 7613: 4275:

Schulz D, Ganschow S, Klimm D, Struve K (2008). "Inductively heated Bridgman method for the growth of zinc oxide single crystals".

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Guedri-Knani L, Gardette JL, Jacquet M, Rivaton A (2004). "Photoprotection of poly(ethylene-naphthalate) by zinc oxide coating".

2620:(ITO). One application which has begun to be commercially available is the use of ZnO as the front contact for solar cells or of 7084: 5968: 5686:

Mitchnick MA, Fairhurst D, Pinnell SR (January 1999). "Microfine zinc oxide (Z-cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent".

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Zhou Y, Wu W, Hu G, Wu H, Cui S (2008). "Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorod arrays with the addition of polyethyleneimine".

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Posternak M, Resta R, Baldereschi A (October 1994). "Ab initio study of piezoelectricity and spontaneous polarization in ZnO".

1716:, and high-temperature and high-power operation. The band gap of ZnO can further be tuned to ~3–4 eV by its alloying with 6533:

Heo YW, Tien LC, Kwon Y, Norton DP, Pearton SJ, Kang BS, Ren F (2004). "Depletion-mode ZnO nanowire field-effect transistor".

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Zhou, Xin; Lee, Songyi; Xu, Zhaochao; Yoon, Juyoung (2015). "Recent Progress on the Development of Chemosensors for Gases".

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Abdulsattar MA (2015). "Capped ZnO (3, 0) nanotubes as building blocks of bare and H passivated wurtzite ZnO nanocrystals".

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In form of a thin film ZnO has been demonstrated in miniaturised high frequency thin film resonators, sensors and filters.

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Saito M (1993). "Antibacterial, Deodorizing, and UV Absorbing Materials Obtained with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Coated Fabrics".

2585:(3.37 eV or 375 nm at room temperature). Therefore, its most common potential applications are in laser diodes and 2001:

methods to deposit ZnO thin films. Pre-seeding can be performed in conjunction with top down patterning methods such as

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Koyama, Miki; Ichimura, Masaya (2019). "Fabrication of ZnO/NiO transparent solar cells by electrochemical deposition".

3674: 3259: 6829:"Microwave assisted synthesis of rGO/ZnO composites for non-enzymatic glucose sensing and supercapacitor applications" 1165: 8142: 7198: 5872: 2605:

The pointed tips of ZnO nanorods result in a strong enhancement of an electric field. Therefore, they can be used as

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Lu JG, Chang P, Fan Z (2006). "Quasi-one-dimensional metal oxide materials—Synthesis, properties and applications".

11268: 11258: 8425: 5050:"Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature" 4052:"Growth and characterization of Ga-doped ZnO layers on a-plane sapphire substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy" 3377: 1518: 1452:; related materials are used in dentistry. A major component of zinc phosphate cement produced by this reaction is 1962:. The synthesis is typically carried out at temperatures of about 90 °C, in an equimolar aqueous solution of 1866:

The red and green colors of these synthetic ZnO crystals result from different concentrations of oxygen vacancies.

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Moezzi A, McDonagh AM, Cortie MB (2012). "Review: Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications".

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properties, especially in bulk. The nonlinearity of ZnO nanoparticles can be fine-tuned according to their size.

1305: 6161:"Light-controlling, flexible and transparent ethanol gas sensor based on ZnO nanoparticles for wearable devices" 5721: 5176: 8127: 2005:

and nanosphere lithography to designate nucleation sites prior to growth. Aligned ZnO nanowires can be used in

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Li YB, Bando Y, Golberg D (2004). "ZnO nanoneedles with tip surface perturbations: Excellent field emitters".

2663:, which reduces the detected electrical resistance through the device, in a manner similar to the widely used 1437:, ZnO forms cement-like products best described as zinc hydroxy chlorides. This cement was used in dentistry. 11238: 11233: 11218: 1702: 505: 5739:

Agren MS (2009). "Percutaneous absorption of zinc from zinc oxide applied topically to intact skin in man".

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Ryu YR, Lee TS, White HW (2003). "Properties of arsenic-doped p-type ZnO grown by hybrid beam deposition".

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Large single crystals (many cubic centimeters) can be grown by the gas transport (vapor-phase deposition),

1766:. Measurement of p-type in "intrinsically" n-type material is complicated by the inhomogeneity of samples. 1556: 1479:, heating with carbon converts the oxide into zinc vapor at a much lower temperature (around 950 °C). 884: 586: 295: 192: 20: 7250:

Bakin A, Waag A (29 March 2011). "ZnO Epitaxial Growth". In Bhattacharya P, Fornari R, Kamimura H (eds.).

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General Information of Zinc from the National Institute of Health, WHO, and International Zinc Association

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reactions to remove organic pollutants from the environment. It is also used to replace catalysts used in

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Sun, Yu-Feng; Liu, Shao-Bo; Meng, Fan-Li; Liu, Jin-Yun; Jin, Zhen; Kong, Ling-Tao; Liu, Jin-Huai (2012).

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Xu S, Wang ZL (2011). "One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties".

2835: 2574: 2244:. It is the broadest spectrum UVA and UVB absorber that is approved for use as a sunscreen by the U.S. 1894: 1739: 1522: 1475:

ZnO decomposes into zinc vapor and oxygen at around 1975 °C with a standard oxygen pressure. In a

1228:, probably zinc oxide, as a salve for eyes and open wounds is mentioned in the Indian medical text the 1057: 1044: 6828: 6701:

Qin Y, Wang X, Wang ZL (February 2008). "Microfibre-nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging".

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Cui J, Zeng Q, Gibson UJ (2006-04-15). "Synthesis and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO nanowires".

2248:(FDA), and is completely photostable. When used as an ingredient in sunscreen, zinc oxide blocks both 1232:, thought to date from 500 BC or before. Zinc oxide ointment is also mentioned by the Greek physician 4748:"The nucleotide sequence of the tetracycline resistance determinant tetM from Ureaplasma urealyticum" 3559:

Nicholson JW (1998). "The chemistry of cements formed between zinc oxide and aqueous zinc chloride".

2865: 2652: 2485: 2228:, the release of Zn ions, and a general disturbance of the bacterial cell membrane by nanoparticles. 2006: 2002: 1998: 1886: 204: 7493: 7462: 4426: 2524:, which can poison the catalyst. At temperatures between about 230–430 °C (446–806 °F), H 8323: 6252: 3402: 2455: 2194: 343: 6687: 5140: 11273: 9865: 8601: 8385: 7599: 7038: 6999: 6921: 6752: 4134:

Wagner P, Helbig R (1974). "Halleffekt und anisotropie der beweglichkeit der elektronen in ZnO".

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of rubber. ZnO additives also protect rubber from fungi (see medical applications) and UV light.

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Bakin A (2010). "ZnO – GaN Hybrid Heterostructures as Potential Cost Efficient LED Technology".

3122:Özgür Ü, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, Reshchikov M, Doğan S, Avrutin VC, Cho SJ, Morkoç AH (2005). 2224:. The mechanism of ZnO's antibacterial effect has been variously described as the generation of 11223: 10436: 10422: 9610: 9508: 8267: 8206: 7488: 7457: 7132:"Zinc oxide-induced changes to sunscreen ingredient efficacy and toxicity under UV irradiation" 7039:"A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications" 7000:"Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: A review" 6922:"A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications" 6253:"Ultrafast nonlinear optical response of photoconductive ZnO films with fluorine nanoparticles" 5415:

Li Q, Chen SL, Jiang WC (2007). "Durability of nano ZnO antibacterial cotton fabric to sweat".

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of ~3.3 eV at room temperature. Advantages associated with a wide band gap include higher

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Cortelli, José Roberto; Barbosa, Mônica Dourado Silva; Westphal, Miriam Ardigó (August 2008).

4369:"Synthesis, microstructure and photoluminescence of well-aligned ZnO nanorods on Si substrate" 3608: 3218: 2994:

Wide bandgap semiconductors: fundamental properties and modern photonic and electronic devices

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Nanostructures of ZnO can be synthesized into a variety of morphologies, including nanowires,

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applications, which require a large electromechanical coupling. Therefore, ZnO in the form of

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with group-III elements such as Al, Ga, In or by substituting oxygen with group-VII elements

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reactions that would ordinarily require costly or inconvenient reaction conditions with low

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is precipitated. The solid precipitate is then calcined at temperatures around 800 °C.

10986: 10756: 10722: 10520: 10237: 10052: 9814: 9797: 9440: 9389: 8550: 8533: 8499: 8418: 8292: 8221: 7682: 7387: 7329: 7282: 7230: 6783: 6710: 6624: 6542: 6491: 6456: 6421: 6386: 6264: 6225: 6172: 6115: 5490: 5289: 5001:"Zinc oxide tape: a useful dressing for the recalcitrant finger-tip and soft-tissue injury" 4712: 4642: 4529: 4493: 4380: 4323: 4284: 4246: 4178: 4143: 4100: 4059: 4016: 3973: 3926: 3883: 3838: 3803: 3750: 3568: 3364: 3331: 3135: 2860: 2830: 2043: 1808:

For industrial use, ZnO is produced at levels of 10 tons per year by three main processes:

1755: 1728: 1695: 1564: 1526: 1504: 536: 304: 154: 4798: 2616:. The components Zn and Al are much cheaper and less toxic compared to the generally used 810: 70: 8: 11213: 11093: 11003: 10849: 10464: 10394: 10338: 10139: 10111: 10035: 10018: 10001: 9967: 9916: 9848: 9780: 9644: 9576: 9542: 9491: 9355: 9197: 9187: 9147: 8950: 8926: 8783: 8703: 8686: 8652: 8516: 8252: 8242: 7578: 7565: 4606:

Wu WY (2009). "Effects of Seed Layer Characteristics on the Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires".

4412:(2011). "One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties". 2820: 2731: 2471: 1906: 1825:

The direct or American process starts with diverse contaminated zinc composites, such as

1682:. Those properties make ZnO valuable for a variety of emerging applications: transparent 1631:. Its elastic constants are smaller than those of relevant III-V semiconductors, such as 1617: 1541: 1092: 60: 7391: 7333: 7294: 7286: 7234: 6787: 6714: 6628: 6546: 6495: 6460: 6425: 6390: 6370:

Kucheyev SO, Williams JS, Jagadish C, Zou J, Evans C, Nelson AJ, Hamza AV (2003-03-31).

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Gupta, Mrinal; Mahajan, Vikram K.; Mehta, Karaninder S.; Chauhan, Pushpinder S. (2014).

4716: 4646: 4541: 4533: 4497: 4384: 4327: 4288: 4250: 4182: 4147: 4104: 4063: 4020: 3977: 3930: 3887: 3842: 3807: 3762: 3754: 3572: 3335: 3306: 3139: 347: 196: 114: 11020: 10919: 10790: 10671: 10632: 10604: 10209: 10069: 9984: 9950: 9899: 9712: 9678: 9457: 9314: 9304: 9097: 9087: 9070: 9040: 8970: 8731: 8618: 8567: 8448: 7866: 7541: 7506: 7403: 7345: 7303: 7270: 7156: 7131: 6804: 6771: 6753:"New Small-scale Generator Produces Alternating Current By Stretching Zinc Oxide Wires" 6734: 6655: 6612: 6515: 6325: 6193: 6160: 6136: 6103: 5808: 5568: 5511: 5478: 5459: 5310: 5301: 5277: 5076: 5049: 5025: 5000: 4890: 4863: 4728: 4553: 4470: 4439: 4344: 4335: 4311: 4116: 3989: 3961: 3942: 3771: 3738: 3584: 3347: 2870: 2845: 2489: 2293: 2289: 2104: 2085: 1826: 1364: 1317: 1193: 769: 7341: 7320:

Janisch R (2005). "Transition metal-doped TiO 2 and ZnO—present status of the field".

6356: 5999: 5982: 5699: 4772: 4747: 4155: 4072: 4051: 3651: 1292:

in the 1st century AD. Zinc oxide has also been recovered from zinc mines at Zawar in

11121: 11065: 10933: 10891: 10863: 10835: 10807: 10739: 10705: 10688: 10646: 10548: 10534: 10450: 10324: 10296: 10254: 10097: 9831: 9729: 9627: 9559: 9525: 9406: 9324: 9207: 9161: 9157: 9030: 8900: 8839: 8770: 8584: 8020: 7520:"Oxide nanowire arrays for light-emitting diodes and piezoelectric energy harvesters" 7510: 7436: 7349: 7308: 7255: 7194: 7161: 7058: 7019: 6980: 6941: 6902: 6848: 6809: 6726: 6660: 6642: 6593: 6585: 6507: 6290: 6282: 6198: 6141: 5900: 5878: 5868: 5831: 5800: 5795: 5778: 5756: 5703: 5654: 5573: 5555: 5535: 5516: 5397: 5356: 5315: 5258: 5222: 5122: 5081: 5066: 5030: 4972: 4933: 4895: 4777: 4658: 4619: 4588: 4557: 4545: 4443: 4349: 4120: 4032: 3946: 3899: 3776: 3712: 3670: 3614: 3539: 3504: 3478: 3432: 3351: 3285: 3255: 3230: 3222: 3194: 2998: 2768: 2569:

Flexible gas sensor based on ZnO nanorods and its internal structure. ITO stands for

2257: 2182: 2100: 1791: 1773: 1709: 1671: 1139: 1086: 580: 513: 7545: 7407: 6519: 6329: 5812: 5463: 5117: 5100: 4732: 3993: 3588: 11079: 10947: 10877: 10590: 10478: 10408: 10380: 10352: 10223: 10195: 10181: 9423: 9284: 9267: 9237: 9167: 9060: 9050: 8990: 8835: 8796: 8757: 8361: 8272: 7930: 7811: 7531: 7498: 7467: 7428: 7395: 7366: 7337: 7298: 7290: 7238: 7151: 7143: 7130:

Ginzburg AL, Blackburn RS, Santillan C, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Hutchison JE (2021).

7050: 7011: 6972: 6933: 6892: 6884: 6844: 6840: 6799: 6791: 6738: 6718: 6650: 6632: 6577: 6550: 6499: 6464: 6429: 6394: 6352: 6317: 6272: 6233: 6188: 6180: 6131: 6123: 6070: 6047: 6043: 6023: 6019: 5994: 5790: 5748: 5695: 5644: 5634: 5563: 5547: 5536:"Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism" 5506: 5498: 5451: 5424: 5387: 5346: 5305: 5297: 5250: 5214: 5112: 5071: 5061: 5020: 5012: 4885: 4875: 4826: 4767: 4759: 4720: 4685: 4650: 4615: 4580: 4537: 4501: 4466: 4431: 4388: 4367:

Miao L, Ieda Y, Tanemura S, Cao YG, Tanemura M, Hayashi Y, Toh S, Kaneko K (2007).

4339: 4331: 4296: 4292: 4254: 4232:"Size-dependent enhancement of nonlinear optical properties in nanocolloids of ZnO" 4203:

René Smeets, Lou van der Sluis, Mirsad Kapetanovic, David F. Peelo, Anton Janssen.

4186: 4151: 4108: 4067: 4024: 3981: 3934: 3891: 3854: 3846: 3811: 3766: 3758: 3647: 3576: 3527: 3470: 3339: 3171: 3143: 3095: 3041: 2804: 2760: 2688: 2648: 2644: 2617: 2570: 2521: 2501: 2477: 2361: 2323: 2261: 2210: 2027: 2019: 1713: 1651: 1604: 1545: 1375: 1197: 622: 547: 488: 410: 6873:"Heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis for selective organic transformations" 3175: 268: 11253: 11192: 11188: 11107: 10905: 10618: 10562: 10492: 10282: 10167: 10125: 9763: 9746: 9695: 9372: 9257: 9247: 9137: 9117: 9020: 8980: 8861: 8809: 8744: 8482: 8411: 8381: 8287: 8004: 7882: 7015: 4805: 4689: 4217: 4204: 2752: 2582: 2313: 2273: 2069: 1982: 1717: 1549: 1534: 1449: 1229: 1209: 223: 8157: 6074: 4229: 3985: 3166:

De Liedekerke M (2006). "2.3. Zinc Oxide (Zinc White): Pigments, Inorganic, 1".

2667:

semiconductor gas sensors. It is formed into nanostructures such as thin films,

2038:

Between 50% and 60% of ZnO use is in the rubber industry. Zinc oxide along with

1770:

acceptors and do not produce significant p-type conduction at room temperature.

10961: 10506: 10366: 10268: 10153: 9933: 9474: 9127: 9107: 8874: 8465: 8313: 7938: 7918: 7861: 7835: 7778: 7710: 7622: 7560: 7471: 7370: 7147: 7054: 6937: 6398: 6321: 5955: 5455: 5335:"Contemporary perspective on the use of fluoride products in caries prevention" 5218: 4409: 4393: 4368: 3938: 3815: 3099: 2744: 2660: 2297: 2206: 1882: 1851: 1847: 1784: 1636: 1360: 1148: 1120: 7571: 7502: 7217:Özgür Ü, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, Reshchikov M, Doğan S, et al. (2005). 6089: 5551: 5254: 4830: 4724: 4435: 3895: 3580: 3343: 3059: 2917: 1624:

of the semiconductor due to oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials is n-type.

1021: 1003: 983: 11207: 10576: 9294: 9010: 9000: 8848: 8822: 8343: 7894: 7856: 7803: 7754: 7746: 7734: 7726: 7536: 7519: 7108: 7062: 7023: 6998:

Lee, Kian Mun; Lai, Chin Wei; Ngai, Koh Sing; Juan, Joon Ching (2016-01-01).

6984: 6960: 6945: 6906: 6852: 6646: 6589: 6286: 5882: 5559: 2855: 2850: 2780: 2764: 2664: 2513: 2459: 2408: 2317: 2178: 2124: 1985:

substrates have been grown using aqueous zinc salts such as zinc nitrate and

1862: 1803: 1721: 1434: 1430: 1135: 1116: 677: 477: 467: 185: 6770:

Zheng X, Shen G, Wang C, Li Y, Dunphy D, Hasan T, et al. (April 2017).

6503: 5639: 5351: 5334: 4763: 10777: 10440: 10426: 10310: 9869: 9227: 9221: 9177: 8960: 8913: 8887: 8639: 8351: 8328: 8318: 8308: 8088: 8052: 8036: 7992: 7964: 7906: 7848: 7843: 7786: 7762: 7718: 7702: 7585: 7440: 7432: 7399: 7312: 7165: 6813: 6730: 6664: 6597: 6511: 6294: 6237: 6202: 6145: 5804: 5658: 5577: 5520: 5401: 5392: 5375: 5360: 5319: 5226: 5126: 5085: 4899: 4662: 4592: 4584: 4549: 4353: 4036: 3780: 3482: 3474: 2756: 2668: 2640: 2599: 2381: 2331: 2099:

Zinc oxide is widely used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including

2093: 2039: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1963: 1679: 1387: 1333: 1112: 805: 643: 6102:

Liu XY, Shan CX, Zhu H, Li BH, Jiang MM, Yu SF, Shen DZ (September 2015).

5760: 5707: 5479:"Enhancement of antibacterial properties of Ag nanorods by electric field" 5262: 5034: 4880: 4781: 4112: 3903: 1627:

ZnO is a relatively soft material with approximate hardness of 4.5 on the

946: 11176: 10143: 9614: 9512: 8389: 8333: 8176: 7976: 7770: 7252:

Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology 6 Volume Encyclopaedia

6277: 4007:

Janotti A, Van de Walle CG (January 2007). "Hydrogen multicentre bonds".

2565: 2558: 2509: 2481: 2448: 2265: 2241: 2128: 2120: 2112: 1690:, energy-saving or heat-protecting windows, and electronics as thin-film 1568: 1422: 1406:

Solid zinc oxide will also dissolve in alkalis to give soluble zincates:

1289: 1255: 1251: 1233: 959: 594: 6872: 6827:

Sreejesh, M.; Dhanush, S.; Rossignol, F.; Nagaraja, H. S. (2017-04-15).

6795: 6722: 5622: 5016: 3381: 3227:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

2392:

Micronized and nano-scale zinc oxide provides strong protection against

1639:

in ZnO exhibits an unusually long lifetime of 133 ps at 10 K.

1421:

ZnO reacts slowly with fatty acids in oils to produce the corresponding

1348:

Pure ZnO is a white powder, but in nature it occurs as the rare mineral

932: 174: 48:

Zinc white, calamine, philosopher's wool, Chinese white, flowers of zinc

11171: 11041: 10853: 10760: 10524: 9886: 9852: 9665: 9597: 9201: 8338: 8282: 8277: 8262: 8257: 8201: 7690: 6897: 6888: 6637: 6613:"Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Their Gas Sensing Properties: A Review" 6250: 3859: 2672: 2628: 2384:

and others. It is also a main ingredient of mineral makeup (CI 77947).

2365: 2343: 2202: 2186: 2174: 2155: 2147: 2143: 1902: 1834: 1691: 1650:. This property makes it a technologically important material for many 1628: 1600: 1379: 1309: 1270: 939: 429: 205: 145: 7242: 6976: 6581: 6554: 6468: 6433: 6184: 6127: 5752: 5649: 5428: 4654: 4505: 4258: 4230:

Irimpan L, Krishnan Deepthy BA, Nampoori VPN, Radhakrishnan P (2008).

4190: 3850: 3147: 2369: 11146: 11097: 11007: 10923: 10650: 10538: 10468: 10398: 10342: 10328: 10258: 10115: 10101: 10056: 9818: 9801: 9767: 9444: 9393: 9376: 9251: 9191: 9151: 9141: 9101: 8984: 8974: 8954: 8865: 8735: 8605: 8237: 8158: 7190: 5184: 4028: 3635: 3322:

Craddock PT (2009). "The origins and inspirations of zinc smelting".

2613: 2432: 2404: 2357: 2301: 2268:. Zinc from zinc oxide is, however, slightly absorbed into the skin. 2237: 2170: 2151: 1683: 1655: 1496: 1353: 1329: 315: 5101:"Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach" 2216:. Powdered zinc oxide has deodorizing and antibacterial properties. 1670:

Favourable properties of zinc oxide include good transparency, high

1533:, the most characteristic geometry for Zn(II). ZnO converts to the 1147:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

11166: 11156: 11151: 10990: 10937: 10895: 10867: 10839: 10811: 10794: 10726: 10675: 10636: 10608: 10594: 10482: 10412: 10384: 10356: 10241: 10213: 10199: 10039: 10022: 10005: 9971: 9937: 9920: 9784: 9648: 9580: 9546: 9410: 9359: 9318: 9308: 9211: 9181: 9091: 9074: 9044: 9034: 8930: 8904: 8878: 8852: 8787: 8554: 8520: 8503: 8452: 8247: 8216: 5204: 4929:

Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 3: Plants, Potions and Poisons

4746:

Sanchez-Pescador R, Brown JT, Roberts M, Urdea MS (February 1988).

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Ong, Chin Boon; Ng, Law Yong; Mohammad, Abdul Wahab (2018-01-01).

6961:"Roles of Cocatalysts in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis" 6920:

Ong, Chin Boon; Ng, Law Yong; Mohammad, Abdul Wahab (2018-01-01).

6036: 6013: 5897:

Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics

5278:"Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles-an antimicrobial study" 3828: 3708:

Zinc Oxide: From Fundamental Properties Towards Novel Applications

2915: 2598:

applications. ZnO is the most promising candidate in the field of

2553: 1051:

TWA 5 mg/m (fume) TWA 15 mg/m (total dust) TWA 5 mg/m (resp dust)

898: 93: 11161: 11125: 11069: 11024: 10951: 10881: 10743: 10709: 10692: 10622: 10566: 10552: 10496: 10454: 10300: 10286: 10129: 10073: 9988: 9954: 9903: 9716: 9682: 9495: 9461: 9427: 9328: 9288: 9241: 9014: 9004: 8994: 8826: 8800: 8761: 8707: 8690: 8673: 8393: 7591: 4745: 2743:

ZnO, both in macro- and nano- scales, is used as an electrode in

2692: 2436: 2415:, following research by scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( 2412: 2349: 2285: 2213: 2198: 2139: 2089: 1974: 1955: 1453: 1349: 1301: 1266: 1213: 940: 457: 255: 7129: 6959:

Yang, Jinhui; Wang, Donge; Han, Hongxian; Li, Can (2013-08-20).

6826: 11083: 10909: 10510: 10370: 10272: 10227: 10185: 10171: 10157: 9835: 9733: 9631: 9563: 9529: 9271: 9261: 9231: 9171: 9121: 9064: 9054: 9024: 8964: 8917: 8891: 8813: 8774: 8748: 8656: 8622: 8537: 8486: 7081:

Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews

6343:

Look D (2001). "Recent advances in ZnO materials and devices".

5899:, Vol. 1. L. Feller (ed.). Cambridge University Press, London. 4205:"Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems" 3249: 2696: 2517: 2492:

into radioactive Zn under irradiation by the reactor neutrons.

2440: 2221: 2108: 1748: 1426: 1325: 1285: 1204: 890: 420: 125: 7378:

Klingshirn C (2007). "ZnO: From basics towards applications".

6772:"Bio-inspired Murray materials for mass transfer and activity" 1240:

suggested treating ulcerating cancers with zinc oxide, as did

11111: 10965: 9478: 8469: 8434: 6215: 6104:"Ultraviolet Lasers Realized via Electrostatic Doping Method" 5934: 3085: 3064:

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)

2800: 2796: 2755:

applications. As a photocatalyst, ZnO reacts when exposed to

2748: 2529: 2377: 2353: 2264:, are considered to be nonirritating, nonallergenic, and non- 2158:, zinc and castor oil cream, commonly used to treat infants. 1978: 1293: 1277: 1237: 279: 105: 83: 33: 5980: 4518: 3704: 2714: 331: 10314: 9750: 9699: 9338: 9131: 9111: 8588: 8571: 6369: 6061:

Cowan RL (2001). "BWR water chemistry?a delicate balance".

2840: 2465: 2428:

flexibility and adherence on such surfaces for many years.

2393: 2260:. Zinc oxide and the other most common physical sunscreen, 2249: 2116: 1763: 1383: 1281: 1201: 1074: 447: 417: 234: 8212:

Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)

5533: 5374:

Rošin-Grget K, Peroš K, Sutej I, Bašić K (November 2013).

5373: 4086: 2500:

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as a pretreatment step to remove

1440: 1332:. In the 1970s, the second largest application of ZnO was 1296:, dating from the second half of the first millennium BC. 10580: 9298: 8403: 5685: 4312:"Growth of ZnO nanowires on nonwoven polyethylene fibers" 4309: 4274: 3873: 3250:

Winchester DJ, Winchester DP, Hudis CA, Norton L (2005).

2590: 2586: 2416: 2397: 2253: 2084:

and is used in calamine lotion. Historically the mineral

1829:

or smelter by-products. The zinc precursors are reduced (

1759: 1658:

has been one of the most studied resonator materials for

1647: 1643: 1632: 1129: 1106: 482:

2,360 °C (4,280 °F; 2,630 K) (decomposes)

472:

1,974 °C (3,585 °F; 2,247 K) (decomposes)

5627:

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

5592:"Critical Wavelength & Broad Spectrum UV Protection" 5275: 4861: 4218:"Introduction to Electrical Power and Power Electronics" 3429:

Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design

2990: 1356:

and other impurities that confer a yellow to red color.

872: 7958: 6680:"Piezoelectric Nanowires Turn Fabric Into Power Source" 5239: 5098: 3613:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 70, 143. 7636: 4570: 3494: 3492: 1591:~ 1.60 is close to the ideal value for hexagonal cell 1448:

ZnO also forms cement-like material when treated with

1324:

In recent times, most zinc oxide has been used in the

7219:"A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices" 5783:

Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine

3124:"A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices" 3068:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2922:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2725: 2602:

to produce an electronically pumped UV laser source.

2322:

Zinc oxide is added to many food products, including

1555:

The hexagonal structure has a point group 6 mm (

6871:

Lang, Xianjun; Chen, Xiaodong; Zhao, Jincai (2014).

6481: 5779:"Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review" 4820: 3705:

Klingshirn CF, Waag A, Hoffmann A, Geurts J (2010).

1665: 19:"Chinese white" redirects here. For other uses, see 7083:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from 4816: 4814: 4632: 4366: 4049: 4006: 3610:

Materials in Dentistry: Principles and Applications

3489: 2612:Aluminium-doped ZnO layers are used as transparent 876: 7357:Heo YW (2004). "ZnO nanowire growth and devices". 7216: 5916:Vincent van Gogh, 'Wheatfield with Cypresses, 1889 4310:Baruah S, Thanachayanont C, Dutta J (April 2008). 3959: 3121: 1712:, ability to sustain large electric fields, lower 1250:. It is used as an ingredient in products such as 6532: 3526: 3522: 3520: 1537:motif at relatively high pressures about 10 GPa. 11205: 6158: 4811: 3044:. Chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2015-11-17. 267: 6769: 6159:Zheng ZQ, Yao JD, Wang B, Yang GW (June 2015). 3694:. Vol. 17B, 22, 41B. Springer, Heidelberg. 2484:64) is used in corrosion prevention in nuclear 2177:as an anti-bacterial agent proposed to prevent 1881:, or melt growth. However, because of the high 1433:. When mixed with a strong aqueous solution of 1276:The Romans produced considerable quantities of 921: 894: 69: 8283:Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole) 6997: 6446: 6411: 5688:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 5476: 4702: 3916: 3633: 3517: 3498: 3168:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1734:character, even in the absence of intentional 8419: 8143: 7607: 7450:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 7359:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 7036: 6958: 6919: 6610: 6567: 6372:"Ion-beam-produced structural defects in ZnO" 5895:Kuhn, H. (1986) "Zinc White", pp. 169–186 in 5141:"SmartMouth Clinical DDS Activated Mouthwash" 4857: 4855: 4483: 3229:. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112. 3165: 1833:) by heating with a source of carbon such as 1216:, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically. 7275:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 6870: 6101: 5983:"ZnO – nanostructures, defects, and devices" 5623:"Physical sunscreens: on the comeback trail" 5483:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 5282:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 5276:Padmavathy N, Vijayaraghavan R (July 2008). 4998: 4373:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 4316:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 4133: 3743:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 3602: 3600: 3598: 2488:. The depletion is necessary, because Zn is 1616:ZnO is a wide-band gap semiconductor of the 1540:Hexagonal and zincblende polymorphs have no 964:1,436 °C (2,617 °F; 1,709 K) 7582:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) 7271:"Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures" 7268: 6700: 5981:Schmidtmende L, MacManusdriscoll J (2007). 5956:US Environment Protection Agency: Sunscreen 5776: 5414: 4168: 4000: 3793: 3739:"Hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures" 3736: 2991:Takahashi K, Yoshikawa A, Sandhu A (2007). 2026:manufacturing, pigments, foods, batteries, 809: 8426: 8412: 8150: 8136: 7614: 7600: 7447: 7414: 7377: 6561: 4852: 4456: 4136:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 4050:Kato H, Sano M, Miyamoto K, Yao T (2002). 3667:Metal Oxides: Chemistry & Applications 3456: 3273: 3271: 3252:Breast Cancer (Atlas of Clinical Oncology) 3161: 3159: 3157: 346: 195: 153: 7535: 7492: 7461: 7417:"ZnO: material, physics and applications" 7302: 7249: 7155: 6896: 6803: 6654: 6636: 6604: 6276: 6192: 6135: 5998: 5862: 5830:(2d ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 5825: 5794: 5648: 5638: 5567: 5510: 5391: 5350: 5309: 5116: 5075: 5065: 5024: 4889: 4879: 4771: 4425: 4392: 4343: 4270: 4268: 4071: 3858: 3770: 3606: 3595: 3558: 3459:"ZnO: material, physics and applications" 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 2704:Center for Nanostructure Characterization 2643:for detecting airborne compounds such as 2411:for use in space and for protection when 1599:materials, the bonding in ZnO is largely 1548:of the hexagonal and zincblende ZnO, and 303: 8263:4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Enzacamene) 8207:Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP) 7103: 7101: 7043:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6926:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5376:"The cariostatic mechanisms of fluoride" 5332: 4925: 4848:. New York: The New Jersey Zinc Company. 3960:Look DC, Hemsky JW, Sizelove JR (1999). 3953: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3692:Landolt-Bornstein, New Series, Group III 3321: 3281:Breast Cancer: Cause – Prevention – Cure 3216: 3188: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2916:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 2713: 2564: 2552: 2466:Corrosion prevention in nuclear reactors 2068:Zinc oxide as a mixture with about 0.5% 1861: 1611: 1503: 1495: 1439: 7566:International Chemical Safety Card 0208 7319: 4864:"Zinc Therapy in Dermatology: A Review" 4608:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 3689: 3277: 3268: 3212: 3210: 3154: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2933: 2931: 2561:and the corresponding device structure. 2292:is formed, which has applications as a 1857: 1841: 1382:in water, but it will dissolve in most 342: 173: 11206: 8352:Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M / Eversorb M) 8186:Chemical agents unless otherwise noted 7572:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 7517: 7478: 6866: 6864: 6862: 5477:Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (February 2009). 4964: 4793: 4791: 4407: 4265: 3962:"Residual Native Shallow Donor in ZnO" 3664: 3658: 3426: 3413: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2730:ZnO is a promising anode material for 2655:. ZnO is a semiconductor that becomes 1491: 1371:O, where at 800 °C, x = 0.00007. 1343: 186: 8407: 8324:Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL) 8131: 7595: 7186:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 7098: 6307: 6060: 5974: 5772: 5770: 5738: 5441: 5047: 4999:Hughes G, McLean NR (December 1988). 4971:. Pharmaceutical Press. p. 206. 4932:. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 309. 4914:"Section 13.2.2 Barrier Preparations" 4843: 3725: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3189:Craddock PT (1998). "Zinc in India". 3106: 2348:Zinc oxide (zinc white) is used as a 2279: 2146:ointments. It is often combined with 1997:of ZnO nanoparticles, and the use of 1949: 1790:Zinc oxide is noted for its strongly 374:Key: XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 133: 113: 7322:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6677: 6342: 5675:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5620: 3207: 3074: 3047: 2928: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2639:Zinc oxide is used in semiconductor 2495: 1973:Aligned ZnO nanowires on pre-seeded 1517:Zinc oxide crystallizes in two main 8268:Octyl methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate) 7356: 7269:Baruah S, Dutta J (February 2009). 6859: 6345:Materials Science and Engineering B 5927: 5867:. London: John Murray. p. 40. 5048:Lynch, Richard J.M. (August 2011). 4912:British National Formulary (2008). 4837: 4788: 4675: 3919:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 3737:Baruah S, Dutta J (February 2009). 2979: 2902: 2682: 2326:, as a source of zinc, a necessary 2276:of the skin but not into the body. 2049: 1811: 258: 242: 13: 8253:Ethylhexyl triazone (Uvinul T 150) 7621: 5777:Burnett ME, Wang SQ (April 2011). 5767: 5417:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4605: 4471:10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.09.024 3445: 3284:. Tekline Publishing. p. 83. 3219:"Mining and Metallurgy, chapter 4" 2726:Li-ion battery and supercapacitors 2557:Photograph of an operating ZnO UV 2033: 1783:, are the active material in most 1660:thin-film bulk acoustic resonators 917: 14: 11285: 7554: 5722:"What to Look for in a Sunscreen" 4926:Williams, Cheryll (1 July 2012). 4868:Dermatology Research and Practice 3796:Superlattices and Microstructures 2883: 2738: 2368:and was used by painters such as 2119:. It is used in products such as 2063: 1891:metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy 1820: 1666:Electrical and optical properties 7183:Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). 7175: 7123: 7107: 7069: 7030: 6991: 6952: 6913: 6820: 6763: 6745: 6694: 6671: 6526: 6475: 6440: 6405: 6363: 6336: 6301: 6244: 6209: 6152: 6095: 6081: 6054: 6030: 5828:Introduction to Dental Materials 5796:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x 5067:10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00049.x 4620:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03022.x 2803:, can result in a malady called 2307: 2164: 1155: 990:240 mg/kg (intraperitoneal, rat) 842: 32: 7117:The Wooden Periodic Table Table 6040:Surface and Coatings Technology 6016:Surface and Coatings Technology 6007: 5962: 5949: 5930:"The Lowdown on Mineral Makeup" 5921: 5918:, pigment analysis at ColourLex 5909: 5889: 5856: 5844: 5819: 5732: 5714: 5679: 5665: 5614: 5584: 5527: 5470: 5435: 5408: 5367: 5326: 5269: 5233: 5198: 5169: 5151: 5133: 5118:10.1590/S1806-83242008000500007 5092: 5041: 4992: 4958: 4919: 4906: 4739: 4696: 4669: 4626: 4599: 4564: 4512: 4477: 4450: 4401: 4360: 4303: 4223: 4210: 4197: 4162: 4127: 4091:-type ZnO films and crystals". 4080: 4043: 3910: 3867: 3822: 3787: 3698: 3683: 3627: 3552: 3395: 3370: 3358: 3315: 3298: 3243: 3182: 3035: 2708:Georgia Institute of Technology 2476:Zinc oxide depleted in Zn (the 2443:is transparent and conductive ( 2403:, and are consequently used in 2012: 1306:Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau 1151:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 16:White powder insoluble in water 6845:10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.12.140 6048:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.109 6024:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.039 5444:Journal of Industrial Textiles 5005:Archives of Emergency Medicine 4797:Ambica Dhatu Private Limited. 4297:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.11.050 3499:Wiberg E, Holleman AF (2001). 3193:. 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Around 1782 1028:2500 mg/m (guinea pig, 3–4 h) 1: 8273:Octyl salicylate (Octisalate) 7295:10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/013001 6965:Accounts of Chemical Research 6357:10.1016/S0921-5107(00)00604-8 6000:10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70078-0 5969:Look Sharp While Seeing Sharp 5700:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70532-3 5503:10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/015003 5333:ten Cate JM (February 2013). 4808:Access date January 25, 2009. 4542:10.1088/0957-4484/20/5/055608 4156:10.1016/S0022-3697(74)80026-0 4093:Journal of Materials Research 4073:10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01972-8 3763:10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/013001 3652:10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00223-8 3176:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2 2877: 2431:ZnO highly n-type doped with 1797: 1038:(US health exposure limits): 8288:Polysilicone-15 (Parsol SLX) 7113:"The Safety of Zinc Casting" 7016:10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.045 6678:Keim B (February 13, 2008). 5302:10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035004 5054:International Dental Journal 4823:Chemical Engineering Journal 4690:10.1016/j.matlet.2008.06.018 4336:10.1088/1468-6996/9/2/025009 3640:Cement and Concrete Research 3561:Journal of Materials Science 3403:"Zinc white: History of use" 3324:Journal of Materials Science 3191:2000 years of zinc and brass 2789:generally recognized as safe 2785:Food and Drug Administration 2783:, zinc oxide is on the U.S. 2595:transparent conducting oxide 2246:Food and Drug Administration 2231: 2009:and field emission devices. 1579:. The lattice constants are 1512: 1067:Fume: TWA 5 mg/m ST 10 mg/m 21:China white (disambiguation) 7: 11249:Nonlinear optical materials 8349:Hybrid (chemical/physical): 7415:Klingshirn C (April 2007). 7342:10.1088/0953-8984/17/27/R01 7182: 6075:10.1680/nuen.40.4.245.39338 4459:Materials Research Bulletin 3986:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2552 3711:. Springer. pp. 9–10. 3457:Klingshirn C (April 2007). 3029: 3017: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2896: 2813: 2532:by the following reaction: 2422: 2088:is a mixture of the oxides 2058: 972:or concentration (LD, LC): 10: 11290: 8636:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide 8433: 8379: 8329:Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB) 8243:4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 7524:Pure and Applied Chemistry 7472:10.1016/j.mser.2006.04.002 7371:10.1016/j.mser.2004.09.001 7223:Journal of Applied Physics 7209: 7148:10.1007/s43630-021-00101-2 7055:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.020 6938:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.020 6686:. CondéNet. Archived from 6449:Journal of Applied Physics 6399:10.1103/physrevb.67.094115 6322:10.1109/JPROC.2009.2037444 5865:The Secret Lives of Colour 5456:10.1177/152808379302300205 5219:10.1902/jop.2000.72.9.1183 4968:Non-prescription Medicines 4804:December 19, 2019, at the 4486:Journal of Applied Physics 4394:10.1016/j.stam.2007.02.012 4239:Journal of Applied Physics 3816:10.1016/j.spmi.2015.07.015 3669:. CRC Press. p. 182. 3128:Journal of Applied Physics 3100:10.1016/j.wear.2007.11.013 2836:List of inorganic pigments 2653:volatile organic compounds 2575:polyethylene terephthalate 2486:pressurized water reactors 2469: 2407:, and also in UV-blocking 2341: 2337: 2311: 2256:(280–320 nm) rays of 2185:formation, and to control 2007:dye-sensitized solar cells 1801: 1701:ZnO has a relatively wide 1359:Crystalline zinc oxide is 1219: 1064:Dust: TWA 5 mg/m C 15 mg/m 434:81.406 g/mol 18: 11185: 11139: 11058: 10979: 10828: 10664: 10090: 9348: 8943: 8724: 8441: 8377: 8339:Oxybenzone (Eusolex 4360) 8309:Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S) 8301: 8230: 8194: 8172: 7675: 7629: 7503:10.1007/s12274-011-0160-7 5552:10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x 5255:10.1902/jop.1990.61.6.352 5243:Journal of Periodontology 5207:Journal of Periodontology 4831:10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.076 4725:10.1007/s00339-009-5226-y 4436:10.1007/s12274-011-0160-7 4277:Journal of Crystal Growth 4056:Journal of Crystal Growth 3896:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.10715 3532:Chemistry of the Elements 3407:Pigments through the ages 3367:. Retrieved 10 March 2009 3344:10.1007/s10853-008-2942-1 2997:. Springer. p. 357. 2774: 2003:electron beam lithography 1999:physical vapor deposition 1960:vapor–liquid–solid method 1887:chemical vapor deposition 1618:II-VI semiconductor group 1352:, which usually contains 1312:pigment with zinc oxide. 1145: 1098: 1032: 968: 823: 818: 792: 670: 573: 403: 383: 358: 53: 45: 40: 31: 8278:Padimate O (Escalol 507) 8202:Avobenzone (Parsol 1789) 7959:Organozinc(II) compounds 7537:10.1351/PAC-CON-11-08-17 7229:(4): 041301–041301–103. 3939:10.7567/1347-4065/ab532a 3134:(4): 041301–041301–103. 2456:polyethylene naphthalate 2356:and is more opaque than 2195:cetylpyridinium chloride 1913:, spray pyrolysis, etc. 1779:ZnO discs, acting as a 1557:Hermann–Mauguin notation 1394:ZnO + 2 HCl → ZnCl 885:Precautionary statements 11269:Wurtzite structure type 11259:Piezoelectric materials 9866:Praseodymium(III) oxide 8602:Manganese(II,III) oxide 8386:Sun protective clothing 7637:Organozinc(I) compounds 7380:Physica Status Solidi B 7136:Photochem Photobiol Sci 6535:Applied Physics Letters 6504:10.1126/science.1083212 6455:(12): 124505–124505–4. 6414:Applied Physics Letters 6310:Proceedings of the IEEE 6218:Physica Status Solidi C 5640:10.4103/0378-6323.31890 5352:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.162 5105:Brazilian Oral Research 4846:Zinc Oxide Rediscovered 4171:Applied Physics Letters 3966:Physical Review Letters 3831:Applied Physics Letters 3690:Rossler U, ed. (1999). 3581:10.1023/A:1004327018497 3308:Encyclopædia Britannica 3254:. PMPH USA. p. 3. 3170:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2826:Zinc oxide nanoparticle 2622:liquid crystal displays 2360:, but less opaque than 2226:reactive oxygen species 2030:, and fire retardants. 1911:atomic layer deposition 1899:pulsed laser deposition 1688:liquid crystal displays 992:7950 mg/kg (rat, oral) 632: = 3.2495 Å, 525:Magnetic susceptibility 10437:Protactinium(IV) oxide 10423:Praseodymium(IV) oxide 9611:Einsteinium(III) oxide 9509:Californium(III) oxide 8927:Water (hydrogen oxide) 8442:Mixed oxidation states 7518:Xu S, Wang ZL (2011). 7433:10.1002/cphc.200700002 7400:10.1002/pssb.200743072 6833:Ceramics International 6238:10.1002/pssc.200673557 5851:Quaker cereals content 5393:10.5644/ama2006-124.85 5339:British Dental Journal 4752:Nucleic Acids Research 4585:10.1002/anie.200351461 4245:(3): 033105–033105–7. 3475:10.1002/cphc.200700002 3032:, pp. 5.2, 5.42, 6.163 2719: 2627:Transparent thin-film 2578: 2562: 2252:(320–400 nm) and 2236:Zinc oxide is used in 2169:Zinc oxide is used in 1879:hydrothermal synthesis 1867: 1831:carbothermal reduction 1509: 1508:A zincblende unit cell 1501: 1445: 928: 11187:Oxides are sorted by 11038:Technetium(VII) oxide 10774:Protactinium(V) oxide 9883:Promethium(III) oxide 9662:Gadolinium(III) oxide 9594:Dysprosium(III) oxide 9218:Protactinium monoxide 8670:Terbium(III,IV) oxide 8217:Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX) 6776:Nature Communications 6690:on February 15, 2008. 6090:U.S. patent 4,128,619 5380:Acta Medica Academica 4965:Nathan, Alan (2010). 4764:10.1093/nar/16.3.1216 4113:10.1557/JMR.2008.0300 3634:Park CK, Silsbee MR, 3607:Ferracane JL (2001). 3536:Butterworth-Heinemann 3530:, Earnshaw A (1997). 2866:Zinc–zinc oxide cycle 2717: 2587:light emitting diodes 2568: 2556: 2520:compounds prior to a 2401:ultraviolet radiation 1865: 1696:light-emitting diodes 1612:Mechanical properties 1587:= 5.2 Å; their ratio 1507: 1499: 1477:carbothermic reaction 1443: 1247:The Canon of Medicine 927: 661:Coordination geometry 636: = 5.2069 Å 11239:II-VI semiconductors 11234:Corrosion inhibitors 11219:Amphoteric compounds 10987:Dichlorine heptoxide 10757:Phosphorus pentoxide 10723:Dinitrogen pentoxide 10521:Technetium(IV) oxide 10238:Dinitrogen tetroxide 10053:Ytterbium(III) oxide 9815:Neodymium(III) oxide 9798:Manganese(III) oxide 9441:Berkelium(III) oxide 9390:Americium(III) oxide 8551:Dichlorine pentoxide 8534:Cobalt(II,III) oxide 8500:Chlorine perchlorate 8293:Trolamine salicylate 8222:Menthyl anthranilate 6759:. November 10, 2008. 6278:10.1364/OE.19.016346 6042:. 180–181: 642–645. 5826:van Noort R (2002). 4799:Applications of ZnO. 4058:. 237–239: 538–543. 3217:Craddock PT (2008). 2831:Gallium(III) nitride 2044:sulfur vulcanization 1858:Laboratory synthesis 1842:Wet chemical process 1595:= 1.633. As in most 1565:Schoenflies notation 1410:ZnO + 2 NaOH + H 1004:median concentration 910:(fire diamond) 741:-350.46±0.27 kJ mol 537:Thermal conductivity 11264:Sunscreening agents 11094:Ruthenium tetroxide 11004:Manganese heptoxide 10850:Molybdenum trioxide 10465:Ruthenium(IV) oxide 10395:Plutonium(IV) oxide 10339:Neptunium(IV) oxide 10140:Californium dioxide 10112:Berkelium(IV) oxide 10036:Vanadium(III) oxide 10019:Tungsten(III) oxide 10002:Titanium(III) oxide 9968:Thallium(III) oxide 9917:Samarium(III) oxide 9849:Phosphorus trioxide 9781:Lutetium(III) oxide 9645:Europium(III) oxide 9577:Dinitrogen trioxide 9543:Chromium(III) oxide 9492:Caesium sesquioxide 9356:Actinium(III) oxide 9198:Phosphorus monoxide 9188:Palladium(II) oxide 9148:Manganese(II) oxide 8951:Aluminium(II) oxide 8784:Dichlorine monoxide 8704:Triuranium octoxide 8687:Tribromine octoxide 8653:Silver(I,III) oxide 8517:Chloryl perchlorate 8159:Sunscreening agents 7392:2007PSSBR.244.3027K 7334:2005JPCM...17R.657J 7287:2009STAdM..10a3001B 7235:2005JAP....98d1301O 6796:10.1038/ncomms14921 6788:2017NatCo...814921Z 6723:10.1038/nature06601 6715:2008Natur.451..809Q 6629:2012Senso..12.2610S 6547:2004ApPhL..85.2274H 6496:2003Sci...300.1269N 6461:2006JAP....99l4505O 6426:2004ApPhL..84.3603L 6391:2003PhRvB..67i4115K 6269:2011OExpr..1916346T 6263:(17): 16346–16355. 6230:2007PSSCR...4..158B 6177:2015NatSR...511070Z 6120:2015NatSR...513641L 5863:St Clair K (2016). 5495:2009STAdM..10a5003A 5294:2008STAdM...9c5004P 5017:10.1136/emj.5.4.223 4881:10.1155/2014/709152 4717:2009ApPhA..97..403L 4647:2005NanoL...5.1231G 4534:2009Nanot..20e5608E 4498:2006JAP....99hM113C 4385:2007STAdM...8..443M 4328:2008STAdM...9b5009B 4289:2008JCrGr.310.1832S 4251:2008JAP...103c3105I 4183:2003ApPhL..83...87R 4148:1974JPCS...35..327W 4105:2008JMatR..23.2293O 4064:2002JCrGr.237..538K 4021:2007NatMa...6...44J 3978:1999PhRvL..82.2552L 3931:2019JaJAP..58l8003K 3888:1994PhRvB..5010715D 3882:(15): 10715–10721. 3843:2010ApPhL..96o2103M 3808:2015SuMi...85..813A 3755:2009STAdM..10a3001B 3573:1998JMatS..33.2251N 3501:Inorganic Chemistry 3336:2009JMatS..44.2181C 3278:Harding FJ (2007). 3140:2005JAP....98d1301O 2976:, pp. 4.138, 10.251 2821:Depleted zinc oxide 2732:lithium-ion battery 2472:Depleted zinc oxide 1492:Physical properties 1344:Chemical properties 1328:industry to resist 1308:proposed replacing 1254:and creams against 489:Solubility in water 28: 11244:Inorganic pigments 11059:+8 oxidation state 11021:Rhenium(VII) oxide 10980:+7 oxidation state 10920:Tellurium trioxide 10829:+6 oxidation state 10791:Tantalum pentoxide 10672:Antimony pentoxide 10665:+5 oxidation state 10633:Vanadium(IV) oxide 10605:Tungsten(IV) oxide 10210:Chromium(IV) oxide 10091:+4 oxidation state 10070:Yttrium(III) oxide 9985:Thulium(III) oxide 9951:Terbium(III) oxide 9900:Rhodium(III) oxide 9713:Holmium(III) oxide 9679:Gallium(III) oxide 9458:Bismuth(III) oxide 9349:+3 oxidation state 9315:Vanadium(II) oxide 9305:Titanium(II) oxide 9098:Germanium monoxide 9088:Europium(II) oxide 9071:Dinitrogen dioxide 9041:Chromium(II) oxide 8971:Berkelium monoxide 8944:+2 oxidation state 8732:Aluminium(I) oxide 8725:+1 oxidation state 8619:Mellitic anhydride 8568:Iron(II,III) oxide 8449:Antimony tetroxide 8314:Benzophenones 1–12 7586:Zinc white pigment 7561:Zincite properties 6889:10.1039/C3CS60188A 6638:10.3390/s120302610 6165:Scientific Reports 6108:Scientific Reports 6018:. 180–181: 71–75. 5726:The New York Times 5540:Nano-Micro Letters 5111:(suppl 1): 44–54. 5060:(Suppl 3): 46–54. 4465:(8–9): 2113–2118. 4283:(7–9): 1832–1835. 3665:Fierro JL (2006). 3409:. webexhibits.org. 2940:, pp. 12.85, 12.89 2871:ZnO nanostructures 2846:Zinc oxide eugenol 2720: 2661:reducing compounds 2579: 2563: 2528:S is converted to 2454:Plastics, such as 2290:zinc oxide eugenol 2280:Dental restoration 2105:contact dermatitis 1950:ZnO nanostructures 1868: 1710:breakdown voltages 1552:of hexagonal ZnO. 1542:inversion symmetry 1510: 1502: 1500:Wurtzite structure 1483:ZnO + C → Zn 1446: 1365:non-stoichiometric 1318:Edme-Jean Leclaire 1236:(1st century AD). 1194:inorganic compound 1178:Infobox references 1099:Related compounds 1077:(Immediate danger) 1010:2500 mg/m (mouse) 929: 770:Enthalpy of fusion 714:43.65±0.40 J·Kmol 26: 11229:Ceramic materials 11199: 11198: 11122:Hassium tetroxide 11066:Iridium tetroxide 10934:Tungsten trioxide 10892:Selenium trioxide 10864:Polonium trioxide 10836:Chromium trioxide 10808:Vanadium(V) oxide 10740:Niobium pentoxide 10706:Bismuth pentoxide 10689:Arsenic pentoxide 10647:Zirconium dioxide 10549:Terbium(IV) oxide 10535:Tellurium dioxide 10451:Rhodium(IV) oxide 10325:Manganese dioxide 10297:Hafnium(IV) oxide 10255:Germanium dioxide 10098:Americium dioxide 9832:Nickel(III) oxide 9730:Indium(III) oxide 9628:Erbium(III) oxide 9560:Cobalt(III) oxide 9526:Cerium(III) oxide 9407:Antimony trioxide 9325:Yttrium(II) oxide 9208:Polonium monoxide 9158:Mercury(II) oxide 9031:Chlorine monoxide 8901:Thallium(I) oxide 8771:Dicarbon monoxide 8585:Lead(II,IV) oxide 8401: 8400: 8166:or other agencies 8125: 8124: 8084: 8083: 7671: 7670: 7530:(12): 2171–2198. 7487:(11): 1013–1098. 7328:(27): R657–R689. 7261:978-0-444-53143-8 7243:10.1063/1.1992666 7189:(97th ed.). 7142:(10): 1273–1285. 6977:10.1021/ar300227e 6582:10.1021/cr500567r 6576:(15): 7944–8000. 6555:10.1063/1.1794351 6490:(5623): 1269–72. 6469:10.1063/1.2206417 6434:10.1063/1.1738174 6379:Physical Review B 6185:10.1038/srep11070 6128:10.1038/srep13641 5837:978-0-7234-3215-9 5753:10.1159/000247982 5429:10.1002/app.24866 4978:978-0-85369-886-9 4939:978-1-925078-07-7 4844:Brown HE (1957). 4825:. 185–186: 1–22. 4705:Applied Physics A 4684:(25): 4109–4111. 4678:Materials Letters 4655:10.1021/nl050788p 4614:(11): 2718–2723. 4573:Angewandte Chemie 4506:10.1063/1.2169411 4420:(11): 1013–1098. 4259:10.1063/1.2838178 4216:Mukund R. Patel. 4191:10.1063/1.1590423 3972:(12): 2552–2555. 3876:Physical Review B 3851:10.1063/1.3387843 3718:978-3-642-10576-0 3620:978-0-7817-2733-4 3545:978-0-08-037941-8 3510:978-0-12-352651-9 3438:978-0-8247-8340-2 3427:Porter F (1991). 3291:978-0-9554221-0-2 3236:978-0-19-518731-1 3200:978-0-86159-124-4 3148:10.1063/1.1992666 3004:978-3-540-47234-6 2899:, pp. 4.95, 12.80 2659:by adsorption of 2496:Methane reforming 2324:breakfast cereals 2258:ultraviolet light 2242:ultraviolet light 2107:, itching due to 2101:atopic dermatitis 1895:electrodeposition 1792:nonlinear optical 1774:Electron mobility 1672:electron mobility 1374:Zinc oxide is an 1186:Chemical compound 1184: 1183: 1140:Mercury(II) oxide 1087:Safety data sheet 867:Hazard statements 748:Gibbs free energy 581:Crystal structure 514:Electron mobility 494:0.0004% (17.8°C) 327:CompTox Dashboard 95:Interactive image 11281: 11080:Osmium tetroxide 10948:Uranium trioxide 10878:Rhenium trioxide 10591:Titanium dioxide 10479:Selenium dioxide 10409:Polonium dioxide 10381:Platinum dioxide 10353:Nitrogen dioxide 10224:Curium(IV) oxide 10196:Chlorine dioxide 10182:Cerium(IV) oxide 9424:Arsenic trioxide 9285:Thorium monoxide 9268:Disulfur dioxide 9238:Silicon monoxide 9168:Nickel(II) oxide 9061:Copper(II) oxide 9051:Cobalt(II) oxide 8991:Bromine monoxide 8836:Mercury(I) oxide 8797:Gallium(I) oxide 8758:Caesium monoxide 8428: 8421: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8362:Titanium dioxide 8167: 8162:approved by the 8152: 8145: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8107: 8106: 8098: 8097: 7956: 7955: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7820: 7634: 7633: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7593: 7592: 7549: 7539: 7514: 7496: 7475: 7465: 7444: 7411: 7386:(9): 3027–3073. 7374: 7353: 7316: 7306: 7265: 7246: 7204: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087:on 16 April 2014 7073: 7067: 7066: 7034: 7028: 7027: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6971:(8): 1900–1909. 6956: 6950: 6949: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6868: 6857: 6856: 6839:(6): 4895–4903. 6824: 6818: 6817: 6807: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6709:(7180): 809–13. 6698: 6692: 6691: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6640: 6623:(3): 2610–2631. 6608: 6602: 6601: 6570:Chemical Reviews 6565: 6559: 6558: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6376: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6351:(1–3): 383–387. 6340: 6334: 6333: 6316:(7): 1281–1287. 6305: 6299: 6298: 6280: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6139: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5860: 5854: 5853:. quakeroats.com 5848: 5842: 5841: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5798: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5728:. June 10, 2009. 5718: 5712: 5711: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5642: 5621:More BD (2007). 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5602:on 15 April 2018 5598:. Archived from 5588: 5582: 5581: 5571: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5395: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5213:(9): 1183–1191. 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5183:. Archived from 5173: 5167: 5166: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5120: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5069: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5028: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4946:on 20 April 2023 4942:. Archived from 4923: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4883: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4818: 4809: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4429: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4099:(9): 2293–2295. 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4029:10.1038/nmat1795 4009:Nature Materials 4004: 3998: 3997: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3604: 3593: 3592: 3567:(9): 2251–2254. 3556: 3550: 3549: 3534:(2nd ed.). 3524: 3515: 3514: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3454: 3443: 3442: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3380:. Archived from 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3330:(9): 2181–2191. 3319: 3313: 3312: 3311:. 10 March 2009. 3302: 3296: 3295: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3163: 3152: 3151: 3119: 3104: 3103: 3094:(3–4): 422–428. 3083: 3072: 3071: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2913: 2900: 2894: 2861:Zinc–air battery 2805:metal fume fever 2761:photodegradation 2689:piezoelectricity 2683:Piezoelectricity 2649:nitrogen dioxide 2645:hydrogen sulfide 2618:indium tin oxide 2571:indium tin oxide 2522:methane reformer 2502:hydrogen sulfide 2362:titanium dioxide 2284:When mixed with 2262:titanium dioxide 2189:by reducing the 2050:Ceramic industry 2020:refractive index 1812:Indirect process 1740:Nonstoichiometry 1714:electronic noise 1605:piezoelectricity 1546:piezoelectricity 1376:amphoteric oxide 1210:food supplements 1207: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1022:lowest published 949: 942: 935: 920: 900: 896: 892: 878: 874: 846: 813: 784: 759: 737: 710: 686: 671:Thermochemistry 623:Lattice constant 548:Refractive index 531:−27.2·10 cm/mol 423: 411:Chemical formula 351: 350: 335: 333: 307: 271: 260: 246: 224:Gmelin Reference 207: 199: 188: 177: 157: 137: 117: 97: 73: 36: 29: 25: 11289: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11204: 11203: 11200: 11195: 11193:Category:Oxides 11189:oxidation state 11181: 11135: 11131: 11117: 11108:Xenon tetroxide 11103: 11089: 11075: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11033: 11029: 11016: 11012: 10999: 10995: 10975: 10971: 10957: 10943: 10929: 10915: 10906:Sulfur trioxide 10901: 10887: 10873: 10859: 10845: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10803: 10799: 10786: 10782: 10769: 10765: 10752: 10748: 10735: 10731: 10718: 10714: 10701: 10697: 10684: 10680: 10660: 10656: 10642: 10628: 10619:Uranium dioxide 10614: 10600: 10586: 10572: 10563:Thorium dioxide 10558: 10544: 10530: 10516: 10502: 10493:Silicon dioxide 10488: 10474: 10460: 10446: 10432: 10418: 10404: 10390: 10376: 10362: 10348: 10334: 10320: 10306: 10292: 10283:Iridium dioxide 10278: 10264: 10250: 10246: 10233: 10219: 10205: 10191: 10177: 10168:Carbon trioxide 10163: 10149: 10135: 10126:Bromine dioxide 10121: 10107: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10065: 10061: 10048: 10044: 10031: 10027: 10014: 10010: 9997: 9993: 9980: 9976: 9963: 9959: 9946: 9942: 9929: 9925: 9912: 9908: 9895: 9891: 9878: 9874: 9861: 9857: 9844: 9840: 9827: 9823: 9810: 9806: 9793: 9789: 9776: 9772: 9764:Lanthanum oxide 9759: 9755: 9747:Iron(III) oxide 9742: 9738: 9725: 9721: 9708: 9704: 9696:Gold(III) oxide 9691: 9687: 9674: 9670: 9657: 9653: 9640: 9636: 9623: 9619: 9606: 9602: 9589: 9585: 9572: 9568: 9555: 9551: 9538: 9534: 9521: 9517: 9504: 9500: 9487: 9483: 9470: 9466: 9453: 9449: 9436: 9432: 9419: 9415: 9402: 9398: 9385: 9381: 9373:Aluminium oxide 9368: 9364: 9344: 9280: 9276: 9258:Sulfur monoxide 9248:Strontium oxide 9138:Magnesium oxide 9118:Iodine monoxide 9083: 9079: 9021:Carbon monoxide 8981:Beryllium oxide 8939: 8935: 8922: 8909: 8896: 8883: 8870: 8862:Potassium oxide 8857: 8844: 8831: 8818: 8810:Iodine(I) oxide 8805: 8792: 8779: 8766: 8753: 8745:Copper(I) oxide 8740: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8699: 8695: 8682: 8678: 8665: 8661: 8648: 8644: 8631: 8627: 8614: 8610: 8597: 8593: 8580: 8576: 8563: 8559: 8546: 8542: 8529: 8525: 8512: 8508: 8495: 8491: 8483:Carbon suboxide 8478: 8474: 8461: 8457: 8437: 8432: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8382:Photoprotection 8373: 8302:UVA+UVB filters 8297: 8226: 8190: 8182:UVB: 315–290 nm 8168: 8161: 8156: 8126: 8121: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7852: 7839: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7794: 7790: 7782: 7774: 7766: 7758: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7625: 7620: 7557: 7552: 7494:10.1.1.654.3359 7463:10.1.1.125.7559 7262: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7178: 7173: 7128: 7124: 7106: 7099: 7090: 7088: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7035: 7031: 6996: 6992: 6957: 6953: 6918: 6914: 6869: 6860: 6825: 6821: 6768: 6764: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6699: 6695: 6676: 6672: 6609: 6605: 6566: 6562: 6531: 6527: 6480: 6476: 6445: 6441: 6410: 6406: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6341: 6337: 6306: 6302: 6249: 6245: 6214: 6210: 6157: 6153: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6059: 6055: 6035: 6031: 6012: 6008: 5987:Materials Today 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5875: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5824: 5820: 5775: 5768: 5737: 5733: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5684: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5532: 5528: 5475: 5471: 5440: 5436: 5413: 5409: 5372: 5368: 5331: 5327: 5274: 5270: 5238: 5234: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5097: 5093: 5046: 5042: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4860: 4853: 4842: 4838: 4819: 4812: 4806:Wayback Machine 4796: 4789: 4744: 4740: 4701: 4697: 4674: 4670: 4631: 4627: 4604: 4600: 4569: 4565: 4517: 4513: 4482: 4478: 4455: 4451: 4427:10.1.1.654.3359 4406: 4402: 4365: 4361: 4308: 4304: 4273: 4266: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4220:. 2012. p. 247. 4215: 4211: 4207:. 2014. p. 316. 4202: 4198: 4167: 4163: 4132: 4128: 4085: 4081: 4048: 4044: 4005: 4001: 3958: 3954: 3915: 3911: 3872: 3868: 3827: 3823: 3792: 3788: 3735: 3726: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3663: 3659: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3596: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3497: 3490: 3455: 3446: 3439: 3425: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3320: 3316: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3187: 3183: 3164: 3155: 3120: 3107: 3084: 3075: 3058: 3057: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2989: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2914: 2903: 2895: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2816: 2777: 2759:and is used in 2753:green chemistry 2747:, mainly as an 2741: 2728: 2685: 2637: 2583:direct band gap 2551: 2543: 2539: 2527: 2507: 2498: 2474: 2468: 2425: 2390: 2346: 2340: 2320: 2314:Zinc deficiency 2310: 2282: 2274:outermost layer 2234: 2167: 2079: 2075: 2070:iron(III) oxide 2066: 2061: 2052: 2042:is used in the 2036: 2034:Rubber industry 2015: 1983:gallium nitride 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1860: 1844: 1823: 1814: 1806: 1800: 1785:surge arresters 1718:magnesium oxide 1668: 1652:piezoelectrical 1614: 1578: 1574: 1562: 1550:pyroelectricity 1515: 1494: 1486: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1450:phosphoric acid 1417: 1413: 1401: 1397: 1378:. It is nearly 1370: 1346: 1230:Charaka Samhita 1222: 1200: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: ?) 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1138: 1132: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1048: 1025: 1019: 1007: 1001: 991: 987: 981: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 937: 930: 926: 918: 887: 869: 855: 839: 802: 785: 782: 776: 772: 760: 754: 750: 738: 735: 729: 725: 722: 721:Std enthalpy of 711: 708: 701: 698: 687: 680: 663: 651: 637: 625: 613: 605: 597: 583: 568: 564: 558: 556: 528: 491: 416: 413: 399: 396: 391: 390: 379: 376: 375: 372: 366: 365: 354: 336: 329: 310: 290: 274: 261: 249: 226: 217: 180: 160: 140: 120: 100: 87: 76: 63: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11287: 11277: 11276: 11274:Zinc compounds 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11197: 11196: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11141: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11101: 11091: 11087: 11077: 11073: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10962:Xenon trioxide 10959: 10955: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10913: 10903: 10899: 10889: 10885: 10875: 10871: 10861: 10857: 10847: 10843: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10640: 10630: 10626: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10598: 10588: 10584: 10574: 10570: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10542: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10514: 10507:Sulfur dioxide 10504: 10500: 10490: 10486: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10458: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10402: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10374: 10367:Osmium dioxide 10364: 10360: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10318: 10308: 10304: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10276: 10269:Iodine dioxide 10266: 10262: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10217: 10207: 10203: 10193: 10189: 10179: 10175: 10165: 10161: 10154:Carbon dioxide 10151: 10147: 10137: 10133: 10123: 10119: 10109: 10105: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10016: 10012: 10008: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9934:Scandium oxide 9931: 9927: 9923: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9475:Boron trioxide 9472: 9468: 9464: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9332: 9322: 9312: 9302: 9292: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9265: 9255: 9245: 9235: 9225: 9215: 9205: 9195: 9185: 9175: 9165: 9155: 9145: 9135: 9128:Lead(II) oxide 9125: 9115: 9108:Iron(II) oxide 9105: 9095: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9068: 9058: 9048: 9038: 9028: 9018: 9008: 8998: 8988: 8978: 8968: 8958: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8924: 8920: 8911: 8907: 8898: 8894: 8885: 8881: 8875:Rubidium oxide 8872: 8868: 8859: 8855: 8846: 8842: 8833: 8829: 8820: 8816: 8807: 8803: 8794: 8790: 8781: 8777: 8768: 8764: 8755: 8751: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8466:Boron suboxide 8463: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8431: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8354: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8180: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8155: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8112: 8103: 8094: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7960: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7638: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7623:Zinc compounds 7619: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7555:External links 7553: 7551: 7550: 7515: 7476: 7456:(1–3): 49–91. 7445: 7427:(6): 782–803. 7412: 7375: 7354: 7317: 7266: 7260: 7247: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7199: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7122: 7097: 7068: 7029: 7004:Water Research 6990: 6951: 6912: 6883:(1): 473–486. 6877:Chem. Soc. Rev 6858: 6819: 6762: 6744: 6693: 6670: 6603: 6560: 6525: 6474: 6439: 6404: 6362: 6335: 6300: 6257:Optics Express 6243: 6224:(1): 158–161. 6208: 6151: 6094: 6080: 6069:(4): 245–252. 6063:Nuclear Energy 6053: 6029: 6006: 5973: 5961: 5948: 5920: 5908: 5905:978-0521303743 5888: 5873: 5855: 5843: 5836: 5818: 5766: 5731: 5713: 5678: 5664: 5613: 5583: 5546:(3): 219–242. 5526: 5469: 5450:(2): 150–164. 5434: 5407: 5366: 5325: 5268: 5249:(6): 352–358. 5232: 5197: 5168: 5150: 5145:smartmouth.com 5132: 5091: 5040: 4991: 4977: 4957: 4938: 4918: 4905: 4851: 4836: 4810: 4787: 4738: 4711:(2): 403–408. 4695: 4668: 4625: 4598: 4579:(26): 3031–4. 4563: 4522:Nanotechnology 4511: 4476: 4449: 4400: 4379:(6): 443–447. 4359: 4302: 4264: 4222: 4209: 4196: 4161: 4142:(3): 327–335. 4126: 4079: 4042: 3999: 3952: 3909: 3866: 3837:(15): 152103. 3821: 3786: 3724: 3717: 3697: 3682: 3676:978-0824723712 3675: 3657: 3646:(1): 141–150. 3626: 3619: 3594: 3551: 3544: 3516: 3509: 3488: 3469:(6): 782–803. 3444: 3437: 3412: 3394: 3369: 3357: 3314: 3297: 3290: 3267: 3261:978-1550092721 3260: 3242: 3235: 3206: 3199: 3181: 3153: 3105: 3073: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 3003: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2927: 2901: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2776: 2773: 2745:photocatalysis 2740: 2739:Photocatalysis 2737: 2727: 2724: 2684: 2681: 2636: 2633: 2607:field emitters 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2525: 2505: 2497: 2494: 2470:Main article: 2467: 2464: 2424: 2421: 2389: 2386: 2342:Main article: 2339: 2336: 2309: 2306: 2281: 2278: 2233: 2230: 2207:essential oils 2166: 2163: 2125:barrier creams 2077: 2073: 2065: 2064:Skin treatment 2062: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2035: 2032: 2014: 2011: 1993:crystallites, 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1883:vapor pressure 1859: 1856: 1852:zinc hydroxide 1848:zinc carbonate 1843: 1840: 1822: 1821:Direct process 1819: 1813: 1810: 1799: 1796: 1667: 1664: 1637:optical phonon 1613: 1610: 1576: 1572: 1560: 1514: 1511: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1368: 1345: 1342: 1221: 1218: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1154: 1153: 1149:standard state 1146: 1143: 1142: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121:Zinc telluride 1110: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 999: 997: 994: 993: 988: 979: 977: 974: 973: 966: 965: 962: 956: 955: 945: 938: 931: 916: 915: 914: 913: 911: 902: 901: 888: 883: 880: 879: 870: 865: 862: 861: 856: 851: 848: 847: 840: 835: 832: 831: 821: 820: 816: 815: 803: 798: 795: 794: 790: 789: 786: 780: 774: 768: 765: 764: 763:-320.5 kJ mol 761: 752: 746: 743: 742: 739: 733: 727: 719: 716: 715: 712: 706: 695: 692: 691: 688: 676: 673: 672: 668: 667: 664: 659: 656: 655: 652: 642: 639: 638: 628: 626: 621: 618: 617: 611: 603: 598: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 566: 562: 559: 554: 546: 543: 542: 539: 533: 532: 529: 523: 520: 519: 516: 510: 509: 502: 496: 495: 492: 487: 484: 483: 480: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 426: 425: 414: 409: 406: 405: 401: 400: 398: 397: 394: 386: 385: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 373: 370: 369: 361: 360: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 339: 337: 325: 322: 321: 318: 312: 311: 309: 308: 300: 298: 292: 291: 289: 288: 284: 282: 276: 275: 273: 272: 264: 262: 254: 251: 250: 248: 247: 239: 237: 231: 230: 227: 222: 219: 218: 216: 215: 211: 209: 201: 200: 190: 182: 181: 179: 178: 170: 168: 162: 161: 159: 158: 150: 148: 142: 141: 139: 138: 130: 128: 122: 121: 119: 118: 110: 108: 102: 101: 99: 98: 90: 88: 81: 78: 77: 75: 74: 66: 64: 59: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11286: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11224:Antipruritics 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11202: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11009: 11005: 11002: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10897: 10893: 10890: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10624: 10620: 10617: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10568: 10564: 10561: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10540: 10536: 10533: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10498: 10494: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10007: 10003: 10000: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9956: 9952: 9949: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9616: 9612: 9609: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9295:Tin(II) oxide 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9011:Calcium oxide 9009: 9006: 9002: 9001:Cadmium oxide 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8849:Nitrous oxide 8847: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8823:Lithium oxide 8821: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8344:Sulisobenzone 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8179:A: 400–315 nm 8178: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8165: 8160: 8153: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8118: 8087: 8086: 8078: 8071: 8069: 8051: 8049: 8035: 8033: 8019: 8017: 8003: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7975: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7937: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7810: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7605: 7603: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7481:Nano Research 7477: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7365:(1–2): 1–47. 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7281:(1): 013001. 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7202: 7200:9781498754293 7196: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7176:Cited sources 7167: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6757:Science Daily 6754: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6385:(9): 094115. 6384: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5874:9781473630819 5870: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741:Dermatologica 5735: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5489:(1): 015003. 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5386:(2): 179–88. 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288:(3): 035004. 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5187:on 2020-11-20 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4961: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758:(3): 1216–7. 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641:(7): 1231–6. 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4528:(5): 055608. 4527: 4523: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492:(8): 08M113. 4491: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322:(2): 025009. 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749:(1): 013001. 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3431:. CRC Press. 3430: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3384:on 2021-04-02 3383: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2856:Zinc smelting 2854: 2852: 2851:Zinc peroxide 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:food additive 2772: 2770: 2766: 2765:photochemical 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2733: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2669:nanoparticles 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2600:random lasers 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581:ZnO has wide 2576: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:hydrogenation 2511: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2460:polycarbonate 2457: 2452: 2450: 2447:~90%, lowest 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2318:Zinc toxicity 2315: 2308:Food additive 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298:prosthodontic 2295: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173:products and 2172: 2165:Antibacterial 2162: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:diaper rashes 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2071: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1936: 1935: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1809: 1805: 1804:Zinc smelting 1795: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727:Most ZnO has 1725: 1723: 1722:cadmium oxide 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1620:. The native 1619: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583:= 3.25 Å and 1582: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1506: 1498: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1435:zinc chloride 1432: 1428: 1424: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1366: 1362: 1361:thermochromic 1357: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280:(an alloy of 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:diaper rashes 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136:Cadmium oxide 1134: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117:Zinc selenide 1114: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1060:(Recommended) 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047:(Permissible) 1046: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1005: 996: 995: 989: 985: 976: 975: 971: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 950: 943: 936: 912: 909: 908: 904: 903: 889: 886: 882: 881: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 850: 849: 845: 841: 838: 834: 833: 829: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 804: 801: 797: 796: 793:Pharmacology 791: 787: 779: 771: 767: 766: 762: 757: 749: 745: 744: 740: 732: 724: 718: 717: 713: 705: 700: 694: 693: 689: 684: 679: 678:Heat capacity 675: 674: 669: 665: 662: 658: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:Formula units 641: 640: 635: 631: 627: 624: 620: 619: 616: 609: 602: 599: 596: 592: 591: 588: 585: 582: 578: 577: 572: 560: 553: 549: 545: 544: 541:0.6 W/(cm·K) 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 518:180 cm/(V·s) 517: 515: 512: 511: 507: 503: 501: 498: 497: 493: 490: 486: 485: 481: 479: 478:Boiling point 476: 475: 471: 469: 468:Melting point 466: 465: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 437: 433: 431: 428: 427: 422: 419: 415: 412: 408: 407: 402: 393: 392: 389: 382: 371:InChI=1S/O.Zn 368: 367: 364: 357: 349: 345: 344:DTXSID7035016 341: 340: 338: 328: 324: 323: 319: 317: 314: 313: 306: 302: 301: 299: 297: 294: 293: 286: 285: 283: 281: 278: 277: 270: 266: 265: 263: 257: 253: 252: 245: 241: 240: 238: 236: 233: 232: 228: 225: 221: 220: 213: 212: 210: 208: 203: 202: 198: 194: 191: 189: 187:ECHA InfoCard 184: 183: 176: 172: 171: 169: 167: 164: 163: 156: 152: 151: 149: 147: 144: 143: 136: 135:ChEMBL3988900 132: 131: 129: 127: 124: 123: 116: 112: 111: 109: 107: 104: 103: 96: 92: 91: 89: 85: 80: 79: 72: 68: 67: 65: 62: 58: 57: 52: 44: 39: 35: 30: 22: 11201: 10311:Lead dioxide 9334: 9228:Radium oxide 9178:Nitric oxide 8961:Barium oxide 8914:Sodium oxide 8888:Silver oxide 8366: 8356: 8348: 8319:Dioxybenzone 8185: 7798: 7588:at ColourLex 7577: 7527: 7523: 7484: 7480: 7453: 7449: 7424: 7421:ChemPhysChem 7420: 7383: 7379: 7362: 7358: 7325: 7321: 7278: 7274: 7254:. Elsevier. 7251: 7226: 7222: 7184: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7116: 7089:. Retrieved 7085:the original 7080: 7077:"Zinc oxide" 7071: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6880: 6876: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6688:the original 6683: 6673: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6541:(12): 2274. 6538: 6534: 6528: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6420:(18): 3603. 6417: 6413: 6407: 6382: 6378: 6365: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6083: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6039: 6032: 6015: 6009: 5993:(5): 40–48. 5990: 5986: 5976: 5964: 5951: 5939:. Retrieved 5933: 5923: 5911: 5896: 5891: 5864: 5858: 5846: 5827: 5821: 5789:(2): 58–67. 5786: 5782: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5694:(1): 85–90. 5691: 5687: 5681: 5667: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5604:. 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Retrieved 3382:the original 3378:"Zinc White" 3372: 3360: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3307: 3300: 3280: 3251: 3245: 3226: 3190: 3184: 3167: 3131: 3127: 3091: 3087: 3063: 3060:"Zinc oxide" 3037: 3025: 3013: 2993: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2809: 2793: 2791:substances. 2778: 2757:UV radiation 2742: 2729: 2721: 2703: 2702:In 2008 the 2701: 2686: 2638: 2626: 2611: 2604: 2580: 2573:and PET for 2499: 2478:zinc isotope 2475: 2453: 2445:transparency 2430: 2426: 2391: 2347: 2332:Zinc sulfate 2321: 2283: 2270: 2235: 2218: 2168: 2160: 2135:cream, anti- 2098: 2094:hemimorphite 2080:) is called 2067: 2053: 2040:stearic acid 2037: 2016: 2013:Applications 1995:spin coating 1991:zinc acetate 1987:zinc acetate 1972: 1964:zinc nitrate 1953: 1915: 1876: 1869: 1845: 1824: 1815: 1807: 1789: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1753: 1729: 1726: 1700: 1680:luminescence 1669: 1641: 1626: 1615: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1554: 1539: 1521:, hexagonal 1516: 1474: 1447: 1423:carboxylates 1420: 1405: 1388:hydrochloric 1373: 1358: 1347: 1334:photocopying 1323: 1314: 1298: 1275: 1262:cream, anti- 1245: 1225: 1223: 1189: 1188: 1113:Zinc sulfide 1066: 1034: 969: 906: 858: 825: 777: 755: 730: 703: 690:40.3 J·Kmol 682: 666:Tetrahedral 647: 633: 629: 614: 607: 600: 551: 442:White solid 280:RTECS number 54:Identifiers 46:Other names 11177:Oxypnictide 10577:Tin dioxide 8390:Sun tanning 8334:Octocrylene 8231:UVB filters 8195:UVA filters 7049:: 536–551. 7010:: 428–448. 6932:: 536–551. 6898:10220/19472 5941:January 25, 5928:Bouchez C. 5747:(1): 36–9. 5673:"Sunscreen" 5633:(2): 80–5. 5423:: 412–416. 4015:(1): 44–7. 3860:10902/23620 3802:: 813–819. 2787:'s list of 2673:nanopillars 2641:gas sensors 2635:Gas sensors 2629:transistors 2559:laser diode 2549:Electronics 2540:S + ZnO → H 2510:natural gas 2490:transformed 2482:atomic mass 2449:resistivity 2388:UV absorber 2294:restorative 2266:comedogenic 2175:toothpastes 2150:to form an 2121:baby powder 2113:diaper rash 1909:synthesis, 1692:transistors 1597:group II-VI 1569:space group 1567:), and the 1531:tetrahedral 1290:Dioscorides 1273:ointments. 1252:baby powder 1234:Dioscorides 984:median dose 970:Lethal dose 960:Flash point 853:Signal word 800:ATCvet code 595:Space group 439:Appearance 404:Properties 193:100.013.839 115:CHEBI:36560 27:Zinc oxide 11214:Zinc oxide 11208:Categories 11172:Superoxide 9335:Zinc oxide 8380:See also: 8367:Zinc oxide 8258:Homosalate 7579:Zinc oxide 7091:2009-08-03 6684:Wired News 5650:1807/47877 5596:mycpss.com 5191:2021-01-06 5181:drzinx.com 5159:"Oxyfresh" 4874:: 709152. 3388:2020-12-18 3042:Zinc oxide 3020:, p. 4.145 2964:, p. 12.80 2952:, p. 4.131 2878:References 2614:electrodes 2512:following 2409:sunglasses 2405:sunscreens 2366:lead white 2344:Zinc white 2312:See also: 2240:to absorb 2203:hinokitiol 2187:bad breath 2156:astringent 2148:castor oil 2144:antiseptic 1925:O → Zn(OH) 1903:sputtering 1835:anthracite 1802:See also: 1798:Production 1684:electrodes 1629:Mohs scale 1527:zincblende 1525:and cubic 1425:, such as 1414:O → Na 1386:, such as 1310:lead white 1271:antiseptic 1226:pushpanjan 1190:Zinc oxide 837:Pictograms 788:70 kJ/mol 574:Structure 430:Molar mass 305:SOI2LOH54Z 146:ChemSpider 82:3D model ( 61:CAS Number 11147:Oxocarbon 8357:Physical: 8238:Amiloxate 7511:137014543 7489:CiteSeerX 7458:CiteSeerX 7350:118610509 7191:CRC Press 7063:1364-0321 7024:0043-1354 6985:0001-4842 6946:1364-0321 6907:0306-0012 6853:0272-8842 6782:: 14921. 6647:1424-8220 6590:0009-2665 6287:1094-4087 6171:: 11070. 6114:: 13641. 5883:936144129 5560:2311-6706 5177:"Dr ZinX" 4558:206056816 4444:137014543 4422:CiteSeerX 4177:(1): 87. 4121:137944281 3947:209935734 3352:135523239 3223:Oleson JP 2677:nanowires 2665:tin oxide 2433:aluminium 2358:lithopone 2302:dentistry 2272:into the 2238:sunscreen 2232:Sunscreen 2171:mouthwash 2152:emollient 2127:to treat 1941:→ ZnO + H 1827:zinc ores 1754:Reliable 1656:thin film 1513:Structure 1380:insoluble 1354:manganese 1330:corrosion 1196:with the 1093:ICSC 0208 1081:500 mg/m 828:labelling 723:formation 697:Std molar 565:=2.013, n 462:5.6 g/cm 452:Odorless 316:UN number 287:ZH4810000 214:215-222-5 206:EC Number 71:1314-13-2 11167:Peroxide 11157:Oxyanion 11152:Suboxide 8248:Cinoxate 8005:Zn(CH(CH 7683:Zn(acac) 7676:Zinc(II) 7546:18770461 7441:17429819 7408:97461963 7313:27877250 7166:34647278 6814:28382972 6731:18273015 6665:22736968 6598:25651137 6520:20791905 6512:12764192 6330:20442190 6295:21934998 6203:26076705 6146:26324054 5813:29173997 5805:21392107 5659:17456911 5606:15 April 5578:30464967 5521:27877266 5464:97726945 5402:24308397 5361:23429124 5320:27878001 5227:11577950 5127:19838550 5086:21762155 4900:25120566 4802:Archived 4733:97205678 4663:16178216 4593:12851963 4550:19417355 4414:Nano Res 4354:27877984 4037:17143265 3994:53476471 3781:27877250 3589:94700819 3483:17429819 3305:"Zinc". 3070:(NIOSH). 2924:(NIOSH). 2814:See also 2508:S) from 2423:Coatings 2374:Van Gogh 2328:nutrient 2214:extracts 2191:volatile 2140:shampoos 2137:dandruff 2133:calamine 2086:calamine 2082:calamine 2059:Medicine 2028:ferrites 2024:concrete 1968:hexamine 1956:nanorods 1921:Zn + 2 H 1872:nanowire 1781:varistor 1745:chlorine 1706:band gap 1676:band gap 1535:rocksalt 1523:wurtzite 1431:stearate 1338:titanium 1267:shampoos 1264:dandruff 1260:calamine 1242:Avicenna 907:NFPA 704 819:Hazards 814:) 806:QA07XA91 587:Wurtzite 527:(χ) 504:3.2 eV ( 500:Band gap 166:DrugBank 11162:Ozonide 11140:Related 8394:Sunburn 8021:Zn(C(CH 7630:Zinc(I) 7388:Bibcode 7330:Bibcode 7304:5109597 7283:Bibcode 7231:Bibcode 7210:Reviews 7157:8550398 6805:5384213 6784:Bibcode 6739:4411796 6711:Bibcode 6656:3376589 6625:Bibcode 6617:Sensors 6543:Bibcode 6492:Bibcode 6484:Science 6457:Bibcode 6422:Bibcode 6387:Bibcode 6265:Bibcode 6226:Bibcode 6194:4468465 6173:Bibcode 6137:4555170 6116:Bibcode 5761:2307275 5708:9922017 5569:6223899 5512:5109610 5491:Bibcode 5311:5099658 5290:Bibcode 5263:2195152 5077:9374993 5035:3233136 5026:1285538 4984:8 March 4950:8 March 4891:4120804 4782:3344217 4713:Bibcode 4643:Bibcode 4530:Bibcode 4494:Bibcode 4410:Wang ZL 4381:Bibcode 4345:5099741 4324:Bibcode 4285:Bibcode 4247:Bibcode 4179:Bibcode 4144:Bibcode 4101:Bibcode 4060:Bibcode 4017:Bibcode 3974:Bibcode 3927:Bibcode 3904:9975171 3884:Bibcode 3839:Bibcode 3804:Bibcode 3772:5109597 3751:Bibcode 3569:Bibcode 3332:Bibcode 3225:(ed.). 3136:Bibcode 2918:"#0675" 2706:at the 2695:fibers 2693:textile 2657:n-doped 2544:O + ZnS 2516:of any 2437:gallium 2413:welding 2370:Böcklin 2350:pigment 2338:Pigment 2286:eugenol 2199:xylitol 2090:zincite 1975:silicon 1907:sol–gel 1674:, wide 1575:mc or C 1485:(Vapor) 1454:hopeite 1444:Hopeite 1350:zincite 1302:Bristol 1244:in his 1220:History 1214:zincite 1198:formula 1171:what is 1169: ( 1130:cations 859:Warning 808: ( 751:(Δ 699:entropy 569:=2.029 458:Density 424: 256:PubChem 175:DB09321 11254:Oxides 8435:Oxides 8392:, and 8164:US FDA 7836:Zn(OH) 7813:Zn(ClO 7735:Zn(ClO 7719:Zn(CN) 7544: 7509: 7491: 7460: 7439: 7406: 7348: 7311: 7301: 7258: 7197: 7164: 7154: 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