519:
291:
389:
530:
There was no standard or supra-regional variety of Old High Germanâevery text is written in a particular dialect, or in some cases a mixture of dialects. Broadly speaking, the main dialect divisions of Old High German seem to have been similar to those of later periodsâthey are based on established
350:
dialect, and it shows early evidence for the Second Sound Shift. For this reason, some scholars treat
Langobardic as part of Old High German, but with no surviving texts â just individual words and names in Latin texts â and the speakers starting to abandon the language by the 8th century, others
322:
Old High German is generally dated from around 750 to around 1050. The start of this period sees the beginning of the OHG written tradition, at first with only glosses, but with substantial translations and original compositions by the 9th century. However the fact that the defining feature of Old
894:
2863:
Any description of OHG syntax faces a fundamental problem: texts translated from or based on a Latin original will be syntactically influenced by their source, while the verse works may show patterns that are determined by the needs of rhyme and metre, or that represent literary archaisms.
896:
2925:("one") has come into use as an indefinite article. These developments are generally seen as mechanisms to compensate for the loss of morphological distinctions which resulted from the weakening of unstressed vowels in the endings of nouns and verbs (see above).
794:
in the 9th. The dedication to the preservation of Old High German epic poetry among the scholars of the
Carolingian Renaissance was significantly greater than could be suspected from the meagre survivals we have today (less than 200 lines in total between the
500:, the language of both the administration and the Church was Latin, and this unification did not therefore lead to any development of a supra-regional variety of Frankish nor a standardized Old High German; the individual dialects retained their identity.
335:("pre-literary OHG") are sometimes used for the period before 750. Regardless of terminology, all recognize a distinction between a pre-literary period and the start of a continuous tradition of written texts around the middle of the 8th century.
811:
tells how
Charlemagne himself ordered that the epic lays should be collected for posterity. It was the neglect or religious zeal of later generations that led to the loss of these records. Thus, it was Charlemagne's weak successor,
2257:) with the past participle. Initially the past participle retained its original function as an adjective and showed case and gender endings - for intransitive verbs the nominative, for transitive verbs the accusative. For example:
2304:
In time, however, these endings fell out of use and the participle came to be seen no longer as an adjective but as part of the verb, as in Modern German. This development is taken to be arising from a need to render
3065:
is given in four Old High German dialects below. Because these are translations of a liturgical text, they are best not regarded as examples of idiomatic language, but they do show dialect variation very clearly.
895:
323:
High German, the Second Sound Shift, may have started as early as the 6th century and is complete by 750, means that some take the 6th century to be the start of the period. Alternatively, terms such as
2309:
forms, but parallels in other
Germanic languages (particularly Gothic, where the Biblical texts were translated from Greek, not Latin) raise the possibility that it was an independent development.
351:
exclude
Langobardic from discussion of OHG. As Heidermanns observes, this exclusion is based solely on the external circumstances of preservation and not on the internal features of the language.
531:
territorial groupings and the effects of the Second Sound Shift, which have remained influential until the present day. But because the direct evidence for Old High German consists solely of
917:. Dictionaries and grammars of OHG often use the spellings of the Tatian as a substitute for genuine standardised spellings, and these have the advantage of being recognizably close to the
238:, conventionally identified as the period from around 500/750 to 1050. Rather than representing a single supra-regional form of German, Old High German encompasses the numerous
354:
The end of the period is less controversial. The sound changes reflected in spelling during the 11th century led to the remodelling of the entire system of noun and adjective
1148:. The front-vowel allophones likely became full phonemes in Middle High German. In the Old High German period, there existed (possibly a mid-close vowel) from the umlaut of
1643:
Old High German distinguished long and short consonants. Double-consonant spellings indicate not a preceding short vowel, as they do in Modern German, but true consonant
929:
Old High German had six phonemic short vowels and five phonemic long vowels. Both occurred in stressed and unstressed syllables. In addition, there were six diphthongs.
744:
dialect in the
Western, Romanized part of Francia is uncertain. Claims that this might have been the language of the Carolingian court or that it is attested in the
2951:
whose main task was writing in Latin rather than German. Consequently, the majority of Old High German texts are religious in nature and show strong influence of
1625:
There is wide variation in the consonant systems of the Old High German dialects, which arise mainly from the differing extent to which they are affected by the
879:" ("...so also, in many expressions, spelling is difficult because of the piling up of letters or their unfamiliar sound.") The careful orthographies of the OHG
1137:
The short high and mid vowels may have been articulated lower than their long counterparts as in Modern German. This cannot be established from written sources.
492:
in 496, and in the last twenty years of the 8th century
Charlemagne subdued the Saxons, the Frisians, the Bavarians, and the Lombards, bringing all continental
5196:
6604:
2909:
By the end of the OHG period, however, use of a subject pronoun has become obligatory, while the definite article has developed from the original
4613:
4525:
4278:
Peters R (1985). "Soziokulturelle
Voraussetzungen und Sprachraum des Mittleniederdeutschen". In Besch W, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.).
5571:
4649:
907:
The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of the East
Franconian dialect in the 9th century. This is the dialect of the monastery of
5369:
253:
At the start of this period, dialect areas reflected the territories of largely independent tribal kingdoms, but by 788 the conquests of
3628:, 29: "He also had the old rude songs that celebrate the deeds and wars of the ancient kings written out for transmission to posterity."
539:
information of the sort on which modern dialect maps are based. For this reason the dialects may be termed "monastery dialects" (German
481:("Ostkolonisation", "Ostsiedlung") of the early 12th century, though there was some attempt at conquest and missionary work under the
435:. North of this line, the Franks retained their language, but it was not affected by the Second Sound Shift, which thus separated the
1744:
that evolved from the High German consonant shift. The sounds of both letters seem not to have merged before the 13th century. Since
857:. This shift led to considerable variations in spelling conventions, as individual scribes and scriptoria had to develop their own
17:
3753:(2022). The development of the Old High German umlauted vowels and the reflex of New High German /É:/ in Present Standard German.
4193:
Morris RL (1991). "The Rise of
Periphrastic Tenses in German: The Case Against Latin Influence". In Antonsen EH, Hock HH (eds.).
4483:. Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte. A: Hauptreihe 5/1 (in German) (16th ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
1126:
Vowel length was indicated in the manuscripts inconsistently (though modern handbooks are consistent). Vowel letter doubling, a
1791:
1531:
2943:
had, in principle, been Christianized. All the manuscripts which contain Old High German texts were written in ecclesiastical
4507:
4488:
4373:
4340:
4090:
2350:
The present tense continued to be used alongside these new forms to indicate future time (as it still is in Modern German).
454:
in 774. After this the Germanic-speaking population, who were by then almost certainly bilingual, gradually switched to the
5186:
2955:
on the vocabulary. In fact, most surviving prose texts are translations of Latin originals. Even secular works such as the
4618:
4240:
1569:
202:
6098:
419:
by the beginning of the OHG period, with the linguistic boundary later stabilised approximately along the course of the
826:
and later an abbot at Fulda, was an important advocate of the cultivation of German literacy. Among his students were
4449:
4430:
4411:
4392:
4321:
4287:
4268:
4221:
4202:
4183:
4147:
4128:
4109:
4071:
4052:
4029:
2996:, both recorded in manuscripts of the early 9th century, though the texts are assumed to derive from earlier copies.
279:
system inherited from its ancestral Germanic forms. The eventual disruption of these patterns, which led to the more
4642:
518:
876:...sic etiam in multis dictis scriptio est propter litterarum aut congeriem aut incognitam sonoritatem difficilis.
314:ânotes added to margins or between lines that provide translation of the (Latin) text or other aid to the reader.
1504:
1431:
192:
873:, offers comments on and examples of some of the issues which arise in adapting the Latin alphabet for German: "
4595:
6609:
6465:
1891:
into fricatives and affricates, and voiced fricatives are hardened into plosives and in some cases devoiced.
294:
First page of the St. Gall Codex Abrogans (Stiftsbibliothek, cod. 911), the earliest text in Old High German
149:
6495:
5665:
5627:
5612:
1710:) is sometimes used in modern grammars and dictionaries to indicate the alveolar fricative that arose from
1539:
1511:
1447:
1156:
but it probably was not phonemicized until the end of the period. Manuscripts occasionally distinguish two
4939:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2136:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1876:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1781:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1691:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1056:
1051:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
736:
by the Franks in 774. It is classified as Upper German on the basis of evidence of the Second Sound Shift.
6475:
6335:
5685:
5644:
5634:
4635:
4588:
4583:
4578:
1884:
1718:
1319:
1309:
427:
in the east, and the northern boundary probably a little further south than the current boundary between
397:
247:
28:
4851:
3320:
3310:
2934:
2203:
1588:
1521:
6192:
2312:
Germanic also had no future tense, but again OHG created periphrastic forms, using an auxiliary verb
1789:
1586:
1567:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1502:
1479:
1445:
1429:
1409:
1401:
1185:
4158:
1177:
By the mid 11th century the many different vowels found in unstressed syllables had almost all been
290:
6599:
6594:
6470:
6424:
6419:
6343:
5953:
5937:
5816:
5675:
5566:
5561:
1844:
already took place in West Germanic. Most but not all High German areas are subject to the change.
400:
during the 6th centuryânamely all of Elbe Germanic and most of the WeserâRhine Germanic dialects.
6409:
6353:
6348:
6268:
5941:
5891:
5191:
5009:
4765:
4693:
4681:
3758:
3005:
is the sole survivor of what must have been a vast oral tradition. Other important works are the
2359:
1810:
1626:
1403:
1315:
791:
509:
416:
262:
239:
96:
86:
6531:
6251:
5649:
4316:(in German). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 798â815.
1725:. The distinction has no counterpart in the original manuscripts, except in the Old High German
6414:
5896:
5862:
5480:
5296:
5156:
4996:
4891:
2979:
2939:
The early part of the period saw considerable missionary activity, and by 800 the whole of the
866:
728:
in the 6th century, and little evidence of it remains apart from names and individual words in
622:
455:
302:, so the overwhelming majority of them are religious in nature or, when secular, belong to the
4309:
6572:
6536:
5804:
5797:
5749:
5519:
5490:
5459:
5422:
5347:
5104:
5017:
4878:
4840:
3016:
2910:
1352:
831:
765:
6037:
4912:
2986:
German literature. The earliest texts not dependent on Latin originals would seem to be the
6541:
6521:
6490:
6363:
6223:
5969:
5787:
5379:
5206:
5168:
5163:
5037:
4984:
4742:
2952:
1411:
687:
6197:
1694:
had acquired a palatalized allophone after front vowels, as is the case in Modern German.
1300:(The New High German forms of these words are broadly the same as in Middle High German.)
473:, earlier Germanic speakers in the Northern part of the area having been displaced by the
8:
6480:
5716:
5670:
5604:
5357:
5004:
4917:
4715:
4518:
4280:
Sprachgeschichte. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung
2064:
and word-finally, when it monophthongizes into ĂȘ, which is also the reflex of unstressed
1945:
Word-initially, after a resonant and when geminated, the same consonants affricatized to
1632:
In the plosive and fricative series, if there are two consonants in a cell, the first is
1493:
1423:
841:
was among the greatest stylists in the language, and developed a systematic orthography.
769:
761:
6027:
5872:
5119:
4460:
4354:
4298:
816:, who destroyed his father's collection of epic poetry on account of its pagan content.
6526:
6450:
6378:
6368:
6323:
6085:
6012:
5909:
5754:
5729:
5724:
5617:
5445:
5330:
5151:
4929:
4924:
4903:
4864:
4668:
4658:
3315:
2659:
2627:
1814:
1633:
1481:
1362:
1347:
918:
513:
493:
379:
363:
311:
284:
273:
261:. The period also saw the development of a stable linguistic border between German and
91:
5680:
2975:
2974:, a LatinâOld High German glossary variously dated between 750 and 780, probably from
1629:. Precise information about the articulation of consonants is impossible to establish.
182:
6500:
6299:
6215:
6208:
6163:
6107:
5867:
5857:
5840:
5835:
5739:
5501:
5301:
5262:
5242:
5080:
4972:
4954:
4806:
4552:
4541:
4503:
4484:
4445:
4426:
4407:
4388:
4369:
4336:
4317:
4283:
4264:
4236:
4217:
4198:
4179:
4143:
4124:
4105:
4086:
4067:
4048:
4041:
4025:
3750:
3624:
2993:
2983:
2876:
2872:
2245:
The periphrastic past tenses were formed by combining the present or preterite of an
1383:
1376:
1367:
1187:
659:
650:
580:
497:
383:
280:
69:
1698:
461:
At the beginning of the period, no Germanic language was spoken east of a line from
198:
6455:
6246:
6180:
6136:
6131:
6091:
6080:
6072:
5877:
5845:
5792:
5781:
5694:
5403:
5342:
5132:
5114:
4949:
4710:
4702:
4421:
Sonderegger S (1980). "Althochdeutsch". In Althaus HP, Henne H, Weigand HE (eds.).
4282:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 1211â1220.
3352:
with tables showing the position taken in most of the standard works before 2000. (
3062:
2288:"There was a fig tree that some man had planted", literally "Fig-tree had certain (
1599:
1357:
1331:
901:
779:
683:
646:
638:
597:
482:
6292:
1679:), as is reflected in modern Old High German dictionaries and glossaries, is that
6485:
6445:
6278:
6185:
6168:
6153:
6148:
6141:
5850:
5759:
5744:
5699:
5551:
5514:
5506:
5485:
5472:
5452:
5201:
5178:
5109:
5099:
5091:
4871:
4350:
2958:
2940:
2865:
2270:"When eight days had passed", literally "After that then gone-by were eight days"
1711:
1371:
1327:
1178:
1145:
858:
827:
813:
797:
733:
691:
563:
439:
from the more easterly Franconian dialects which formed part of Old High German.
428:
266:
235:
227:
78:
2963:
are often preserved only because they were written on spare sheets in religious
462:
310:. The earliest instances, which date to the latter half of the 8th century, are
6566:
6460:
6440:
6392:
6284:
6158:
5828:
5595:
5534:
5313:
5270:
5227:
5144:
5139:
5028:
4978:
4829:
4780:
4735:
4728:
2306:
2246:
2226:. These were inherited by Old High German, but in addition OHG developed three
1800:, "whatever", would thus never have been but rather , later (13th century) , .
854:
819:
787:
725:
609:
558:
447:
432:
388:
358:. There is also a hundred-year "dearth of continuous texts" after the death of
117:
59:
1976:
is geographically very limited and is not reflected in Modern Standard German.
362:
in 1022. The mid-11th century is widely accepted as marking the transition to
6588:
6516:
6358:
6114:
6065:
5882:
5821:
5734:
5639:
5577:
5524:
5408:
5335:
2231:
2219:
943:
741:
699:
642:
343:
4425:(in German). Vol. III (2nd ed.). TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer. p. 571.
6385:
5809:
5773:
5706:
5529:
5352:
5325:
5308:
5252:
5211:
4793:
4772:
4607:
2239:
2160:
1131:
862:
838:
749:
732:
texts, and a few runic inscriptions. It declined after the conquest of the
633:
359:
347:
307:
243:
128:
6032:
2879:. Both features are exemplified in the start of the 8th century Alemannic
1721:. That distinguishes it from the alveolar affricate, which represented as
1668:
in all dialects during the 9th century. The status in the Old High German
166:
6202:
6175:
5993:
5901:
5583:
5544:
5127:
4822:
4786:
4721:
4569:
4020:
Althaus, Hans Peter; Henne, Helmut; Weigand, Herbert Ernst, eds. (1980).
3022:
3012:
2944:
2227:
1561:
979:
955:
938:
881:
745:
717:
626:
551:
523:
478:
451:
339:
254:
6047:
1740:
was in writing usually clearly distinguished from the younger fricative
1278:
1250:
1222:
575:
6042:
6022:
5387:
5057:
4758:
4214:
Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. 1: Althochdeutsch â Mittelhochdeutsch
3030:
2652:
2637:
2235:
1644:
1461:
1335:
1141:
1127:
1069:
1043:
960:
948:
775:
711:
671:
654:
588:
532:
355:
299:
276:
714:
is attested only in four runic inscriptions and some possible glosses.
6228:
5976:
5622:
5539:
5320:
5275:
5247:
5073:
4627:
4601:
3999:
3997:
3972:
3970:
2223:
1784:), it seems safe to assume that the actual pronunciation of Germanic
1323:
1009:
774:
Old High German literacy is a product of the monasteries, notably at
679:
617:
436:
412:
392:
The Old High Germanâspeaking area within the Holy Roman Empire in 962
175:
159:
141:
6052:
3943:
3871:
2864:
Nonetheless, the basic word order rules are broadly those of Modern
1796:, in all Old High German until late Middle High German. A word like
1271:
1243:
1215:
47:
6017:
5365:
3895:
3707:
3048:
3001:
2971:
2642:
1888:
803:
721:
695:
675:
663:
536:
489:
443:
408:
210:
4140:
Die historische Entwicklung der Perfektkonstruktionen im Deutschen
3994:
3982:
3967:
3919:
3835:
3763:
3672:
3670:
6058:
5654:
5556:
4622:
4039:
Bostock, J. Knight (1976). King, K. C.; McLintock, D. R. (eds.).
3493:
3491:
2884:
808:
790:
in the mid-8th century, and it was further encouraged during the
592:
571:
547:
458:, so that Langobardic had died out by the end of the OHG period.
424:
404:
375:
206:
3955:
3883:
2871:
Two differences from the modern language are the possibility of
1813:
into Old High German but not the Late OHG changes that affected
396:
Old High German encompasses the dialects that had undergone the
5361:
4406:(in German). Vol. I. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
3719:
3667:
2970:
The earliest Old High German text is generally taken to be the
2948:
2758:
2647:
2632:
2622:
2265:
1330:
is different from all other West Germanic languages, including
913:
823:
786:. Its origins lie in the establishment of the German church by
667:
605:
601:
258:
3488:
298:
Surviving Old High German texts were all composed in monastic
5279:
4261:
Althochdeutsch: Eine EinfĂŒhrung in Dialekte und Vorgeschichte
3643:
3631:
3580:
3578:
2964:
2880:
1637:
921:
forms of words, particularly with respect to the consonants.
908:
850:
783:
729:
613:
584:
567:
474:
470:
420:
303:
124:
4300:
Einwirkung des Christenthums auf die Althochdeutsche Sprache
849:
Old High German marked the culmination of a shift away from
535:
produced in a few major ecclesiastical centres, there is no
283:
grammar, are generally considered to mark the transition to
4312:. In Besch W, Betten A, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.).
4252:
Lautsystem und Lautwandel in den althochdeutschen Dialekten
4212:
Moser, Hans; Wellmann, Hans; Wolf, Norbert Richard (1981).
3605:
2007:
only when they are geminated. PG *brugjo > *bruggo >
466:
3859:
3823:
3655:
3575:
3563:
3515:
1706:
1640:. The voicing of lenis consonants varied between dialects.
209:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3847:
3478:
3476:
3045:
An example of Early Middle High German literature is the
2218:
Germanic had a simple two-tense system, with forms for a
1318:
from which it developed is that the former underwent the
526:
and the areas of the Old High German "monastery dialects"
4102:
Die germanischen Sprachen. Ihre Geschichte in GrundzĂŒgen
1160:
sounds. Generally, modern grammars and dictionaries use
338:
Differing approaches are taken, too, to the position of
3775:
3595:
3593:
3434:
4596:
Althochdeutsche Texte im Internet (8.â10. Jahrhundert)
4062:
Braune, W.; Helm, K.; Ebbinghaus, E. A., eds. (1994).
3931:
3907:
3551:
3503:
3473:
2121:
from PIE *k, not to the result of the consonant shift
496:
under Frankish rule. While this led to some degree of
4024:(in German) (2nd rev. ed.). TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
3451:
3449:
3422:
3412:
3410:
1647:. Double consonants found in Old High German include
707:
In addition, there are two poorly attested dialects:
477:. This area did not become German-speaking until the
4066:(in German) (17th ed.). TĂŒbingen: M. Niemeyer.
4061:
4003:
3988:
3976:
3925:
3799:
3787:
3713:
3682:
3590:
3395:
1314:
The main difference between Old High German and the
4310:"Die Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte"
4019:
3731:
3539:
3527:
2906:; English "I believe in God the almighty father").
1322:. The result of the sound change has been that the
450:, maintained their dialect until their conquest by
4481:Althochdeutsche Grammatik I: Laut- und Formenlehre
4080:
4040:
3901:
3889:
3811:
3461:
3446:
3407:
3379:
1777:) or the southwestern pronunciation of words like
4610:â Database of OHG and Old Saxon Gloss Manuscripts
4604:Descriptions of all German MSS, 8thâ12th century.
4557:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
4546:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
4502:(in German) (15th ed.). TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
4478:
4211:
4104:(in German). Wiesbaden: Albus. pp. 336â341.
4083:Historische Syntax des Deutschen: eine EinfĂŒhrung
3961:
3949:
3877:
3841:
3769:
3725:
3676:
3497:
3035:. The boundary to Early Middle High German (from
1809:This list has the sound changes that transformed
1172:
748:, whose presence in a French manuscript suggests
27:"Old German" redirects here. For other uses, see
6586:
4368:(in German) (11th ed.). Stuttgart: Hirzel.
3378:"but more indirectly that previously assumed." (
257:had brought all OHG dialect areas into a single
4230:
4173:
3637:
1788:was somewhere between and , most likely about
837:Towards the end of the Old High German period,
4575:Old High German texts (Bibliotheca Augustana)
4178:. UTB 2167 (in German). Paderborn: Schöningh.
4643:
4359:(in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Weidmann.
4216:(in German). Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
4479:Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2018).
3365:who discusses the problems with this view. (
3150:sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris,
3046:
3028:
3020:
3006:
2987:
2956:
2920:
2914:
2894:
2888:
1804:
1285:
1257:
1229:
1134:was generally used to indicate a long vowel.
330:
324:
4420:
4401:
4382:
4197:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
4174:Meineke, Eckhard; Schwerdt, Judith (2001).
4081:Fleischer, JĂŒrg; Schallert, Oliver (2011).
3865:
3829:
3661:
3584:
3284:Pilipi unsraz emizzigaz kip uns eogauuanna.
874:
4650:
4636:
4296:
4195:StĂŠfcraft. Studies in Germanic Linguistics
3649:
911:, and specifically of the Old High German
4614:Modern English-Old High German dictionary
4047:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3704:. UniversitÀt Wien, last seen 2024-04-28.
456:Romance language of the native population
4523:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4387:(in German) (3rd ed.). de Gruyter.
4156:
4099:
4043:A Handbook on Old High German Literature
3688:
3611:
3482:
3340:
3247:sĆ her in himile ist, sĆ sÄ« her in erdu,
3144:panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie,
2262:After thie thö argangana warun ahtu taga
1690:It is not clear whether Old High German
892:
517:
387:
289:
6605:Languages attested from the 8th century
4497:
4363:
4349:
4330:
4307:
4038:
3937:
3913:
3781:
3521:
3440:
3401:
3366:
3353:
3216:Brooth unseraz emezzīgaz gib uns hiutu.
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2340:"And now you will start to fall silent"
1140:All back vowels likely had front-vowel
203:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
6587:
4657:
4550:
4539:
4516:
4458:
4423:Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik
4277:
4192:
4137:
4118:
4022:Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik
3853:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3737:
3557:
3222:sama sĆ uuir farlÄzzÄm scolĆm unserÄm.
3182:prooth unseer emezzihic kip uns hiutu,
488:The Alemannic polity was conquered by
272:Old High German largely preserved the
6321:
5935:
4679:
4631:
4439:
4385:Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur
4258:
4249:
3700:Text: Heiner Eichnar, Robert Nedoma:
3599:
3569:
3545:
3533:
3509:
3467:
3455:
3428:
3416:
3296:Uzzan kaneri unsih fona allem sunton.
3290:sama so uuir flazzames unsrem scolom.
3256:sĆ uuir furlÄzemÄs unsarÄn sculdÄ«gĆn,
3235:Fater unser, thĆ« thÄr bist in himile,
2298:arborem fici habebat quidam plantatam
2274:Et postquam consummati sunt dies octo
2188:before another consonant are dropped.
1065:
522:Map showing the main Old High German
437:Low Franconian or Old Dutch varieties
34:Earliest stage of the German language
4500:Althochdeutsche Grammatik II: Syntax
4442:German: A Linguistic History to 1945
4404:GrundzĂŒge deutscher Sprachgeschichte
4356:Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
4142:(in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
3281:sama so in himile est, sama in erdu.
3259:inti ni gileitÄst unsih in costunga,
3250:unsar brĆt tagalÄ«hhaz gib uns hiutu,
2875:and lack of definite and indefinite
2603:
1995:In Standard German, that applies to
885:or Notker show a similar awareness.
5212:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
4303:(in German). Berlin: S.G.Liesching.
3191:enti ni unsih firleiti in khorunka,
1887:: Inherited voiceless plosives are
1657:gg, ff, ss, hh, zz, mm, nn, ll, rr.
900:Example of Old High German: Second
24:
6571:Languages between parentheses are
5936:
4598:â links to a range of online texts
4004:Braune, Helm & Ebbinghaus 1994
3989:Braune, Helm & Ebbinghaus 1994
3977:Braune, Helm & Ebbinghaus 1994
3926:Braune, Helm & Ebbinghaus 1994
3714:Braune, Helm & Ebbinghaus 1994
3225:endi ni gileidi unsih in costunga.
3153:et ne inducas nos in temptationem,
2329:Thu scalt beran einan alawaltenden
403:The Franks in the western part of
25:
6621:
4563:
4176:EinfĂŒhrung in das Althochdeutsche
3201:Fater unsÄr, thu in himilom bist,
2333:"You shall bear an almighty one"
2331:(Otfrid's Evangelienbuch I, 5,23)
1683:is found in initial position and
844:
4366:Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
4235:(in Spanish). Madrid: SĂntesis.
3293:Enti ni princ unsih in chorunka.
3269:Fater unser, du pist in himilum.
3213:sama sĆ in himile endi in erthu.
3068:
3056:
2125:, which is sometimes written as
1736:The original Germanic fricative
869:, in one of the prefaces to his
317:
4572:â Reference corpus of OHG texts
4263:(in German). Bern: Peter Lang.
4100:Hutterer, Claus JĂŒrgen (1999).
3842:Moser, Wellmann & Wolf 1981
3743:
3694:
3617:
3372:
3359:
3219:endi farlÄz uns sculdhi unsero,
3147:et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
3129:Pater noster, qui in caelis es,
2890:kilaubu in got vater almahticun
2284:phīgboum habeta sum giflanzotan
2117:refers there only to inherited
1934:is exempt. Compare Old English
1906:spirantize intervocalically to
1752:before other consonants (as in
332:vorliterarisches Althochdeutsch
234:) is the earliest stage of the
6575:of the language on their left.
4159:"OHTFRID'S LETTER TO LIUDBERT"
3902:Fleischer & Schallert 2011
3890:Fleischer & Schallert 2011
3380:Fleischer & Schallert 2011
3346:
3333:
3188:so uuir oblazem uns skuldikem,
2353:
2336:Inti nu uuirdist thu suigenti'
1173:Reduction of unstressed vowels
546:The main dialects, with their
242:that had undergone the set of
13:
1:
6466:Germanic substrate hypothesis
6322:
4532:
4231:Parra Membrives, Eva (2002).
4161:. The Saint Pachomius Library
4123:. London: Faber & Faber.
4119:Keller, Rudolf Ernst (1978).
4085:(in German). TĂŒbingen: Narr.
3962:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3950:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3878:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3770:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3726:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3702:Die Merseburger ZaubersprĂŒche
3677:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3498:Braune & Heidermanns 2018
3262:Ć«zouh arlĆsi unsih fon ubile.
3253:inti furlÄz uns unsara sculdi
3105:
3036:
2192:
1673:
1303:
740:The continued existence of a
498:Frankish linguistic influence
6496:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5187:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
4402:Sonderegger, Stefan (1979).
4254:(in German). Munich: Hueber.
3389:
3228:auh arlĆsi unsih fona ubile.
3194:uzzer losi unsih fona ubile.
3141:sicut in caelo, et in terra,
2324:and the present participle:
2087:and all dentals; otherwise,
1748:later came to be pronounced
888:
369:
232:Althochdeutsch (Ahdt., Ahd.)
7:
6476:High German consonant shift
4471:
4444:. Oxford University Press.
4297:von Raumer, Rudolf (1851).
4233:Literatura medieval alemana
3304:
3287:Enti flaz uns unsro sculdi,
3167:unseer, thu pist in himile,
2163:varieties, it also becomes
1885:High German consonant shift
1719:High German consonant shift
1310:High German consonant shift
755:
503:
29:Old German (disambiguation)
10:
6626:
5014:WestlauwersâTerschellings
4667:According to contemporary
4465:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4012:
3321:Old High German declension
3311:Old High German literature
3179:so in himile sosa in erdu.
2935:Old High German literature
2932:
2873:omitting a subject pronoun
2358:The following is a sample
2204:Old High German declension
2201:
2167:before labials and velars.
1307:
853:of the pre-OHG period to
759:
507:
373:
26:
6558:
6509:
6433:
6402:
6334:
6330:
6317:
6266:
6239:
6193:Southern Schleswig Danish
6124:
6005:
5961:
5952:
5948:
5931:
5772:
5715:
5603:
5594:
5499:
5471:
5430:
5421:
5396:
5378:
5289:
5261:
5235:
5226:
5177:
5090:
5065:
5056:
4995:
4890:
4839:
4814:
4805:
4701:
4692:
4688:
4675:
4665:
4570:Referenzkorpus Altdeutsch
4540:Franck, Johannes (1909).
4520:An Old High German Primer
4498:Schrodt, Richard (2004).
4462:An Old High-German Primer
4364:Schmidt, Wilhelm (2013).
4064:Althochdeutsches Lesebuch
3132:sanctificetur nomen tuum,
2858:
2802:
2757:
2703:
2658:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2476:
2389:
2376:
2320:) and the infinitive, or
2151:-umlaut but elsewhere is
1894:Ungeminated post-vocalic
1805:Phonological developments
1113:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1047:
1027:
993:
947:
942:
937:
934:
924:
494:Germanic-speaking peoples
479:German eastward expansion
189:
173:
157:
139:
134:
114:
75:
65:
55:
46:
41:
6471:West Germanic gemination
6425:Ancient Belgian language
6420:Germanic parent language
6364:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
5486:Austrian Standard German
4680:
4619:What is Old High German?
4383:Sonderegger, S. (2003).
4331:Salmons, Joseph (2012).
4157:Marchand, James (1992).
3326:
3238:sÄ« geheilagĆt thÄ«n namo,
3185:oblaz uns sculdi unsero,
2982:are the only remnant of
2928:
2213:
2208:
2197:
1999:in all positions but to
1168:for the mid-close vowel.
861:of sounds not native to
18:Old High German language
4602:Paderborner Repertorium
4543:AltfrÀnkische Grammatik
4517:Wright, Joseph (1906).
4459:Wright, Joseph (1888).
4259:Penzl, Herbert (1986).
4250:Penzl, Herbert (1971).
4138:Kuroda, Susumu (1999).
3122:Freisinger Paternoster
3095:South Rhine Franconian,
3091:The St Gall Paternoster
2177:in all German dialects.
2033:are diphthongized into
1627:High German Sound Shift
1279:
1272:
1251:
1244:
1223:
1216:
792:Carolingian Renaissance
720:was the dialect of the
510:Proto-Germanic language
48:
6532:Preterite-present verb
6415:Proto-Germanic grammar
6369:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
5481:German Standard German
5157:East Frisian Low Saxon
4554:Altbairische Grammatik
4551:Schatz, Josef (1907).
3204:giuuīhit sī namo thīn.
3156:sed libera nos a malo.
3047:
3029:
3021:
3017:Otfrid von Weissenburg
3007:
2988:
2980:Merseburg Incantations
2957:
2921:
2915:
2895:
2889:
2348:
2302:
1863:"yesterday" > OHG
1316:West Germanic dialects
1286:
1258:
1230:
1164:for the mid vowel and
904:
875:
867:Otfrid von Weissenburg
623:South Rhine Franconian
527:
393:
331:
325:
295:
240:West Germanic dialects
231:
191:This article contains
6537:Grammatischer Wechsel
5520:Namibian Black German
5491:Swiss Standard German
5460:Early New High German
5018:Mainland West Frisian
4879:Harlingerland Frisian
4440:Wells, C. J. (1987).
4335:. Oxford University.
3572:, pp. 44, 50â53.
3272:Kauuihit si namo din.
3210:uuerdhe uuilleo thīn,
3135:adveniat regnum tuum,
3100:Weissenburg Catechism
2933:Further information:
2911:demonstrative pronoun
2444:nĂ«mamÄs, -emÄs (-Än)
2326:
2259:
899:
832:Otfrid of Weissenburg
766:Germanic Christianity
760:Further information:
752:, are controversial.
521:
508:Further information:
446:, who had settled in
391:
374:Further information:
293:
6610:Languages of Germany
6542:Indo-European ablaut
6522:Germanic strong verb
6491:Germanic spirant law
5628:Southeast Limburgish
5124:Gelders-Overijssels
4753:Irish Middle English
4743:Early Modern English
3638:Parra Membrives 2002
3548:, p. 43. Fn. 26
3042:) is not clear-cut.
3027:and the 9th century
2953:ecclesiastical Latin
1811:Common West Germanic
415:) gradually adopted
342:. Langobardic is an
306:literary culture of
6510:Synchronic features
6481:Germanic a-mutation
6434:Diachronic features
5784:in the broad sense
5717:East Central German
5671:Lorraine Franconian
5645:Transylvanian Saxon
5605:West Central German
5380:East Low Franconian
5290:West Low Franconian
4333:A History of German
4121:The German Language
3952:, pp. 338â339.
3880:, pp. 331â336.
3856:, pp. 161â167.
3652:, pp. 194â272.
3614:, pp. 336â341.
3524:, pp. 804â811.
3382:, pp. 206â211)
3275:Piqhueme rihhi din,
3073:
2373:
2344:Et ecce eris tacens
2228:periphrastic tenses
2011:, but *leugan >
1938:to Old High German
1687:in other positions.
1204:Middle High German
770:Anglo-Saxon mission
762:Oaths of Strasbourg
244:consonantal changes
6527:Germanic weak verb
6336:Language subgroups
5686:Pennsylvania Dutch
5635:Moselle Franconian
5613:Central Franconian
5446:Middle High German
5197:Central Pomeranian
5152:Northern Low Saxon
4865:Wangerooge Frisian
4659:Germanic languages
4308:Roelcke T (1998).
3316:Middle High German
3207:quaeme rīchi thīn.
3176:uuerde uuillo din,
3170:uuihi namun dinan,
3138:fiat voluntas tua,
3069:
2978:. The 8th century
2919:) and the numeral
2903:allmÀchtigen Vater
2369:
2362:of a strong verb,
1875:being a fricative
1836:in all positions (
1815:Middle High German
1733:for the affricate.
1649:pp, bb, tt, dd, ck
1320:Second Sound Shift
919:Middle High German
905:
528:
514:Germanic languages
442:In the south, the
398:Second Sound Shift
394:
380:Carolingian Empire
364:Middle High German
296:
285:Middle High German
248:Second Sound Shift
6582:
6581:
6567:extinct languages
6554:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6501:Great Vowel Shift
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6262:
6261:
6108:Greenlandic Norse
5927:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5858:Southern Bavarian
5841:Northern Bavarian
5817:Highest Alemannic
5768:
5767:
5502:standard variants
5417:
5416:
5263:Standard variants
5222:
5221:
5081:Middle Low German
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
4852:Saterland Frisian
4509:978-3-484-10862-2
4490:978-3-11-051510-7
4375:978-3-7776-2272-9
4342:978-0-19-969794-6
4092:978-3-8233-6568-6
3904:, pp. 49â50.
3844:, pp. 82â84.
3772:, pp. 87â93.
3755:Linguistik Online
3751:Fausto Cercignani
3625:Vita Karoli Magni
3512:, pp. 34â35.
3443:, pp. 65â66.
3431:, pp. 15â16.
3302:
3301:
3278:Uuesa din uuillo,
3241:queme thīn rīhhi,
3173:qhueme rihhi din,
3120:early 9th century
3104:East Franconian,
2994:Wessobrunn Prayer
2856:
2855:
2604:Personal pronouns
2601:
2600:
2292:someone) planted"
2099:"death" > OHG
1918:and elsewhere to
1855:(cf. Old English
1851:"sieve" > OHG
1622:
1621:
1298:
1297:
1183:⟨e⟩
1166:⟨e⟩
1162:⟨Ă«⟩
1120:
1119:
897:
581:Middle Franconian
384:Frankish language
326:Voralthochdeutsch
217:
216:
199:rendering support
195:phonetic symbols.
70:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
6617:
6359:Elbe (Irminonic)
6332:
6331:
6319:
6318:
6247:Mainland Gutnish
6137:Swedish dialects
6099:Middle Icelandic
6073:Middle Norwegian
5962:Historical forms
5959:
5958:
5950:
5949:
5933:
5932:
5892:South Franconian
5878:Hutterite German
5846:Central Bavarian
5666:Rhine Franconian
5601:
5600:
5431:Historical forms
5428:
5427:
5343:Surinamese Dutch
5236:Historical forms
5233:
5232:
5066:Historical forms
5063:
5062:
4815:Historical forms
4812:
4811:
4699:
4698:
4690:
4689:
4677:
4676:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4558:
4547:
4524:
4513:
4494:
4466:
4455:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4379:
4360:
4351:Scherer, Wilhelm
4346:
4327:
4314:Sprachgeschichte
4304:
4293:
4274:
4255:
4246:
4227:
4208:
4189:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4134:
4115:
4096:
4077:
4058:
4046:
4035:
4007:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3866:Sonderegger 1979
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3830:Sonderegger 1979
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3784:, pp. 9â18.
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3757:. 113/1: 45â57.
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3662:Sonderegger 2003
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3588:
3585:Sonderegger 1980
3582:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3112:Old High German
3110:
3107:
3074:
3052:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3010:
2991:
2962:
2924:
2918:
2905:
2893:(Modern German,
2892:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2589:nëmanti (-enti)
2374:
2368:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1878:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1795:
1783:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1693:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1592:
1573:
1553:
1543:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1508:
1485:
1451:
1435:
1415:
1407:
1341:
1340:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1207:New High German
1201:Old High German
1198:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1058:
1053:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
932:
931:
898:
878:
780:Reichenau Island
598:Rhine Franconian
334:
328:
185:
169:
162:
153:
152:
144:
120:
81:
51:
39:
38:
21:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6600:German dialects
6595:Old High German
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6546:
6505:
6486:Germanic umlaut
6451:Holtzmann's law
6429:
6398:
6326:
6305:
6258:
6235:
6169:South Jutlandic
6154:Danish dialects
6120:
6001:
5944:
5915:
5897:East Franconian
5851:Viennese German
5764:
5745:Silesian German
5711:
5700:Central Hessian
5590:
5515:Namibian German
5504:
5495:
5473:Standard German
5467:
5453:New High German
5439:Old High German
5413:
5392:
5374:
5285:
5257:
5218:
5202:East Pomeranian
5192:Brandenburgisch
5179:East Low German
5173:
5100:Dutch Low Saxon
5092:West Low German
5086:
5044:
5010:Schiermonnikoog
4991:
4886:
4872:Wursten Frisian
4835:
4801:
4684:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4566:
4561:
4535:
4530:
4510:
4491:
4474:
4469:
4452:
4433:
4414:
4395:
4376:
4343:
4324:
4290:
4271:
4243:
4242:978-847738997-2
4224:
4205:
4186:
4164:
4162:
4150:
4131:
4112:
4093:
4074:
4055:
4032:
4015:
4010:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3650:von Raumer 1851
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:, p. 1211.
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:sī thīn uuillo,
3242:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3059:
3039:
2989:Hildebrandslied
2959:Hildebrandslied
2941:Frankish Empire
2937:
2931:
2899:glaube an Gott
2866:Standard German
2861:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2356:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2316:(Modern German
2293:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2044:Proto-Germanic
2041:, respectively.
1807:
1712:Common Germanic
1676:
1636:and the second
1312:
1306:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1144:as a result of
927:
902:Merseburg Charm
893:
891:
859:transliteration
847:
828:Walafrid Strabo
822:, a student of
814:Louis the Pious
798:Hildebrandslied
772:
758:
734:Lombard Kingdom
564:East Franconian
541:Klosterdialekte
516:
506:
386:
372:
329:("pre-OHG") or
320:
236:German language
220:Old High German
197:Without proper
181:
165:
158:
148:
147:
140:
121:
116:
110:
102:Old High German
82:
79:Language family
77:
42:Old High German
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6623:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6569:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6410:Proto-Germanic
6406:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6285:Crimean Gothic
6274:
6272:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6159:Insular Danish
6156:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6142:Rinkebysvenska
6139:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6095:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5988:Old East Norse
5985:
5983:Old West Norse
5973:
5965:
5963:
5956:
5946:
5945:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:South Tyrolean
5855:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5805:High Alemannic
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5596:Central German
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5535:Barossa German
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5432:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5314:French Flemish
5306:
5305:
5304:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5230:
5228:Low Franconian
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5069:
5067:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5029:Westereendersk
5023:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4830:Middle Frisian
4826:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4736:Modern English
4732:
4729:Middle English
4725:
4718:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4564:External links
4562:
4560:
4559:
4548:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4526:Online version
4514:
4508:
4495:
4489:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4437:
4431:
4418:
4412:
4399:
4393:
4380:
4374:
4361:
4347:
4341:
4328:
4322:
4305:
4294:
4288:
4275:
4269:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4228:
4222:
4209:
4203:
4190:
4184:
4171:
4154:
4148:
4135:
4129:
4116:
4110:
4097:
4091:
4078:
4072:
4059:
4053:
4036:
4030:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3993:
3981:
3966:
3964:, p. 322.
3954:
3942:
3940:, p. 161.
3930:
3918:
3916:, p. 276.
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3868:, p. 271.
3858:
3846:
3834:
3832:, p. 269.
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3716:, p. 179.
3706:
3693:
3681:
3666:
3664:, p. 245.
3654:
3642:
3630:
3616:
3604:
3602:, p. 432.
3589:
3587:, p. 571.
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3487:
3485:, p. 338.
3472:
3460:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3371:
3369:, p. 162)
3358:
3345:
3343:, p. 307)
3331:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3058:
3055:
3013:Gospel harmony
3008:Evangelienbuch
2930:
2927:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2355:
2352:
2307:Medieval Latin
2286:(Tatian 102,2)
2247:auxiliary verb
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2202:Main article:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2168:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2052:except before
2042:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1992:are devoiced.
1979:
1978:
1977:
1943:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1734:
1695:
1688:
1659:
1641:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1544:
1526:
1516:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1308:Main article:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1138:
1135:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
992:
987:
982:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
958:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
926:
923:
890:
887:
871:Evangelienbuch
855:Latin alphabet
846:
845:Writing system
843:
820:Rabanus Maurus
788:Saint Boniface
757:
754:
738:
737:
726:Northern Italy
715:
705:
704:
703:
702:
688:Benediktbeuern
657:
631:
630:
629:
620:
595:
578:
559:Central German
505:
502:
465:to the rivers
448:Northern Italy
371:
368:
319:
316:
215:
214:
201:, you may see
187:
186:
179:
171:
170:
163:
155:
154:
145:
137:
136:
135:Language codes
132:
131:
122:
118:Writing system
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
60:Central Europe
57:
53:
52:
49:Althochdeutsch
44:
43:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6622:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6574:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:Germanic verb
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6456:Sievers's law
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:Reconstructed
6401:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6320:
6316:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6216:Middle Danish
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6092:Old Icelandic
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:Old Norwegian
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5883:Gottscheerish
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5822:Walser German
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5788:Low Alemannic
5786:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:High Prussian
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Erzgebirgisch
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Luxembourgish
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5578:Klezmer-loshn
5575:
5573:
5572:Scots Yiddish
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5409:Meuse-Rhenish
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:Kleverlandish
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:Central Dutch
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Stellingwarfs
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5025:Wood Frisian
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4892:North Frisian
4889:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Anglo-Frisian
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4451:0-19-815809-2
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4432:3-484-10391-4
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4413:3-11-017288-7
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4394:3-11-004559-1
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4323:3-11-011257-4
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4289:3-11-009590-4
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4270:3-261-04058-0
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4223:3-494-02133-3
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4204:90-272-3576-7
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4185:3-8252-2167-9
4181:
4177:
4172:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4149:3-87548-189-5
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4130:0-571-11159-9
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4111:3-928127-57-8
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4073:3-484-10707-3
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4054:0-19-815392-9
4050:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4033:
4031:3-484-10396-5
4027:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4006:, p. 34.
4005:
4000:
3998:
3991:, p. 11.
3990:
3985:
3979:, p. 56.
3978:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3928:, p. 12.
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3892:, p. 35.
3891:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3808:, p. 52.
3807:
3802:
3796:, p. 90.
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3728:, p. 41.
3727:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3689:Marchand 1992
3685:
3679:, p. 23.
3678:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3640:, p. 43.
3639:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3612:Hutterer 1999
3608:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3536:, p. 49.
3535:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:Hutterer 1999
3479:
3477:
3470:, p. 19.
3469:
3464:
3458:, p. 33.
3457:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3419:, p. 15.
3418:
3413:
3411:
3404:, p. 12.
3403:
3398:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3341:Hutterer 1999
3339:for example (
3336:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3266:
3232:
3198:
3166:
3160:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:Latin version
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:Lord's Prayer
3067:
3064:
3063:Lord's Prayer
3057:Example texts
3054:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2999:The Bavarian
2997:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:pre-Christian
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2916:der, diu, daz
2912:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:nÄmÄ«mÄs (-Ä«n)
2527:
2525:nÄmumÄs (-un)
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:nĂ«memÄs (-Än)
2440:
2438:nĂ«memÄs (-Än)
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2205:
2179:
2173:fortifies to
2169:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2070:
2069:
2043:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:, which uses
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:curly-tailed
1696:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
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1199:
1196:
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1189:
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1147:
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1136:
1133:
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1125:
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1123:
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1089:
1074:
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1064:
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1035:
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1022:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
996:
988:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
945:
940:
933:
930:
922:
920:
916:
915:
910:
903:
886:
884:
883:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:runic writing
842:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:
810:
806:
805:
800:
799:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
742:West Frankish
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
708:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
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652:
648:
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635:
632:
628:
624:
621:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
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586:
582:
579:
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573:
569:
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562:
561:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
525:
520:
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476:
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468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Gallo-Romance
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
390:
385:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
349:
345:
344:Elbe Germanic
341:
336:
333:
327:
318:Periodisation
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:
270:
268:
264:
263:Gallo-Romance
260:
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196:
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156:
151:
146:
143:
138:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
113:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:West Germanic
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:Indo-European
84:
80:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
30:
19:
6562:
6446:Verner's law
6391:
6386:Gotho-Nordic
6384:
6377:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6277:
6267:
6252:FÄrö Gutnish
6214:
6207:
6113:
6106:
6097:
6090:
6071:
6064:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5908:
5810:Swiss German
5774:Upper German
5707:Amana German
5681:Volga German
5650:HunsrĂŒckisch
5576:
5530:Unserdeutsch
5525:Berlinerisch
5458:
5451:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5397:Cover groups
5353:Mohawk Dutch
5348:Jersey Dutch
5326:East Flemish
5309:West Flemish
5253:Middle Dutch
5207:Low Prussian
5079:
5072:
5038:Terschelling
5022:Clay Frisian
4997:West Frisian
4985:Wiedingharde
4977:
4965:
4925:Heligolandic
4902:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4858:
4841:East Frisian
4828:
4821:
4794:Middle Scots
4792:
4785:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4589:10th century
4553:
4542:
4519:
4499:
4480:
4461:
4441:
4422:
4403:
4384:
4365:
4355:
4332:
4313:
4299:
4279:
4260:
4251:
4232:
4213:
4194:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4139:
4120:
4101:
4082:
4063:
4042:
4021:
3984:
3957:
3945:
3938:Salmons 2012
3933:
3921:
3914:Schmidt 2013
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3782:Schrodt 2004
3777:
3765:
3754:
3745:
3740:, p. 2.
3733:
3721:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3684:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3623:
3619:
3607:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3522:Roelcke 1998
3517:
3505:
3500:, p. 7.
3463:
3441:Schmidt 2013
3436:
3424:
3402:Scherer 1878
3397:
3374:
3367:Salmons 2012
3361:
3354:Roelcke 1998
3348:
3335:
3164:
3113:
3099:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3044:
3000:
2998:
2969:
2938:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2870:
2862:
2500:nÄmÄ«s (-Ä«st)
2413:nĂ«mÄs (-Äst)
2410:nimis (-ist)
2370:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2346:(Luke 1:20)
2343:
2338:(Tatian 2,9)
2335:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2217:
2161:Upper German
2148:
2147:-umlaut and
2144:
2139:merges with
2126:
2108:
2107:"head" >
2104:
2100:
2096:
2026:
2012:
2008:
1962:
1958:
1939:
1935:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1808:
1797:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1656:
1648:
1313:
1299:
1292:
1264:
1236:
1194:
1176:
1132:acute accent
1121:
928:
912:
906:
880:
870:
863:Latin script
848:
839:Notker Labeo
836:
818:
802:
796:
773:
750:bilingualism
739:
724:who invaded
706:
651:Sankt Gallen
634:Upper German
545:
540:
529:
487:
463:Kieler Förde
460:
441:
411:and western
402:
395:
360:Notker Labeo
353:
348:Upper German
337:
321:
308:Christianity
297:
277:inflectional
271:
252:
223:
219:
218:
190:
174:
101:
36:
6461:Kluge's law
6441:Grimm's law
6224:Dalecarlian
6203:Perkerdansk
6176:East Danish
5994:Old Gutnish
5970:Proto-Norse
5910:Langobardic
5902:Vogtlandian
5730:Upper Saxon
5584:Lachoudisch
5545:Lotegorisch
5423:High German
5169:Westphalian
5164:Eastphalian
5128:Achterhooks
5005:Hindeloopen
4940:Bökingharde
4909:FöhrâAmrum
4823:Old Frisian
4787:Early Scots
4722:Old English
4608:BStK Online
4584:9th century
4579:8th century
3854:Morris 1991
3818:Wright 1888
3806:Kuroda 1999
3794:Kuroda 1999
3738:Wright 1906
3558:Peters 1985
3097:9th century
3088:8th century
3040: 1050
3023:Ludwigslied
2727:siu; sī, si
2583:Participle
2385:Imperative
2379:Indicative
2366:"to take".
2360:conjugation
2354:Conjugation
2300:(Luke 13:6)
2276:(Luke 2:21)
2071:Similarly,
1664:changes to
1562:Approximant
1353:Labiodental
1324:consonantal
1237:to make, do
746:Ludwigslied
718:Langobardic
627:Wissembourg
552:monasteries
533:manuscripts
452:Charlemagne
356:declensions
340:Langobardic
255:Charlemagne
246:called the
205:instead of
6589:Categories
6293:Burgundian
6209:Old Danish
6198:GĂžtudanskt
6181:Bornholmsk
6043:Vestlandsk
6023:Kebabnorsk
5760:Halcnovian
5725:Thuringian
5388:Limburgish
5358:Stadsfries
5331:Brabantian
5058:Low German
4904:Eiderstedt
4759:Fingallian
3600:Wells 1987
3570:Wells 1987
3546:Wells 1987
3534:Wells 1987
3510:Wells 1987
3468:Penzl 1986
3456:Wells 1987
3429:Penzl 1986
3417:Penzl 1986
3109: 830
3086:Alemannic,
3031:Georgslied
2945:scriptoria
2653:Accusative
2638:Nominative
2236:pluperfect
2193:Morphology
1968:Spread of
1930:. Cluster
1773:(original
1677: 830
1645:gemination
1336:Low German
1326:system of
1304:Consonants
1195:Examples:
1142:allophones
1128:circumflex
1070:Diphthongs
776:St. Gallen
712:Thuringian
684:Wessobrunn
672:Regensburg
655:Strasbourg
589:Echternach
548:bishoprics
524:scriptoria
300:scriptoria
6573:varieties
6565:indicate
6379:Northwest
6324:Philology
6229:Elfdalian
6164:Jutlandic
6086:Icelandic
6061:(written)
6055:(written)
6033:TrĂžndersk
6013:Norwegian
5977:Old Norse
5798:Coloniero
5782:Alemannic
5755:Wymysorys
5623:Colognian
5618:Ripuarian
5540:Rotwelsch
5370:Midslands
5321:Zeelandic
5302:Hollandic
5276:Afrikaans
5248:Old Dutch
5074:Old Saxon
4973:Karrharde
4955:Goesharde
4936:Mainland
4669:philology
3390:Citations
3118:Bavarian,
2976:Reichenau
2806:Masculine
2719:inan, in
2707:Masculine
2570:nëmannes
2567:Genitive
2382:Optative
2224:preterite
2155:(earlier
1494:Fricative
1424:Affricate
889:Phonology
692:Tegernsee
680:Ebersberg
647:Reichenau
639:Alemannic
618:Frankfurt
483:Ottonians
413:Austrasia
370:Territory
346:and thus
274:synthetic
176:Glottolog
160:ISO 639-3
142:ISO 639-2
6300:Vandalic
6243:Gutnish
6048:VikvĂŠrsk
6028:SognamÄl
6018:Bergensk
5868:Cimbrian
5836:Bavarian
5793:Alsatian
5740:Lusatian
5676:Palatine
5366:Amelands
5243:Frankish
5133:Sallaans
5115:Gronings
4966:Southern
4959:Northern
4950:Halligen
4899:Insular
4716:dialects
4533:Dialects
4472:Grammars
4353:(1878).
3749:But see
3305:See also
3049:Annolied
3002:Muspilli
2992:and the
2972:Abrogans
2877:articles
2823:Feminine
2750:imu, imo
2730:ira, iru
2724:Feminine
2716:imu, imo
2660:Singular
2643:Genitive
2597:ginoman
2586:Present
2578:nëmanne
2390:Present
2180:Initial
1869:ÄĄeostran
1867:(cf. OE
1865:gestaron
1771:/ÊmÉrts/
1363:Alveolar
1348:Bilabial
1210:English
1130:, or an
804:Muspilli
801:and the
756:Literacy
722:Lombards
696:Salzburg
676:Augsburg
664:Freising
660:Bavarian
576:WĂŒrzburg
537:isogloss
504:Dialects
490:Clovis I
444:Lombards
409:Neustria
304:Latinate
281:analytic
265:, later
211:Help:IPA
183:oldh1241
92:Germanic
6563:Italics
6186:Scanian
6132:Swedish
6081:Faroese
6059:Nynorsk
6038:Valdris
5873:MĂČcheno
5829:Swabian
5695:Hessian
5655:Hunsrik
5567:Western
5562:Eastern
5557:Yiddish
5507:creoles
5404:Bergish
5120:DrĂšents
5110:Tweants
4962:Central
4944:Mooring
4807:Frisian
4766:Kildare
4711:English
4623:YouTube
4165:9 April
4013:Sources
2965:codices
2949:scribes
2885:St Gall
2575:Dative
2564:Gerund
2550:3rd pl
2536:2nd pl
2522:1st pl
2508:3rd sg
2494:2nd sg
2480:1st sg
2463:3rd pl
2449:2nd pl
2435:1st pl
2421:3rd sg
2407:2nd sg
2393:1st sg
2342:Latin:
2296:Latin:
2272:Latin:
2232:perfect
2220:present
2105:haubudÄ
2103:, but *
2079:before
2048:became
1889:lenited
1859:), PG *
1768:Schmerz
1764:/ÊpeËÉ/
1757:/ÊtaÉȘn/
1717:in the
1616:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1498:
1488:
1472:
1469:
1454:
1441:
1438:
1416:
1394:
1391:
1384:Plosive
1377:Glottal
1368:Palatal
1344:
1332:English
1179:reduced
1122:Notes:
1111:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1048:
1028:
994:
944:central
935:
809:Einhard
700:Mondsee
643:Murbach
593:Cologne
572:Bamberg
425:Moselle
405:Francia
376:Francia
312:glosses
207:Unicode
6279:Gothic
6149:Danish
6053:BokmÄl
5552:Yenish
5362:Bildts
5145:Veluws
5140:Urkers
4979:Strand
4703:Anglic
4506:
4487:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4391:
4372:
4339:
4320:
4286:
4267:
4239:
4220:
4201:
4182:
4146:
4127:
4108:
4089:
4070:
4051:
4028:
3759:Online
3114:Tatian
3081:Tatian
3079:(From
3019:, the
2859:Syntax
2849:im, in
2840:Neuter
2832:im, in
2815:im, in
2798:iuwih
2786:
2778:unsih
2766:
2759:Plural
2747:es, is
2741:Neuter
2687:
2667:
2648:Dative
2633:Gender
2628:Person
2623:Number
2608:": -->
2466:nëmant
2458:nëmet
2322:werden
2318:sollen
2314:skulan
2268:, 7,1)
2266:Tatian
2240:future
2230:: the
2159:). In
2143:under
2109:houbit
2097:dauĂŸaz
2095:. PG *
2029:) and
2013:leggen
2009:brucca
1961:: OHG
1940:slÄfan
1936:slÇŁpan
1861:gestra
1727:Isidor
1670:Tatian
1634:fortis
1600:Liquid
1566:w, uu
1546:h, ch
1358:Dental
1328:German
1293:to the
1280:dem(e)
1231:machen
1224:machen
1217:mahhĂŽn
1146:umlaut
971:short
965:short
925:Vowels
914:Tatian
882:Isidor
824:Alcuin
768:, and
668:Passau
606:Speyer
602:Lorsch
429:French
382:, and
267:French
259:polity
228:German
56:Region
6393:South
6344:North
5954:North
5938:North
5280:Kaaps
5271:Dutch
4918:Amrum
4859:Weser
4781:Scots
3327:Notes
3015:) of
2929:Texts
2883:from
2881:creed
2792:iuwÄr
2772:unsÄr
2713:(sīn)
2710:(h)er
2594:Past
2556:nÄmÄ«n
2553:nÄmun
2542:nÄmÄ«t
2539:nÄmut
2477:Past
2469:nĂ«mÄn
2455:nĂ«mÄt
2452:nëmet
2424:nimit
2371:nëman
2364:nëman
2255:habÄn
2251:wësan
2214:Tense
2209:Verbs
2198:Nouns
2091:>
2075:>
1972:>
1957:, OE
1840:>
1828:>
1794:]
1790:[
1782:/aÊt/
1775:smerz
1761:Speer
1754:Stein
1651:(for
1638:lenis
1613:r, l
1585:j, i
1528:s, È„
1501:f, v
1462:Nasal
1400:c, k
1372:Velar
1017:,
980:close
974:long
968:long
956:short
939:front
909:Fulda
784:Fulda
730:Latin
614:Mainz
610:Worms
585:Trier
568:Fulda
475:Slavs
471:Saale
433:Dutch
421:Meuse
129:Latin
125:Runic
6354:West
6349:East
6269:East
6125:East
6115:Norn
6006:West
5942:East
5940:and
5505:and
5500:Non-
4930:Sylt
4913:Föhr
4848:Ems
4773:Yola
4682:West
4504:ISBN
4485:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4427:ISBN
4408:ISBN
4389:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4318:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4237:ISBN
4218:ISBN
4199:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4167:2019
4144:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4087:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4049:ISBN
4026:ISBN
3061:The
2852:siu
2835:sio
2818:sie
2736:sia
2699:dih
2679:mih
2610:edit
2514:nÄmi
2497:nÄmi
2486:nÄmi
2427:nëme
2416:nim
2399:nëme
2396:nimu
2238:and
2222:and
2184:and
2165:/iu/
2157:/eo/
2153:/io/
2141:/iu/
2137:/eu/
2093:/ou/
2089:/au/
2073:/au/
2066:/ai/
2050:/ei/
2046:/ai/
2039:/uo/
2037:and
2035:/ie/
2031:/oË/
2023:/eË/
2003:and
1988:and
1974:/kx/
1955:/kx/
1953:and
1951:/tȄ/
1947:/pf/
1932:/tr/
1916:/xx/
1912:/È„È„/
1908:/ff/
1857:sife
1849:sibi
1847:PG *
1798:swaz
1653:/k:/
1397:t d
1388:p b
1334:and
1273:demu
1265:days
1259:Tage
1252:tage
1245:taga
1152:and
1044:open
961:long
949:back
830:and
782:and
550:and
512:and
469:and
467:Elbe
431:and
423:and
3163:Fat
2947:by
2922:ein
2901:den
2897:Ich
2846:iro
2843:siu
2829:iro
2826:sio
2812:iro
2809:sie
2803:3.
2783:2.
2775:uns
2769:wir
2763:1.
2753:iz
2733:iro
2704:3.
2696:dir
2693:dīn
2684:2.
2676:mir
2673:mīn
2664:1.
2511:nam
2483:nam
2186:/h/
2182:/w/
2175:/d/
2171:/Ξ/
2123:/x/
2119:/h/
2115:/h/
2101:tĂŽd
2085:/h/
2081:/r/
2077:/ĂŽ/
2062:/w/
2058:/h/
2054:/r/
2005:/ÉĄ/
2001:/b/
1997:/d/
1990:/ÉĄ/
1986:/d/
1982:/b/
1970:/k/
1963:zam
1959:tam
1928:/x/
1924:/È„/
1920:/f/
1904:/k/
1900:/t/
1896:/p/
1877:/Ê/
1853:sib
1842:/d/
1838:/Ă°/
1834:/b/
1830:/ÉĄ/
1826:/ÎČ/
1822:/ÉŁ/
1779:Ast
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