2404:
1554:
1416:
1900:
1062:
1469:
7964:
1692:
1193:
1371:
2756:, a jurist and vice-president of the Russian Association of International Law, argues there was no declared state of war between the Baltic states and the Soviet Union in 1940, and that Soviet troops occupied the Baltic states with their agreement, and also that USSR violation of prior treaty provisions did not constitute occupation. Subsequent annexation was neither an act of aggression nor forcible and was completely legal according to international law as of 1940. Accusations of "deportation" of Baltic nationals by the Soviet Union are therefore baseless, he says, as individuals cannot be deported within their own country. He claims the
1290:
2024:
1840:
1246:
1914:. Pro-independence candidates had received an overwhelming majority in the Supreme Soviet elections held earlier that year. On 30 March 1990, seeing full restoration of independence not yet feasible due to large Soviet presence, the Estonian Supreme Soviet declared the Soviet Union an occupying power and announced the start of a transitional period to independence. On 4 May 1990, the Latvian Supreme Soviet made a similar declaration. The Soviet Union immediately condemned all three declarations as illegal, saying that they had to go through the process of secession outlined in the
161:
1804:
2824:
countries from the Nazis. They assert that the Soviet troops initially entered the Baltic countries in 1940 following agreements and the consent of the Baltic governments. Their position is that the USSR was not in a state of war or engaged in combat activities on the territories of the three Baltic states, therefore, the word "occupation" cannot be used. "The assertions about 'occupation' by the Soviet Union and the related claims ignore all legal, historical and political realities, and are therefore utterly groundless".—
52:
2472:, illegal regimes typically take measures to change the demographic structure of the territory held by the regime, usually via two methods: the forced removal of the local population and transfer their own populations into the territory. He cites the case of the Baltic states as an example of where this phenomenon has occurred, with the deportations of 1949 combined with large waves of immigration in 1945–50 and 1961–70. When the illegal regime transitioned to a lawful regime in 1991, the status of these
148:
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3412:. p. 396. "Insofar as the Soviet Union claims that they are not directly annexed territories but autonomous bodies with a legal will of their own, they (The Baltic SSRs) must be considered puppet creations, exactly in the same way in which the Protectorate or Italian-dominated Albania have been classified as such. These puppet creations have been established on the territory of the independent Baltic states; they cover the same territory and include the same population."
11457:
953:
11155:
135:
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electronics and textile production. The rural economy suffered from the lack of investments and the collectivization. Baltic urban areas had been damaged during wartime and it took ten years to recuperate housing losses. New constructions were often of poor quality and ethnic
Russian immigrants were favored in housing. Estonia and Latvia received large-scale immigration of industrial workers from other parts of the Soviet Union that changed the
1109:
3340:"Distr. General A/HRC/7/19/Add.2 17 March 2008 Original: English, Human Rights Council Seventh session Agenda item 9: Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Forms of Intolerance, Follow-up to and Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action – Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Doudou Diène, Addendum, Mission to Estonia"
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113:
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recently
Sovietized military units. Soviet authorities responded with repressions against Lithuanian officers of the 29th Corps, arresting over 100 officers and soldiers and subsequently executing around 20 in Autumn 1940. By that time allegedly near 3,200 officers and soldiers of 29th Corps were considered "politically unreliable". Due to high tensions and soldiers' discontent the 26th Cavalry Regiment was disbanded. During the 1941
11142:
124:
2768:"from the point of view of the national interests of Russia, unification was historically just, as it returned to the composition of the state ancient Russian lands, albeit partially inhabited by other peoples". The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and protocols, including the dismemberment of Poland, merely redressed the tearing away from Russia of its historical territories by "anti-Russian revolution" and "foreign intervention".
1677:
11467:
1399:, this act of violence is seen as a grave breach and war crime, because the mobilised men were treated as arrestants from the very beginning. In comparison with the general mobilisation proclaimed in the Soviet Union, the age range was extended by 9 years in the Baltics; all reserve officers were also taken. The aim was to deport all men capable to fight to Russia, where they were sent to
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republics. The legality of the acts, laws and decrees of the puppet regimes set up in those countries by the USSR is not recognized by the United States, diplomatic or consular officers are not maintained in either
Estonia or Latvia and full recognition is given to the Legations of Estonia and Latvia established and maintained here by the Governments in exile of those countries
2710:, published in 1948, says the June 1940 invasions were needed because "acts had been concluded with the Baltic States, but there were as yet no Soviet troops there capable of holding the defences". It also states regarding those invasions that "nly enemies of democracy or people who had lost their senses could describe those actions of the Soviet Government as aggression".
1433:
lost most of its soldiers during the retreat from
Germans mostly to deserting of its soldiers. A total of less than 1,500 soldiers from initial strength of around 12,000 reached the area of Pskov by August 1941. By the second part of 1942, most of Lithuanians remaining in the Soviet ranks as well as male war refugees from Lithuania were organized into
2580:, which declared the inviolability of existing frontiers. However, this claim has been described as both "nefarious" and a "horrifying insult" — part of an intentional propaganda campaign to spread a myth of Baltic "incorporation". Russia also agreed to Europe's demand to "assist persons deported from the occupied Baltic states" upon joining the
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1035:. The corresponding agreement was signed on 28 September 1939. Latvia followed on 5 October 1939 and Lithuania shortly thereafter, on 10 October 1939. The agreements permitted the Soviet Union to establish military bases on the Baltic states' territory for the duration of the European war and to station 25,000 Soviet soldiers in
2761:
With regard to the current situation in the
Baltics, Chernichenko contends the "theory of occupation" is the official thesis used to justify the "discrimination of Russian-speaking inhabitants" in Estonia and Latvia and prophesies the three Baltic governments will fail in their "attempt to rewrite history".
2808:. Russia, in the preamble of its 29 July 1991, "Treaty Between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and the Republic of Lithuania on the Basis for Relations between States", declared that once the USSR had eliminated the consequences of the 1940 annexation which violated Lithuania's sovereignty,
5846:
The Putin administration has stubbornly refused to admit the fact of Soviet occupation of Latvia, Lithuania and
Estonia following World War II, although Putin has acknowledged that in 1989, during Gorbachev's reign, the Soviet parliament officially denounced the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, which
5732:
The forcible incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union in 1940, on the basis of secret protocols to the
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, is considered to be null and void. Even though the Soviet Union occupied these countries for a period of fifty years, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania continued
3452:
The Putin administration has stubbornly refused to admit the fact of Soviet occupation of Latvia, Lithuania and
Estonia following World War II, although Putin has acknowledged that in 1989, during Gorbachev's reign, the Soviet parliament officially denounced the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, which
2429:
the representatives of the
Russian speaking communities in Estonia say the most important form of discrimination in Estonia is not ethnic, but rather language-based (Para. 56). The rapporteur made several recommendations, including strengthening the Chancellor of Justice, making it easier for persons
2005:
Subsequent agreements to withdraw troops from Latvia were signed on 30 April 1994, and from
Estonia on 26 July 1994. Continued linkage on the part of Russia resulted in a threat by the U.S. Senate in mid-July to halt all aid to Russia in case the forces were not withdrawn by the end of August. Final
1795:
for energy resources and the manufacture of industrial and agricultural products. The purpose was to integrate the Baltic economies into the larger Soviet economic sphere. In all three republics, manufacturing industry was developed resulting in some of the best industrial complexes in the sphere of
1432:
over 320 officers and soldiers of 29th Corps were arrested and deported to concentration camps or executed. The 29th Corps collapsed with the German invasion into Soviet Union: on June 25–26 a rebellion broke in its 184th Rifle Division. The other division of the 29th Corps, the 179th Rifle Division
2729:
Since the fall of the Soviet Union, two general camps have evolved in Russian historiography. One, the liberal-democratic (либерально-демократическое), condemns Stalin's actions and the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and does not consider the Baltic states as having joined the USSR voluntarily. The other,
2613:
The official position of Russia, which chose in 1991 to be the legal and direct successor of the USSR, is that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the Soviet Union freely and of their own accord in 1940, and, with the dissolution of the USSR, these countries became newly created entities in 1991.
1929:
in June. Simultaneously the Baltic republics also started to negotiate directly with the Russian Federal Republic. After the failed negotiations the Soviets made a dramatic but failed attempt to break the deadlock and sent in military troops killing twenty and injuring hundreds of civilians in what
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and the descendants of deportees, as stated in Opinion No. 193 (1996), paragraph 7.xii, to settle these issues as quickly as possible....". The Russian government and state officials maintain now that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate and that the Soviet Union liberated the
2749:
argues that Stalin's ultimatums of 1940 were defensive measures taken against of the German threat and had no connection with the 'socialist revolutions' in the Baltic states. The arguments that the USSR had to annex the Baltic states in order to defend the security of those countries and to avoid
2014:
radar station until it was decommissioned on 31 August 1998. The Russian Government then had to dismantle and remove the radar equipment; this work was completed by October 1999 when the site was returned to Latvia. The last Russian soldier left the region that month, marking a symbolic end to the
1818:
Ethnic Estonians constituted 88 percent before the war, but in 1970 the figure dropped to 60 percent. Ethnic Latvians constituted 75 percent, but the figure dropped 57 percent in 1970 and further down to 50.7 percent in 1989. In contrast, the drop in Lithuania was only 4 percent. Baltic communists
1427:
An estimated 60,000 Lithuanians were drafted into the Red Army. During 1940, on the basis of disbanded Lithuanian Army, Soviet authorities organized 29th Territorial Rifle Corps. Decrease in quality of life and service conditions, forceful indoctrination of Communist ideology, caused discontent of
1390:
The Soviet administration had forcibly incorporated the Baltic national armies at the wake of the occupation in 1940. Most of the senior officers were arrested and many of them murdered. During the German invasion, the Soviets conducted a forced general mobilisation that took place in violation of
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starting with Lithuania in August 1993. However, it was a violent process and Soviet forces killed several Latvians and Lithuanians. The full withdrawal of troops deployed by Moscow ended in August 1994. Russia officially ended its military presence in the Baltics in August 1998 by decommissioning
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was being convicted at Nuremberg as a criminal organization and their commemoration in the "openly encouraged pro-Nazi" (откровенно поощряются пронацистские) Baltics as heroes seeking to liberate the Baltics from the Soviets) is an act of "nationalistic blindness" (националистическое ослепление).
2734:
was necessary to the security of the Soviet Union, that the Baltics' joining the USSR was the will of the proletariat—both in line with the politics of the Soviet period, "the 'need to ensure the security of the USSR', 'people's revolution' and 'joining voluntarily'"—and that supporters of Baltic
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contended that the policy of Estonia towards its non-citizens was discriminatory. According to Peter Elswege, a lack of attention to the rights of Russian-speaking and stateless individuals in the Baltic states has been noted by some experts, although all international organisations agree that no
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for new "people's assemblies." Voters were presented with a single list, and no opposition movements were allowed to file candidates. To get the required turnout to 99.6%, votes were forged. A month later when the new assemblies met their sole item of business for each of them was a resolution to
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wrote in its 25 December 1918, issue: "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are directly on the road from Russia to Western Europe and therefore a hindrance to our revolutions... This separating wall has to be destroyed". Bolshevik Russia, however, did not gain control of the Baltic States and in 1920
2603:
The Baltic claim of continuity with the pre-war republics has been accepted by most Western powers. As a consequence of the policy of non-recognition of the Soviet seizure of these countries, combined with the resistance by the Baltic people to the Soviet regime, the uninterrupted functioning of
1971:
The Russian Federation assumed the burden and the subsequent withdrawal of the occupation force, consisting of about 150,000 former Soviet, now Russian, troops stationed in the Baltic states. In 1992 there were still 120,000 Russian troops there, as well as a large number of military pensioners,
2783:
to join the Soviet Union cannot be considered legitimate as these decisions were not approved by the upper chambers of the parliaments of the respective Baltic states. He also contends that the annexation of the Baltic states had no military value in defence of possible German aggression, as it
1998:
Contention arose when Russia threatened to keep its troops where they were. Moscow tied its concessions to specific legislation guaranteeing the civil rights of ethnic Russians, which was seen as an implied threat in the West, in the U.N. General Assembly and by Baltic leaders, who viewed it as
5369:
From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal
2831:
This particular Russian viewpoint is called the "Myth of 1939–40" by international affairs professor David Mendeloff, who states that the assertion that Soviet Union neither "occupied" the Baltic states in 1939 nor "annexed" them the following year is widely held and deeply embedded in Russian
6430:
According to Sīpols, "in mid-July 1940 elections took place . In that way, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, that had been grabbed away from Russia as a result of foreign military intervention, joined her again, by the will of those peoples." – Сиполс В. Тайны дипломатические. Канун Великой
5412:
The Court said: (256 N.Y.S.2d 196) "The Government of the United States has never recognized the forceful occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics nor does it recognize the absorption and incorporation of Latvia and Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist
1411:
were formed under the command of the NKVD. Hence, Baltic nationals fought in both German and Soviet army ranks. There was the 201st Latvian Rifle Division. The 308th Latvian Rifle Division was awarded the Red Banner Order after the expulsion of the Germans from Riga in the autumn of 1944.
1269:, attempts to reestablish national governments were made. Baltic citizens hoped that the Germans would reestablish Baltic independence. Such hopes soon evaporated and Baltic cooperation became less forthright or ceased altogether. The Germans aimed to annex the Baltic territories into the
885:
many people from Russia and other parts of the former USSR were settled in the three Baltic countries, while the local languages, religion and customs were suppressed in an "extremely violent and traumatic" occupation. Colonization of the three Baltic countries included mass executions,
1483:, composed of volunteers, was formed in 1944. The LTDF reached a size of roughly 10,000 men. Its goal was to fight the approaching Red Army, provide security and conduct anti-partisan operations within the territory claimed by Lithuanians. After brief engagements against
2636:
the entire former Russian empire. To Soviet historians, the 1940 annexation was not only a voluntary entry but was also the natural thing to do. This concept taught that the military security of mother Russia was solidified and that nothing could argue against it.
4908:
1093:, which was overrun and occupied a month later. In late May and early June 1940, the Baltic states were accused of military collaboration against the Soviet Union by holding meetings the previous winter. On 15 June 1940, the Lithuanian government was extorted to
7271:
Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941–1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119,
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bolstered anti-Soviet public opinion in future allies Britain and the US and turned the native populations against the Soviet Union: the subsequent guerrilla movement in the Baltic states after the Second World War caused domestic problems for the Soviet Union.
5587:
See, for instance, the position expressed by the European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues."
1441:, was ethnically very mixed, with up to 1/4 of its personnel made of Jews and thus being the largest Jew formation of Soviet Army. Popular joke of those years said that 16th Division is called Lithuanian, because there are 16 Lithuanians among its ranks.
2079:
occupations 605,000 inhabitants of the three countries in total were either killed or deported (135,000 Estonians, 170,000 Latvians and 320,000 Lithuanians). Their properties and personal belonging were confiscated and given to newly arrived colonists –
1958:
the same month. It was approved by 78.4% of voters with an 82.9% turnout. Independence was restored by the Estonian Supreme Council on the night of 20 August. The Latvian parliament made similar a declaration on the same day. The coup failed but the
2670:
Economic difficulties and dissatisfaction of the populace with Baltic government policies had impeded fulfilment of the pacts, and the populace revolted against the Baltic governments' political orientation towards Germany in a revolution in June
2610:, that no legal benefit can be derived from an illegal act, the seizure of the Baltic states was judged to be illegal thus sovereign title never passed to the Soviet Union and the Baltic states continued to exist as subjects of international law.
2394:
In the years following the reestablishment of Baltic independence, tensions have remained between indigenous Balts and Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia. The UN noted the discriminatory position of the non-citizens in Latvia and
1008:, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned the majority of Lithuanian territory to the Soviet Union. Under the secret protocol, Lithuania would regain its historical capital
1261:. The Baltic states, recently Sovietized by threats, force, and fraud, generally welcomed the German armed forces. In Lithuania, a revolt broke out and an independent provisional government was established. As the German armies approached
2483:
notes the lingering legacy of Soviet modernist architecture in the region, with many iconic Soviet structures in the Baltic states falling into disrepair or being demolished completely. There are ongoing debates surrounding their future.
1499:, created in 1943, consisted of two conscripted divisions of the Waffen-SS. On 1 July 1944 the Latvian Legion had 87,550 men. Another 23,000 Latvians were serving as Wehrmacht "auxiliaries". Among other battles, they participated in the
1918:. However, the Baltic states argued that the entire occupation process violated both international law and their own law. Therefore, they argued, they were merely reasserting an independence that still existed under international law.
2803:
While this action did not state the Soviet presence in the Baltics was an occupation, the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Republic of Lithuania affirmed so in a subsequent agreement in the midst of the collapse of the
5534:
5889:
Russian officials persistently claim that the Baltic states entered the USSR voluntarily and legally at the close of World War II and failed to acknowledge that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were under Soviet occupation for fifty
3495:
Russian officials persistently claim that the Baltic states entered the USSR voluntarily and legally at the close of World War II and failed to acknowledge that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were under Soviet occupation for fifty
1867:. They were attempts to reform the Soviet system from above to avoid revolution from below. The reforms occasioned the reawakening of nationalism in the Baltic republics. The first major demonstrations against the environment were
7427:
2430:
of undefined nationality to obtain citizenship, and opening a discussion on language policy to elaborate strategies better reflecting the multilingual character of the society (paras. 89–92). Estonia has been criticized by the UN
8316:
1887:
again in January 1989, and similar legislation was passed in Latvia and Lithuania soon after. The Baltic republics declared their aim for sovereignty: Estonia in November 1988, Lithuania in May 1989 and Latvia in July 1989. The
4432:
1273:
where "suitable elements" would be assimilated and "unsuitable elements" exterminated. In practice, the implementation of occupation policy was more complex; for administrative convenience the Baltic states were included with
1357:
survived the war. However, for the majority of Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians, the German rule was less harsh than Soviet rule had been, and it was less brutal than German occupations elsewhere in eastern Europe. Local
4623:
The Congress condemned the secret protocols to the 1939 Soviet-German Nonaggression Treaty, which included a map delineating Soviet and German areas of interest, as 'legally untenable and invalid from the moment they were
8914:
9480:
1926:
239:
4039:
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in 1996. Also, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed a separate treaty with Lithuania in 1991, it acknowledged the 1940 annexation as a violation of Lithuanian sovereignty and recognised the
2725:
During the Soviet era, there was relatively little interest in the history of the Baltic states, which historians generally treated as a single entity due to the uniformity of Soviet policy in these territories.
8919:
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1875:. Small successful protests encouraged key individuals and by the end of 1988 the reform wing had gained the decisive positions in the Baltic republics. At the same time, coalitions of reformists and populist
9914:
8944:
7712:
5744:
Zalimas, Dainius "Commentary to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the Occupation of the USSR" – Baltic Yearbook of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
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8309:
910:. As most Western governments maintained that Baltic sovereignty had not been legitimately overridden, they thus continued to recognise the Baltic states as sovereign political entities represented by the
5631:
897:
While there has been a broad international consensus that the Baltic states were illegally occupied and annexed, the Soviet Union never acknowledged that they were forcefully taken over. The post-Soviet
8949:
8929:
2425:
at the time Estonia gained independence. The requirements for getting citizenship in Estonia were considered "relatively liberal" in 1996. According to a 2008 report of Special Rapporteur on racism to
2689:
The parliaments adopted declarations restoring Soviet powers in Baltic countries and proclaimed the Soviet Socialist Republics. Declarations of Estonia's, Latvia's and Lithuania's wishes to join the
1031:: The Soviets demanded a treaty of mutual assistance to establish military bases in Estonia. The Estonians were coerced to accept naval, air and army bases on two Estonian islands and at the port of
4610:
1548:
8302:
2951:
297:
3288:
8954:
3129:
The forcible military occupation and subsequent annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union remains to this day (written in 1972) one of the serious unsolved issues of international law
6451:
5333:
On March 26, 1949, the US Department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
938:
radar station in Latvia. The dismantled installations were repatriated to Russia and the site returned to Latvian control, with the last Russian soldier leaving Baltic soil in October 1999.
9032:
8909:
2744:
1730:
The Soviets had previously carried out mass deportations in 1940–41, but the deportations between 1944 and 1952 were even greater. In March 1949 alone, the top Soviet authorities organised
3087:
Most Western countries had not recognised the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union, a stance that irritated the Soviets without ever becoming a major point of conflict.
2614:
Russia's stance is based upon the desire to avoid financial liability, since acknowledging the Soviet occupation would set the stage for future compensation claims from the Baltic states.
8939:
7424:
5531:
4407:
3322:
4845:
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concluded peace treaties with all three of them. Subsequently, at the initiative of the Soviet Union, additional non-aggression treaties were concluded with all three Baltic States:
1614:
located in the West. Consequently, Great Britain and the United States lacked any interest in the Baltic cause while the war against Germany remained undecided. The discovery of the
14388:
6272:"Molotov-Ribbentrop: why is Moscow trying to justify Nazi pact?: Exhibition about Soviet-Nazi treaty, signed on 23 August 1939, seeks to turn spotlight on west's behaviour in 1930s"
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to the peoples of the three Baltic countries differed between Nazi authorities. In practice, racial policies were directed not against the majority of Balts but rather against the
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4102:
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promoted the interests of Russia and the USSR in the Baltic area, and it reflected the belief of most Russians that they had moral and historical rights to control and to
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proposed armed resistance to the Soviets but the government refused, proposing their own candidate to lead the regime. However, the Soviets refused this proposal and sent
391:
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on 6 October, the Soviets pressured Finland and the Baltic states to conclude mutual assistance treaties. The Soviets questioned the neutrality of Estonia after the
1925:, the Soviets started negotiations with Lithuania and the other two Baltic republics. The Soviets had a bigger challenge elsewhere, as the Russian Federal Republic
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Simonsen, S. Compatriot Games: Explaining the 'Diaspora Linkage' in Russia's Military Withdrawal from the Baltic States. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 53, No. 5. 2001
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To guarantee fulfilment of the pact additional military units entered the Baltic countries, welcomed by workers, who demanded the resignations of the governments.
14378:
5130:
4003:
1520:
5014:
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However, the Soviet Union never formally acknowledged that its presence in the Baltics was an occupation or that it had annexed these states and considered the
1649:'s first mission was to stop anyone escaping from the state; however, many refugees did manage to escape to the West. The NKVD also targeted the members of the
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477:
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On 16 June 1940, Latvia and Estonia also received ultimata. The Red Army occupied the two remaining Baltic states shortly thereafter. The Soviets dispatched
773:
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8148:
7717:
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during its second formation. 16th Rifle Division, despite officially called "Lithuanian" and mostly commanded by officers of Lithuanian origin, including
1415:
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499:
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2815:
However, Russia's current official position directly contradicts its earlier rapprochement with Lithuania as well as its signature of membership to the
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by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974.
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between Germany and the Soviet Union that had led to the division of Eastern Europe and the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries.
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and school textbooks continue to maintain that the Baltic states voluntarily joined the Soviet Union after their each of their peoples carried out
2076:
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who was obsessed with bureaucratic regulations. The Baltic area was the only eastern region intended to become a full province of the Third Reich.
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6656:"Causes and Consequences of Historical Amnesia – The annexation of the Baltic states in post-Soviet Russian popular history and political memory"
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have all stated that these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939
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became unavoidable. After the coup collapsed, the Soviet government recognised the independence of all three Baltic states on 6 September 1991.
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6452:"Статья С.в.черниченко*, Опубликованная В Журнале "Международная Жизнь" (Август 2004 Года) Под Заголовком "Об "Оккупации" Прибалтики И Наруше"
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performed administrative tasks and schools were permitted to function. However, most people were denied the right to own land or businesses.
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6449:С.В.Черниченко "Об "оккупации" Прибалтики и нарушении прав русскоязычного населения" – "Международная жизнь" (август 2004 года) –
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1403:. Almost half of them perished because of the transportation conditions, slave labour, hunger, diseases, and the repressive measures of the
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5620:"After the German occupation in 1941–44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991."
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2717:, the USSR condemned the 1939 secret protocol between itself and Germany that led to the invasion and occupations in the Baltic countries.
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1960:
1772:
1645:
issued a plan in which Estonian forces would cover the German withdrawal. The Soviets soon reached the Estonian capital Tallinn, where the
354:
2779:
views the 1940 annexation of the Baltic states as involuntary. He considers the elections were not free and fair and the decisions of the
14523:
14413:
14213:
13100:
9603:
8282:
7836:
7557:
7035:
6787:
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5876:
5833:
5320:
5251:
4823:
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3439:
2522:, or as a matter of law, the Baltic states remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period from 1940 to 1991.
1460:
in September 1944. About 20,000 Lithuanians, 25,000 Estonians, and 5000 Latvians died in the ranks of the Red Army and labor battalions.
1089:. The Soviets organised a press campaign against the allegedly pro-Allied sympathies of the Baltic governments. In May 1940, the Germans
684:
521:
359:
17:
6677:
6125:"Treaty between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and the Republic of Lithuania on the Basis for Relations between States"
5707:
5399:
5169:
4991:
3230:
3074:
2881:
14418:
14338:
14203:
10001:
2010:
until the Russian military base was dismantled and the nuclear reactors suspended operations on 26 September 1995. Russia operated the
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5772:
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3624:
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9089:
8153:
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6392:
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1899:
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were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the
317:
302:
2819:, where it agreed to the obligations and commitments including "iv. as regards the compensation for those persons deported from the
1448:
during the German invasion in summer 1941, as 2000 were killed or wounded in action, and 4500 surrendered. The 25,000—30,000 strong
14458:
14453:
14318:
14244:
12277:
11176:
9566:
9101:
8335:
8110:
7845:
7450:
6440:Новейшая история Отечества. XX век. Учебник для студентов вузов: в 2 т. /Под редакцией А.Ф. Киселева, Э.М. Щагина. М., 1998. c. 111
2946:
2512:
and then again occupation by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. This policy of non-recognition has given rise to the principle of
2002:
Lithuania was the first to see complete the withdrawal of Russian troops—on 31 August 1993—owing in part to the Kaliningrad issue.
1764:
1185:". Estonia alone lost an estimated 60,000 citizens. Consequently, many Balts initially greeted the Germans as liberators when they
627:
220:
6609:
5924:Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России в отношении "непризнания" вступления прибалтийских республик в состав СССР
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8934:
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7946:
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4302:
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Pressure from working people forced the governments of the Baltic countries to accept this suggestion. The pacts were then signed
1208:
The Soviet Union immediately started to erect border fortifications along its newly acquired western border — the so-called
307:
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57:
9051:
6514:
6297:
5202:
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10898:
9305:
9300:
9179:
9009:
8122:
7900:
7539:
6124:
4883:
3181:
3030:
Ziemele, Ineta (2003). "State Continuity, Succession and Responsibility: Reparations to the Baltic States and their Peoples?".
2623:
312:
9027:
3669:
1892:, that took place on 23 August 1989, became the biggest manifestation of opposition to the Soviet rule. In December 1989, the
14433:
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14168:
12103:
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11768:
11309:
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10974:
9056:
9046:
8924:
7510:
7365:
4943:
2941:
2598:
2513:
1943:
1922:
671:
13191:
7226:
7167:
7134:
7101:
6981:
6936:
6900:
6820:
3116:
1939:
14333:
14328:
13010:
12935:
12595:
12195:
11422:
9254:
9144:
9094:
7881:
6583:
6557:
5935:
5507:
5426:
3254:
2534:
1653:. German and Latvian forces remained trapped in the Courland Pocket until the end of the war, capitulating on 10 May 1945.
1480:
1146:
622:
9340:
5927:
5906:
14343:
14208:
12615:
11748:
11435:
10969:
9909:
9366:
9189:
8804:
7905:
7344:
7297:
3350:
2936:
2501:
2426:
2093:
1581:
1341:. Some Latvians and Lithuanian conscripts collaborated actively in the killing of Jews, and the Nazis managed to provoke
1061:
689:
11857:
11785:
6632:
Truth-telling and mythmaking in post-Soviet Russia: pernicious historical ideas, mass education, and interstate conflict
6512:Žalimas, Dainius. Legal and Political Issues on the Continuity of the Republic of Lithuania Retrieved January 24, 2008.
6319:
Rain Liivoja. "Competing Histories: Soviet War Crimes in the Baltic States". In Kevin Jon Heller; Gerry Simpson (eds.).
6070:"Commentary to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the Occupation of the USSR"
5980:"Commentary to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the Occupation of the USSR"
4365:
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3014:
2750:
German invasion into the three republics can also be found in the college textbook "The Modern History of Fatherland".
2526:
1776:
1704:
1154:
1142:
1094:
964:
Early in the morning of 24 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed a ten-year non-aggression pact, called the
612:
597:
563:
433:
410:
8872:
8723:
4150:
3609:"Suing Gorbachev 31 years after the USSR's collapse, a group of Lithuanians sought to hold its last leader to account"
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12215:
12156:
10826:
10545:
10477:
9335:
9061:
7918:
7876:
7664:
7340:
Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law
7290:
Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
5520:
Five decades of almost unbroken Soviet occupation of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ended in 1991
4320:
3808:
2772:
2530:
2473:
1955:
1780:
1392:
1150:
617:
11953:
9527:
6660:
Historical injustice and democratic transition in eastern Asia and northern Europe: ghosts at the table of democracy
4041:
Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
3687:
Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy
14348:
13085:
13080:
12575:
12538:
12267:
11713:
11243:
11063:
9244:
8358:
7636:
6717:
Prof. Dr. G. von Rauch "Die Baltischen Staaten und Sowjetrussland 1919–1939", Europa Archiv No. 17 (1954), p. 6865.
5093:"Russian-speaking minorities in Estonia and Latvia: problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union"
1738:
911:
679:
423:
12763:
12625:
12309:
9040:
8294:
5709:
Russian-speaking minorities in Estonian and Latvia: Problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union
4428:
International Commission For the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania,
821:
after it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and finally resumed by the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991.
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13015:
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suggested that the governments of the Baltic countries conclude mutual assistance treaties between the countries.
1330:
926:
906:, and school textbooks state that the Baltic states voluntarily joined the Soviet Union after home-grown popular
428:
12580:
12467:
12455:
8541:
8204:
4014:
2400:
forms of systematic discrimination towards the Russian-speaking and often stateless population can be observed.
1744:
The estimated death toll among Lithuanian deportees between 1945 and 1958 was 20,000, including 5,000 children.
1077:
In May 1940, the Soviets turned to the idea of direct military intervention, but still intended to rule through
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7991:
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7008:
6975:
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5779:(Estonia and the Baltic countries in the USSR (1940–1991) in Russian historiography). Accessed 30 January 2011.
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in the aftermath of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, resulting in deaths and injuries
2809:
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891:
736:
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9285:
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8789:
8600:
7984:
7289:
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3581:
Shtromas, Alexander; Faulkner, Robert K.; Mahoney, Daniel J. (2003). "Soviet Conquest of the Baltic states".
2649:, the Soviet Union denied the existence of the secret protocols and viewed the events of 1939–40 as follows:
2538:
1942:
of the Soviet Union. A day after the coup on 21 August, the Estonians proclaimed full independence, after an
1831:. However, the Soviets also imported ethnic Russians to fill political, administrative and managerial posts.
1691:
1302:
841:
694:
396:
12630:
12339:
12262:
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1711:
rather than by overt attacks on culture, religion or freedom of expression. The Soviets carried out massive
1192:
14408:
13216:
13176:
13146:
13095:
12955:
12873:
12869:
12740:
12670:
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12252:
12018:
11913:
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10717:
10538:
10386:
9450:
9445:
9435:
9345:
9154:
9149:
9124:
9017:
8251:
8132:
8127:
7953:
7931:
1811:
726:
9846:
7314: – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
7087:
Experiencing Totalitarianism: The Invasion and Occupation of Latvia by the USSR and Nazi Germany 1939–1991
6049:
as described in Resolution 1455 (2005), Honouring of obligations and commitments by the Russian Federation
14488:
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13660:
13655:
13372:
13050:
12778:
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11330:
11099:
10459:
9924:
9409:
9320:
8620:
8105:
7997:
7912:
7545:
6156:
For a legal evaluation of the annexation of the three Baltic states into the Soviet Union, see K. Marek,
4864:
3354:
2841:
2797:
2731:
2505:
1915:
1827:
in the 1930s. The new regimes of 1944 were established mostly by native communists who had fought in the
1622:
in 1944 had cast shadows on relations; nevertheless, all three victors still displayed solidarity at the
1112:
Schematics of the Soviet military blockade and invasion of Estonia in 1940 (Russian State Naval Archives)
1082:
965:
957:
829:
731:
386:
326:
279:
7580:
1329:, assigned to the Baltic area, was the most effective of four units. German policy forced the Jews into
238:
14025:
13246:
13231:
13221:
13075:
12675:
12163:
11966:
11733:
10903:
10561:
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9648:
9589:
9419:
9414:
9139:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8743:
8653:
7822:
6922:
Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR
3384:
Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR
2694:
2223:
1607:
1573:
1370:
1279:
1240:
858:
526:
10831:
2421:
In 1993, Estonia was noted for having problems concerning the successful integration of some who were
14478:
14473:
14254:
14130:
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13895:
12883:
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12151:
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11073:
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10913:
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9987:
9841:
9350:
9036:
8184:
7936:
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6388:
6345:
6333:
4337:
2606:
2447:
1641:, a twofold military-political operation to rout German forces, on 14 September. On 16 September the
1557:
1528:
1020:
192:
6417:
6374:
5015:"Justice minister goes behind PM's back to sign declaration about reparations for Soviet occupation"
2686:
The "Working People's Unions", created by the Communist parties, received the majority of the votes.
14493:
14483:
13880:
13447:
12710:
12600:
12354:
11898:
11417:
11010:
11005:
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9612:
9134:
8561:
8471:
8456:
5765:
5273:
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2677:
In June workers demonstrated under the leadership of the Communist parties of the Baltic countries.
1696:
1492:
1449:
1338:
1289:
1232:
652:
482:
13620:
7318:
6048:
4001:
2796:
and its reassessment of Soviet history, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1989 condemned the 1939
2771:
On the other hand, Professor and Dean of the School of International Relations and Vice-Rector of
1896:
condemned the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its secret protocol as "legally untenable and invalid."
13110:
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2215:
2006:
withdrawal was completed on 31 August 1994. Some Russian troops remained stationed in Estonia in
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1638:
1585:
1453:
1236:
647:
504:
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7283:
6290:"Старые газеты : Библиотека : Пропагандист и агитатор РККА : №20, октябрь 1939г"
5192:"Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Estonia"
4084:
Romuald J. Misiunas, Rein Taagepera. Baltic Years of Dependence 1940—1990. Tallinn, 1997, p. 32
2780:
2386:
1634:
1602:. In September 1944, Uluots briefly became acting president of independent Estonia. Unlike the
1598:
proposed restoration of independence; later, by 1944, he had become a key figure in the secret
1524:
1523:
was formed in January 1944 through conscription. Consisting of 38,000 men, it took part in the
1444:
The 7000-strong 22nd Estonian Territorial Rifle Corps got heavily beaten in the battles around
1408:
1013:
548:
405:
14110:
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6353:
6069:
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5682:
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5672:
5304:
5233:
5066:"Human Rights Watch submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning Estonia"
4750:
4744:
4740:
4492:
3536:
3509:
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3423:
2735:
independence were the operatives of western intelligence agencies seeking to topple the USSR.
2560:
and its state officials insist that incorporation of the Baltic states was in accordance with
2023:
1839:
1245:
14135:
13419:
13414:
13181:
13070:
13025:
12985:
12920:
12864:
12783:
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12379:
12257:
12175:
12083:
12048:
11958:
11903:
11800:
11641:
11412:
11353:
10169:
10087:
9071:
8633:
8605:
8262:
7978:
6404:
6361:
5965:"How Russian Disinformation Targets the Former Soviet Bloc Around WWII Anniversaries - CHACR"
5716:
5591:
5469:
5383:
5153:
4975:
4820:
3271:, until 31 August 1994, with the final withdrawal of former Soviet troops from Estonian soil.
3227:
3167:"How Russian Disinformation Targets the Former Soviet Bloc Around WWII Anniversaries - CHACR"
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2706:
2629:
2435:
2382:
2140:
1158:
751:
10642:
3880:
3583:
Totalitarianism and the prospects for world order: closing the door on the twentieth century
2628:
Soviet historians saw the 1940 annexation as a voluntary entry into the USSR by the Balts.
13675:
13442:
13297:
13251:
13166:
13161:
12960:
12859:
12808:
12803:
12695:
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12605:
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12374:
12349:
12299:
12227:
12141:
11991:
11593:
11572:
11020:
10755:
10672:
10439:
9904:
9563:
9522:
9485:
9214:
8995:
8648:
8610:
8531:
8526:
8446:
8246:
8022:
7760:
7674:
6616:
6604:
5769:
4603:"Upheaval in the East; Soviet Congress Condemns '39 Pact That Led to Annexation of Baltics"
3621:
2557:
2553:
1737:
The total number deported in 1944–55 has been estimated at over half a million: 124,000 in
1258:
1186:
977:
915:
907:
899:
853:
573:
10918:
10107:
8628:
4928:
Damage caused by the Soviet Union in the Baltic States: International conference materials
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8:
14393:
14120:
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14030:
13930:
13793:
13590:
13474:
13389:
13277:
13130:
13125:
13105:
13090:
13000:
12995:
12900:
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12735:
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12620:
12560:
12533:
12359:
12344:
12314:
12292:
12078:
12068:
11795:
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11688:
11672:
11338:
11186:
10908:
10707:
10493:
10295:
10259:
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10204:
10199:
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9295:
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rudimentary state organs in exile in combination with the fundamental legal principle of
2493:
1852:
1720:
1611:
1434:
1182:
741:
657:
12975:
12888:
10254:
5442:
4874:
Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen, 31 October 1999. Accessed 22 July 2013.
4011:
The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991
2492:
The Baltic states' governments themselves, the United States and its courts of law, the
1807:
14274:
14070:
14055:
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13960:
13955:
13940:
13787:
13535:
13287:
13171:
12925:
12828:
12813:
12725:
12715:
12690:
12685:
12450:
12404:
12319:
12304:
12247:
12063:
11986:
11862:
11753:
11743:
11265:
11025:
10795:
10790:
10702:
10667:
9382:
8979:
8814:
8698:
8643:
8451:
8391:
8179:
7924:
7191:
6225:
5570:
5126:
4399:
4357:
4173:
4049:
2956:
2573:
2422:
2396:
1876:
1820:
1792:
1630:
1603:
1500:
1396:
1102:
832:, made between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in August 1939 before the outbreak of
746:
637:
447:
205:
13970:
13799:
11035:
10209:
8827:
7328:
Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955–1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.
5353:
2391:
The Soviet Union and its successors have never paid reparations to the Baltic states.
1479:
The Nazi administration also conscripted Baltic nationals into the German armies. The
1162:
1004:
going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to
14287:
14140:
14085:
14060:
14015:
13945:
13920:
13885:
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12334:
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11928:
11908:
11852:
11840:
11654:
11489:
11427:
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10760:
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10244:
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10097:
10092:
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9761:
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4707:
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4403:
4361:
4316:
4189:
4179:
4142:
4106:
3804:
3777:
3724:
3690:
3586:
3548:
3515:
3472:
3429:
3387:
3195:
3182:"Soviet Colonialism in the Baltic States: A Note on the Nature of Modern Colonialism"
3146:
3106:
3064:
3010:
2909:
2816:
2581:
2561:
1880:
1856:
1748:
1708:
1536:
1457:
903:
845:
701:
568:
14264:
13935:
9751:
8396:
6131:
6021:"Opinion No. 193 (1996) on Russia's request for membership of the Council of Europe"
3203:
1803:
1542:
1438:
1166:
902:
maintains the claim that the incorporations of Baltic states was in accordance with
862:. In 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured most of the Baltic states as a result of the
373:
14050:
13975:
13905:
13890:
13870:
13817:
13600:
13595:
13575:
13525:
13515:
13342:
13307:
13292:
13241:
12970:
12910:
12750:
12409:
12389:
12098:
12040:
12034:
12001:
11981:
11971:
11820:
11621:
11613:
11231:
11226:
10851:
10350:
10239:
10234:
10133:
10102:
9756:
9558:
8436:
8406:
8324:
7774:
7691:
7621:
7609:
7586:
7183:
6636:
6081:
5991:
5847:
led to the forcible incorporation of the three Baltic states into the Soviet Union.
5715:. Flensburg Germany: European Centre for Minority Issues. p. 2. Archived from
5562:
5438:
4391:
4349:
4308:
4031:
3664:
3646:
3453:
led to the forcible incorporation of the three Baltic states into the Soviet Union.
3039:
2577:
2569:
2442:
for promoting Estonian language; restrictions of the usage of minority language in
2282:
2081:
2028:
1931:
1731:
1716:
1681:
1623:
1516:
1484:
1429:
1334:
1250:
1178:
1117:
1090:
867:
706:
607:
602:
553:
438:
10846:
10318:
7442:
6967:
Diplomats without a country: Baltic diplomacy, international law, and the Cold War
6530:
Opinion No. 193 (1996) on Russia's request for membership of the Council of Europe
4338:"The File on Operation 'Priboi': A Re-Assessment of the Mass Deportations of 1949"
4094:
2846:
The Baltic states proclaimed independence after the signing of the Armistice, and
14269:
14125:
14115:
14100:
14080:
14065:
14040:
13985:
13750:
13718:
13610:
13570:
13332:
13327:
13267:
13208:
12940:
12818:
12645:
12610:
12518:
12513:
12237:
12131:
11805:
11738:
11728:
11693:
11649:
11636:
11588:
11325:
10979:
10866:
10861:
10805:
10740:
10647:
10402:
10323:
10179:
10128:
9810:
9736:
9705:
9224:
8842:
8832:
8461:
8350:
7681:
7615:
7592:
7431:
7210:
7151:
7118:
7085:
6965:
6920:
6884:
6804:
6705:
6663:
6613:
6536:
6518:
6484:
6055:
5931:
5910:
5776:
5538:
4912:
4890:
4871:
4849:
4827:
4436:
3798:
3673:
3628:
3307:
3292:
3234:
3100:
2443:
2378:
2085:
1975:
During the period of negotiations, Russia hoped to retain facilities such as the
1724:
1619:
1532:
1508:
1504:
1354:
1326:
1294:
1133:
1129:
1098:
969:
875:
558:
12232:
10959:
10407:
9867:
9129:
6579:
6553:
5499:
5446:
4906:
The Countries of the Former Soviet Union at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
3250:
2407:
1727:, continued to resist Soviet rule through armed struggle for a number of years.
848:
did not recognise this annexation, and considered it illegal. In July 1941, the
14095:
14020:
14010:
14005:
13865:
13605:
13394:
13317:
13045:
12950:
12700:
12640:
12272:
12190:
12093:
12053:
12023:
11923:
11878:
11181:
10893:
10800:
10652:
10472:
10340:
10285:
10269:
9820:
9787:
9746:
9264:
9199:
8837:
8658:
8256:
7686:
7627:
7381:
7376:
6952:
6859:
5922:
5901:
5553:
4035:
2914:
2549:
2099:
The estimated human costs of the occupations are presented in the table below.
1935:
1904:
1884:
1768:
1615:
1588:
was set up as an underground organisation in 1943, but it was destroyed by the
1512:
1496:
1322:
1121:
1024:
973:
10467:
10328:
7713:
Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
7339:
5039:
4395:
4353:
1966:
1595:
1145:
duly accepted the requests in August, thus sanctioning them under Soviet law.
14312:
14259:
14105:
14000:
13965:
13950:
13910:
13452:
13282:
13020:
12930:
12793:
12773:
12660:
12421:
12399:
12364:
11943:
11938:
11893:
11815:
11775:
11524:
11115:
10964:
10939:
10780:
10770:
10765:
10745:
10687:
10677:
10577:
10530:
10509:
10219:
10159:
10026:
9741:
9628:
9315:
9204:
8521:
8511:
8481:
8466:
8421:
7767:
7405:
7393:
7242:
6630:
5303:
Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Gerard Pieter van den Berg; William B. Simons (1985).
4893:
4312:
4146:
3723:
The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by David J. Smith, Page 24,
3199:
2765:
2054:
2041:
1752:
1359:
1346:
1337:
ordered his forces to liquidate the ghettos and to transfer the survivors to
1283:
1125:
1078:
1027:
on 18 September. On 24 September, the Estonian foreign minister was given an
930:
837:
249:
10657:
10184:
9726:
6085:
5995:
4193:
3060:
Language Planning and Policy in Europe: The Baltic States, Ireland and Italy
3043:
1680:
The plan of deportations of the civilian population in Lithuania during the
1128:" governments were formed in each Baltic country, made up of Communists and
14045:
13995:
13925:
13915:
13769:
13757:
13744:
13550:
13377:
12878:
12126:
11976:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11531:
11371:
11045:
11015:
10856:
10821:
10750:
10735:
10697:
10662:
10249:
10214:
10138:
9825:
9721:
9684:
9581:
9169:
8536:
8381:
8326:
5770:Эстония и Прибалтика в составе СССР (1940–1991) в российской историографии
4830:
4130:
4002:
Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (2005).
2805:
1797:
1569:
1491:
partisans, the force self-disbanded. Its leaders were arrested and sent to
1420:
1350:
1209:
1174:
1005:
833:
818:
814:
642:
259:
254:
166:
153:
39:
9979:
6184:
Russia and its neighbors. Warring histories and historical responsibility.
1800:
dramatically. Lithuania also received immigration but on a smaller scale.
1703:
After reoccupying the Baltic states, the Soviets implemented a program of
1097:
and permit the entry of an unspecified number of Soviet troops. President
51:
14090:
13695:
13665:
13520:
13510:
13409:
13272:
13065:
12554:
12384:
12369:
12180:
12028:
11996:
11883:
11698:
11603:
11542:
11282:
10841:
10775:
10692:
10682:
10381:
10164:
10143:
9815:
9475:
8496:
8431:
7781:
7420:
6171:
Legal and Political Issues on the Continuity of the Republic of Lithuania
5678:
State building and military power in Russia and the new states of Eurasia
4034:, Peeter Kaasik (2006). "Destruction battalions in Estonia in 1941". In
2793:
2714:
2680:
The fascist governments were overthrown, and workers' governments formed.
2646:
2451:
1992:
1864:
1824:
1712:
1549:
Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1944)
1475:
parade through Riga before deploying to the Eastern Front. December 1943.
1270:
1170:
1138:
9209:
6640:
6229:
6222:{The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
6217:
5427:"The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey"
4307:. Studies in Rationality and Social Change. Cambridge University Press.
2952:
United States resolution on the 90th anniversary of the Latvian Republic
1879:. The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic made the
1844:
13849:
13560:
13530:
13484:
13399:
13367:
13359:
13302:
12990:
12705:
12394:
12282:
11888:
11270:
11030:
10444:
10194:
9937:
9932:
9517:
8501:
8486:
8386:
8268:
8217:
8194:
8011:
indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the
7795:
6855:
2730:
the national-patriotic (национально-патриотическое), contends that the
2633:
2439:
1938:" in Latvia during January 1991. In August 1991, the hard-line members
1889:
1275:
1086:
798:
632:
182:
56:
A protest sign from the 1970s calling on the United Nations to abolish
12503:
6476:Олег Платонов. История русского народа в XX веке. Том 2. Available at
5574:
5551:
Saburova, Irina (1955). "The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States".
1976:
1197:
14145:
13990:
13839:
13812:
13625:
13580:
13489:
13457:
13437:
13429:
12758:
12548:
11160:
10514:
9872:
8583:
8416:
8376:
7814:
7802:
5040:"Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination"
3145:. Michael Richard Daniell Foot. Oxford University Press. p. 85.
2757:
2011:
1984:
1903:
Unarmed Lithuanian citizen standing against a Soviet tank during the
1756:
1488:
1108:
1070:
1044:
1028:
1001:
952:
935:
871:
810:
140:
7120:
The Case for Latvia. Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation
6477:
1309:. Large numbers of Jews were living in the major cities, notably in
13724:
13565:
13462:
13337:
13156:
13060:
12200:
12058:
11512:
9532:
8476:
7894:
6203:
5566:
3323:
European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
3186:
2852:
2664:
2169:(arrest, torture, political trials imprisonment or other sanctions)
2007:
1988:
1860:
1828:
1561:
1177:
respectively. In June 1941, the new Soviet governments carried out
1066:
1032:
863:
43:
12844:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
7052:
3585:. Applications of political theory. Lexington Books. p. 263.
13670:
13555:
13545:
13494:
13035:
11780:
11134:
6806:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
4131:"Lithuanian resistance to German mobilization attempts 1941–1944"
2545:
recognized in 1991 that the events of 1940 were an "annexation".
2518:
2032:
1980:
1947:
1872:
1760:
1590:
1543:
Attempts to restore independence and the Soviet offensive of 1944
1445:
1383:
1310:
1266:
1036:
1009:
997:
985:
981:
802:
118:
11084:
7352:
Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics
2720:
1676:
1085:, a puppet regime set up by the Soviets on the first day of the
13738:
13540:
13479:
12414:
11147:
8964:
6224:. 617, The Politics of History in Comparative Perspective: 61.
5792:
Teaching the violent past: history education and reconciliation
3511:
Teaching the violent past: history education and reconciliation
2415:
1855:
brought the crisis of the Soviet system. The new Soviet leader
1342:
1314:
1169:, were deported to the USSR and imprisoned. They died later in
1050:
1040:
989:
806:
129:
7247:
State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia
6699:
http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/ch2.html
4013:. Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 15. Archived from
1137:
join the Soviet Union. In each case, the resolution passed by
968:. The pact contained a secret protocol by which the states of
14223:
14179:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
13685:
13468:
11547:
6957:
Identity and continuity of states in public international law
6158:
Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law
5234:"Status of Settlers Implanted by Illegal Territorial Regimes"
3988:. Vol. 11. Eesti entsüklopeedia. 2002. pp. 311–323.
3537:"Baltic Russians: Entitled Inhabitants or Unlawful Settlers?"
2923:, Tallinn, a project by the Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation
2700:
The requests were approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
1400:
1379:
993:
8052:
6500:
Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War, The Baltic factor
5952:
Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War, The Baltic factor
5155:
Constitution-making in the region of former Soviet dominance
4865:
Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station
4030:
3719:
3717:
2663:
These pacts allowed the USSR to station a limited number of
2450:
in political life; persistently high number of persons with
1365:
13763:
13645:
11537:
11481:
6058:, at the CoE Parliamentary site, retrieved December 6, 2009
5592:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"
5470:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"
5347:"U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship"
5240:. Vaughan Lowe. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–265.
4977:
Transitional and Retrospective Justice in the Baltic States
4935:
4103:
Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras
3541:
International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe
2835:
2690:
2411:
2089:
1967:
Withdrawal of Russian troops and decommissioning the radars
1868:
1646:
1404:
1375:
1345:
locally, especially in Lithuania. Only about 75 percent of
1318:
1306:
1262:
83:
28 September 1939 – 31 August 1994
7208:
6769:
6218:"Blank Spots in Collective Memory: A Case Study of Russia"
5381:
4833:, the president of Estonia (1992–2001). 26 September 1995.
4821:
President of the Republic in Paldiski on 26 September 1995
1222:
German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II
1132:. Under Soviet surveillance, the new governments arranged
14218:
14198:
14193:
6387:
6344:
3714:
2683:
In July 1940, elections for Baltic parliaments were held.
956:
Planned and actual divisions of Europe, according to the
204:
Restoration of Baltic countries' independence during the
14389:
Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II
3237:
at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
2592:
2568:
recognition by the agreements made in the February 1945
1991:
submarine base in Estonia, as well as transit rights to
1823:
in Russia. However, many of them were killed during the
1463:
1073:
during the first Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940.
68:
15 June 1940 – 6 September 1991
6883:
Hiden, John (2008). Vahur Made; David J. Smith (eds.).
4073:
The Soviet counterinsurgency in the western borderlands
3580:
2027:
Monument to Lithuanian victims of Soviet occupation in
1759:, however many did not survive their years of exile in
1656:
1521:
20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
1012:, previously subjugated during the inter-war period by
6018:
1105:
to take charge while the Red Army occupied the state.
8200:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
5199:
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
4738:
4304:
Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe
3843:
Presidentti Konstantin Päts. Suomi ja Viro eri teillä
3281:
3279:
3253:. Estonian Embassy in Washington. 22 September 2008.
2787:
2432:
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
1771:
gained the regions of Vilnius and Klaipėda while the
1226:
7718:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
7301:
about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
2617:
2487:
1786:
1580:
arrived in Kaunas, where the Germans then allowed a
1149:
was incorporated into the Soviet Union on 3 August,
7472:
6963:
6753:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
6708:
at University of Kansas, retrieved January 23, 2008
6189:. Finnish Institute of International Affairs. 2010.
5941:
5589:
5467:
4335:
3286:
Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia
3057:Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. Jr. (2008).
1419:The Red Army's 16th Rifle Division fighting in the
826:
Soviet invasion and occupation of the Baltic states
191:and incorporation of the Baltic countries into the
14439:German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
6838:The Baltic States and the End of the Soviet Empire
6173:, 1999, 4 Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 111–12.
6119:
6117:
4795:
4793:
3276:
3251:"22 September 1944 from one occupation to another"
2434:strong emphasis on Estonian language in the state
1495:, and many of members were executed by the Nazis.
914:, which functioned in Washington and elsewhere as
14384:Military history of Lithuania during World War II
8813:
7000:The Baltic States, years of dependence, 1940–1990
6996:
6635:(Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
6248:
6236:
3547:]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 327.
2556:independent of Soviet influence. The post-Soviet
1894:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
1253:, committed by the Soviet NKVD on 24–25 June 1941
948:Background of the occupation of the Baltic states
929:. Russia started to withdraw its troops from the
14310:
14164:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
7024:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 113–145.
6215:
5666:
5664:
5115:
3849:
3796:
1215:
14374:Military history of Finland during World War II
14369:Military history of Estonia during World War II
14364:Military history of Belarus during World War II
12601:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
12008:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
7153:Recognition of governments in international law
7054:Punalipuline Balti Laevastik ja Eesti 1939–1941
6489:
6206:, (CDPSP, Vol XLIV, No 12.), 20 March 1992, p.3
6114:
6044:
6042:
4843:Last Russian Military Site Returned to Estonia.
4790:
2899:Timeline of the occupation of the Baltic states
2877:The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
1910:On 11 March 1990 the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet
1834:
850:occupation of the Baltic states by Nazi Germany
14379:Military history of Latvia during World War II
11069:List of Lithuanian Righteous Among the Nations
10560:
8231:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk
7358:Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
7332:
6997:Misiunas, Romuald J.; Taagepera, Rein (1993).
6959:(2 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Libr. Droz.
6868:(Revised ed.). Harlow, England: Longman.
6770:Brecher, Michael; Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997).
6543:Parliamentary site, retrieved December 6, 2009
6395:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House:
6352:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House:
5903:МИД РФ: Запад признавал Прибалтику частью СССР
5795:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 233–234.
5648:Estonia: independence and European integration
5388:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63.
3984:"Nõukogude ja Saksa okupatsioon (1940–1991)".
3514:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 233–234.
3381:
2887:Treaties the USSR signed between 1940 and 1945
2468:of the Minerva Center for Human Rights at the
1843:Pro-independence Lithuanians demonstrating in
1741:, 136,000 in Latvia and 245,000 in Lithuania.
1671:
144:
27:1940–91 Soviet occupation of the Baltic states
11497:
11100:
10546:
9995:
9597:
8310:
8038:
7830:
7458:
6776:. University of Michigan Press. p. 596.
6431:Отечественной 1939–1941. Москва 1997. c. 242.
5661:
4924:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4670:
4668:
3318:
3316:
3056:
2721:Russian historiography in the post-Soviet era
2713:In the reassessment of Soviet history during
1871:in November 1986 and the following spring in
1667:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
1651:National Committee of the Republic of Estonia
1057:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
856:. The Third Reich incorporated them into its
774:
14240:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
11791:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
9611:
9380:
8581:
8356:
8348:
7209:Wyman, David; Charles H. Rosenzveig (1996).
7017:
6323:. Oxford University Press 2013. p. 249.
6265:
6263:
6039:
5705:
5596:Official Journal of the European Communities
5532:Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
5474:Official Journal of the European Communities
5375:
5123:"Integrating Estonia's Non-Citizen Minority"
4915:Ian Jeffries. 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
4701:
4474:
4472:
4447:
4445:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4205:
4203:
3962:
3960:
3923:
3921:
3908:
3906:
3405:
3403:
2543:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1775:annexed territory from the eastern parts of
1051:Soviet occupation and annexation (1940–1941)
13101:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
10009:
7319:Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States
6393:"Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey)"
6350:"Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey)"
6269:
5865:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109.
5760:
5758:
5296:
5274:"Soviet Modernism's Enduring Baltic Legacy"
5238:British Year Book of International Law 2008
5151:
4739:Holoboff, Elaine M.; Bruce Parrott (1995).
4494:Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set
4430:Deportations of the Population in 1944–1953
4178:. Princeton Junction, NJ: Cognition Books.
4128:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3800:Undigested Past: The Holocaust in Lithuania
3738:
3736:
3704:
3702:
3666:Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
3471:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109.
2092:personnel, as well as functionaries of the
1987:space-monitoring station in Latvia and the
1747:The deportees were allowed to return after
1663:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)
1572:during the occupation. On 22 June 1941 the
1325:slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Jews;
14204:United States involvement in regime change
11759:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
11504:
11490:
11107:
11093:
10553:
10539:
10002:
9988:
9604:
9590:
8317:
8303:
8045:
8031:
7837:
7823:
7465:
7451:
7373:The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States
6836:Gerner, Kristian; Hedlund, Stefan (1993).
5733:to exist as subjects of international law.
4980:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55.
4896:. January 5, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
4802:
4767:
4720:
4680:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4067:
4065:
4054:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3377:
3375:
3313:
2015:Russian military presence on Baltic soil.
1983:anti-ballistic missile radar station, the
1456:in winter 1942/43. It participated in the
878:until their formal surrender in May 1945.
781:
767:
50:
7356:The American Journal of International Law
6653:
6628:
6321:The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials
6260:
6200:Russia Rejects Latvia's Territorial Claim
5642:
5640:
5382:Lauterpacht, E.; C. J. Greenwood (1967).
4469:
4457:
4442:
4275:
4263:
4215:
4200:
4075:. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 77
3957:
3945:
3933:
3918:
3903:
3861:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3631:Baltics Worldwide. Accessed 11 June 2013.
3400:
3245:
3243:
3004:
2314:Other deportations between 1945 and 1956
1877:forces assembled under the Popular Fronts
1859:came to power in 1985 and responded with
1707:, which was achieved through large-scale
1366:Baltic nationals within the Soviet forces
1249:A cross commemorating the victims of the
1202:We demand the full accession to the USSR!
1124:to Estonia. On 18 and 21 June 1940, new "
8054:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941
7116:
6318:
5858:
5755:
5550:
5424:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5090:
4336:Strods, Heinrihs; Kott, Matthew (2002).
4329:
4300:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4171:
4038:; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.).
3997:
3995:
3817:
3748:
3733:
3699:
3679:
3464:
3141:Davies, Norman (2001). Dear, Ian (ed.).
2947:Territorial changes of the Baltic states
2836:Treaties affecting USSR–Baltic relations
2402:
2347:Post-war partisans killed or imprisoned
2022:
1898:
1838:
1819:had supported and participated the 1917
1802:
1695:Lithuanian resistance fighters from the
1690:
1675:
1618:in 1943 and callous conduct towards the
1552:
1467:
1414:
1369:
1288:
1244:
1191:
1107:
1060:
951:
185:of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (1940)
14464:1940 establishments in the Soviet Union
12330:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
11059:Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany
10450:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
7083:
6886:The Baltic question during the Cold War
6882:
6495:
6080:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: 97–164.
6067:
5990:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: 97–164.
5977:
5947:
5916:
5895:
5822:. Penn State Press. pp. 258, 259.
5670:
5590:European Parliament (13 January 1983).
5468:European Parliament (13 January 1983).
4702:Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010).
4165:
4129:Mackevičius, Mečislovas (Winter 1986).
4062:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3840:
3642:Russia Pulls Last Troops Out of Baltics
3428:. Penn State Press. pp. 258, 259.
3372:
3267:For Estonia, World War II did not end,
3029:
2932:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
2872:Kellogg-Briand Pact and Litvinov's Pact
2764:According to the revisionist historian
2640:
1568:There were several attempts to restore
58:Soviet colonialism in the Baltic states
14:
14311:
14174:Russian espionage in the United States
12446:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
10899:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions
8972:
8797:
8593:
8369:
8164:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941)
7844:
7423:about the occupation is presented in "
7149:
7050:
6835:
6802:
6254:
6242:
5673:"Reversing Soviet Military Occupation"
5637:
5338:
4973:
4746:National Security in the Baltic States
4741:"Reversing Soviet Military Occupation"
4175:Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century
4093:
4087:
4024:
3855:
3771:
3653:
3576:(3). Washington Times Corp: 692. 1987.
3534:
3528:
3240:
3223:
3221:
3179:
3140:
3098:
2624:Baltic states in Soviet historiography
1120:to oversee the takeover of Latvia and
1025:escape of an interned Polish submarine
817:in 1940, continued for three years by
14169:Soviet espionage in the United States
12325:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
12104:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
11769:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
11485:
11088:
10534:
9983:
9969:Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
9585:
8298:
8026:
7998:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula
7818:
7446:
7229:from the original on 10 February 2023
7170:from the original on 10 February 2023
7137:from the original on 10 February 2023
7104:from the original on 10 February 2023
7038:from the original on 10 February 2023
6984:from the original on 10 February 2023
6964:McHugh, James; James S. Pacy (2001).
6903:from the original on 10 February 2023
6790:from the original on 10 February 2023
6680:from the original on 10 February 2023
6586:from the original on 12 December 2016
6572:
6300:from the original on 11 November 2022
6102:from the original on 10 February 2023
5879:from the original on 10 February 2023
5836:from the original on 10 February 2023
5815:
5431:European Journal of International Law
5402:from the original on 10 February 2023
5344:
5323:from the original on 10 February 2023
5284:from the original on 3 September 2022
5254:from the original on 10 February 2023
5220:
5172:from the original on 10 February 2023
5158:. Duke University Press. p. 87.
4994:from the original on 10 February 2023
4925:Abene, Aija; Prikulis, Juris (2017).
4697:
4695:
4511:from the original on 10 February 2023
4490:
4124:
4122:
4099:Vokiečių okupuota Lietuva (1941–1944)
3992:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3485:from the original on 10 February 2023
3442:from the original on 10 February 2023
3421:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3180:Vardys, Vytas Stanley (Summer 1964).
3119:from the original on 10 February 2023
3092:
3077:from the original on 10 February 2023
2942:State continuity of the Baltic states
2599:State continuity of the Baltic states
2593:State continuity of the Baltic states
2535:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics
2514:legal continuity of the Baltic states
1464:Baltic nationals in the German forces
976:were divided into German and Soviet "
14245:Soviet Union–United States relations
12596:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
11466:
10520:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
10433:War crimes investigations and trials
9898:War crimes investigations and trials
6939:from the original on 17 January 2023
6854:
6823:from the original on 21 January 2023
6327:
6074:Baltic Yearbook of International Law
5984:Baltic Yearbook of International Law
5936:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
5819:Inside The Soviet Alternate Universe
5788:
5231:
4808:
4726:
4704:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
4686:
4674:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4478:
4463:
4451:
4288:
4269:
4221:
4209:
3972:
3966:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3912:
3867:
3828:
3754:
3742:
3708:
3507:
3425:Inside The Soviet Alternate Universe
3143:The Oxford companion to World War II
3063:. Multilingual Matters. p. 79.
3032:Baltic Yearbook of International Law
2589:continuity of the Lithuanian state.
2410:, the first ethnic Russian mayor of
1972:particularly in Estonia and Latvia.
1657:Second Soviet occupation (1944–1991)
1481:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
680:Baltic diplomatic services (1940–91)
14209:Soviet involvement in regime change
9910:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
8085:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
7366:What Happened in Lithuania in 1940?
7345:Nordic Journal of International Law
6554:"Russia denies Baltic 'occupation'"
6068:Zalimas, Dainius (1 January 2004).
6023:. Council of Europe. Archived from
5978:Zalimas, Dainius (1 January 2004).
5443:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035821
5133:from the original on 19 August 2014
5097:European Centre for Minority Issues
5012:
3386:. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
3351:United Nations Human Rights Council
3218:
2937:Russia involvement in regime change
2502:United Nations Human Rights Council
2427:United Nations Human Rights Council
2328:Arrests and political imprisonment
1755:in 1956 denouncing the excesses of
1196:Soviet propaganda demonstration in
24:
14250:Soviet Union–United States summits
11724:1947 Polish parliamentary election
11609:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
8213:Soviet offensive plans controversy
7723:Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
7265:
7003:. University of California Press.
6606:The term "occupation" inapplicable
6580:"Bush denounces Soviet domination"
5706:Van Elsuwege, Peter (April 2004).
5561:(1). Blackwell Publishing: 36–49.
5510:from the original on 12 April 2020
5500:"Russia and Estonia agree borders"
5208:from the original on 29 March 2018
4692:
4410:from the original on 29 March 2020
4153:from the original on 5 August 2019
4119:
3760:
3545:Volume 49 of Law in Eastern Europe
3353:. 20 February 2008. Archived from
3327:
2788:Position of the Russian Federation
2527:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
1584:to function for over a month. The
1560:lead the disarmed soldiers of the
1227:Ostland province and the Holocaust
1161:presidents of Estonia and Latvia,
1143:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
598:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
564:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
25:
14535:
14339:World War II occupied territories
13011:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
12946:United States invasion of Grenada
12216:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
12157:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
11114:
10935:Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje
10478:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule
10279:Nazi occupation and organizations
9915:Estonian International Commission
9781:Nazi occupation and organizations
8752:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
7413:
7212:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
7071:from the original on 3 March 2016
6560:from the original on 20 June 2017
6478:http://lib.ru/PLATONOWO/russ3.txt
5602:from the original on 28 June 2011
5480:from the original on 28 June 2011
3891:from the original on 11 June 2008
3257:from the original on 30 June 2018
2773:Saint Petersburg State University
2618:Soviet and Russian historiography
2548:Historically revisionist Russian
2531:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
2488:Legal and historical perspectives
2206:Mass killing of local minorities
1912:declared Lithuania's independence
1787:Industrialization and immigration
1574:Lithuanians overthrew Soviet rule
925:independence in 1991 during the
852:took place, just weeks after its
14424:Lithuania–Soviet Union relations
13086:United States invasion of Panama
12936:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
12576:1971 Turkish military memorandum
12539:Communist insurgency in Thailand
12509:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
12441:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
12268:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
12196:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
11714:Restatement of Policy on Germany
11465:
11456:
11455:
11281:
11153:
11140:
11127:
11064:History of the Jews in Lithuania
9240:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
7962:
7889:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
7241:
7182:
7021:The History of the Baltic States
6915:
6750:
6711:
6692:
6647:
6622:
6598:
6546:
6523:
6505:
6470:
6443:
6434:
6424:
6381:
6338:
6312:
6282:
6209:
6192:
6176:
6163:
6150:
6141:
6061:
6012:
5971:
5957:
5852:
5809:
5782:
5768:'s article offering an overview
5738:
5699:
5614:
5581:
5544:
5525:
5492:
5461:
5418:
5103:from the original on 24 May 2013
4368:from the original on 29 May 2020
4257:
4245:
4233:
3881:"Baltic states – region, Europe"
2018:
1921:By mid-June, after unsuccessful
1723:. Baltic partisans, such as the
1633:was over and Soviet troops were
1200:, 1940. Posters in Russian say:
237:
159:
146:
133:
122:
111:
14459:1941 in international relations
14454:1940 in international relations
14319:Occupation of the Baltic states
13806:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
13187:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
13116:Fall of the inner German border
13016:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
12666:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
12656:Spanish transition to democracy
12616:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
12243:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
11749:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
11630:Occupation of the Baltic states
9220:Norway (Administrative Council)
8190:Occupation of the Baltic states
7474:Occupation of the Baltic states
7305:The Occupation museum of Latvia
7249:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
7215:. JHU Press. pp. 365–381.
6724:
6019:Parliamentary Assembly (1996).
5266:
5184:
5145:
5084:
5058:
5032:
5006:
4967:
4918:
4899:
4877:
4858:
4836:
4814:
4781:
4732:
4613:from the original on 4 May 2021
4595:
4484:
4422:
4294:
4078:
3873:
3834:
3790:
3634:
3615:
3601:
3561:
3501:
3458:
3415:
3007:Estonia: return to independence
2508:. There followed occupation by
1715:to eliminate any resistance to
1643:High Command of the German Army
927:dissolution of the Soviet Union
795:occupation of the Baltic states
33:Occupation of the Baltic states
14524:Germany–Soviet Union relations
14414:Estonia–Soviet Union relations
12586:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
12221:Mozambican War of Independence
11660:Indonesian National Revolution
10372:Jungfernhof concentration camp
10083:Burning of the Riga synagogues
9959:History of the Jews in Estonia
8118:Boundary and Friendship Treaty
7298:The Global Museum on Communism
6970:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6951:
6736:. Cambridge University Press.
6658:. In Kenneth, Christie (ed.).
6270:Andrew Roth (23 August 2019).
5628:European Court of Human Rights
5345:Fried, Daniel (14 June 2007).
4497:. Elsevier. pp. 494–495.
3539:. In Ginsburgs, George (ed.).
3409:
3173:
3159:
3134:
3050:
3023:
3009:. Westview Press. p. 58.
2998:
2978:
2969:
2882:The Pacts of Mutual Assistance
2667:units in the Baltic countries.
2655:government of the Soviet Union
2510:Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944
2498:European Court of Human Rights
2470:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1923:economic blockade of Lithuania
1452:lost 3/4 of its troops in the
102:Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
13:
1:
14449:1941 establishments in Europe
14444:1940 establishments in Europe
14419:Latvia–Soviet Union relations
14184:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
13199:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
13152:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
12874:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
12839:Seven Days to the River Rhine
12571:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
11858:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
11786:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
10377:Kaiserwald concentration camp
9245:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
6865:The Baltic Nations and Europe
6734:Handbook of International Law
6731:
6216:James V. Wertsch (May 2008).
5152:Ludwikowski, Rett R. (1996).
3038:. Martinus Nijhoff: 165–190.
2991:
2233:Killing of Jews from outside
1950:on 3 March 1991, alongside a
1779:(5% of prewar territory) and
1763:. After the war, the Soviets
1594:in 1945. In Estonia in 1941,
1216:German occupation (1941–1945)
1095:agree to the Soviet ultimatum
941:
842:Republics of the Soviet Union
828:began in June 1940 under the
14324:History of the Baltic states
13177:Fall of communism in Albania
13147:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
13096:Polish Round Table Agreement
12436:1968 Polish political crisis
12253:Eritrean War of Independence
12019:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
11914:East German uprising of 1953
11846:Chinese Communist Revolution
11511:
10387:Salaspils concentration camp
9018:Army Group Rear Area Command
8325:Administrative divisions in
7090:. AuthorHouse. p. 596.
6629:Mendeloff, David A. (1968).
5236:. In Crawford, James (ed.).
4491:Motyl, Alexander J. (2000).
4172:Mangulis, Visvaldis (1983).
4044:. Tallinn. pp. 469–493.
2850:invaded at the end of 1918.
2457:According to Israeli author
2372:
1961:collapse of the Soviet Union
1835:Restorations of independence
1812:Communist Party of Lithuania
1734:of 90,000 Baltic nationals.
1507:fighting,the defence of the
1257:On 22 June 1941 the Germans
854:invasion of the Soviet Union
840:were annexed as constituent
541:Soviet re-occupation in 1944
7:
14334:Soviet military occupations
14329:German military occupations
13051:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
12779:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
12524:Corrective Movement (Syria)
12488:New People's Army rebellion
12483:Sino-Soviet border conflict
12211:Angolan War of Independence
12074:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
11954:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
11599:Jamaican political conflict
11331:Baltic Council of Ministers
11251:Under Soviet rule (1944-91)
10583:Related articles by country
10460:Righteous Among the Nations
10032:Related articles by country
9925:Righteous Among the Nations
9634:Related articles by country
9400:Belgium and Northern France
9023:Belgium and Northern France
8159:Commercial Agreement (1940)
8154:Commercial Agreement (1939)
7521:Diplomatic treaties in 1939
7506:Soviet re-occupation (1944)
7333:Academic and media articles
7156:. Oxford University Press.
6594:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
6568:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
6255:Gerner & Hedlund (1993)
6243:Gerner & Hedlund (1993)
5789:Cole, Elizabeth A. (2007).
5630: 17 January 2006),
5623:Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia
4938:: E-forma. pp. 20–21.
3856:Gerner & Hedlund (1993)
3508:Cole, Elizabeth A. (2007).
3310:. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
3299:, B6-0215/2007, 21.5.2007;
2903:
2892:
2697:was petitioned accordingly.
2247:Killing of other civilians
1916:Soviet Constitution of 1977
1672:Resistance and deportations
1637:. The Soviets launched the
1610:, the Baltic states had no
1515:for Hill "93,4" and in the
1282:. The area was governed by
1083:Finnish Democratic Republic
921:The Baltic states regained
894:of the native population.
883:1944–1991 Soviet occupation
18:Occupation of Baltic states
10:
14540:
14344:Reichskommissariat Ostland
13247:Sino-Indian border dispute
13076:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
13006:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
12764:1976 Argentine coup d'état
12676:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
12626:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
12310:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
12278:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
11967:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
11734:Asian Relations Conference
11217:by the Soviet Union (1944)
11207:by the Soviet Union (1940)
10904:Lithuanian Security Police
10562:The Holocaust in Lithuania
10291:Reichskommissariat Ostland
9793:Reichskommissariat Ostland
8902:Civil Administration Areas
8507:Southern Hanover–Brunswick
7701:Research and investigation
7293: – Full text, English
5370:occupation of their lands.
5306:Encyclopedia of Soviet law
4884:Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
3676:, executed August 23, 1939
3622:The Weekly Crier (1999/10)
2896:
2839:
2832:historical consciousness.
2810:Lithuania–Russia relations
2695:Supreme Soviet of the USSR
2621:
2596:
2376:
1767:for the Baltic republics.
1660:
1635:on the border with Estonia
1546:
1280:Reichskommissariat Ostland
1241:The Holocaust in Lithuania
1230:
1219:
1054:
945:
859:Reichskommissariat Ostland
737:Lithuania–Russia relations
349:Mutual Assistance Treaties
14429:Estonia–Germany relations
14359:Jewish Lithuanian history
14283:
14232:
14154:
14131:William Appleman Williams
14076:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
13858:
13830:
13779:
13711:
13704:
13638:
13503:
13428:
13358:
13351:
13260:
13207:
13139:
12852:
12591:Bangladesh Liberation War
12581:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
12496:
12468:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
12456:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
12119:
11894:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
11871:
11581:
11519:
11451:
11405:
11364:
11318:
11290:
11279:
11169:
11122:
11074:Songs of the Vilna Ghetto
11054:
11001:HKP 562 forced labor camp
10993:
10952:
10927:
10886:
10879:
10814:
10726:
10633:
10626:
10568:
10502:
10486:
10458:
10432:
10416:
10395:
10359:
10304:
10278:
10152:
10116:
10075:
10017:
9951:
9923:
9897:
9881:
9860:
9834:
9801:
9780:
9714:
9693:
9677:
9619:
9551:
9510:
9503:
9468:
9428:
9392:
9379:
9359:
9273:
9117:
9110:
9082:
9008:
8988:
8963:
8900:
8889:
8855:
8788:
8772:North Brabant and Limburg
8767:South Holland and Zeeland
8762:North Holland and Utrecht
8757:Gelderland and Overijssel
8742:
8671:
8619:
8580:
8550:
8347:
8334:
8277:
8239:
8185:Soviet invasion of Poland
8172:
8141:
8093:
8060:
8006:
7971:
7960:
7852:
7789:The Chronicles of Melanie
7731:
7700:
7657:
7602:
7574:Massacres and repressions
7573:
7520:
7480:
7425:John Alma Johnny and Myra
7354:by Herbert W. Briggs. In
7084:Plakans, Andrejs (2007).
7057:(in Estonian). Tänapäev.
6925:. M. Nijhoff Publishers.
6809:. ABC-CLIO. p. 132.
6654:Mendeloff, David (2002).
6389:Soviet Information Bureau
6346:Soviet Information Bureau
6334:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
5859:Bugajski, Janusz (2004).
5425:Dehousse, Renaud (1993).
5385:International Law Reports
4809:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4727:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4687:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4675:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4660:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4648:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4636:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4590:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4578:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4566:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4554:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4542:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4530:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4479:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4464:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4452:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4396:10.1080/01629770200000071
4384:Journal of Baltic Studies
4354:10.1080/01629770100000191
4342:Journal of Baltic Studies
4289:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4270:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4222:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
4210:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3967:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3952:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3940:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3928:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3913:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3868:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3829:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3797:Robert van Voren (2011).
3755:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3743:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3709:Hiden & Salmon (1994)
3689:, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002,
3465:Bugajski, Janusz (2004).
3291:29 September 2018 at the
2781:newly elected parliaments
2738:Soviet-Russian historian
2607:ex injuria jus non oritur
2572:and the July–August 1945
2541:. On the other hand, the
2185:Extrajudicial executions
1940:attempted to take control
1529:Battle of Tannenberg Line
1021:Soviet invasion of Poland
1019:Following the end of the
870:, trapping the remaining
341:Soviet occupation in 1940
193:Reichskomissariat Ostland
172:
106:
98:
64:
49:
37:
14519:1945 in the Soviet Union
14514:1944 in the Soviet Union
14509:1943 in the Soviet Union
14504:1942 in the Soviet Union
14499:1941 in the Soviet Union
14469:1940 in the Soviet Union
14434:Germany–Latvia relations
14404:Politics of World War II
12906:1980 Turkish coup d'état
12741:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
12711:1978 Somali coup attempt
12671:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
12636:1973 Chilean coup d'état
12461:Revolutionary Government
12355:South African Border War
12147:1960 Turkish coup d'état
12064:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
11919:1953 Iranian coup d'état
11899:1952 Egyptian revolution
11418:Baltic Basketball League
11344:Air Surveillance Network
11011:Kauen concentration camp
11006:Kailis forced labor camp
10975:Ninth Fort November 1941
10346:Latvian Auxiliary Police
9613:The Holocaust in Estonia
9010:Military administrations
8542:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
8133:Gestapo–NKVD conferences
7581:Masļenki border incident
7564:Soviet–Lithuanian Treaty
7496:Soviet occupation (1940)
7430:11 November 2022 at the
7117:Rislakki, Jukka (2008).
7018:O'Connor, Kevin (2003).
6803:Frucht, Richard (2005).
6483:21 February 2020 at the
5681:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
4911:10 February 2023 at the
4889:10 February 2023 at the
4870:29 February 2012 at the
4853:The Jamestown Foundation
4313:10.1017/CBO9780511612725
4301:Petersen, Roger (2001).
3841:Turtola, Martti (2003).
3672:14 November 2014 at the
3228:The Occupation of Latvia
3099:Kavass, Igor I. (1972).
3005:Taagepera, Rein (1993).
2962:
2826:Russian Foreign Ministry
2452:undetermined citizenship
2446:; low level of minority
2276:Second Soviet Occupation
1697:Tauras military district
1493:Nazi concentration camps
1450:8th Estonian Rifle Corps
1259:invaded the Soviet Union
1233:The Holocaust in Estonia
960:, with later adjustments
836:. The three independent
727:Estonia–Russia relations
14349:Jewish Estonian history
13111:Fall of the Berlin Wall
13056:People Power Revolution
13041:Central American crisis
12981:1986 Black Sea incident
12631:1973 Afghan coup d'état
12529:Western Sahara conflict
12340:1966 Syrian coup d'état
12263:1963 Syrian coup d'état
12206:Portuguese Colonial War
12169:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
11934:1954 Syrian coup d'état
11811:Annexation of Hyderabad
11754:1947–1949 Palestine war
11395:Human Development Index
11232:Operation Priboi (1949)
11227:June deportation (1941)
10713:Franz Walter Stahlecker
10265:Franz Walter Stahlecker
10175:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
10124:Jewish people of Latvia
10011:The Holocaust in Latvia
9964:Estonia in World War II
9772:Franz Walter Stahlecker
8226:Northern Sea Route Raid
8106:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
7546:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
7434:", a presentation from
7338:Mälksoo, Lauri (2000).
7150:Talmon, Stefan (1998).
6751:Bellamy, Chris (2007).
6704:1 December 2010 at the
6517:April 11, 2008, at the
6086:10.1163/221158903x00063
5996:10.1163/221158903x00063
5671:Parrott, Bruce (1995).
5013:ERR (5 November 2015).
4749:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
3382:Mälksoo, Lauri (2003).
3044:10.1163/221158903x00072
2867:Non-aggression treaties
2842:Baltic–Soviet relations
2812:would further improve.
2732:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact
2506:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2166:Victims of repressions
2134:First Soviet Occupation
2055:54.688583°N 25.270556°E
1944:independence referendum
1791:The Soviets made large
1586:Latvian Central Council
1454:Battle of Velikiye Luki
1237:The Holocaust in Latvia
1069:enter the territory of
1047:starting October 1939.
966:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact
958:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
830:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
732:Latvia–Russia relations
327:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
280:Baltic–Soviet relations
14354:Jewish Latvian history
13405:Neoclassical economics
12916:Gulf of Sidra incident
12473:1969 Libyan revolution
12164:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
11949:1954 Geneva Conference
11709:Turkish straits crisis
11704:Corfu Channel incident
11423:Swimming Championships
11390:Gross regional product
10970:Kaunas 29 October 1941
9381:
9111:Puppet administrations
8915:Carinthia and Carniola
8582:
8357:
8349:
8329:and German occupations
8013:Allies of World War II
7747:Between Shades of Gray
7552:Soviet–Estonian Treaty
7528:German–Lithuanian Pact
7501:Nazi occupation (1941)
7284:The Shadow in the East
7051:Petrov, Pavel (2008).
6755:. Alfred a Knopf Inc.
6732:Aust, Anthony (2005).
6412:Cite journal requires
6369:Cite journal requires
5309:. Brill. p. 461.
4974:Pettai, Vello (2015).
4706:. Nomos. p. 567.
2975:(1940–1941; from 1944)
2821:occupied Baltic states
2777:Konstantin K. Khudoley
2418:
2387:Non-citizens (Estonia)
2068:
1927:proclaimed sovereignty
1907:
1848:
1815:
1700:
1688:
1684:created by the Soviet
1582:Provisional Government
1565:
1476:
1424:
1409:destruction battalions
1387:
1299:
1298:execution in Lithuania
1254:
1205:
1157:on 6 August 1940. The
1113:
1081:. Their model was the
1074:
961:
14255:Russia–NATO relations
14136:Jonathan Reed Winkler
13420:Democratic capitalism
13415:Supply-side economics
13383:American conservatism
13182:Breakup of Yugoslavia
13071:Bougainville conflict
12986:South Yemen civil war
12921:Martial law in Poland
12784:Nicaraguan Revolution
12759:Dirty War (Argentina)
12566:1971 JVP insurrection
12380:Years of Lead (Italy)
12258:North Yemen civil war
12176:Berlin Crisis of 1961
12152:Albanian–Soviet split
12084:1959 Tibetan uprising
12049:Syrian Crisis of 1957
11904:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
11764:1948 Arab–Israeli War
9803:Notable collaborators
8562:Reichsfestung Belgrad
8263:Falsifiers of History
8101:Relations before 1941
7558:Soviet–Latvian Treaty
5909:29 March 2016 at the
5201:. 23 September 2010.
5091:van Elsuwege, Peter.
3772:Buttar, Prit (2013).
3535:Quiley, John (2001).
2927:Occupations of Latvia
2921:Museum of Occupations
2707:Falsifiers of History
2693:were adopted and the
2630:Soviet historiography
2554:socialist revolutions
2539:constituent republics
2406:
2383:Non-citizens (Latvia)
2156:(9,400 died en route)
2141:June 1941 deportation
2026:
1999:Russian imperialism.
1930:became known as the "
1902:
1842:
1806:
1694:
1679:
1556:
1471:
1423:in the summer of 1943
1418:
1373:
1303:Nazi racial attitudes
1292:
1248:
1195:
1183:enemies of the people
1111:
1064:
955:
908:socialist revolutions
844:in August 1940. Most
752:Russians in Lithuania
14399:Communist repression
13676:Non-Aligned Movement
13298:Peaceful coexistence
13252:North Borneo dispute
13167:German reunification
13162:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
12860:Salvadoran Civil War
12809:Grand Mosque seizure
12804:Yemenite War of 1979
12696:Mozambican Civil War
12651:Carnation Revolution
12606:Yemenite War of 1972
12544:1970 Polish protests
12375:1967 Hong Kong riots
12350:Argentine Revolution
12300:Guatemalan Civil War
12228:Cuban Missile Crisis
12142:Bay of Pigs Invasion
12014:1956 Poznań protests
11992:Geneva Summit (1955)
11594:Hukbalahap Rebellion
11573:Non-Aligned Movement
10837:Bronislovas Paukštys
10756:Shmerke Kaczerginski
10673:Aleksandras Lileikis
10440:Einsatzgruppen trial
10230:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
9905:Einsatzgruppen trial
9564:Strength Through Joy
9523:Weather Station Kurt
9225:Norway (Quisling II)
8472:Munich–Upper Bavaria
8457:March of Brandenburg
8247:Operation Barbarossa
8123:Population transfers
7761:Nobody Wanted to Die
7534:German–Estonian Pact
7184:Tsygankov, Andrei P.
6617:Sergei Yastrzhembsky
6198:Gennady Charodeyev,
5913:, grani.ru, May 2005
5816:Combs, Dick (2008).
5722:on 23 September 2015
5541:at UK Foreign Office
5537:31 July 2003 at the
5449:on 27 September 2007
5232:Yaël, Ronen (2010).
4855:. 27 September 1995.
4848:3 March 2016 at the
4826:9 March 2021 at the
4609:. 25 December 1989.
4105:. pp. 409–423.
3422:Combs, Dick (2008).
3347:Documents on Estonia
2641:Soviet point of view
2558:government of Russia
2436:Integration strategy
2060:54.688583; 25.270556
1934:" in Lithuania and "
1853:period of stagnation
1810:, the leader of the
1765:outlined new borders
1629:By 1 March 1944 the
1612:governments in exile
1576:two days before the
1323:mobile killing units
978:spheres of influence
916:governments in exile
900:government of Russia
574:Lithuanian partisans
287:Non-aggression pacts
199:Soviet re-occupation
14409:Russians in Estonia
14121:Alex von Tunzelmann
14111:Vladimir Tismăneanu
14036:Thomas J. McCormick
14031:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
13931:Robert Hugh Ferrell
13794:Crusade for Freedom
13591:Illiberal democracy
13475:Ho Chi Minh Thought
13278:Eisenhower Doctrine
13131:Peaceful Revolution
13126:Romanian Revolution
13106:Revolutions of 1989
13091:1988 Polish strikes
13001:Operation INFEKTION
12996:1987 Lieyu massacre
12901:Eritrean Civil Wars
12884:Peruvian Revolution
12834:1979 Herat uprising
12824:Sino-Vietnamese War
12789:Uganda–Tanzania War
12769:Egyptian–Libyan War
12736:Third Indochina War
12731:Sino-Albanian split
12721:Ethiopian Civil War
12621:Eritrean Civil Wars
12561:Ping-pong diplomacy
12534:Cambodian Civil War
12360:Korean DMZ Conflict
12345:Cultural Revolution
12315:Dominican Civil War
12293:Tlatelolco massacre
12079:1959 Mosul uprising
12069:1958 Lebanon crisis
11796:Al-Wathbah uprising
11719:First Indochina War
11689:Iran crisis of 1946
11244:Diplomatic services
11187:United Baltic Duchy
11177:Territorial changes
10909:Rollkommando Hamann
10708:Rudolf Joachim Seck
10494:Bikernieki Memorial
10296:Rollkommando Hamann
10260:Rudolf Joachim Seck
10225:Friedrich Panzinger
10205:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
9835:Concentration camps
9767:Rudolf Joachim Seck
9732:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
9383:Reichskommissariats
9215:Norway (Quisling I)
9145:Chechnya-Ingushetia
8805:Bohemia and Moravia
8790:Partial annexations
8601:Danzig–West Prussia
8068:Anti-Comintern Pact
7628:October deportation
7540:German–Latvian Pact
7437:Destination Freedom
6666:. pp. 79–118.
6147:Van Elsuwgege, p378
5650:, Routledge, 2001,
5646:David James Smith,
4955:on 2 September 2023
4071:Alexander Statiev.
4020:on 14 January 2013.
3685:Christie, Kenneth,
3306:19 May 2015 at the
3297:European Parliament
2915:January 1991 events
2792:With the advent of
2754:Sergey Chernichenko
2574:Potsdam conferences
2516:, which holds that
2494:European Parliament
2423:permanent residents
2301:8,000 died en route
2293:3,000 died en route
2051: /
1995:through Lithuania.
1793:capital investments
1435:16th Rifle Division
1339:concentration camps
742:Russians in Estonia
658:Congress of Estonia
628:Territorial changes
406:People's Parliament
34:
14489:1940s in Lithuania
14275:Russian Revolution
14071:Mary Elise Sarotte
14056:William B. Pickett
13981:Patrick J. Hearden
13961:Gabriel Gorodetsky
13956:Timothy Garton Ash
13941:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
13536:Ethnic nationalism
13288:Hallstein Doctrine
13172:Yemeni unification
12961:1985 Geneva Summit
12926:Casamance conflict
12829:New Jewel Movement
12814:Iranian Revolution
12799:Chadian–Libyan War
12746:Cambodian conflict
12726:Lebanese Civil War
12716:Western Sahara War
12691:June 1976 protests
12686:Cambodian genocide
12451:17 July Revolution
12405:Nigerian Civil War
12320:Rhodesian Bush War
12305:Colombian conflict
12248:Ramadan Revolution
11987:Bandung Conference
11863:Operation Valuable
11744:Partition of India
11266:Singing Revolution
11026:Marcinkonys Ghetto
10832:Petronėlė Lastienė
10796:Yitzhak Wittenberg
10791:Elchonon Wasserman
10703:Adrian von Renteln
10668:Algirdas Klimaitis
10643:Algimantas Dailidė
9715:Major perpetrators
8815:General Government
8492:Schleswig-Holstein
8180:Invasion of Poland
8149:Economic relations
7947:Western Belorussia
7846:Soviet occupations
7409:, 14 December 1953
7192:Palgrave Macmillan
6612:2007-09-29 at the
6535:2011-05-07 at the
6294:www.oldgazette.org
6054:2009-04-01 at the
5930:2006-05-09 at the
5775:2018-10-17 at the
5127:Human rights watch
5072:. 21 November 2016
5070:Human Rights Watch
4607:The New York Times
4435:2013-06-01 at the
3776:. Bloomsbury USA.
3650:. 22 October 1999.
3627:2013-06-01 at the
3568:"Baltic article".
3233:2007-11-23 at the
3206:on 9 November 2021
2957:Welles Declaration
2704:The Stalin-edited
2419:
2397:Human Rights Watch
2069:
1952:similar referendum
1908:
1849:
1821:October Revolution
1816:
1732:a mass deportation
1701:
1689:
1631:siege of Leningrad
1600:National Committee
1566:
1501:Siege of Leningrad
1477:
1458:capture of Tallinn
1425:
1397:Geneva Conventions
1388:
1374:Victims of Soviet
1349:and 10 percent of
1300:
1255:
1206:
1114:
1103:Vladimir Dekanozov
1075:
962:
747:Russians in Latvia
638:Singing Revolution
448:Welles Declaration
206:Singing Revolution
81:Military presence:
32:
14306:
14305:
14293:List of conflicts
14141:Rudolph Winnacker
14086:Giles Scott-Smith
14061:Ronald E. Powaski
14016:Melvyn P. Leffler
13946:John Lewis Gaddis
13921:Robert D. English
13886:Warren H. Carroll
13876:Michael Beschloss
13845:Nuclear arms race
13826:
13825:
13732:Neues Deutschland
13634:
13633:
13616:White nationalism
13586:Liberal democracy
13323:Ulbricht Doctrine
13313:Brezhnev Doctrine
13121:Velvet Revolution
12865:Soviet–Afghan War
12681:Angolan Civil War
12478:Goulash Communism
12335:ASEAN Declaration
12288:Mexican Dirty War
12186:Annexation of Goa
12137:1960 U-2 incident
12111:Sino-Soviet split
12089:Laotian Civil War
11929:Bricker Amendment
11909:Mau Mau rebellion
11853:Malayan Emergency
11841:Chinese Civil War
11801:Tito–Stalin split
11655:Division of Korea
11479:
11478:
11428:Baltic Chain Tour
11303:tallest buildings
11082:
11081:
11041:Švenčionys Ghetto
10948:
10947:
10919:Ypatingasis būrys
10875:
10874:
10786:Abraham Sutzkever
10761:Zelig Kalmanovich
10634:Perpetrators and
10528:
10527:
10424:Sonderaktion 1005
10367:Daugavpils Ghetto
10360:Ghettos and camps
10245:Martin Sandberger
10190:Friedrich Jeckeln
9977:
9976:
9889:Sonderaktion 1005
9762:Martin Sandberger
9701:Zelig Kalmanovich
9694:Prominent victims
9579:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9499:
9498:
9469:Other occupations
9464:
9463:
9375:
9374:
9090:Adriatic Littoral
9083:Operational Zones
9004:
9003:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8851:
8850:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8667:
8666:
8576:
8575:
8292:
8291:
8080:Spanish Civil War
8074:Jewish Bolshevism
8020:
8019:
7812:
7811:
7740:Ashes in the Snow
7708:Kersten Committee
7622:March deportation
7389:The Steel Curtain
7362:Alfred Erich Senn
6773:A Study of Crisis
6458:on 27 August 2009
5359:on 19 August 2012
4945:978-9934-8363-1-2
3570:The World & I
2910:Kersten Committee
2817:Council of Europe
2582:Council of Europe
2562:international law
2476:became an issue.
2440:punitive approach
2414:, in independent
2370:
2369:
2128:2,575,400 (1938)
2125:1,905,000 (1935)
2122:1,126,413 (1934)
2082:economic migrants
1881:Estonian language
1857:Mikhail Gorbachev
1814:from 1940 to 1974
1749:Nikita Khrushchev
1709:industrialisation
1558:Lithuanian rebels
1517:defence of Berlin
1473:Latvian SS-Legion
1430:June deportations
1393:international law
1179:mass deportations
1153:on 5 August, and
980:". In the north,
904:international law
846:Western countries
791:
790:
702:Kersten Committee
590:Under Soviet rule
569:Latvian partisans
462:German occupation
365:Soviet-Lithuanian
318:German–Lithuanian
303:Soviet–Lithuanian
229:Occupation of the
214:
213:
189:German occupation
179:Soviet occupation
16:(Redirected from
14531:
14479:1940s in Estonia
14474:1940s in Belarus
14051:David S. Painter
13976:John Earl Haynes
13906:Nicholas J. Cull
13891:Adrian Cioroianu
13871:Thomas A. Bailey
13818:Voice of America
13709:
13708:
13621:White separatism
13601:Social democracy
13596:Guided democracy
13576:Authoritarianism
13526:Ultranationalism
13516:Anti-imperialism
13443:Marxism–Leninism
13356:
13355:
13343:Kinmen Agreement
13308:Johnson Doctrine
13293:Kennedy Doctrine
13209:Frozen conflicts
13192:1991 August Coup
13081:Afghan Civil War
12976:Reykjavík Summit
12971:Somali Rebellion
12911:Ugandan Bush War
12889:Gdańsk Agreement
12410:Protests of 1968
12390:War of Attrition
12099:Cuban Revolution
12035:We will bury you
12002:Cyprus Emergency
11982:Kashmir Princess
11972:Jebel Akhdar War
11821:Western betrayal
11506:
11499:
11492:
11483:
11482:
11469:
11468:
11459:
11458:
11377:Busiest airports
11285:
11239:State continuity
11159:
11157:
11156:
11146:
11144:
11143:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11109:
11102:
11095:
11086:
11085:
10965:Kaunas June 1941
10884:
10883:
10631:
10630:
10584:
10574:
10555:
10548:
10541:
10532:
10531:
10503:Related articles
10351:Schutzmannschaft
10337:
10315:
10255:Walther Schröder
10240:Alfred Rosenberg
10235:Eduard Roschmann
10134:Joseph Carlebach
10088:Dünamünde Action
10033:
10023:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9981:
9980:
9952:Related articles
9757:Alfred Rosenberg
9635:
9625:
9606:
9599:
9592:
9583:
9582:
9508:
9507:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9115:
9114:
9102:Alpine Foothills
8970:
8969:
8920:Gebiet Bialystok
8898:
8897:
8811:
8810:
8795:
8794:
8740:
8739:
8654:Tyrol–Vorarlberg
8617:
8616:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8532:Westphalia-South
8527:Westphalia-North
8447:Magdeburg-Anhalt
8367:
8366:
8362:
8354:
8345:
8344:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8296:
8295:
8061:Prior antagonism
8047:
8040:
8033:
8024:
8023:
7966:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7775:In the Crosswind
7754:Dangerous Summer
7692:Operation Jungle
7658:Armed resistance
7610:June deportation
7587:Rainiai massacre
7511:State continuity
7467:
7460:
7453:
7444:
7443:
7260:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7205:
7190:(1st ed.).
7179:
7177:
7175:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7014:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6960:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6879:
6851:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6766:
6747:
6718:
6715:
6709:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6626:
6620:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6550:
6544:
6527:
6521:
6509:
6503:
6493:
6487:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6454:. Archived from
6447:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6357:
6342:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6267:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6213:
6207:
6196:
6190:
6180:
6174:
6167:
6161:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6137:on 22 July 2011.
6136:
6130:. Archived from
6129:
6121:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6065:
6059:
6046:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5955:
5945:
5939:
5920:
5914:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5786:
5780:
5762:
5753:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5714:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5668:
5659:
5644:
5635:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5548:
5542:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5515:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5445:. Archived from
5422:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5352:. Archived from
5351:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5229:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4948:. Archived from
4933:
4922:
4916:
4903:
4897:
4881:
4875:
4862:
4856:
4840:
4834:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4765:
4764:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4440:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4390:(2): 241. 2002.
4377:
4375:
4373:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4045:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3970:
3964:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3769:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3731:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3697:
3683:
3677:
3662:
3651:
3647:The Moscow Times
3638:
3632:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3577:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3360:on 30 March 2014
3359:
3344:
3336:
3325:
3320:
3311:
3301:passed 24.5.2007
3283:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3238:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3202:. Archived from
3177:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2848:Bolshevik Russia
2748:
2578:Helsinki Accords
2576:and by the 1975
2467:
2283:Operation Priboi
2148:(2,409 executed)
2102:
2101:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2029:Gediminas Avenue
1979:naval base, the
1932:Vilnius massacre
1808:Antanas Sniečkus
1717:collectivisation
1682:Operation Priboi
1639:Baltic Offensive
1624:Yalta conference
1335:Heinrich Himmler
1251:Rainiai massacre
1134:rigged elections
1130:fellow travelers
1118:Andrey Vyshinsky
1065:Soldiers of the
912:Baltic Legations
868:Baltic Offensive
838:Baltic countries
797:was a period of
783:
776:
769:
707:Helsinki Accords
672:State continuity
608:Operation Jungle
603:Operation Priboi
554:Baltic offensive
439:June deportation
241:
216:
215:
165:
163:
162:
156:
152:
150:
149:
139:
137:
136:
128:
126:
125:
117:
115:
114:
94:
92:
88:
79:
77:
73:
54:
35:
31:
21:
14539:
14538:
14534:
14533:
14532:
14530:
14529:
14528:
14494:1941 in Germany
14484:1940s in Latvia
14309:
14308:
14307:
14302:
14279:
14270:Second Cold War
14228:
14156:
14150:
14126:Odd Arne Westad
14116:Patrick Vaughan
14101:Athan Theoharis
14081:Ellen Schrecker
14066:Yakov M. Rabkin
14041:Timothy Naftali
13986:Tvrtko Jakovina
13971:Jussi Hanhimäki
13854:
13832:
13822:
13800:Paix et Liberté
13775:
13719:Active measures
13700:
13630:
13611:White supremacy
13571:Totalitarianism
13499:
13424:
13347:
13333:Reagan Doctrine
13328:Carter Doctrine
13268:Truman Doctrine
13256:
13203:
13135:
13030:Soviet reaction
12941:Ndogboyosoi War
12848:
12819:Saur Revolution
12646:1973 oil crisis
12611:Munich massacre
12519:Alcora Exercise
12514:Black September
12492:
12238:Sino-Indian War
12132:Simba rebellion
12115:
11959:Capture of the
11867:
11806:Berlin Blockade
11739:May 1947 crises
11729:Truman Doctrine
11694:Greek Civil War
11683:Blacklist Forty
11650:Gouzenko Affair
11637:Cursed soldiers
11589:Morgenthau Plan
11577:
11515:
11510:
11480:
11475:
11447:
11401:
11360:
11349:Defence College
11326:Baltic Assembly
11314:
11286:
11277:
11212:by Nazi Germany
11165:
11154:
11152:
11141:
11139:
11128:
11126:
11118:
11113:
11083:
11078:
11050:
11036:Šiauliai Ghetto
11021:Lukiškės Prison
10989:
10944:
10923:
10871:
10867:Jan Zwartendijk
10862:Chiune Sugihara
10810:
10806:Wolf Durmashkin
10741:Alexander Bogen
10728:
10722:
10648:Erich Ehrlinger
10635:
10622:
10582:
10572:
10564:
10559:
10529:
10524:
10498:
10482:
10454:
10428:
10412:
10403:Generalplan Ost
10391:
10355:
10335:
10324:Herberts Cukurs
10313:
10300:
10274:
10210:Wolfgang Kügler
10180:Erich Ehrlinger
10148:
10112:
10108:Liepāja (Šķēde)
10071:
10031:
10021:
10013:
10008:
9978:
9973:
9947:
9943:Polina Lentsman
9919:
9893:
9877:
9856:
9830:
9811:Aleksander Laak
9797:
9776:
9737:Aleksander Laak
9710:
9706:Wolf Durmashkin
9689:
9673:
9633:
9623:
9615:
9610:
9580:
9571:
9567:holiday resorts
9547:
9495:
9460:
9424:
9371:
9355:
9269:
9106:
9078:
9000:
8984:
8959:
8892:
8877:
8847:
8809:
8776:
8738:
8663:
8615:
8572:
8546:
8427:Halle-Merseburg
8412:Electoral Hesse
8402:Eastern Hanover
8339:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8293:
8288:
8273:
8235:
8168:
8137:
8089:
8056:
8051:
8021:
8016:
8002:
7967:
7958:
7942:Western Ukraine
7848:
7843:
7813:
7808:
7727:
7696:
7682:Estonian Legion
7653:
7616:May deportation
7598:
7593:Kautla massacre
7569:
7516:
7515:
7476:
7471:
7432:Wayback Machine
7416:
7397:, 14 April 1947
7335:
7282:Aliide Naylor,
7268:
7266:Further reading
7263:
7257:
7232:
7230:
7223:
7202:
7173:
7171:
7164:
7140:
7138:
7131:
7107:
7105:
7098:
7074:
7072:
7065:
7041:
7039:
7032:
7011:
6987:
6985:
6978:
6953:Marek, Krystyna
6942:
6940:
6933:
6906:
6904:
6897:
6876:
6860:Salmon, Patrick
6848:
6826:
6824:
6817:
6793:
6791:
6784:
6763:
6744:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6706:Wayback Machine
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6674:
6664:RoutledgeCurzon
6652:
6648:
6627:
6623:
6614:Wayback Machine
6603:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6537:Wayback Machine
6528:
6524:
6519:Wayback Machine
6510:
6506:
6496:Khudoley (2008)
6494:
6490:
6485:Wayback Machine
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6413:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6386:
6382:
6370:
6368:
6359:
6358:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6328:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6268:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6214:
6210:
6197:
6193:
6181:
6177:
6168:
6164:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6096:
6066:
6062:
6056:Wayback Machine
6047:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5976:
5972:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5948:Khudoley (2008)
5946:
5942:
5932:Wayback Machine
5921:
5917:
5911:Wayback Machine
5900:
5896:
5882:
5880:
5873:
5857:
5853:
5839:
5837:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5777:Wayback Machine
5763:
5756:
5743:
5739:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5669:
5662:
5645:
5638:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5586:
5582:
5549:
5545:
5539:Wayback Machine
5530:
5526:
5513:
5511:
5506:. 18 May 2005.
5498:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5423:
5419:
5405:
5403:
5396:
5380:
5376:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5326:
5324:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5230:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5166:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4913:Wayback Machine
4904:
4900:
4891:Wayback Machine
4882:
4878:
4872:Wayback Machine
4863:
4859:
4850:Wayback Machine
4841:
4837:
4828:Wayback Machine
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:Holoboff, p 114
4798:
4791:
4787:Holoboff, p 113
4786:
4782:
4777:
4768:
4761:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4616:
4614:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4443:
4437:Wayback Machine
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4201:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4063:
4047:
4046:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3973:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3770:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3734:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3700:
3684:
3680:
3674:Wayback Machine
3663:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3629:Wayback Machine
3620:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3593:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3506:
3502:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3380:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3308:Wayback Machine
3293:Wayback Machine
3284:
3277:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3235:Wayback Machine
3226:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2844:
2838:
2798:secret protocol
2790:
2742:
2723:
2643:
2626:
2620:
2601:
2595:
2490:
2461:
2444:public services
2389:
2379:Baltic Russians
2375:
2334:11,000 perished
2200:Nazi Occupation
2094:Communist Party
2086:Soviet military
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2021:
1969:
1837:
1789:
1725:Forest Brothers
1674:
1669:
1661:Main articles:
1659:
1620:Warsaw uprising
1551:
1545:
1537:Operation Aster
1533:Battle of Tartu
1525:Battle of Narva
1509:Pomeranian Wall
1505:Courland Pocket
1466:
1407:. In addition,
1368:
1355:Lithuanian Jews
1327:Einsatzgruppe A
1295:Einsatzkommando
1243:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1171:the Tver region
1163:Konstantin Päts
1099:Antanas Smetona
1059:
1053:
950:
944:
876:Courland Pocket
787:
758:
757:
756:
721:
713:
712:
711:
674:
664:
663:
662:
592:
582:
581:
580:
559:Courland Pocket
549:Battle of Narva
543:
533:
532:
531:
509:
487:
464:
454:
453:
452:
420:
383:
355:Soviet–Estonian
351:
343:
333:
332:
331:
308:German–Estonian
293:Soviet–Estonian
289:
274:
264:
230:
160:
158:
157:
147:
145:
143:
134:
132:
123:
121:
112:
110:
90:
86:
84:
75:
71:
69:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14537:
14527:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14236:
14234:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14160:
14158:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14096:Timothy Snyder
14093:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14026:Vojtech Mastny
14023:
14021:Geir Lundestad
14018:
14013:
14011:Walter Laqueur
14008:
14006:Walter LaFeber
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13936:André Fontaine
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13866:Gar Alperovitz
13862:
13860:
13856:
13855:
13853:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13836:
13834:
13828:
13827:
13824:
13823:
13821:
13820:
13815:
13809:
13808:
13803:
13796:
13791:
13783:
13781:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13773:
13766:
13761:
13754:
13747:
13742:
13735:
13728:
13721:
13715:
13713:
13706:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13642:
13640:
13636:
13635:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13606:Third-Worldism
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13507:
13505:
13501:
13500:
13498:
13497:
13492:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13434:
13432:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13422:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13395:Libertarianism
13392:
13387:
13386:
13385:
13375:
13373:Chicago school
13370:
13364:
13362:
13353:
13349:
13348:
13346:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13318:Nixon Doctrine
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13264:
13262:
13261:Foreign policy
13258:
13257:
13255:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13213:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13201:
13196:
13195:
13194:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13143:
13141:
13137:
13136:
13134:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13046:Operation RYAN
13043:
13038:
13033:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12951:Able Archer 83
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12897:
12896:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12867:
12862:
12856:
12854:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12701:Oromo conflict
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12641:Yom Kippur War
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12500:
12498:
12494:
12493:
12491:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12464:
12463:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12424:
12419:
12418:
12417:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12296:
12295:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12273:Aden Emergency
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12191:Papua conflict
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12172:
12171:
12161:
12160:
12159:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12123:
12121:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12113:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12096:
12094:Kitchen Debate
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12054:Sputnik crisis
12051:
12046:
12038:
12031:
12026:
12024:Polish October
12021:
12016:
12011:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11924:Pact of Madrid
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11879:Bamboo Curtain
11875:
11873:
11869:
11868:
11866:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11849:
11848:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11772:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11678:
11670:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11639:
11634:
11633:
11632:
11627:
11619:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11585:
11583:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11528:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11509:
11508:
11501:
11494:
11486:
11477:
11476:
11474:
11473:
11463:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11409:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11384:
11382:Housing bubble
11379:
11374:
11368:
11366:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11354:Naval Squadron
11351:
11346:
11341:
11333:
11328:
11322:
11320:
11316:
11315:
11313:
11312:
11310:National parks
11307:
11306:
11305:
11298:Largest cities
11294:
11292:
11288:
11287:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11275:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11221:
11220:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11189:
11184:
11182:Baltic Entente
11179:
11173:
11171:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11150:
11137:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11112:
11111:
11104:
11097:
11089:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10956:
10954:
10950:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10937:
10931:
10929:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10916:
10914:TDA battalions
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10894:Einsatzgruppen
10890:
10888:
10881:
10877:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10827:Anna Borkowska
10824:
10818:
10816:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10808:
10803:
10801:Jacob Wygodzki
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10732:
10730:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10653:Joachim Hamann
10650:
10645:
10639:
10637:
10628:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10558:
10557:
10550:
10543:
10535:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10506:
10504:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10496:
10490:
10488:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10475:
10473:Paul Schiemann
10470:
10464:
10462:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10436:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10426:
10420:
10418:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10363:
10361:
10357:
10356:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10341:Arajs Kommando
10338:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10310:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10286:Einsatzgruppen
10282:
10280:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10270:Eduard Strauch
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10200:Konrāds Kalējs
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10170:Fritz Dietrich
10167:
10162:
10156:
10154:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10120:
10118:
10114:
10113:
10111:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10018:
10015:
10014:
10007:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9984:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9955:
9953:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9929:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9901:
9899:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9885:
9883:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9864:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9821:Ain-Ervin Mere
9818:
9813:
9807:
9805:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9790:
9788:Einsatzgruppen
9784:
9782:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9752:Hinrich Möller
9749:
9747:Ain-Ervin Mere
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9718:
9716:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9697:
9695:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9687:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9609:
9608:
9601:
9594:
9586:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9561:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9514:
9512:
9505:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9387:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9265:Zuyev Republic
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9155:Czechoslovakia
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8976:
8974:
8967:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8906:
8904:
8895:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8859:
8857:
8853:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8819:
8817:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8748:
8746:
8737:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8623:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8588:
8578:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8452:Main Franconia
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8392:Cologne–Aachen
8389:
8384:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8364:
8342:
8336:Administrative
8332:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8299:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8259:
8257:Katyń massacre
8254:
8249:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:Naval cruiser
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8103:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8070:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8050:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8027:
8018:
8017:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7934:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7915:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7906:Transcarpathia
7901:Czechoslovakia
7898:
7891:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7864:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7687:Latvian Legion
7684:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7647:from Lithuania
7644:
7639:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7554:(28 September)
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7470:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7415:
7414:External links
7412:
7411:
7410:
7398:
7386:
7382:Russian Review
7377:Irina Saburova
7370:
7359:
7349:
7348:69.3, 289–316.
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7315:
7307:
7302:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7278:978-1138612945
7267:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7255:
7243:Ziemele, Ineta
7239:
7222:978-0801849695
7221:
7206:
7201:978-0230614185
7200:
7180:
7163:978-0198265733
7162:
7147:
7130:978-9042024243
7129:
7114:
7097:978-1434315731
7096:
7081:
7064:978-9985626313
7063:
7048:
7031:978-0313323553
7030:
7015:
7009:
6994:
6976:
6961:
6949:
6931:
6917:Mälksoo, Lauri
6913:
6896:978-0415371001
6895:
6880:
6874:
6852:
6847:978-0415075701
6846:
6833:
6816:978-1576078006
6815:
6800:
6783:978-0472108060
6782:
6767:
6762:978-0375410864
6761:
6748:
6743:978-0521530347
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6719:
6710:
6691:
6673:978-0700715992
6672:
6646:
6621:
6597:
6582:. 7 May 2005.
6571:
6556:. 5 May 2005.
6545:
6522:
6504:
6488:
6469:
6442:
6433:
6423:
6414:|journal=
6380:
6371:|journal=
6337:
6326:
6311:
6281:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6208:
6191:
6175:
6162:
6160:(1968), 383–91
6149:
6140:
6113:
6095:978-9004137462
6094:
6060:
6038:
6011:
6005:978-9004137462
6004:
5970:
5967:. 6 July 2020.
5956:
5940:
5915:
5894:
5871:
5851:
5829:978-0271033556
5828:
5808:
5802:978-0742551435
5801:
5781:
5754:
5751:978-9004137462
5737:
5698:
5691:
5660:
5636:
5613:
5580:
5567:10.2307/126075
5554:Russian Review
5543:
5524:
5491:
5460:
5417:
5394:
5374:
5337:
5315:
5295:
5265:
5247:978-0199580392
5246:
5219:
5183:
5165:978-0822318026
5164:
5144:
5114:
5099:. p. 54.
5083:
5057:
5031:
5005:
4987:978-1107049499
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4558:
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4534:
4522:
4503:
4483:
4468:
4456:
4441:
4439:, paragraph 14
4421:
4328:
4321:
4293:
4274:
4262:
4258:Bellamy (2007)
4250:
4246:Bellamy (2007)
4238:
4234:Bellamy (2007)
4226:
4214:
4199:
4184:
4164:
4118:
4111:
4095:Bubnys, Arūnas
4086:
4077:
4061:
4023:
4004:"Human Losses"
3991:
3971:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3917:
3902:
3885:britannica.com
3872:
3860:
3848:
3833:
3816:
3809:
3789:
3783:978-1780961637
3782:
3774:Between Giants
3759:
3747:
3732:
3713:
3698:
3678:
3652:
3633:
3614:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:978-0739105337
3591:
3560:
3553:
3527:
3521:978-0742551435
3520:
3500:
3477:
3457:
3435:978-0271033556
3434:
3414:
3399:
3392:
3371:
3326:
3312:
3275:
3239:
3217:
3172:
3169:. 6 July 2020.
3158:
3152:978-0198604464
3151:
3133:
3112:978-0930342418
3111:
3105:. W. S. Hein.
3091:
3070:978-1847690289
3069:
3049:
3022:
3016:978-0813311999
3015:
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2905:
2902:
2897:Main article:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
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2869:
2864:
2862:Peace treaties
2840:Main article:
2837:
2834:
2789:
2786:
2722:
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2698:
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2639:
2622:Main article:
2619:
2616:
2597:Main article:
2594:
2591:
2550:historiography
2489:
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2448:representation
2374:
2371:
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2311:
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2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:Forced labour
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2240:
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2229:
2221:
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2109:
2106:
2105:Period/action
2020:
2017:
1968:
1965:
1936:The Barricades
1905:January Events
1885:state language
1847:, January 1990
1836:
1833:
1788:
1785:
1719:or support of
1673:
1670:
1658:
1655:
1616:Katyn massacre
1547:Main article:
1544:
1541:
1513:Velikaya River
1497:Latvian Legion
1465:
1462:
1439:Adolfas Urbšas
1367:
1364:
1360:puppet regimes
1228:
1225:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1189:a week later.
1167:Kārlis Ulmanis
1122:Andrey Zhdanov
1091:invaded France
1079:puppet regimes
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1043:and 20,000 in
974:Eastern Europe
946:Main article:
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940:
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623:Lithuanian SSR
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600:
594:
593:
588:
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434:from Lithuania
431:
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401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
377:
376:
374:Orzeł incident
370:
369:
368:
367:
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360:Soviet-Latvian
357:
345:
344:
339:
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335:
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330:
329:
323:
322:
321:
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313:German–Latvian
310:
305:
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298:Soviet–Latvian
295:
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14289:
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14260:War on terror
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14155:Espionage and
14153:
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14106:Andrew Thorpe
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14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
14001:Gabriel Kolko
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
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13972:
13969:
13967:
13966:Fred Halliday
13964:
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13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13951:Lloyd Gardner
13949:
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13937:
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13912:
13911:Norman Davies
13909:
13907:
13904:
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13897:
13896:John Costello
13894:
13892:
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13863:
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13831:Technological
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13712:Pro-communist
13710:
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13639:Organizations
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13453:Eurocommunism
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13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
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13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13283:Domino theory
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13265:
13263:
13259:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13237:South Ossetia
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13214:
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13210:
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13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
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13067:
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13062:
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13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13031:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13021:8888 Uprising
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12966:Iran–Iraq War
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12931:Falklands War
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
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12871:
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12861:
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12842:
12840:
12837:
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12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12794:NDF Rebellion
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12774:German Autumn
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12754:
12749:
12747:
12744:
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12662:
12661:Metapolitefsi
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12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12430:
12425:
12423:
12422:Prague Spring
12420:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12400:Al-Wadiah War
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12365:12-3 incident
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12294:
12291:
12290:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12170:
12167:
12166:
12165:
12162:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12118:
12112:
12109:
12105:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12039:
12036:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12009:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11962:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11944:Domino theory
11942:
11940:
11939:Petrov Affair
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11876:
11874:
11870:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11816:Madiun Affair
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11776:Marshall Plan
11774:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11677:
11676:
11671:
11669:
11668:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11620:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11611:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11533:
11529:
11527:
11526:
11525:United States
11522:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11507:
11502:
11500:
11495:
11493:
11488:
11487:
11484:
11472:
11464:
11462:
11454:
11453:
11450:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11404:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11367:
11363:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11317:
11311:
11308:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11289:
11284:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11261:Sovietization
11259:
11257:
11256:Guerrilla war
11254:
11253:
11252:
11249:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11240:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11223:Deportations
11222:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11168:
11162:
11151:
11149:
11138:
11136:
11125:
11124:
11121:
11117:
11116:Baltic states
11110:
11105:
11103:
11098:
11096:
11091:
11090:
11087:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11056:
11053:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10986:
10985:Švenčionėliai
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10951:
10941:
10940:Paper Brigade
10938:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10926:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10878:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10847:Antanas Poška
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10813:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10781:Ephraim Oshry
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10771:Rozka Korczak
10769:
10767:
10766:Vitka Kempner
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10746:Josef Glazman
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10725:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10688:Jonas Noreika
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10678:Hinrich Lohse
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10636:collaborators
10632:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10581:
10579:
10578:The Holocaust
10576:
10571:
10570:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10551:
10549:
10544:
10542:
10537:
10536:
10533:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10510:The Holocaust
10508:
10507:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10485:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10431:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10415:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10396:Documentation
10394:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10358:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10336:Organizations
10334:
10333:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10319:Viktors Arājs
10317:
10312:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10306:Collaborators
10303:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10220:Hinrich Lohse
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10160:Alois Brunner
10158:
10157:
10155:
10151:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10115:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10074:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10030:
10028:
10027:The Holocaust
10025:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10012:
10005:
10000:
9998:
9993:
9991:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9890:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9861:Documentation
9859:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9800:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9779:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9742:Hinrich Lohse
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9676:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9632:
9630:
9629:The Holocaust
9627:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9614:
9607:
9602:
9600:
9595:
9593:
9588:
9587:
9584:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9502:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9378:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9326:Russia (KONR)
9324:
9322:
9321:Russia (ODNR)
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9113:
9109:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9073:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9041:zone réservée
9038:
9037:Atlantic Wall
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8888:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8863:Burgundy (SS)
8861:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8579:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8517:Upper Silesia
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8442:Lower Silesia
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8360:
8353:
8352:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8333:
8328:
8320:
8315:
8313:
8308:
8306:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8252:Eastern Front
8250:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8048:
8043:
8041:
8036:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8014:
8010:
8005:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7985:Northern Iran
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7867:Baltic states
7865:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7833:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7768:Utterly Alone
7765:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:Art and media
7730:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7463:
7461:
7456:
7454:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7408:
7407:
7406:Time Magazine
7402:
7401:The Iron Heel
7399:
7396:
7395:
7394:Time Magazine
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7148:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7082:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7049:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6995:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6889:. Routledge.
6888:
6887:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6840:. Routledge.
6839:
6834:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6801:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6729:
6714:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6625:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6473:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6437:
6427:
6419:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6376:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6330:
6322:
6315:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6264:
6256:
6251:
6244:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6188:
6185:
6182:Torbakov, I.
6179:
6172:
6166:
6159:
6153:
6144:
6133:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6027:on 7 May 2011
6026:
6022:
6015:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5919:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5891:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5855:
5848:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5766:Boris Sokolov
5761:
5759:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5702:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5667:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5584:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5547:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5521:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5378:
5371:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5148:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5020:
5016:
5009:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4894:Lonely Planet
4892:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4796:
4794:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4425:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4322:9780511612725
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4081:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4032:Indrek Paavle
4027:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3810:9789401200707
3806:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3604:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:Baltic States
3095:
3088:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2766:Oleg Platonov
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:Vilnis Sīpols
2736:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:three of its
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2482:
2481:Aliide Naylor
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:1949: 32,735
2306:1948: 41,000
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:1949: 42,231
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:1949: 20,702
2289:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2019:Civilian toll
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:secret speech
1750:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:sovietization
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:convict camps
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:. The German
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:Hinrich Lohse
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:popular front
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
959:
954:
949:
939:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:German forces
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
813:begun by the
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
762:
761:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
717:
716:
708:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
668:
667:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Tautas fronte
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
591:
586:
585:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
537:
536:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
512:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
468:
463:
458:
457:
449:
446:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:Sovietization
409:
407:
404:
403:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
363:
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358:
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346:
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337:
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328:
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319:
316:
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304:
301:
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296:
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291:
290:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Baltic states
248:
247:
245:
244:
240:
236:
235:
232:
231:Baltic states
227:
226:
222:
218:
217:
207:
203:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
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155:
142:
131:
120:
109:
105:
101:
97:
82:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
14265:Brinkmanship
14157:intelligence
14046:Marius Oprea
13996:Harvey Klehr
13926:Herbert Feis
13916:Willem Drees
13881:Archie Brown
13798:
13786:
13768:
13758:Trybuna Ludu
13756:
13749:
13745:Radio Moscow
13737:
13730:
13723:
13551:Anti-Zionism
13467:
13390:Keynesianism
13378:Conservatism
13242:Transnistria
13222:China-Taiwan
12879:Gera Demands
12752:
12553:
12428:
12233:El Porteñazo
12127:Congo Crisis
12042:
11977:Algerian War
11960:
11836:Western Bloc
11831:Eastern Bloc
11826:Iron Curtain
11682:
11674:
11666:
11643:
11629:
11623:
11615:
11532:Soviet Union
11530:
11523:
11436:in athletics
11372:Baltic Tiger
11339:Air Policing
11191:
11046:Vilna Ghetto
11016:Kovno Ghetto
10960:Jäger Report
10887:Perpetrators
10857:Anton Schmid
10822:Kazys Binkis
10751:Jay M. Ipson
10736:Chaim Yellin
10718:Martin Weiss
10698:Helmut Rauca
10663:Bruno Kittel
10573:Main article
10408:Jäger Report
10250:Albert Sauer
10215:Rudolf Lange
10153:Perpetrators
10139:Simon Dubnow
10022:Main article
9868:Jäger Report
9826:Evald Mikson
9722:Hans Aumeier
9685:Kalevi-Liiva
9624:Main article
9528:Schatzgräber
8950:West Prussia
8930:Lower Styria
8868:Holland (SS)
8639:Upper Danube
8634:Lower Danube
8437:Hesse-Nassau
8407:East Prussia
8377:Baden-Alsace
8340:Nazi Germany
8338:divisions of
8327:Nazi Germany
8281:
8261:
8223:
8206:
8189:
8111:negotiations
8008:
7990:
7983:
7925:East Prussia
7917:
7893:
7866:
7859:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7665:Guerilla war
7637:from Estonia
7603:Deportations
7566:(10 October)
7473:
7435:
7404:
7392:
7380:
7372:
7364:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7323:
7317:
7309:
7296:
7288:
7246:
7231:. Retrieved
7211:
7187:
7186:(May 2009).
7172:. Retrieved
7152:
7139:. Retrieved
7119:
7106:. Retrieved
7086:
7073:. Retrieved
7053:
7040:. Retrieved
7020:
6999:
6986:. Retrieved
6966:
6956:
6941:. Retrieved
6921:
6905:. Retrieved
6885:
6864:
6856:Hiden, Johan
6837:
6825:. Retrieved
6805:
6792:. Retrieved
6772:
6752:
6733:
6725:Bibliography
6713:
6694:
6682:. Retrieved
6659:
6649:
6641:1721.1/17498
6631:
6624:
6605:
6600:
6588:. Retrieved
6574:
6562:. Retrieved
6548:
6525:
6507:
6502:, pp. 56–73.
6499:
6491:
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6456:the original
6445:
6436:
6426:
6405:cite journal
6383:
6362:cite journal
6340:
6329:
6320:
6314:
6302:. Retrieved
6293:
6284:
6276:The Guardian
6275:
6250:
6238:
6221:
6211:
6199:
6194:
6187:FIIA Comment
6186:
6183:
6178:
6170:
6169:D. Zalimas,
6165:
6157:
6152:
6143:
6132:the original
6104:. Retrieved
6077:
6073:
6063:
6029:. Retrieved
6025:the original
6014:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5938:, 7 May 2005
5923:
5918:
5902:
5897:
5888:
5881:. Retrieved
5861:
5854:
5845:
5838:. Retrieved
5818:
5811:
5791:
5784:
5740:
5731:
5724:. Retrieved
5717:the original
5708:
5701:
5677:
5647:
5622:
5616:
5604:. Retrieved
5598:. C. 42/78.
5595:
5583:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5527:
5519:
5512:. Retrieved
5503:
5494:
5482:. Retrieved
5476:. C. 42/78.
5473:
5463:
5451:. Retrieved
5447:the original
5434:
5430:
5420:
5411:
5404:. Retrieved
5384:
5377:
5368:
5361:. Retrieved
5354:the original
5340:
5332:
5325:. Retrieved
5305:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5277:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5237:
5210:. Retrieved
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5154:
5147:
5135:. Retrieved
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5096:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5069:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5043:
5034:
5022:. Retrieved
5018:
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4976:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4950:the original
4927:
4920:
4901:
4879:
4860:
4838:
4831:Lennart Meri
4816:
4804:
4783:
4745:
4734:
4722:
4703:
4682:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4622:
4615:. Retrieved
4606:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4493:
4486:
4459:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4387:
4383:
4370:. Retrieved
4345:
4341:
4331:
4303:
4296:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4174:
4167:
4157:19 September
4155:. Retrieved
4138:
4134:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4072:
4040:
4026:
4015:the original
4010:
3985:
3947:
3935:
3893:. Retrieved
3884:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3799:
3792:
3773:
3750:
3686:
3681:
3665:
3645:
3636:
3617:
3603:
3582:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3487:. Retrieved
3467:
3460:
3451:
3444:. Retrieved
3424:
3417:
3410:Marek (1968)
3383:
3362:. Retrieved
3355:the original
3346:
3268:
3266:
3259:. Retrieved
3208:. Retrieved
3204:the original
3191:
3185:
3175:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3121:. Retrieved
3101:
3094:
3086:
3079:. Retrieved
3059:
3052:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3006:
3000:
2980:
2971:
2851:
2845:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2806:Soviet Union
2802:
2791:
2770:
2763:
2752:
2737:
2728:
2724:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2644:
2627:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2586:
2565:
2547:
2524:
2517:
2491:
2478:
2456:
2420:
2408:Nils Ušakovs
2393:
2390:
2361:3,000 killed
2360:
2359:
2353:4,000 killed
2352:
2351:
2333:
2332:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2275:
2227:~4,000 Roma
2226:
2224:196,000 Jews
2218:
2210:
2199:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2098:
2070:
2046:25°16′14.0″E
2043:54°41′18.9″N
2004:
2001:
1997:
1974:
1970:
1946:was held in
1920:
1909:
1850:
1817:
1798:demographics
1790:
1773:Russian SFSR
1746:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1713:deportations
1702:
1628:
1589:
1577:
1570:independence
1567:
1478:
1443:
1426:
1421:Oryol Oblast
1395:. Under the
1389:
1301:
1293:
1256:
1210:Molotov Line
1207:
1201:
1175:Central Asia
1115:
1076:
1039:, 30,000 in
1018:
1006:East Prussia
963:
922:
920:
896:
888:deportations
880:
857:
834:World War II
824:The initial
823:
819:Nazi Germany
815:Soviet Union
794:
792:
613:Estonian SSR
510:
488:
466:
424:from Estonia
418:Deportations
417:
397:to Lithuania
380:
348:
286:
260:Soviet Union
255:Nazi Germany
228:
167:Nazi Germany
154:Soviet Union
107:Participants
80:
40:World War II
29:
14091:Shen Zhihua
13901:Michael Cox
13833:competition
13780:Pro-Western
13770:Soviet Life
13696:Safari Club
13666:Warsaw Pact
13521:Nationalism
13511:Imperialism
13410:Reaganomics
13273:Containment
13066:Perestroika
12555:Realpolitik
12385:Six-Day War
12370:Greek junta
12181:Berlin Wall
12029:Suez Crisis
11997:Vietnam War
11884:McCarthyism
11699:Baruch Plan
11644:Unthinkable
11604:Dekemvriana
11543:Warsaw Pact
11441:in swimming
10852:Ona Šimaitė
10842:Karl Plagge
10776:Abba Kovner
10727:Victims and
10693:Mike Pasker
10683:Franz Murer
10468:Jānis Lipke
10417:Concealment
10382:Riga Ghetto
10329:Kārlis Lobe
10314:Individuals
10165:Rudolf Batz
10144:Else Hirsch
10098:Pogulianski
9882:Concealment
9816:Karl Linnas
9405:Netherlands
9205:Netherlands
8945:Sudetenland
8893:occupations
8729:Vistulaland
8606:Sudetenland
8558:Prinz-Eugen
8462:Mecklenburg
7979:Afghanistan
7642:from Latvia
7633:by country
7560:(5 October)
7548:(23 August)
7421:radio drama
7233:9 September
7188:Russophobia
7174:9 September
7141:9 September
7108:9 September
7042:9 September
6988:9 September
6907:9 September
6827:9 September
6794:9 September
6684:7 September
6619:, May 2005.
6304:11 November
5883:9 September
5840:9 September
5406:9 September
5327:9 September
5288:3 September
5278:jacobin.com
5212:10 February
5050:19 February
4998:9 September
4959:25 February
4515:20 February
4348:(1): 1–36.
4101:. Vilnius:
4036:Toomas Hiio
3489:9 September
3446:9 September
3210:25 February
3123:9 September
2984:(1941–1945)
2794:Perestroika
2743: [
2715:perestroika
2647:perestroika
2564:and gained
2462: [
2438:; usage of
2219:1,900 Roma
2216:70,000 Jews
2119:Population
2071:During the
2058: /
1993:Kaliningrad
1865:perestroika
1825:Great Purge
1596:Jüri Uluots
1271:Third Reich
1139:acclamation
881:During the
618:Latvian SSR
429:from Latvia
14394:Annexation
14313:Categories
13859:Historians
13850:Space Race
13751:Rudé právo
13705:Propaganda
13561:Neo-Nazism
13531:Chauvinism
13485:Trotskyism
13400:Monetarism
13368:Liberalism
13360:Capitalism
13352:Ideologies
13303:Ostpolitik
13026:Solidarity
12991:Toyota War
12894:Solidarity
12751:Operation
12706:Ogaden War
12395:Dhofar War
12283:Shifta War
12041:Operation
11889:Korean War
11681:Operation
11673:Operation
11665:Operation
11642:Operation
11622:Operation
11614:Operation
11413:Baltic Cup
11271:Baltic Way
11202:Background
11192:Occupation
11031:Ninth Fort
10928:Resistance
10729:resistance
10658:Karl Jäger
10445:Riga Trial
10195:Heinz Jost
10185:Karl Jäger
9938:Eha Masing
9933:Uku Masing
9727:Karl Jäger
9538:Bassgeiger
9518:New Swabia
9486:San Marino
9311:Montenegro
9235:Montenegro
9057:Luxembourg
8935:Luxembourg
8719:Vandalland
8684:Beskidland
8611:Wartheland
8584:Reichsgaus
8397:Düsseldorf
8269:Baltic Way
8218:Basis Nord
8195:Winter War
8128:Axis talks
7796:The Fencer
7675:Lithuanian
7530:(23 March)
7486:Background
7256:9004142959
7123:. Rodopi.
7010:0520082281
6977:0313318786
6943:25 October
6932:9041121773
6875:058225650X
6106:25 October
5872:0275983625
5862:Cold peace
5692:1563243601
5656:0415267285
5453:9 December
5437:(1): 141.
5395:0521463807
5316:9024730759
5258:25 October
5176:25 October
5076:8 February
4760:1563243601
4504:0080545246
4185:0912881003
4112:9986757126
3986:Eesti. Üld
3729:0415285801
3695:0700715991
3554:9041116540
3478:0275983625
3468:Cold peace
3393:9041121773
3081:2 November
2992:References
2634:Russianize
2459:Yaël Ronen
2377:See also:
2242:Not known
2191:Not known
2114:Lithuania
1890:Baltic Way
1564:in Kaunas.
1333:. In 1943
1276:Belorussia
1231:See also:
1087:Winter War
1002:San Rivers
942:Background
892:repression
799:annexation
695:Lithuanian
653:Rahvarinne
633:Baltic Way
522:Resistance
517:Occupation
500:Resistance
495:Occupation
478:Resistance
473:Occupation
387:to Estonia
272:Background
183:annexation
91:1994-08-31
87:1939-09-28
76:1991-09-06
72:1940-06-15
14146:Ken Young
13991:Tony Judt
13840:Arms race
13813:Red Scare
13681:NN States
13626:Apartheid
13581:Autocracy
13490:Stalinism
13458:Guevarism
13448:Castroism
13438:Communism
13430:Socialism
12956:Star Wars
12549:Koza riot
11675:Beleaguer
11667:Masterdom
11335:Military
11291:Geography
11161:Lithuania
10515:The Mover
10487:Memorials
10047:Lithuania
9873:Judenfrei
9649:Lithuania
9559:Nordstern
9543:Edelweiss
9451:Turkestan
9441:Don-Volga
9341:Turkestan
9291:Cossackia
9230:Macedonia
9190:Lithuania
9095:Ljubljana
8980:Bialystok
8965:Districts
8629:Carinthia
8522:Weser-Ems
8512:Thuringia
8482:Pomerania
8467:Moselland
8422:Franconia
8240:Aftermath
8094:Political
7992:Manchuria
7882:Lithuania
7803:The Mover
7324:Full text
7311:GULAG 113
7075:7 January
6955:(1968) .
6862:(1994) .
6539:, at the
6399:. 272848.
6356:. 272848.
5764:cf. e.g.
4811:. p. 191.
4729:. p. 189.
4689:. p. 187.
4677:. p. 164.
4662:. p. 162.
4650:. p. 160.
4638:. p. 158.
4592:. p. 154.
4580:. p. 151.
4568:. p. 150.
4556:. p. 149.
4544:. p. 147.
4532:. p. 139.
4481:. p. 132.
4466:. p. 131.
4454:. p. 130.
4404:216140280
4380:"Erratum"
4362:143180209
4291:. p. 129.
4272:. p. 126.
4260:. p. 623.
4248:. p. 622.
4236:. p. 621.
4224:. p. 123.
4212:. p. 121.
4147:0024-5089
4050:cite book
3969:. p. 120.
3954:. p. 119.
3942:. p. 118.
3930:. p. 117.
3915:. p. 116.
3870:. p. 115.
3845:. Keuruu.
3831:. p. 114.
3803:. Brill.
3757:. p. 112.
3745:. p. 113.
3711:. p. 110.
3200:0024-5089
2758:Waffen-SS
2645:Prior to
2373:Aftermath
2211:300 Roma
2209:992 Jews
2077:1944–1991
2073:1940–1941
2012:Skrunda-1
1985:Ventspils
1769:Lithuania
1757:Stalinism
1721:partisans
1626:in 1945.
1578:Wehrmacht
1511:, at the
1503:, in the
1147:Lithuania
1071:Lithuania
1045:Lithuania
1029:ultimatum
936:Skrunda-1
811:Lithuania
720:Aftermath
527:Holocaust
511:Lithuania
505:Holocaust
483:Holocaust
392:to Latvia
208:(1990–91)
141:Lithuania
14298:Timeline
14288:Category
14233:See also
13725:Izvestia
13566:Islamism
13463:Hoxhaism
13338:Rollback
13217:Abkhazia
13157:Gulf War
13061:Glasnost
12431:incident
12201:Sand War
12059:Ifni War
11568:Rio Pact
11513:Cold War
11461:Category
11432:Records
11386:Regions
11319:Politics
11197:Timeline
10815:Rescuers
10613:Slovakia
9552:Proposed
9533:Holzauge
9436:Caucasia
9429:Proposed
9367:Brittany
9360:Proposed
9351:Wallonia
9336:Slovakia
9286:Bulgaria
9260:Wallonia
9250:Slovakia
9165:Flanders
9047:Slovakia
8996:Brussels
8989:Proposed
8955:Zichenau
8925:Lorraine
8873:Lombardy
8856:Proposed
8744:Westland
8734:Wallonia
8714:Nordmark
8709:Gothland
8699:Flanders
8694:Burgundy
8672:Proposed
8644:Salzburg
8551:Proposed
8537:Westmark
8477:NSDAP/AO
8382:Bayreuth
8359:Altreich
8283:Category
8173:Military
8142:Economic
7895:Bornholm
7542:(7 June)
7536:(7 June)
7491:Timeline
7428:Archived
7245:(2005).
7227:Archived
7168:Archived
7135:Archived
7102:Archived
7069:Archived
7036:Archived
6982:Archived
6937:Archived
6919:(2003).
6901:Archived
6821:Archived
6788:Archived
6702:Archived
6678:Archived
6610:Archived
6590:10 March
6584:Archived
6564:10 March
6558:Archived
6533:Archived
6515:Archived
6481:Archived
6391:(1948).
6348:(1948).
6298:Archived
6257:. p. 62.
6245:. p. 60.
6230:25098013
6204:Izvestia
6100:Archived
6052:Archived
5954:, p. 90.
5928:Archived
5907:Archived
5877:Archived
5834:Archived
5773:Archived
5726:10 March
5658:, p. xix
5600:Archived
5535:Archived
5514:29 April
5508:Archived
5478:Archived
5400:Archived
5363:29 April
5321:Archived
5282:Archived
5252:Archived
5203:Archived
5170:Archived
5131:Archived
5129:. 1993.
5101:Archived
4992:Archived
4909:Archived
4887:Archived
4868:Archived
4846:Archived
4824:Archived
4624:signed.'
4611:Archived
4509:Archived
4433:Archived
4414:25 March
4408:Archived
4372:25 March
4366:Archived
4194:10073361
4151:Archived
4135:Lituanus
4097:(1998).
3889:Archived
3858:. p. 59.
3670:Archived
3625:Archived
3483:Archived
3440:Archived
3304:Archived
3289:Archived
3269:de facto
3255:Archived
3231:Archived
3187:Lituanus
3117:Archived
3075:Archived
2904:See also
2893:Timeline
2853:Izvestia
2665:Red Army
2500:and the
2474:settlers
2342:186,000
2286:1948–49
2108:Estonia
2008:Paldiski
1989:Paldiski
1861:glasnost
1845:Šiauliai
1829:Red Army
1606:and the
1562:Red Army
1347:Estonian
1067:Red Army
1033:Paldiski
970:Northern
923:de facto
864:Red Army
685:Estonian
381:Ultimata
221:a series
219:Part of
99:Location
89: –
74: –
44:Cold War
42:and the
38:Part of
13788:Amerika
13671:Comecon
13556:Fascism
13546:Zionism
13495:Titoism
13036:Contras
12504:Détente
11781:Comecon
11471:Commons
11365:Economy
11170:History
11135:Estonia
10618:Ukraine
10593:Estonia
10588:Belarus
10129:Gypsies
10117:Victims
10103:Rumbula
10093:Jelgava
10067:Ukraine
10042:Estonia
10037:Belarus
9852:Vaivara
9669:Ukraine
9639:Belarus
9511:Founded
9491:Tunisia
9476:Finland
9446:Muscovy
9420:Ukraine
9415:Ostland
9393:Founded
9346:Ukraine
9316:Romania
9306:Hungary
9281:Belarus
9255:Ukraine
9180:Hungary
9160:Denmark
9150:Croatia
9140:Belarus
9135:Austria
9125:Albania
9118:Founded
9028:Croatia
8973:Founded
8823:Galicia
8798:Founded
8704:Galicia
8689:Brabant
8621:Austria
8594:Founded
8568:Holland
8497:Silesia
8432:Hamburg
8370:Founded
8009:Italics
7954:Romania
7932:Hungary
7919:Germany
7913:Finland
7872:Estonia
7861:Austria
7670:Latvian
5683:112–115
5606:2 March
5484:2 March
5107:26 June
5024:8 April
3895:23 June
3295:by the
2587:de jure
2566:de jure
2519:de jure
2479:Author
2454:, etc.
2366:21,500
2339:32,000
2331:30,000
2323:59,200
2270:36,500
2267:16,800
2256:45,000
2253:16,300
2239:20,000
2180:12,900
2177:21,000
2161:17,500
2153:15,424
2111:Latvia
2033:Vilnius
1981:Skrunda
1977:Liepāja
1948:Estonia
1873:Tallinn
1777:Estonia
1761:Siberia
1739:Estonia
1699:in 1945
1591:Gestapo
1446:Porkhov
1384:Estonia
1351:Latvian
1343:pogroms
1331:ghettos
1311:Vilnius
1278:in the
1267:Tallinn
1198:Liepāja
1187:invaded
1159:deposed
1155:Estonia
1037:Estonia
1010:Vilnius
998:Vistula
986:Estonia
982:Finland
931:Baltics
874:in the
803:Estonia
690:Latvian
643:Sąjūdis
467:Estonia
173:Outcome
119:Estonia
85: (
70: (
13739:Pravda
13541:Racism
13480:Maoism
13232:Kosovo
12753:Condor
12429:Pueblo
12415:May 68
12043:Gladio
11961:Tuapse
11624:Jungle
11616:Priboi
11158:
11148:Latvia
11145:
11132:
10994:Places
10980:Ponary
10953:Events
10880:Groups
10627:People
10608:Russia
10603:Poland
10598:Latvia
10076:Crimes
10062:Russia
10057:Poland
10052:Norway
9847:Jägala
9842:Klooga
9678:Crimes
9664:Russia
9659:Poland
9654:Norway
9644:Latvia
9481:Monaco
9410:Norway
9331:Serbia
9301:Greece
9296:France
9274:Exiled
9175:Greece
9170:France
9067:Serbia
9062:Poland
9052:Greece
9033:France
8910:Alsace
8891:German
8843:Warsaw
8833:Lublin
8828:Kraków
8724:Venice
8659:Vienna
8649:Styria
8502:Swabia
8487:Saxony
8387:Berlin
8207:Lützow
7937:Poland
7877:Latvia
7853:Europe
7630:(1951)
7624:(1949)
7618:(1948)
7612:(1941)
7595:(1941)
7589:(1941)
7583:(1940)
7385:, 1955
7276:
7253:
7219:
7198:
7160:
7127:
7094:
7061:
7028:
7007:
6974:
6929:
6893:
6872:
6844:
6813:
6780:
6759:
6740:
6670:
6462:27 May
6228:
6092:
6031:22 May
6002:
5890:years.
5869:
5826:
5799:
5749:
5689:
5654:
5626: (
5575:126075
5573:
5392:
5313:
5244:
5162:
5137:5 June
5046:. 1999
4984:
4942:
4757:
4710:
4617:17 May
4501:
4402:
4360:
4319:
4192:
4182:
4145:
4141:(32).
4109:
3807:
3780:
3727:
3693:
3589:
3551:
3518:
3496:years.
3475:
3432:
3390:
3364:7 June
3198:
3149:
3109:
3067:
3013:
2496:, the
2416:Latvia
2385:, and
2358:8,000
2350:8,468
2320:1,700
2264:3,000
2250:7,000
2236:8,000
2194:3,000
2188:2,000
2174:8,000
2145:9,267
1956:Latvia
1783:(2%).
1781:Latvia
1604:French
1535:, and
1531:, the
1527:, the
1519:. The
1489:Polish
1485:Soviet
1386:(1941)
1315:Kaunas
1239:, and
1151:Latvia
1141:. The
1041:Latvia
1014:Poland
990:Latvia
807:Latvia
489:Latvia
223:on the
201:(1944)
195:(1941)
164:
151:
138:
130:Latvia
127:
116:
14224:Stasi
13691:SAARC
13686:ASEAN
13651:SEATO
13504:Other
13469:Juche
13227:Korea
13140:1990s
12853:1980s
12497:1970s
12120:1960s
11872:1950s
11582:1940s
11563:NEATO
11558:SEATO
11548:ANZUS
11406:Sport
9504:Other
9200:Lokot
9195:Lepel
9185:Italy
9072:Banat
8940:Posen
8838:Radom
8679:Banat
8417:Essen
8224:Komet
7379:. In
7375:, by
7369:(PDF)
6226:JSTOR
6135:(PDF)
6128:(PDF)
5720:(PDF)
5713:(PDF)
5571:JSTOR
5357:(PDF)
5350:(PDF)
5206:(PDF)
5197:. UN
5195:(PDF)
4953:(PDF)
4932:(PDF)
4400:S2CID
4358:S2CID
4018:(PDF)
4007:(PDF)
3543:[
3358:(PDF)
3343:(PDF)
3261:1 May
3194:(2).
2963:Notes
2747:]
2671:1940.
2570:Yalta
2466:]
1608:Poles
1380:Tartu
994:Narev
13764:TASS
13656:METO
13646:NATO
12872:and
12870:1980
12427:USS
11553:METO
11538:NATO
9456:Ural
9210:Nias
9130:Asch
8351:Gaus
7972:Asia
7782:1944
7274:ISBN
7251:ISBN
7235:2020
7217:ISBN
7196:ISBN
7176:2020
7158:ISBN
7143:2020
7125:ISBN
7110:2020
7092:ISBN
7077:2009
7059:ISBN
7044:2020
7026:ISBN
7005:ISBN
6990:2020
6972:ISBN
6945:2015
6927:ISBN
6909:2020
6891:ISBN
6870:ISBN
6842:ISBN
6829:2020
6811:ISBN
6796:2020
6778:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6738:ISBN
6686:2017
6668:ISBN
6592:2007
6566:2007
6464:2009
6418:help
6375:help
6306:2022
6108:2015
6090:ISBN
6033:2011
6000:ISBN
5885:2020
5867:ISBN
5842:2020
5824:ISBN
5797:ISBN
5747:ISBN
5728:2013
5687:ISBN
5652:ISBN
5632:Text
5608:2007
5516:2009
5486:2007
5455:2006
5408:2020
5390:ISBN
5365:2009
5329:2020
5311:ISBN
5290:2022
5260:2015
5242:ISBN
5214:2011
5178:2015
5160:ISBN
5139:2009
5109:2011
5078:2021
5052:2024
5026:2023
5000:2020
4982:ISBN
4961:2023
4940:ISBN
4936:Riga
4755:ISBN
4708:ISBN
4619:2020
4517:2019
4499:ISBN
4416:2008
4374:2008
4317:ISBN
4190:OCLC
4180:ISBN
4159:2013
4143:ISSN
4107:ISBN
4056:link
3897:2022
3805:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3725:ISBN
3691:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3516:ISBN
3491:2020
3473:ISBN
3448:2020
3430:ISBN
3388:ISBN
3366:2009
3263:2009
3212:2023
3196:ISSN
3147:ISBN
3125:2020
3107:ISBN
3083:2020
3065:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2691:USSR
2653:the
2533:and
2412:Riga
2317:650
2090:NKVD
2075:and
1883:the
1869:Riga
1863:and
1851:The
1665:and
1647:NKVD
1487:and
1405:NKVD
1391:the
1376:NKVD
1353:and
1319:Riga
1317:and
1307:Jews
1265:and
1263:Riga
1181:of "
1173:and
1165:and
1000:and
988:and
972:and
934:the
890:and
809:and
793:The
181:and
65:Date
14219:KGB
14214:MVD
14199:MI6
14194:MI5
14189:CIA
13661:EEC
6637:hdl
6541:CoE
6082:doi
5992:doi
5563:doi
5504:BBC
5439:doi
5019:ERR
4751:112
4392:doi
4350:doi
4309:doi
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