Olenders - Knowledge

580: 565: 1117:), which frequently were also spelled out in the settlement contract. The legal content of these had the objective of regulating relations among the peasants, which was especially important in the context of the shared responsibility of the community to fulfill the obligations toward the land owner contained in the contract. For example, the officials of the local government were even required to remove an Olęder who neglected his land and settle somebody else there. The local government was also responsible for the care of minor orphans, with security (especially against fires) and cleanliness of the settlement. 1046:

religion, which after all was one of the reasons for the original Dutch colonization. The great majority of settlement contracts contained the limitation that the settlers were not allowed to prevent Catholic laborers they employed from participating in Holy Mass or other church visits. Only rarely did a founder interfere with the colonists' freedom to carry out their own religious observances (for example, the Warsaw authorities not only prohibited the Olędrzy from building a Protestant church, but also from holding services, either privately or publicly. They were required to participate in Catholic services.).

958:, often in perpetuity. (In Roman and civil law, an emphyteusis was a contract by which a landed estate was leased to a tenant, either in perpetuity or for a long term of years, upon the reservation of an annual rent, and upon condition that the lessee should improve the property; the real right by which a person is entitled to enjoy another's estate as if it were his own, and to dispose of its substance, as far as can be done without deteriorating it. This occurred both in cases of extended contracts of tenure, as well as in the founding of new Olęder settlements. (Rusiński gives as an example 109: 783:), later, with increasing frequency, they were descendants of the original Dutch, born on Polish soil, and subsequently from a completely different ethnic group—most often German, sometimes Polish, and occasionally representatives of other groups. For example, in reference to Greater Poland, Rusiński wrote "of the Dutch nation ... it is generally difficult to speak." Chodyła gives a precise figure: descendants of the Dutch in Pomerania accounted for 0.8% of settlers; Evangelical (Lutheran) Germans, for 54%; and Polish Catholics, 38%. A further 7.2% were of mixed ethnicity and faith. 814: 276:), who benefited from certain privileges resulting from the law established by the Frisian and Dutch peasants (such as personal freedom, long-term or perpetual use of land, and the possibility of transmitting land to heirs). The most important characteristic, however, was collective responsibility of the entire Olęder community for its obligations toward the land owner and the specific character of the community's self-government. Thus, the distinguishing characteristics of an Olęder settlement are legal, and not ethnic, religious or economic. Consequently, the word 128: 946:, around 22% of contracts were written in German, and one can even find contracts written both in German and Polish. Most often contracts were written only at the outset of settlement, although situations did occur—especially in later periods—where a contract's purpose was to recognize legally an already existing situation, such as the rights and relations of settlers already living on the land owner's lands. It also happened that a land owner would extend the new Olęder law to peasants who had been living on given lands for some time. 41: 2237: 931:(that is, a figure in medieval Poland who acted as a sort of headman of a village, and intermediary between the land owner and his peasants), but rather the community of settlers acting collectively, or their representative acting on their behalf. The original document remained in the hands of the land owner, although it was often recopied into the appropriate "land book," since the land owner was obligated to produce a duplicate in case the original was lost or destroyed. 803: 923:), which was issued in the case of a significant majority of settlements. It usually took a ceremonial and ornamental form, being drawn up on parchment and appropriately stamped with official seals, either placed directly on the document or on cords attached to the document. From a formal legal point of view, this document was not a binding contract, but rather a unilateral declaration expressing the will of the land owner. 874:

the vicinity, they planted poplars and willows, whose purpose was to stop ice floes in the river during melts. The residential portion of the building was always close to the river, or pointed upstream, so that in case of flood the water would flow first through the residential portion, then through the rest of the farm buildings, and finally spill out onto the fields, which helped to keep the building clean.

1151:

have been very high. At the same time, he recognized that the fact of these schools' existence was an undeniable benefit to the community. In turn, Szałygin indicated that, for the settlers from the Netherlands the schools were a safeguard for their language, culture, traditions and Mennonite faith, which allowed them to keep their own identity and resist Polonization. However, after the

1105:. Most often there were two of these, rarely three and extremely seldom four.). They were not appointed by the land owner, but chosen by all the inhabitants of the settlement (although women did not have the right to vote). Local government elections were usually held annually. At times the term of office lasted two or three years. Election to an office for life was truly exceptional. 954:). At the beginning of the period of Olęder settlement, land was delivered to the settlers for a specified period, usually from a few dozen to 60 years (although it also occurred that Olęder settlers were given the land only for a few years—as a test period—and if the settlement was successful, the tenure was extended. In later periods, often tenure was turned into 391:(on some German maps called Burzykower Holl.). Rusiński argues that although though those villages had the name Olędry, that is not a basis for calling them genuine olędry settlements, because in their cases one does not find the legal arrangements typical of such colonization (collective responsibility to the land owner and characteristic olęder self-government). 1164:

Szałygin points out that "their farms were characterized by a significantly higher efficiency, modernization and better organization of work than the farms of enserfed peasants. Precisely defining the effects of this type of colonisation is even more difficult because so far no studies have appeared that encompass the entire territory of the

794:, because their religious beliefs did not allow them to perform military service, which conflicted with the ethos of such a heavily militaristic state. In addition, administrative reforms carried out by the partitioning powers eliminated the legal arrangements that constituted the distinguishing characteristic of Olęder settlements. 838:

chief task of the colonists was clearing forest lands, the land owner would designate a specified area, and the settler would choose himself the best place to make a clearing and would situate his farmstead there. This led to the appearance of so-called "zabudowa kolonijna", and in effect the village had a dispersed character.

1147:

took advantage of the teacher's knowledge of how to write to perform certain tasks associated with administration of the settlement: maintaining the community's records and the local government's correspondence. Surely, the teacher also sometimes acted as scribe for the personal correspondence of the peasants.

992:), specified in the settlement contract. (Rent usually were paid only in money; rents in kind were rare outside of Greater Poland). Frequently, at the founding of a settlement, the land owner gave the settlers a few years to get established, foregoing collection of rents during that period (the so-called 1033:), a right which they invoked frequently. In the case of noble estates, nothing is known regarding the regulatory conditions allowing appeal from decisions of the land owner. However, almost certainly the Olędrzy had the capacity on their own initiative to file a complaint in the civic and land courts ( 1171:

However, there is no doubt—as proved by the willingness of land owners to grant settlement contracts to additional villages—that the Olęder settlement phenomenon had positive effects on the Polish rural economy, in two ways. First, the arrival of the colonists from the Netherlands and Friesland, with

1146:

for the school. The teacher cultivated that land, although he often also received additional contributions from the community. His duties included providing instruction in religion, and how to participate in the religion's rituals, and teaching reading, writing and arithmetic. The community sometimes

1017:

Minor judicial matters generally were tried before the local government of the Olęder community. However, the land owner reserved the right to hear the matter himself in the case of serious crimes (robbery, arson, murder, assault causing bodily harm, etc.) The land owner's court was also the court of

841:

In the earliest period of settlement, on the fertile soil of Prussia, large and wealthy farms prevailed. In a later period, especially in the valley of the Vistula River, there appeared ever more frequently small, poor and more dispersed farms. As regards the type of buildings, that depended strongly

1108:

On the one hand, local officials served as intermediaries between the settlement and the manor. They were directly responsible for ensuring complete and punctual fulfillment of the obligations owed to the manor, such as collecting a delivering payments and rents to the land owner. On the other hand,

1049:

Even if an Olęder settlement was populated by non-Catholic peasants, most often the settlement was within the jurisdiction of Catholic Church administration. Consequently, both Catholics and Lutherans were required to make certain payments (in return for which, Lutherans were, in certain situations,

873:

If the settlers came from the Netherlands, and their task was flood control and draining flooded terrain, they applied certain typical methods of protecting their farms against high water. Buildings were located on an elevated platform, raised using dirt from excavating canals and drainage ponds. In

1150:

It is difficult to assess the quality of instruction in the Olęder schools. In Rusiński's opinion, the manner of recruiting teachers in Olęder settlements in Greater Poland—from among weavers, innkeepers, shoekeepers or tailors in small towns who could not find work—is proof that the quality cannot

1133:

An important distinguishing characteristic of non-Catholic Olęder settlements was the existence on their terrains of schools. Above all, these fulfilled a religious function, preparing youth to join the community of faith. Rusiński even doubts whether anything other than the catechism was taught in

1124:

and councillors acted as the court of first instance for minor infractions and arguments. For all of these actions, local officials received payment from the community. Income from payments was placed in the community chest, kept by the sołtys (and keys to which were held by the councillors). Funds

639:

in 1454. The effort to settle locals there failed, because the peasants could not cope with flooding. Consequently, the people of Gdańsk agreed to an attempt to settle Netherlanders in the deserted village of Laudan. The newcomers from the Netherlands easily mastered the unfavorable conditions, and

1058:

to have to be paid), as well as payments for specific services (performing baptisms, marriages, burials, etc.) These were paid to the Roman Catholic Church by Lutherans even if the service was performed by a Protestant chaplain, and was treated as compensation for the reduction in Church finances.

1045:

Olęder settlers identified with different Christian sects. This is the case both with the first colonists, from the Netherlands and Frisia (most often Anabaptists and Mennonites), and with the later, ethnically different peasants (Lutherans and Roman Catholics). In general, they enjoyed freedom of

889:

Because the Olęder settlement was not monolithic, either with regard to ethnicity, religion or economics, the basic distinguishing characteristic of that type of colonization was the legal conditions regulating both the relationships of the settlement to the broader world and its internal affairs.

869:

Górak points out the pros and cons of the Frisian and German types of farm. On the one hand, such placement of the buildings facilitated work and communication, especially in the rainy season or winter, when it was possible to maintain the farm without going outdoors (except to draw water). On the

837:

In the case of villages on terrain that had been drained, most often one finds buildings constructed in a straight line, with farms located between the river and a road running parallel. Each settler received a thin strip of land located at a right angle to the river or other body of water. If the

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review for appeals from the decision of the community. That legal arrangement placed the Olęder settler on a somewhat higher level than an enserfed peasant, who did not have access to community justice. Only rarely were Olędrzy without the right to settle any legal questions. Such was the case on

1163:

Studies thoroughly analyzing the effects of the Olęder settlement on the Polish economy are lacking. Researchers have treated the topic summarily. For example, Rusiński limits himself to the claim that, "as an economic phenomenon, the settlement must undoubtedly be assessed positively." In turn,

554:

were devastated, and were deserted by their inhabitants. At the same time, the landowners endeavored to increase their incomes, by, among other things, cultivating new lands, especially by clearing forests and draining swamps. Immigrants from the Netherlands had centuries of experience with that

1066:

Like other peasants, Olędrzy were also required to pay certain taxes to the state (and only rarely did the land owner take that responsibility upon himself, and in those cases he may have compensated himself through higher rents). These included taxes levied per capita or per hearth, having to

833:

Considering the large differences in Olęder colonization in different regions and at different times, it is hard to speak of a single type of village or economic activity. Everything depended on local conditions (the requirements of the terrain and the character of land cleared for sowing or

1004:

The Olęder settlers were free persons. They were not dependent upon the land owner, as underscored in the majority of contracts for settling new villages. They could, at any time of their choice, sell their farm and depart the property. The situation is not entirely clear regarding existing

623:(1637). However, conflicts frequently arose between the Dutch and Germans regarding property, religion and customary law. Before long, those first settlers began looking for a new home. The first Polish terrain colonized by newcomers from the Netherlands was in the province of 1091:

who was a dependant of the manor), in which case the community's system of local government was closer to that of villages founded under the German Law. Most often, however, the manor respected the rights of the community granted in the settlement contract.

291:, at least 1700 Olęder settlements were established. Of those, in at least 300 settlements, the settlers were ethnic Dutch. Traces of these settlements are still visible in village architecture, the physical layout of villages, and in the names of villages ( 367:

beginning in the 16th century. It is important, however, to recognize that over time the term lost its ethnic meaning, and therefore Olendrzy refers to all settlers living under the legal regime introduced by the Dutch colonists, including most notably the

1172:

their centuries of experience in cultivating difficult floodplains, gave a push to development of Polish agriculture and livestock breeding. Second, land owners received higher incomes thanks to the higher efficiency and economic skill of free persons.

1137:

The school generally was located in its own building, to the construction of which the land owner agreed in the settlement contract. He also facilitated upkeep of the school by designating for it a specified area of land free of rents. For example, in

1013:

estate, theoretically could sell their farms (and perhaps depart the property), but the settlement contract did not clearly describe them as free people, and an inventory of the estate made a few years later counts some of the farmers as serfs.

1271:

In the case of Greater Poland, Rusiński presents 1823 as the end of the phenomenon of Olęder settlement, because that year a law establishing uniform local government and regulation of villages was introduced throughout the Kingdom of

778:

With the passage of time the national character of the settlers changed. While at the beginning they were almost entirely of Dutch origin (sometimes arriving directly from the Netherlands, sometimes moving on after an initial stop in

237:. They possessed knowledge of flood control, and a well-developed agrarian culture. At that time, they were the wealthiest group of peasants. They maintained personal freedom, and their own religion and beliefs. After the 1125:

from the community chest were used, among other things, to cover the travel costs of jury members, as well, perhaps, as payment to a community shepherd, a night watchman, a teacher or the cost of insuring against fire.

1281:

At times, although rarely, the privilege was substituted with a preliminary agreement, or the parties would decide simply to copy the privilege of another town. Obviously, not all contracts have been preserved to the

1086:

Strong self-government was one of the most fundamental distinguishing characteristics of Olęder settlement, even though there were cases where the land owner attempted to limit it (by trying to appoint a hereditary

1248:

in 1297; Rusiński gives the year 1527 as the date when an Olęnder settlement was founded in the area of Pasłęk. This was a settlement near a town that had been depopulated by war and the unusually cold winter of

949:

The contract precisely regulated relations of the Olęder community with the land owner and with other persons and institutions. One basic issue was the conditions on which the settlers were given tenure of lands

1168:, from Ducal Prussia, through Kuyavia, Mazovia and Greater Poland to the area around Lublin. The fullest and richest work remains that of Rusiński, published in 1947, and which deals only with Greater Poland. 406:

were settled chiefly on difficult terrain, which required proper preparation to plant or raise livestock. The referenced historians argued that on low, wet terrain subject to flooding, settlers were called

1230:

This was not the exclusive domain of the Olędrzy. The privilege of personal freedom was enjoyed by almost all village settlers from the 16th to the 18th century, such as, for example, settlers under the

533:

led to collapse in the rural economy. The devastation of war led to common hunger, an epidemic of bubonic plague and frequent suffering. For many enterprising farmers this was an additional stimulus to

478:

The beginning of the second wave of settlement from the Netherlands, this time directly to Polish soil, occurred in the 16th century. Three chief causes of that colonization can be distinguished:

962:, in Greater Poland, settled before 1624). Such tenure was not only perpetual, but also heritable and alienable, although nothing could be done that would harm the interests of the land owner.) 419:– to hew, to chop). However, that viewpoint has been recognized as inaccurate (both in German history writing as well as Polish), as evidenced by those settlements on flood plains called 411:(in reference to the settlers from the Netherlands who were specialists in flood control and drainage), while those colonists who settled in thick forests requiring clearing were called 927:, however, its contents reflected the agreement of both sides. In this regard, the most important distinguishing factor of olęder settlement is the fact that the second party was not a 790:

and subsequent period (up to the mid-19th century) was a turning point signalling the end of Olęder settlement. For example, many Mennonites abandoned the lands they had occupied in

3412: 2952: 743:, on the Wieleński family's estate. In that instance, the colonization was directly linked to Pomerania, since the Wieleński lord's wife was the widow of the Starosta of 2766: 2749: 2973: 1069: 855:– similar to the case of Frisian farms, the residence and the farm buildings were located under one roof, but in a straight line (one long building, the so-called 870:

other hand, there is no way to ignore the terrible sanitary conditions and discomfort (especially the stench) resulting from having livestock living so close by.

981:

had to be paid before the first assumption of tenure, and also at each subsequent extension, in Greater Poland Olęder settlers paid the land owner the so-called

3189: 513:– as devoted Catholics zealously sought to eradicate heresy in their territories. This led to Protestant emigration in search of a more tolerant environment. 3245: 881:(often based on Dutch designs) – the distinguishing contribution of the Dutch and Frisian immigrants to the Polish rural landscape (especially in Żuławy). 3269: 3233: 2831: 3206: 3498: 3291: 3223: 3211: 3429: 849:– farm buildings located under a shared roof, with the residential part set at an angle (for example, in the shape of a cross or of the letter "L") 3465: 1113:

and councillors managed the administration of the community and its judicial system. This was most often regulated by administrative ordinances (

1054:, a payment for saying Mass, often made in kind but sometimes in money, and paid by all inhabitants in a parish (it was rare for both tithes and 443:

The beginnings of Olęder colonization must be sought in the Middle Ages in the area where Germans lived. The first records come from the area of

447:

in the year 1106. At that time, settlement was closely linked to the territorial expansion of the German rulers into Slavic territory. Southern

2086: 2040: 402:

According to earlier German historical writings, they had two distinct meanings, reflecting a difference in the type of settlement. After all,

2203: 877:

In discussing characteristic buildings of the Olęder settlement, one must also mention houses with open passageways on the groundfloor, and

4112: 3025: 2225: 588: 653: 316: 541: 740: 201:

has been used to describe two related, but slightly different, groups of settlers. First, it describes settlers in Poland from

3491: 3143: 1581: 1351: 3381: 2937: 2094:

Ciesielska, Karola (1958). "Osadnictwo "olęderskie" w Prusach Królewskich i na Kujawach w świetle kontraktów osadniczych".

4097: 3386: 2987: 2946: 2249: 903:

The legal foundation and mark of the beginning of settlement was the settlement "privilege" (also called the "contract" (

712: 4107: 2379: 1165: 600: 284: 4102: 3356: 3108: 2656: 2514: 2061: 939: 661: 649: 3484: 1197: 569: 669: 996:). In only a few cases were Olęder settlers also obligated to provide labor, and even then to a limited degree. 4117: 3351: 2233: 4029: 4007: 3781: 3176: 3056: 2957: 2596: 1029:

in charge of administering the estate for the king, the Olędrzy could appeal to the royal referendary court (

384: 117: 1005:

inhabitants of a village to which the Olęder law was subsequently extended. For example, the inhabitants of

959: 2218: 1191: 383:(or similar) were in fact settled by Olęders. Rusiński gives examples of such instances in Greater Poland: 4122: 4071: 3903: 3507: 2178:

Wąsicki, Jan (1958). "Przyczynek do dziejów walki klasowej "olędrów" wsi Chmielinka w latach 1793-1806".

1037:), in contrast to serfs who could file such a complaint only in the presence of the land owner himself. 3823: 3133: 2814: 2027:

Hohenzollernsche Colonisationen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Colonisation des östlichen Deutschlands

1259: 731:

were also thickly settled. In 1597, Olęder settlement reached Greater Poland. A settlement appeared in

612: 708: 3888: 3567: 3005: 2613: 938:(although contracts in Polish were also found there). The Polish language dominated elsewhere in the 359:. These are interchangeable, and derive from the first settlers from the Netherlands, who moved into 292: 238: 3898: 3684: 579: 3876: 3871: 2372: 1202: 865:– separated residence and farm buildings, scattered around the farm, most often in a quadrilateral. 607:, a vassal duchy of Poland. The first settlement in that region appeared in the area of modern-day 373: 300: 17: 1312:

every year had to provide two days of labor using horses and oxen, and three days of manual labor.

640:

soon thereafter additional Olęder settlements appeared in Pomerania. Among others, these included

4044: 3931: 3689: 3257: 2819: 2352: 2211: 1352:"A Significant Present: Dutch Mennonites in Poland", Radio Netherlands Archives, October 16, 2002 510: 3972: 564: 3967: 3859: 2877: 2712: 2699: 2357: 2336: 1186: 641: 490: 2129:

Inglot, Stefan (1929). "Problem kolonizacji flamandzko-holenderskiej w Niemczech i w Polsce".

3796: 3524: 3407: 2887: 2882: 2862: 2507: 2410: 1059:

Payments for these things to the Roman Catholic Church were only abolished in 1768, when the

328: 108: 813: 3997: 3843: 3559: 3000: 2694: 2436: 1291:

Note that this term had this meaning only in Kuyavia and Royal Prussia; in Greater Poland (

1152: 787: 768: 636: 616: 452: 288: 3615: 394:

A separate problem is the question of the German words that function as two alternatives:

8: 3987: 3982: 3962: 3376: 3091: 2902: 2867: 2303: 934:

Contracts were drawn up in German, Polish or Latin. German or Latin appear most often in

716: 530: 4092: 3250: 3216: 822: 84: 3957: 3941: 3936: 3542: 3402: 3371: 3361: 3155: 3118: 3076: 2892: 2836: 2771: 2722: 2689: 2677: 2672: 2644: 2608: 2080: 2050: 2034: 791: 692: 315:

Part of a 1905 map of Poznan province, showing the village of Konkolewo Hauland (today

163: 127: 3037: 1333:

was named for life; in the second, the entire community leadership was named for life.

435:

and appeared through blending the names of settlements with the name for woodcutters.

4039: 4019: 4002: 3635: 3150: 3086: 3066: 3061: 3010: 2995: 2942: 2914: 2897: 2841: 2781: 2776: 2682: 2431: 2057: 1577: 1067:

provide winter quarters for soldiers, and other taxes (such as those on hides or the

755:. Earlier (in the second half of the 16th century), they were already in the area of 506: 283:

According to studies conducted so far, from 1527/1547 to 1864 on the terrain of the

3992: 3977: 3893: 3786: 3674: 3366: 3346: 3324: 3228: 3138: 3123: 3113: 3096: 3051: 3043: 3015: 2919: 2872: 2857: 2791: 2759: 2732: 2727: 2637: 2500: 2467: 2457: 2452: 2415: 2169:

Szałygin, Jerzy (2002). "Kolonizacja "olęderska" w Polsce - niedoceniany fenomen".

1245: 1022:, where only the mayor and the land owner's clerk were entitled to judge disputes. 551: 4066: 4061: 3908: 3828: 3716: 3643: 3184: 3081: 3071: 3032: 2704: 2618: 2601: 2574: 2405: 2395: 1207: 988:

For the use of the land, the community had to pay the land owner an annual rent (

472: 456: 369: 265: 257: 175: 154: 143: 965:

In return for tenure of the land, the settler paid the land owner the so-called

4012: 3762: 3669: 2824: 2809: 2786: 2742: 2708: 2649: 2546: 2479: 2462: 2400: 2318: 2241: 943: 460: 230: 72: 732: 550:

As a final result of the Polish-Teutonic War, many villages on the borders of

379:

It is also important to underline, that not all settlements carrying the name

320: 4086: 4049: 3582: 3515: 3279: 3162: 2754: 2737: 2716: 2562: 2284: 1060: 935: 780: 677: 624: 604: 364: 360: 261: 218: 214: 40: 3711: 1326: 1050:

authorized to use the services of Catholic priests). Olędrzy paid tithes or

1019: 1006: 760: 752: 529:, and the presence in the Netherlands of the Spanish army and the forces of 387:(known in some sources as Czarkowskie Olędry) or Burzykowo in the parish of 4024: 3913: 3128: 2630: 1212: 985:

only upon converting tenure for a term of years into tenure in perpetuity.

673: 665: 526: 248:

Second, in a later period (up to the middle of the 19th century), the term

183: 132: 96: 3600: 3476: 724: 700: 4054: 3881: 3744: 3625: 3458: 2906: 2367: 2236: 2012:

Baranowski, J. T. (1915). "Wsie holenderskie na ziemiach polskich".

955: 632: 608: 573: 468: 464: 423:

and villages that appeared on the road to clearings in the forest called

206: 46: 1010: 595:. The open-air museum contains many relics of wooden Olęder architecture 3801: 3726: 3679: 3664: 3577: 3262: 2267: 2257: 2073:

Najstarsze dzieje osad olęderskich w okolicach Nekli w latach 1749-1793

1322: 1309: 1139: 842:

on the ethnicity of the colonists. Szałygin distinguished three types:

818: 498: 494: 273: 3549: 3199: 2623: 802: 744: 728: 256:) was used to describe settlers of different ethnicities (principally 3806: 3754: 3620: 3610: 3592: 3572: 3537: 3532: 3020: 2553: 2279: 2198: 878: 764: 210: 113: 68: 1097: 736: 628: 592: 525:

Unrest in the Netherlands, the struggle for independence during the

311: 296: 234: 4034: 3284: 3274: 2483: 1232: 1026: 772: 502: 448: 388: 187: 100: 3833: 3739: 3659: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3296: 2523: 2274: 1181: 974: 767:.). Olęder settlement continued to spread up to the times of the 657: 611:. There is a claim that they were participants in the killing of 584: 242: 226: 222: 80: 76: 50: 3306: 2492: 3816: 3811: 3791: 3703: 3605: 3422: 3417: 3194: 3101: 2118:

Zeitschrift der Historischen Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen

1292: 807: 756: 748: 704: 696: 615:

in 1296, who then fled east, which is alluded to by Dutch poet

444: 269: 202: 191: 121: 64: 213:

faith, who in the 16th and 17th centuries founded villages in

3838: 3773: 3734: 3238: 2308: 2262: 688: 684: 1576:(in Polish). Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT. p. 106. 884: 3434: 3301: 720: 339:

Polish sources use a variety of terms for olęder settlers:

1040: 676:), and – even more importantly – began to progress up the 1063:

equalized the legal rights of Catholics and dissenters.

1095:

The local government of the community consisted of the

627:. In the middle of the 16th century, the government of 2199:

Catalogue of Monuments of Dutch Colonization in Poland

1308:

For example, Wąsicki stated that Olęder settlers from

2156:

Stenger (1798). "Von den Hauländern in Südpreussen".

2149:

Osady tzw. "Olędrów" w dawnym województwie poznańskim

2138:

Maas, Walter (1935). "Hauländereien, Holländereien".

1574:

Historia literatury niderlandzkiej do końca 19. wieku

2180:

Studia i materiały do dziejów Wielkopolski i Pomorza

2096:

Studia i materiały do dziejów Wielkopolski i Pomorza

2107:Górak, Jan (1971). "Holenderskie domy nad Bugiem". 1976: 1974: 999: 505:rulers of Spain, who also ruled the Netherlands -- 2049: 2024: 1436: 898: 599:Before Olęder settlers arrived on the soil of the 1299:at times referred to an obligation to the church. 1025:On royal estates, in case of a conflict with the 4084: 2140:Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Polen 1971: 1862: 1860: 544:and the Desire of Landowners for Greater Profits 501:, became widely accepted. At the same time, the 2056:(6th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing. 1991: 1989: 1760: 1758: 711:). Olęder settlements were also located in the 664:. Soon colonization spread to the Starostwo of 572:– one of the remnants of Olęder settlements in 1913: 1911: 1697: 1695: 1155:, Prussian policy led to their Germanization. 834:pasture), and the background of the settlers. 3492: 3160: 2508: 2219: 2116:Guradze, Franz (1898). "Der Bauer in Posen". 1857: 1799: 1797: 1507: 1505: 1503: 797: 751:, where they settled, among other places, on 3456: 2628: 2560: 2544: 2537: 1986: 1755: 3506: 3466:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 1908: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1386: 1384: 631:, led by Mayor Ferber, decided to populate 463:installed settlers from the Netherlands in 438: 3499: 3485: 2515: 2501: 2226: 2212: 2093: 2085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2039:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2011: 1941: 1929: 1890: 1866: 1851: 1839: 1794: 1776: 1713: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1500: 683:Settlements appeared in the starostwas of 194:organized under a particular type of law. 39: 1571: 885:Legal regulation and village organization 559: 519:The Economic situation in the Netherlands 2168: 2146: 1995: 1980: 1965: 1953: 1917: 1902: 1878: 1827: 1815: 1788: 1764: 1749: 1725: 1701: 1687: 1676: 1670: 1658: 1643: 1641: 1632: 1511: 1494: 1470: 1458: 1402: 1381: 1375: 1363: 1081: 812: 801: 759:(18 settlements appeared in the area of 635:, which had been given the city by King 578: 563: 483:Religious persecution in the Netherlands 310: 287:, later divided into three parts in the 280:is not synonymous with "Dutch settler." 126: 107: 3046:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 3040:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 2177: 2155: 2151:. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. 2115: 2070: 1803: 1425: 1414: 1390: 1041:Faith, public and religious obligations 739:. Four years later another appeared in 14: 4085: 2128: 1482: 911:), which was rendered in Latin as the 806:Mid 19th-century timberframe house in 747:. In 1624 the Dutch reached as far as 190:ancestry, who lived in settlements in 3480: 2496: 2207: 2106: 2047: 1737: 1647: 1638: 475:was an especially active coloniser.) 241:, some of them emigrated to southern 153: 2158:Jahrbücher der Preussische Monarchie 2137: 1447: 1142:the settlers received one-half of a 603:, the Dutch were already present in 319:), founded in 1720, located between 59:Regions with significant populations 1101:and his councillors, each called a 233:. They settled in great numbers in 131:An 18th-century Mennonite house in 24: 4113:History of ethnic groups in Poland 893: 540:Depopulation of Prussia after the 25: 4134: 2522: 2192: 2235: 2025:Beheim-Schwarzbach, Max (1874). 1198:History of the Germans in Poland 1000:Personal and legal relationships 2004: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1782: 1770: 1743: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1664: 1652: 1626: 1614: 1602: 1590: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1488: 1476: 1464: 1452: 1441: 1315: 1302: 1285: 1275: 1265: 1252: 1238: 1076: 899:Settlement contracts and leases 542:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 2048:Black, Henry Campbell (1990). 1430: 1419: 1408: 1396: 1369: 1356: 1345: 1321:Rusiński gives the example of 1224: 1166:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 601:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 306: 285:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 13: 1: 2075:. Nekla. (local publication). 1339: 1244:This town was founded by the 973:) While in Royal Prussia and 497:, from which later arose the 2147:Rusiński, Władysław (1947). 1192:Evangelical Church, Nekielka 786:Most studies agree that the 719:starostwas. The area around 493:found fertile ground there. 7: 2947:Alsatians and Lotharingians 1572:Morciniec, Norbert (2019). 1258:This may be a reference to 1175: 10: 4139: 4098:Cultural history of Poland 2071:Chodyła, Zbigniew (2005). 1128: 798:Settlement characteristics 613:Floris V, Count of Holland 4108:German diaspora in Poland 3950: 3924: 3852: 3771: 3753: 3725: 3702: 3652: 3634: 3591: 3558: 3523: 3514: 3449: 3395: 3317: 3175: 2986: 2966: 2930: 2850: 2802: 2665: 2589: 2582: 2573: 2530: 2476: 2445: 2424: 2388: 2345: 2329: 2293: 2248: 1437:Beheim-Schwarzbach (1874) 1158: 239:First Partition of Poland 95: 90: 63: 58: 38: 4103:Dutch diaspora in Poland 2373:Vistula delta Mennonites 1218: 1203:Vistula delta Mennonites 828: 775:in present-day Ukraine. 621:Gijsbrechcie van Aemstel 439:Reasons for colonization 431:started as a variant of 374:Vistula delta Mennonites 221:and its tributaries, in 182:) were people, often of 49:house in the village of 3508:Ethnic groups in Poland 2967:Multinational dimension 2133:(r. 43). Lwów: 475–514. 1035:urzęd grodzki i ziemski 919:, and in German as the 3457: 3161: 2888:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2629: 2561: 2545: 2538: 2131:Kwartalnik Historyczny 2052:Black's Law Dictionary 1187:Dutch people in Poland 1120:At the same time, the 1070:subsidium charitativum 825: 810: 596: 576: 560:Course of colonization 451:was colonized by Duke 427:Most likely, the word 336: 179: 147: 136: 124: 27:European ethnic people 4118:Immigration to Poland 3525:Greater Poland people 1082:Local self-government 816: 805: 582: 567: 329:Grodzisk Wielkopolski 314: 130: 111: 91:Related ethnic groups 3560:Lesser Poland people 3387:United Arab Emirates 2695:Transylvanian Saxons 2111:. year 25, number 1. 2109:Polska Sztuka Ludowa 2014:Przegląd Historyczny 1329:; in the first, the 1153:partitions of Poland 788:Partitions of Poland 769:Partitions of Poland 637:Casimir IV Jagiellon 617:Joost van den Vondel 453:Adolf II of Holstein 289:Partitions of Poland 209:, most often of the 205:and the rest of the 180:Holländer, Hauländer 2974:Central and Eastern 2878:Italy (South Tyrol) 771:, and even reached 531:William I of Orange 35: 4123:Culture of Prussia 3543:Kuyavian Borowiaks 3119:Pennsylvania Dutch 1983:, pp. 114–115 1905:, pp. 107–109 1623:, pp. 222–223 1611:, pp. 221–222 1562:, pp. 220–221 1327:Uścikowiec Olędrów 1323:Radoszkowo Olędrów 1007:Olędrów Chorzępowa 826: 811: 597: 577: 337: 155:[ɔˈlɛ̃dʐɨ] 137: 125: 33: 4080: 4079: 3698: 3697: 3685:Tuchola Borowians 3636:Borderlands Poles 3616:Międzyrzec Boyars 3474: 3473: 3445: 3444: 2982: 2981: 2782:Russian Mennonite 2490: 2489: 1942:Baranowski (1915) 1930:Ciesielska (1958) 1891:Baranowski (1915) 1867:Baranowski (1915) 1852:Baranowski (1915) 1840:Ciesielska (1958) 1777:Ciesielska (1958) 1714:Ciesielska (1958) 1621:Ciesielska (1958) 1609:Ciesielska (1958) 1597:Baranowski (1915) 1583:978-83-7977-424-1 1560:Ciesielska (1958) 1548:Ciesielska (1958) 1536:Baranowski (1915) 1524:Ciesielska (1958) 1031:sąd referendarski 969:(also called the 940:Kingdom of Poland 821:Olęder church in 670:Karwieńskie Błoto 507:Emperor Charles V 473:Albert "the Bear" 457:Albert "the Bear" 415:(from the German 106: 105: 16:(Redirected from 4130: 3978:Crimean Karaites 3894:Galician Germans 3675:Polish Uplanders 3521: 3520: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3462: 3413:Papua New Guinea 3251:Kapitaï and Koba 3217:Kapitaï and Koba 3166: 3044:Los Lagos Region 3026:British Columbia 2634: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2566: 2550: 2541: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2240: 2239: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2187: 2174: 2165: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2112: 2103: 2090: 2084: 2076: 2067: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2030: 2021: 2020:. Warsaw: 65–82. 1999: 1993: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1944:, pp. 74–75 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1752:, pp. 43–44 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1690: 1685: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1645: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1412: 1406: 1405:, pp. 16–17 1400: 1394: 1388: 1379: 1378:, pp. 37–54 1373: 1367: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1334: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1300: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1256: 1250: 1246:Teutonic Knights 1242: 1236: 1228: 823:Boruja Kościelna 461:Henry "the Lion" 157: 152: 43: 36: 32: 21: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4076: 3946: 3920: 3909:Vistula Germans 3848: 3767: 3749: 3721: 3717:Silesian Gorals 3694: 3648: 3644:Bug River Poles 3630: 3587: 3554: 3510: 3505: 3475: 3470: 3441: 3391: 3313: 3171: 3038:Los Ríos Region 2978: 2962: 2926: 2851:Southern Europe 2846: 2820:North Schleswig 2803:Northern Europe 2798: 2661: 2602:Sudeten Germans 2569: 2526: 2521: 2491: 2486: 2472: 2441: 2420: 2384: 2341: 2325: 2289: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2195: 2190: 2078: 2077: 2064: 2032: 2031: 2007: 2002: 1996:Rusiński (1947) 1994: 1987: 1981:Rusiński (1947) 1979: 1972: 1966:Rusiński (1947) 1964: 1960: 1954:Rusiński (1947) 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1918:Rusiński (1947) 1916: 1909: 1903:Rusiński (1947) 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1879:Rusiński (1947) 1877: 1873: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1828:Rusiński (1947) 1826: 1822: 1816:Rusiński (1947) 1814: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1789:Rusiński (1947) 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1765:Rusiński (1947) 1763: 1756: 1750:Rusiński (1947) 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1726:Rusiński (1947) 1724: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1702:Rusiński (1947) 1700: 1693: 1688:Szałygin (2002) 1686: 1677: 1671:Rusiński (1947) 1669: 1665: 1659:Rusiński (1947) 1657: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1633:Rusiński (1947) 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1512:Rusiński (1947) 1510: 1501: 1495:Rusiński (1947) 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1471:Rusiński (1947) 1469: 1465: 1459:Rusiński (1947) 1457: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1403:Rusiński (1947) 1401: 1397: 1389: 1382: 1376:Rusiński (1947) 1374: 1370: 1364:Rusiński (1947) 1361: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1239: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1208:Vistula Germans 1178: 1161: 1131: 1084: 1079: 1043: 1002: 901: 896: 894:Legal relations 887: 831: 800: 633:Żuławy Gdańskie 562: 441: 370:Vistula Germans 309: 150: 54: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4013:Ashkenazi Jews 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3763:Cieszyn Vlachs 3759: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3430:German Samoans 3427: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2958:United Kingdom 2955: 2950: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2931:Western Europe 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2825:Potato Germans 2822: 2812: 2806: 2804: 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2245: 2242:Dutch diaspora 2231: 2230: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2193:External links 2191: 2189: 2188: 2175: 2171:Opcja Na Prawo 2166: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2113: 2104: 2091: 2068: 2062: 2045: 2022: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1985: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1804:Wąsicki (1958) 1793: 1781: 1769: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1706: 1691: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1582: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1463: 1461:, pp. 7–8 1451: 1440: 1429: 1426:Stenger (1798) 1418: 1415:Guradze (1898) 1407: 1395: 1391:Chodyła (2005) 1380: 1368: 1355: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1314: 1301: 1284: 1274: 1264: 1251: 1237: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1160: 1157: 1134:some schools. 1130: 1127: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1042: 1039: 1001: 998: 944:Greater Poland 900: 897: 895: 892: 886: 883: 867: 866: 860: 850: 830: 827: 799: 796: 568:A windmill in 561: 558: 557: 556: 547: 546: 536: 535: 522: 521: 515: 514: 511:King Philip II 486: 485: 440: 437: 308: 305: 231:Greater Poland 104: 103: 93: 92: 88: 87: 73:Greater Poland 61: 60: 56: 55: 44: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4135: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:Bergitka Roma 4048: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 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3316: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:Dar es Salaam 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3163:Colonia Tovar 3159: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3114:United States 3112: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2810:Baltic states 2808: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2564: 2563:Volksdeutsche 2559: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:German people 2518: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446:South America 2444: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406:United States 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389:North America 2387: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102:(2): 217–256. 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2063:0-314-76271-X 2059: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2009: 1998:, p. 121 1997: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1968:, p. 113 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1932:, p. 240 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1853: 1848: 1842:, p. 232 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1785: 1779:, p. 233 1778: 1773: 1767:, p. 105 1766: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1740:, p. 524 1739: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1716:, p. 230 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1550:, p. 220 1549: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1526:, p. 219 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1485:, p. 482 1484: 1483:Inglot (1929) 1479: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1422: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1311: 1305: 1298: 1297:Gottespfennig 1294: 1288: 1278: 1268: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1062: 1061:Cardinal Laws 1057: 1053: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1008: 997: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 947: 945: 941: 937: 936:Royal Prussia 932: 930: 926: 922: 921:Gerichtigkeit 918: 914: 910: 906: 891: 882: 880: 875: 871: 864: 861: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 844: 843: 839: 835: 824: 820: 815: 809: 804: 795: 793: 789: 784: 782: 781:Ducal Prussia 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 678:Vistula River 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:Royal Prussia 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Ducal Prussia 602: 594: 590: 586: 581: 575: 571: 566: 553: 549: 548: 545: 543: 538: 537: 532: 528: 524: 523: 520: 517: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 479: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 366: 365:Royal Prussia 362: 361:Ducal Prussia 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:Vistula River 216: 215:Royal Prussia 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 164:singular form 161: 156: 149: 145: 141: 134: 129: 123: 119: 115: 112:A historical 110: 102: 98: 94: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67:, especially 66: 62: 57: 52: 48: 42: 37: 19: 4025:Lipka Tatars 3968:Bangladeshis 3914:Walddeutsche 3864: 3258:South Africa 2631:Walddeutsche 2362: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2072: 2051: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2005:Bibliography 1961: 1956:, p. 54 1949: 1937: 1925: 1920:, p. 50 1898: 1893:, p. 78 1886: 1881:, p. 38 1874: 1869:, p. 75 1854:, p. 74 1847: 1835: 1830:, p. 43 1823: 1818:, p. 41 1811: 1806:, p. 74 1791:, p. 84 1784: 1772: 1745: 1738:Black (1990) 1733: 1728:, p. 20 1721: 1709: 1704:, p. 40 1673:, p. 11 1666: 1654: 1648:Górak (1971) 1635:, p. 12 1628: 1616: 1604: 1599:, p. 66 1592: 1573: 1567: 1555: 1543: 1538:, p. 65 1531: 1519: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1443: 1432: 1421: 1410: 1398: 1371: 1358: 1347: 1330: 1317: 1304: 1296: 1287: 1277: 1267: 1254: 1240: 1226: 1213:Walddeutsche 1170: 1162: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1077:Organization 1068: 1065: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1016: 1003: 993: 989: 987: 982: 978: 971:gottespfenik 970: 966: 964: 951: 948: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:) or "law" ( 904: 902: 888: 876: 872: 868: 862: 856: 852: 846: 840: 836: 832: 785: 777: 682: 645: 620: 619:in his work 598: 589:Dziekanowice 555:latter task. 539: 527:Dutch Revolt 518: 482: 477: 442: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 399: 395: 393: 380: 378: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 338: 332: 325:Neutomischel 324: 282: 277: 253: 249: 247: 217:, along the 198: 196: 171: 167: 159: 139: 138: 116:cemetery in 97:Dutch people 47:timberframed 30:Ethnic group 4055:Polska Roma 4030:Lithuanians 3973:Circassians 3904:Pomeranians 3899:Kosznajders 3882:Vilamovians 3797:Macedonians 3782:Belarusians 3745:Slovincians 3626:Podlachians 3459:Ostsiedlung 3408:New Zealand 3382:Philippines 3224:Ivory Coast 3109:Puerto Rico 3062:El Salvador 2953:Netherlands 2907:Gottscheers 2707:(including 2657:Switzerland 2437:New Zealand 2368:Vilamovians 2330:Middle East 2186:(2): 73–83. 1661:, p. 9 1514:, p. 4 1497:, p. 3 1473:, p. 8 1448:Maas (1935) 1393:, p. 4 1366:, p. 9 960:Olędry Róża 956:emphyteusis 913:privilegium 733:Ługi Ujskie 691:(including 491:Reformation 471:. (Indeed, 469:Mecklenburg 465:Brandenburg 321:Nowy Tomyśl 307:Terminology 264:, at times 207:Netherlands 4087:Categories 4072:Vietnamese 3998:Hungarians 3844:Ukrainians 3802:Podlashuks 3727:Kashubians 3712:Sącz Lachs 3680:Sieradzans 3665:Kocievians 3578:Lublinians 3568:Cracovians 3372:Kyrgyzstan 3362:Kazakhstan 3263:Afrikaners 3057:Costa Rica 3021:Hutterites 2883:Yugoslavia 2863:Azerbaijan 2772:Bessarabia 2531:Historical 2478:See also: 2315:Sri Lanka 2300:Indonesia 2268:Cape Dutch 2258:Afrikaners 1340:References 1310:Chmielinko 1140:Chmielinko 1020:Saska Kępa 819:Protestant 761:Sławatycze 753:Saska Kępa 741:Nowe Dwory 693:Szkaradowo 648:in 1562), 499:Mennonites 495:Anabaptism 433:Holländer, 400:Hauländer. 341:Hollendrzy 274:Hungarians 3988:Georgians 3983:Filipinos 3963:Armenians 3807:Poleshuks 3755:Silesians 3670:Łęczycans 3621:Poborzans 3611:Masurians 3601:Łowiczans 3593:Masovians 3573:Lasovians 3538:Kuyavians 3533:Kaliszans 3403:Australia 3156:Venezuela 3139:Palatines 3087:Nicaragua 3067:Guatemala 2996:Argentina 2777:Black Sea 2723:Satu Mare 2683:Black Sea 2554:Palatines 2453:Argentina 2432:Australia 2280:Coloureds 2081:cite book 2035:cite book 1009:, on the 983:Gruntgeld 952:dzierżawa 879:windmills 765:Bug River 763:, on the 725:Grudziądz 717:Międzyłęż 709:Nowa Wieś 701:Pułkowice 668:(such as 662:Jurandowo 654:Żelichowo 646:Tiegenhof 642:Nowy Dwór 534:emigrate. 429:Hauländer 413:Hauländer 409:Holländer 396:Holländer 385:Wymysłowo 349:Holendrzy 254:Hauländer 252:(German: 211:Mennonite 197:The term 114:Mennonite 69:Pomerania 3958:Africans 3942:Walloons 3937:Italians 3877:Flemings 3865:Olenders 3853:Germanic 3824:Russians 3690:Warmians 3450:See also 3377:Pakistan 3285:Zanzibar 3275:Bagamoyo 3270:Tanzania 3190:Cameroon 3124:Nebraska 3092:Paraguay 3052:Colombia 2988:Americas 2920:Bosporus 2903:Slovenia 2868:Bulgaria 2728:Bukovina 2713:Highland 2700:Landlers 2645:Slovakia 2575:Diaspora 2484:Frisians 2468:Suriname 2363:Olenders 2319:Burghers 2029:. Lipsk. 1282:present. 1272:Prussia. 1233:Kulm Law 1194:(Poland) 1176:See also 1115:wilkierz 1027:starosta 1011:Sieraków 994:wolnizna 929:zasadźca 925:De facto 905:kontract 773:Volhynia 644:(called 570:Palczewo 503:Habsburg 455:, while 449:Holstein 425:Holland. 389:Oborniki 357:Olendrzy 345:Holędrzy 317:Kąkolewo 303:, etc.) 293:Holendry 160:Olendrzy 140:Olenders 135:, Poland 101:Frisians 53:, Poland 34:Olenders 18:Olendrzy 4093:Olęders 4040:Nepalis 4020:Koreans 4003:Indians 3925:Romance 3889:Germans 3872:English 3834:Slovaks 3740:Krubans 3660:Bambers 3606:Kurpies 3550:Taśtaks 3396:Oceania 3340:Tianjin 3335:Qingdao 3330:Beijing 3297:Baguida 3246:Senegal 3234:Nigeria 3229:Namibia 3200:Yaoundé 3151:Uruguay 3144:by city 3077:Jamaica 3006:Bolivia 2938:Belgium 2893:Croatia 2873:Georgia 2858:Armenia 2837:Finland 2815:Denmark 2792:Galicia 2767:Ukraine 2733:Dobruja 2690:Romania 2678:Moldova 2673:Belarus 2638:Galicia 2624:Olęders 2619:Vistula 2609:Hungary 2425:Oceania 2416:Curaçao 2353:Finland 2275:Basters 1182:Bambers 1129:Schools 1089:sołtys, 975:Kuyavia 857:Langhof 847:Frisian 817:Former 792:Prussia 745:Świecie 735:, near 729:Świecie 658:Markusy 585:skansen 552:Prussia 421:Hauland 353:Olędrzy 301:Olendry 258:Germans 250:Olędrzy 243:Ukraine 227:Mazovia 223:Kuyavia 199:Olender 188:Frisian 172:Olender 151:Polish: 148:Olędrzy 133:Żuławki 85:Powiśle 81:Mazovia 77:Kuyavia 51:Stalewo 4045:Romani 4035:Locals 3993:Greeks 3951:Others 3932:French 3817:Boykos 3812:Rusyns 3792:Lemkos 3787:Czechs 3774:Slavic 3772:Other 3704:Gorals 3653:Others 3423:Rabaul 3418:Kokopo 3352:Israel 3212:Guinea 3195:Douala 3185:Angola 3177:Africa 3102:Pozuzo 3082:Mexico 3016:Canada 3011:Brazil 3001:Belize 2943:France 2915:Turkey 2898:Serbia 2842:Sweden 2832:Norway 2787:Crimea 2750:Russia 2743:Zipser 2717:Walser 2715:, and 2705:Danube 2650:Zipser 2614:Poland 2583:Europe 2458:Brazil 2401:Mexico 2396:Canada 2358:Poland 2346:Europe 2337:Israel 2285:Griqua 2250:Africa 2173:(7–8). 2060: 1580: 1331:sołtys 1260:Lędowo 1159:Impact 1122:sołtys 1111:sołtys 1103:ławnik 1098:sołtys 1056:meszne 1052:meszne 990:czynsz 979:wkupne 967:wkupne 863:Polish 853:German 808:Boruja 757:Lublin 749:Warsaw 737:Ujście 705:Szropy 697:Benowo 650:Orłowo 629:Gdańsk 609:Pasłęk 593:Poznań 574:Żuławy 445:Bremen 404:Olędry 381:Olędry 355:, and 327:) and 297:Olędry 278:Olęder 272:, and 270:Czechs 235:Gdańsk 203:Frisia 192:Poland 176:German 168:Olęder 144:Polish 122:Poland 65:Poland 4067:Turks 4062:Scots 3860:Dutch 3839:Sorbs 3829:Serbs 3735:Gochs 3516:Poles 3367:Korea 3357:Japan 3347:India 3325:China 3239:Lagos 3207:Ghana 3134:Omaha 3129:Texas 3072:Haiti 3033:Chile 2755:Volga 2738:Regat 2709:Banat 2463:Chile 2411:Aruba 2309:Totok 2263:Boers 2142:(29). 1293:Niwka 1249:1520. 1219:Notes 942:. In 909:prawo 829:Types 713:Osiek 689:Sztum 685:Gniew 591:near 417:hauen 333:Grätz 266:Scots 262:Poles 184:Dutch 118:Stogi 4008:Jews 3435:Apia 3318:Asia 3307:Lomé 3302:Sebe 3292:Togo 3097:Peru 2482:and 2304:Indo 2294:Asia 2122:XIII 2087:link 2058:ISBN 2041:link 1578:ISBN 1362:See 1325:and 1144:huba 1109:the 977:the 727:and 721:Nowe 715:and 707:and 687:and 674:Reda 672:and 666:Puck 660:and 509:and 489:The 467:and 459:and 398:and 372:and 363:and 260:and 229:and 1073:). 917:ius 915:or 587:in 186:or 158:or 4089:: 2711:, 2184:IV 2182:. 2162:II 2160:. 2120:. 2098:. 2083:}} 2079:{{ 2037:}} 2033:{{ 2018:19 2016:. 1988:^ 1973:^ 1910:^ 1859:^ 1796:^ 1757:^ 1694:^ 1678:^ 1640:^ 1502:^ 1383:^ 1295:) 723:, 703:, 699:, 695:, 680:. 656:, 652:, 583:A 376:. 351:, 347:, 343:, 335:). 299:, 295:, 268:, 245:. 225:, 178:: 174:; 170:, 166:: 162:, 146:: 120:, 99:, 83:, 79:, 75:, 71:, 45:A 3500:e 3493:t 3486:v 2949:) 2945:( 2909:) 2905:( 2719:) 2516:e 2509:t 2502:v 2227:e 2220:t 2213:v 2164:. 2124:. 2100:4 2089:) 2066:. 2043:) 1586:. 1262:. 1235:. 950:( 859:) 331:( 323:( 142:( 20:)

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