1952:
20:
1284:—"You have to recognize that the terms of that agreement said those boundaries have to be maintained peacefully. In other words, the Helsinki accords ruled out military action to change those borders. Now as long as those borders were re-defined peacefully, that was okay under the Helsinki Accords. Well what happened when you had the human rights provisions, and the dissidents rose up against their dictators, they changed those borders the Baltic nations and even Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, they took advantage of the human rights provision, to re-define what the borders meant."
578:. On 12 January 1949 the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree "on the expulsion and deportation" from Baltic states of "all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists", and others. Ten percent of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to labor camps. After World War II, as part of the goal to more fully integrate Baltic countries into the Soviet Union, mass deportations were concluded in the Baltic countries and the policy of encouraging Soviet immigration to the Baltic states continued.
1698:
677:
gained majority in the
Supreme Councils in 1990 democratic elections. The Councils declared their intention to restore full independence. Soviet political and military forces tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the governments. In 1991, Baltic countries claimed de facto independence. International recognition, including that of the USSR, followed. The United States, which had never recognized forcible annexation of the Baltic countries by the USSR, resumed full diplomatic relations with the republics.
638:
under which they will live, the restoration of sovereign rights and self-government to those peoples who have been forcibly deprived of them by the aggressor nations." The Yalta declaration further states that "to foster the conditions in which the liberated peoples may exercise these rights, the three governments will join ... among others to facilitate where necessary the holding of free elections."
748:
The Putin administration has stubbornly refused to admit the fact of Soviet occupation of Latvia, Lithuania and
Estonia following World War II, although Putin has acknowledged that in 1989, during Gorbachev's reign, the Soviet parliament officially denounced the Molotov-Rippentrop Pact of 1939, which
364:
The
Convention for the Definition of Aggression Article II then states that "no political, military, economic or other considerations may serve as an excuse or justification for the aggression referred to in Article II." And while the annex to Article III lists conceivable reasons for intervention in
250:
The contracting parties undertook to refrain from acts of aggression against one another, and from any acts of violence directed against the territorial integrity and inviolability or the political independence of the other contracting party. Furthermore, they agreed to submit all disputes regardless
523:
which affirmed, among other things, the "desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned" and to "respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and
164:
published in its 25 December 1918 issue that "Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania are directly on the road from Russia to Western Europe and therefore a hindrance to our revolutions. ... This separating wall has to be destroyed." Bolshevist Russia, however, did not gain control of the Baltics and in 1920
680:
Five decades of almost unbroken Soviet occupation of the Baltic states of
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ended in 1991. The sovereignties of the countries were restored, accelerating to the eventual break-up of the Soviet Union later that year after the three states had seceded. Subsequently, Russia
676:
In July 1989, following the dramatic events in East
Germany, the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic countries adopted a "Declaration of Sovereignties" and amended the Constitutions to assert the supremacy of their own laws over those of the USSR. Candidates from the pro-independence party Popular Fronts
637:
The Soviet Union signed the Yalta
Declaration on Liberated Europe of 4-11 February 1945, in which Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt jointly declare for the reestablishment of order in Europe according to the principle of the Atlantic Charter "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government
558:
declaring for the reestablishment of order in Europe according to the principle of the
Atlantic Charter "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live, the restoration of sovereign rights and self-government to those peoples who have been forcibly deprived of
438:
which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them. These pacts affirmed the sovereign rights of the Baltic states. For example, the Pact of Mutual
Assistance with Latvia (signed on 5 October 1939) declares: "The enforcement of the present Pact may in no way impair the sovereign rights of
586:
of 1975 which committed its parties to respecting the established frontiers—avoiding use of the term "borders"—of postwar Europe. Countries such as the United States continued to maintain nonrecognition of the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states. In retrospect, the Baltic states' eventual
359:
Fifth—support accorded armed bands which are organized on its territory and which shall have invaded the territory of another State; or refusal, in spite of the demand of the invaded State, to take on its own territory all steps in its power to deprive the bandits aforesaid of all aid or
127:. In July 1989, following the dramatic events in East Germany, the Supreme Soviets of the Baltic countries stated their intention to restore full independence. In 1991, the Baltic countries reclaimed independence and restored their sovereignty upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
469:. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requested admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union.
559:
them by the aggressor nations." The Yalta declaration further states that "to foster the conditions in which the liberated peoples may exercise these rights, the three governments will join ... among others to facilitate where necessary the holding of free elections."
76:, which included secret protocols dividing eastern Europe into "spheres of influence", with Latvia and Estonia falling within the Soviets' sphere. A later amendment to the secret protocols placed Lithuania within the Soviets' sphere. In June 1940, the Soviet Union
365:
a neighboring state, it also stipulates that "the High
Contracting Parties further agree to recognize that the present convention "can never legitimate any violations of International Law that may be implied in the circumstances comprised in the above list."
581:
The majority of States refused to recognize the Soviet incorporation of the Baltic states. Hopes on the part of the Baltic states for any active intervention on their behalf were quashed when the United States, European states and Soviet Union signed the
1422:
See, for instance, position expressed by European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues."
325:
With this confirmation of adherence to these protocols (while not yet having ratified the Pact) and associated filings of instruments of adherence to the Pact, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the USSR (listed as Russia) became signatories to the
758:
Russian officials persistently claim that the Baltic states entered the USSR voluntarily and legally at the close of World War II and failed to acknowledge that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were under Soviet occupation for fifty
609:"Third, they respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. ..."
641:
Finally, the Soviet Union signed the Charter of the United Nations on 24 October 1945, which in Article I Part 2 states that one of the "purposes of the United Nations is to develop friendly relations among nations based on
342:
by the USSR and among others, Baltic countries. Article II defines forms of aggression "There shall be recognized as an aggressor that State which shall be the first to have committed one of the following actions:
617:
We have not and cannot have any such war aims as the seizure of foreign territories and the subjugation of foreign peoples whether it be peoples and territories of Europe or the peoples and territories of
1454:
696:
in 1989, the USSR condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself. However, the USSR never formally acknowledged its presence in the Baltics as an occupation, and considered the
508:
hoped that the Germans would reestablish Baltic independence. Such political hopes soon evaporated and Baltic cooperation became less forthright or ceased altogether. From 1941 to 1944, following
1342:
620: We have not and cannot have such war aims as the imposition of our will and regime on the Slavs and other enslaved peoples of Europe who are awaiting our aid.
61:. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Soviet Union and all three Baltic States further signed non-aggression treaties. The Soviet Union also confirmed that it would adhere to the
1686:
685:
troops withdrew from the Baltic States in August 1994. Russia officially ended its military presence in the Baltics in August 1998 following the decommissioning of the
1664:
681:
started to withdraw its troops from all three Baltic states. Lithuania was the first to have the Russian troops withdrawn from its territory in August 1993. The last
689:
radar station in Latvia, which was the last active Russian military radar in the Baltics. The last Russian troops withdrew from the station the following year.
306:. Following this adoption, the Soviet Union signed a protocol confirming adherence to the terms of the Pact with its neighbors: Estonia, Latvia, Poland, and
65:
with regard to its neighbors, including Estonia and Latvia, and entered into a convention defining "aggression" that included all three Baltic countries.
1679:
587:
reestablishment of their independence and borders has been interpreted as vindicating the Accords, which supported human rights and self-determination.
1885:
1479:
353:
Third—attack by its land, sea or air forces, even without declaration of war upon the territory, on the vessels or flying machines of another State.
419:
would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned majority of Lithuania to the USSR.
671:
1951:
1811:
1672:
487:
478:
97:
951:
782:
1443:"After the German occupation in 1941-44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991."
314:). Lithuania declared its adherence to the pact and protocol soon thereafter, on 5 April 1929. In signing, the contracting parties agreed:
157:
42:
439:
the Contracting Parties, more especially with regard to their political structure, economic and social systems, and military measures."
2077:
1982:
1694:
1642:
905:
Arts. I and IV of the Non-Aggression Treaties with Latvia and Estonia, and Arts. III and V of the Non-Aggression Treaty with Lithuania.
622: Our aid consists in assisting these peoples in their struggle for liberation from Hitler's tyranny, and then
236:
Subsequently, at the initiative of the Soviet Union, additional non-aggression treaties were concluded with all three Baltic States:
1504:
2098:
2040:
1785:
716:
and state officials maintain that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate. A distinction was often drawn between
2133:
2113:
1890:
1739:
935:
1646:
1157:
Estonia: Identity and Independence: Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse on Page 246.
606:"Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;
1836:
1749:
175:
624:
setting them free to rule on their own lands as they desire. No intervention whatever in the internal affairs of other nations
2123:
2118:
2103:
2067:
1912:
1702:
1622:
1528:
1256:
1061:
2128:
2108:
1841:
1200:; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis & Kramer, Mark (1999).
705:
575:
81:
338:
On 3 July 1933, for the first time in history, aggression was defined in a binding treaty signed at the Soviet Embassy in
1987:
1897:
1831:
1826:
1641:. In: Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe, 1914-1945 (Bristol: e-International Relations, 2019), pp. 43–75.
221:
1933:
1902:
1872:
1862:
1780:
1754:
697:
567:
217:
182:
85:
2035:
1977:
1907:
1877:
1846:
1770:
1744:
1734:
1604:
1582:
1554:
1375:
1359:
1217:
1182:
1162:
1146:
1141:
The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Postcommunist States and Nations) David J. Smith from Front Matter
1031:
1004:
701:
571:
89:
997:
Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy
1928:
1816:
1806:
458:
1821:
1775:
1270:
659:
533:
448:
378:
200:" all sovereign rights over these three peoples and territories which formerly belonged to Russia. In 1922, the
189:
77:
1450:
709:
663:
631:
136:
613:
Most importantly, Stalin personally reaffirmed the principles of the Atlantic Charter on 6 November 1941:
1483:
388:
374:
140:
73:
1281:
2072:
729:
563:
513:
153:
108:
101:
845:
Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917-1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State
2057:
144:
1466:
1132:
Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conference at Malta and Yalta, Washington, 1955, p. 977.
350:
Second—invasion by armed forces of the territory of another State even without a declaration of war.
1209:
318:
to condemn war as a recourse to solving conflict and to renounce it as an instrument of policy, and
251:
of origin which could not be settled diplomatically to a formal conciliation in a joint committee.
1203:
779:
551:
62:
299:
1544:
1518:
1246:
599:
of 14 August 1941, by resolution, signed in London on 24 September 1941. Resolution affirmed:
19:
2062:
1801:
1426:
279:
1293:
B. Meissner, Die Sowjetunion, die Baltischen Staaten und das Volkerrecht, 1956, pp. 119-120.
2025:
2020:
1271:
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics :: Foreign policy - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1108:
B. Meissner, Die Sowjetunion, die Baltischen Staaten und das Volkerrecht, 1956, pp. 119-120
1072:
509:
492:
482:
400:
93:
156:. After the Baltic states proclaimed independence following the signing of the Armistice,
8:
834:
the Peace Treaty with Estonia and Latvia, para. 2., Peace Treaty with Lithuania, para. 1.
655:
327:
260:
213:
1406:
713:
667:
311:
307:
932:
466:
2015:
1618:
1600:
1578:
1550:
1524:
1371:
1355:
1252:
1213:
1197:
1178:
1158:
1142:
1057:
1027:
1000:
104:
until 1944. In 1944, the Soviet Union liberated the Baltic states from Nazi Germany.
1654:
2030:
1398:
1232:
981:
749:
led to the forcible incorporation of the three Baltic states into the Soviet Union.
596:
583:
555:
520:
462:
454:
291:
209:
24:
1482:. Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in Copenhagen. 21 October 1999. Archived from
130:
1965:
956:
939:
786:
392:
295:
271:
1320:
524:
self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. ..."
1389:
545:
396:
303:
1175:
The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence
856:
Prof. Dr. G. von Rauch "Die Baltischen Staaten und Sowjetrussland 1919-1939",
2092:
1120:
Louis L. Snyder, Fifty Major Documents of the Twentieth Century, 1955, p. 92.
283:
267:
112:
36:
1593:
634:
of 1 January 1942, which again confirmed adherence to the Atlantic Charter.
1715:
1697:
644:
respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples
541:
384:
225:
201:
69:
58:
115:
governments did not recognise the Soviet annexations of the Baltic states
1655:
Magnus Ilmjärv, "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Eastern Pact Project"
693:
537:
497:
287:
205:
1649:
The Soviet Union, Lithuania and the Establishment of the Baltic Entente
149:
57:—several peace treaties were signed with Russia and its successor, the
1573:
Smith, David James; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002),
1410:
1387:
Saburova, Irina (1955), "The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States",
686:
603:"First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
505:
431:
416:
46:
870:
Recueil des traités conclus par la Lithuanie avec les pays étrangers
1639:
Moscow and the Baltic States: Experience of Relationship, 1917–1939
1402:
811:
Recueil de traités conclus par la Lithuanie avec les pays étrangers
724:
501:
161:
123:
453:
In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the
333:
321:
that all conflicts and disputes be settled only by peaceful means.
107:
The territories of Baltic states remained under Soviet control as
718:
590:
423:
408:
404:
275:
117:
54:
28:
562:
After the Soviet re-invasion, the Baltic countries remained the
682:
427:
412:
339:
131:
Russian Revolution and treaties affecting USSR–Baltic relations
50:
1480:"Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station"
1116:
1114:
780:
http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/ch2.html
16:
International relations between Baltic states and Soviet Union
1128:
1126:
550:
The Soviet Union reoccupied the Baltic states as part of the
488:
Germany invaded and occupied the territories of Baltic states
472:
368:
356:
Fourth—a naval blockade of coasts or ports of another State.
1427:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"
1111:
1043:
League of Nations Treaties Series No. 4656/39, pp. 385-387.
391:, which contained a secret protocol dividing the states of
1306:(Washington, D.C.: 1943), p. 17 as quoted in Karski, Jan.
1123:
254:
692:
In the reassessment of Soviet history that began during
527:
442:
23:
Monument of Lithuanian victims of Soviet occupation in
1572:
1096:
649:
330:
itself the day it came into effect, on 24 Jul 1929.
1424:
1370:The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor
1592:
789:at University of Kansas, retrieved 23 January 2008
264:renouncing war as an instrument of national policy
2090:
1575:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
1505:The Forty-Third Session of the UN Sub-Commission
1026:, Rowman & Littlefield, Landham, Md, 2008,
969:League of Nations Treaty Series, 1934, No. 3391.
923:League of Nations Treaty Series, 1928, No. 2137.
914:League of Nations Treaty Series, 1929, No. 2028.
512:, the Baltic countries were a part of Germany's
196:In these treaties, Bolshevist Russia renounced "
165:concluded peace treaties with all three states.
1248:Recognition of Governments in International Law
672:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
519:In September 1941, the Soviet Union joined the
334:The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
1498:
1348:
1090:
591:Treaties the USSR signed between 1940 and 1945
479:Occupation of Baltic republics by Nazi Germany
1680:
1193:
1191:
630:Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union signed the
434:were given no choice but to sign a so-called
1431:Official Journal of the European Communities
1343:Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
728:recognition of the states' status as either
457:, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in
347:First—a declaration of war on another State.
100:, subsequently administered under Germany's
1549:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 109,
1078:
1054:Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
983:Text of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
766:
121:, though some countries did recognize them
1964:
1687:
1673:
1282:Interview with Gerald Ford, August 4, 1997
1188:
1037:
473:1941–1944 German invasions and occupations
369:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and 1939 ultimatum
231:
1590:
1084:
977:
975:
1542:
1386:
1251:, Oxford University Press, p. 103,
1009:
989:
554:. In 1945, the Soviet Union signed the
383:On 24 August 1939, the Soviet Union and
18:
1714:
1523:, Penn State Press, pp. 258, 259,
1425:European Parliament (13 January 1983),
1228:
1226:
255:Kellogg-Briand Pact and Litvinov's Pact
2091:
1612:
1244:
1238:
1167:
972:
2004:
1963:
1713:
1703:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
1668:
1516:
884:, 1934, No. 3408, pp. 123–125 and 127
528:1944 Soviet invasions and occupations
443:1940 Soviet invasions and annexations
436:Pact of defence and mutual assistance
1520:Inside The Soviet Alternate Universe
1223:
1056:, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007
1046:
872:, Vol. I, Kaunas, 1930, pp. 429–435.
576:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
415:were assigned to the Soviet sphere.
98:Germany invaded the Baltic countries
82:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
34:Relevant events began regarding the
222:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
80:and annexed those countries as the
45:'s conflict with the Baltic states—
13:
1397:(1), Blackwell Publishing: 36–49,
813:, Vol. I, Kaunas, 1930, pp. 30-45.
708:Soviet Socialist Republics as its
568:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
86:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
14:
2145:
1631:
1615:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
1024:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
650:Independence of the Baltic states
572:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
168:
90:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
1950:
1696:
1637:Oleg Ken and Alexander Rupasov,
1566:
1322:Russia and Estonia agree borders
882:League of Nations Treaty Series
847:Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106
2099:Occupation of the Baltic states
1661:, vol. 10(2006) pp. 69–120
1595:Estonia: Return to Independence
1536:
1510:
1472:
1460:
1437:
1416:
1380:
1364:
1336:
1313:
1296:
1287:
1275:
1264:
1177:, Yale University Press, 1993,
1151:
1135:
1102:
1073:Baltic states German occupation
1066:
963:
945:
926:
917:
908:
899:
894:League of Nations Treaty Series
887:
825:, 1920–21, No. 67, pp. 213–231.
823:League of Nations Treaty Series
799:League of Nations Treaty Series
752:
742:
660:dissolution of the Soviet Union
534:Occupation of the Baltic states
449:Occupation of the Baltic states
379:Occupation of the Baltic states
240:Lithuania, on 28 September 1926
2114:Political history of Lithuania
1451:European Court of Human Rights
875:
863:
850:
837:
828:
816:
804:
792:
773:
310:on 9 February 1929. (See also
183:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
68:In 1939, the Soviet Union and
1:
2005:
664:January 1991 events in Latvia
632:Declaration by United Nations
2119:Politics of the Soviet Union
2104:Political history of Estonia
1617:, Rowman & Littlefield,
1354:The World Book Encyclopedia
1206:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
595:The Soviet Union joined the
160:invaded at the end of 1918.
137:Estonian War of Independence
78:invaded the Baltic countries
7:
2109:Political history of Latvia
1659:Acta Historica Tallinnensia
1453: 17 January 2006),
1446:Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia
1308:The Great Powers and Poland
422:Bowing to Soviet pressure,
141:Latvian War of Independence
111:until 1991. A majority of
10:
2150:
2134:Lithuania–Russia relations
1075:at Encyclopædia Britannica
896:, Vol. CXXXI, pp. 297–307.
730:Soviet Socialist Republics
653:
564:Soviet Socialist Republics
531:
476:
446:
372:
243:Latvia, on 5 February 1932
220:as republics creating the
154:Russian Revolution of 1917
134:
109:Soviet Socialist Republics
2053:
2011:
2000:
1973:
1959:
1948:
1921:
1855:
1794:
1763:
1727:
1723:
1709:
1543:Bugajski, Janusz (2004),
1310:, 1919-1945, 1985, on 418
1302:Embassy of the U.S.S.R.,
1235:at US Department of State
999:, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002,
986:, executed 23 August 1939
732:or independent entities.
455:German invasion of France
152:took power following the
2124:Estonia–Russia relations
1613:Wettig, Gerhard (2008),
1591:Taagepera, Rein (1993),
1467:Baltic Military District
1210:Harvard University Press
767:Citations and references
735:
552:Baltic Offensive in 1944
399:into German and Soviet "
2129:Latvia–Russia relations
1886:Weimar and Nazi Germany
1325:, BBC News, 18 May 2005
1245:Talmon, Stefan (2001),
1233:Background Note: Latvia
1204:Black Book of Communism
496:. At the beginning the
389:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact
375:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
232:Non-aggression treaties
74:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2073:Occupations by country
628:
259:On 27 August 1928 the
246:Estonia, on 4 May 1932
92:. In 1941, as part of
31:
801:, Vol. XI, pp. 29–71.
710:constituent republics
654:Further information:
615:
532:Further information:
477:Further information:
447:Further information:
373:Further information:
304:Czechoslovak Republic
145:Lithuanian–Soviet War
135:Further information:
22:
2026:Common European Home
2021:Peaceful coexistence
1517:Combs, Dick (2008),
1345:at UK Foreign Office
1304:Soviet War Documents
1052:Senn, Alfred Erich,
952:"Aggression Defined"
858:Europa Archiv No. 17
510:Operation Barbarossa
493:Operation Barbarossa
483:Operation Barbarossa
401:spheres of influence
94:Operation Barbarossa
39:and the Soviet Union
1486:on 29 February 2012
995:Christie, Kenneth,
933:Kellogg-Briand Pact
656:Revolutions of 1989
328:Kellogg-Briand Pact
266:was adopted by the
261:Kellogg-Briand Pact
214:Transcaucasian SFSR
162:Известия (Izvestia)
63:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1599:, Westview Press,
1469:globalsecurity.org
1185:, page 61 & 94
942:at Yale University
938:2007-07-03 at the
785:2010-12-01 at the
714:Russian government
668:Singing Revolution
178:on 2 February 1920
32:
2086:
2085:
2049:
2048:
2016:Brezhnev Doctrine
1996:
1995:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1624:978-0-7425-5542-6
1530:978-0-271-03355-6
1507:at Google Scholar
1258:978-0-19-826573-3
1198:Stephane Courtois
1097:Smith et al. 2002
1062:978-90-420-2225-6
1022:Wettig, Gerhard,
556:Yalta Declaration
218:officially merged
192:on 11 August 1920
158:Bolshevist Russia
43:Bolshevist Russia
2141:
2078:Foreign ministry
2031:Sinatra Doctrine
2002:
2001:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1701:
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1966:Multilateral
1891:East Germany
1867:
1740:Burkina Faso
1658:
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1484:the original
1474:
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385:Nazi Germany
382:
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360:protection."
337:
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258:
249:
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226:Soviet Union
202:Russian SFSR
198:for eternity
197:
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72:entered the
70:Nazi Germany
67:
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2041:Occupations
1868:The Baltics
1837:Philippines
1750:Ivory Coast
694:perestroika
538:Latvian SSR
498:Lithuanians
387:signed the
206:Ukraine SSR
181:Lithuania,
2093:Categories
1913:Yugoslavia
1546:Cold peace
706:Lithuanian
302:, and the
150:Bolsheviks
2058:Diplomats
2006:Diplomacy
1968:relations
1842:Sri Lanka
1718:relations
1716:Bilateral
1433:, C 42/78
687:Skrunda-1
506:Estonians
459:Lithuania
432:Lithuania
417:Lithuania
174:Estonia,
47:Lithuania
2068:Treaties
1898:Holy See
1882:Germany
1832:Pakistan
1827:Malaysia
1764:Americas
1329:29 April
936:Archived
783:Archived
725:de facto
698:Estonian
618:Asia....
574:and the
502:Latvians
393:Northern
188:Latvia,
124:de facto
1983:Comecon
1934:Vanuatu
1922:Oceania
1903:Hungary
1873:Denmark
1863:Austria
1781:Grenada
1755:Liberia
1490:15 June
719:de jure
712:. The
702:Latvian
683:Russian
566:of the
514:Ostland
463:Estonia
424:Estonia
409:Estonia
405:Finland
308:Romania
276:Belgium
272:Germany
118:de jure
102:Ostland
55:Estonia
29:Vilnius
1978:Africa
1908:Norway
1878:France
1856:Europe
1847:Turkey
1812:Israel
1771:Canada
1745:Guinea
1735:Angola
1728:Africa
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413:Latvia
340:London
300:Poland
280:France
143:, and
51:Latvia
2063:Spies
1929:Tonga
1817:Japan
1807:India
1802:China
1407:JSTOR
736:Notes
296:Japan
292:Italy
288:India
224:, or
216:were
1822:Laos
1795:Asia
1776:Cuba
1619:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1492:2013
1455:Text
1372:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1331:2009
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1202:The
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