27:
357:
trick." She demands a re-thinking of objectivity in such a way that, while still striving for "faithful accounts of the real world," we must also acknowledge our perspective within the world. She calls this new kind of knowledge-making "situated knowledges." Objectivity, she argues, "turns out to be about particular and specific embodiment and ... not about the false vision promising transcendence of all limits and responsibility". This new objectivity, "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see."
156:'Let nature speak for itself' became the watchword of a new brand of scientific objectivity." It was at this time that idealized representations of nature, which were previously seen as a virtue, were now seen as a vice. Scientists began to see it as their duty to actively restrain themselves from imposing their own projections onto nature. The aim was to liberate representations of nature from subjective, human interference and in order to achieve this
313:
variations to the theory and sympathetic interpretation of the data, supporting scientists will resolve the apparent conundrum. In extreme cases, they may ignore the data altogether. Thus, the failure of a scientific paradigm will go into crisis when a significant portion of scientists working in the
144:
and scientific atlas-makers, and involved active attempts to eliminate any idiosyncrasies in their representations of nature in order to create images thought best to represent "what truly is". Judgment and skill were deemed necessary in order to determine the "typical", "characteristic", "ideal", or
167:
supplemented mechanical objectivity as scientists began to recognize that, in order for images or data to be of any use, scientists needed to be able to see scientifically; that is, to interpret images or data and identify and group them according to particular professional training, rather than to
356:
argues that objectivity in science and philosophy is traditionally understood as a kind of disembodied and transcendent "conquering gaze from nowhere." She argues that this kind of objectivity, in which the subject is split apart and distanced from the object, is an impossible "illusion, a god
348:
237:, but it is unknown how much fraud goes undiscovered. For important results, other groups will try to repeat the experiment. If they consistently fail, they will bring these negative results into the scientific debate.
285:
raised some philosophical objections to claims of the possibility of scientific understanding being truly objective. In Kuhn's analysis, scientists in different disciplines organise themselves into
309:'s philosophical theory of falsificationism would have them do. Instead they have gone to considerable lengths to resolve the apparent conflict without rejecting the paradigm. Through
231:
Next to unintentional and systematic error, there is always the possibility of deliberate misrepresentation of scientific results, whether for gain, fame, or ideological motives.
547:
168:
simply depict them mechanically. Since the latter half of the nineteenth century, objectivity has come to involve a combination of trained judgment and mechanical objectivity.
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field lose confidence in it. The corollary of this observation is that a paradigm is contingent on the social order amongst scientists at the time it gains ascendancy.
227:, and other meetings where scientific results are presented, are part of a social process whose purpose is to strengthen the objective aspect of the scientific method.
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trials. However, objectivity in measurement can be unobtainable in certain circumstances. Even the most quantitative social sciences such as
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145:"average". In practicing, truth-to-nature naturalists did not seek to depict exactly what was seen; rather, they sought a reasoned image.
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of the world. Such demonstrable knowledge has ordinarily conferred demonstrable powers of prediction or technology.
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within which scientific research is done, junior scientists are educated, and scientific problems are determined.
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73:. To be considered objective, the results of measurement must be communicated from person to person, and then
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History of
Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation
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1182:
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998:
598:
Sokal, Alan; Bricmont, Jean (1999). "Intermezzo: Epistemic
Relativism in The Philosophy of Science".
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In the latter half of the nineteenth-century, objectivity in science was born when a new practice of
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and his followers, and continued into later eras. In the early eighteenth century, there existed an
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636:"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective"
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began using self-registering instruments, cameras, wax molds, and other technological devices.
16:
This article is about the concept of objectivity as it is used in science. For other uses, see
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Situated
Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective
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Based on a historical review of the development of certain scientific theories in his book,
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When such cases of scientific fraud come to light, they usually give rise to an
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773:(2001). Objectivity, History of. IN: Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B. (eds.)
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employ measures that are constructs (conventions, to employ the term coined by
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Another methodological aspect is the avoidance of bias, which can involve
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Trust in
Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life
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International
Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
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Fashionable
Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science
1194:
789:
Science, Society, and Values: Toward a
Sociology of Objectivity
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49:, emotions, and false beliefs, while focusing mainly on proven
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When observational data arises which appears to contradict or
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Kuhn's theory has been criticised by scientists such as
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Personal knowledge, towards a post-critical philosophy
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246:A critical argument on scientific objectivity and
100:appears to be the norm for the attraction between
795:Reiss, Julian; Sprenger, Jan (6 November 2017) .
555:, The University of Chicago Press, archived from
443:
441:
439:
437:
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448:Daston, Lorraine; Galison, Peter (Autumn 1992).
1359:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
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65:. It is thus intimately related to the aim of
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721:. University of Chicago Press, 3rd Ed., 1996.
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171:
128:, rose to popularity with the discoveries of
1738:
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733:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
264:presented was centered in such recognition.
140:. This ideal was practiced by Enlightenment
758:: Postmodern philosophers' abuse of science
485:
286:
96:of a hypothesis to the whole. For example,
855:
841:
1262:Relationship between religion and science
522:. Springer Science & Business Media.
403:Daston, Lorraine; Galison, Peter (2010).
136:virtue in science which has been called
41:refers to attempts to do higher quality
25:
1583:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
719:The structure of scientific revolutions
579:
549:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
278:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
270:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1773:
938:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
541:
539:
516:Gach, John; Wallace, Edwin R. (2010).
219:Various scientific processes, such as
77:for third parties, as an advance in a
1310:
836:
489:The Essential Guide to Doing Research
98:Newton's law of universal gravitation
545:
250:is that all science has a degree of
208:The role of the scientific community
806:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
536:
342:Knowledge § Situated knowledge
242:Critiques of scientific objectivity
13:
1215:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
764:
14:
1792:
1543:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1527:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
1383:The Course in Positive Philosophy
777:. Oxford. (pp. 10785–10789).
254:. In the 1920s, Percy Bridgman's
23:Type of attempt to uncover truths
813:: The Metaphysics Research Lab.
1535:History and Class Consciousness
92:, sometimes exacerbated by the
1399:Critical History of Philosophy
862:
634:Haraway, Donna (Autumn 1988).
591:
573:
1:
1607:Knowledge and Human Interests
943:Rankean historical positivism
784:. Princeton University Press.
372:
329:view of scientific progress.
1725:
1391:A General View of Positivism
780:Porter, Theodore M. (1995).
486:O'Leary, Zina (2004-06-09).
88:is contrasted with personal
18:Objectivity (disambiguation)
7:
1591:Conjectures and Refutations
1423:The Logic of Modern Physics
1240:Deductive-nomological model
360:
257:The Logic of Modern Physics
10:
1797:
1551:The Poverty of Historicism
1447:The Universe in a Nutshell
1431:Language, Truth, and Logic
1415:The Analysis of Sensations
791:. Lehigh University Press.
695:
450:"The Image of Objectivity"
339:
281:, scientist and historian
211:
172:Objectivity in measurement
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15:
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1631:The Rhetoric of Economics
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163:In the twentieth century
86:philosophical objectivity
1567:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1284:Structural functionalism
1210:Naturalism in literature
809:(Winter 2017 ed.).
797:"Scientific Objectivity"
760:. London: Profile Books.
546:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1962),
367:Objectivity (philosophy)
79:collective understanding
57:. It is often linked to
45:by eliminating personal
1694:Willard Van Orman Quine
1407:Idealism and Positivism
999:Critique of metaphysics
933:Sociological positivism
756:Intellectual Impostures
1739:
1708:Concepts in contention
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1220:Objectivity in science
1118:Non-Euclidean geometry
1084:Methodological dualism
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787:Restivo, Sal. (20XX).
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225:scientific conferences
150:mechanical objectivity
30:
1781:Philosophy of science
1615:The Poverty of Theory
1235:Philosophy of science
1124:Uncertainty principle
492:. SAGE Publications.
340:Further information:
223:, the discussions at
214:Scientific misconduct
29:
1623:The Scientific Image
1294:Structuration theory
1257:Qualitative research
1158:Criticism of science
1153:Critical rationalism
1089:Problem of induction
743:. London: Routledge.
106:theory of relativity
1599:One-Dimensional Man
1047:Geisteswissenschaft
1030:Confirmation holism
811:Stanford University
335:Situated Knowledges
303:scientific paradigm
1674:Hans-Georg Gadamer
1475:Alexander Bogdanov
1351:Positivismusstreit
1146:Post-behavioralism
1110:history of science
962:Principal concepts
918:Logical positivism
707:A Devil's Chaplain
562:on 20 October 2014
120:was argued for by
94:overgeneralization
31:
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1649:Theodor W. Adorno
1465:Richard Avenarius
1341:Werturteilsstreit
1302:
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1250:Sense-data theory
948:Polish positivism
923:Positivist school
730:Science in Action
709:: Selected essays
585:"Hall Of Mirrors"
118:scientific method
63:scientific method
1788:
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1654:Gaston Bachelard
1575:Truth and Method
1559:World Hypotheses
1439:The Two Cultures
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1004:Unity of science
913:Legal positivism
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801:Zalta, Edward N.
737:Polanyi, Michael
702:Dawkins, Richard
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673:. Archived from
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333:Donna Haraway's
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165:trained judgment
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1200:Instrumentalism
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457:Representations
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138:truth-to-nature
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84:The problem of
71:reproducibility
61:as part of the
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409:. Zone Books.
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268:Thomas Kuhn's
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262:operationalism
252:interpretivism
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212:Main article:
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178:cognitive bias
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1163:Epistemology
1094:Reflectivism
1054:Hermeneutics
906:Declinations
882:Antihumanism
875:Perspectives
822:. Retrieved
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715:Kuhn, Thomas
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675:the original
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421:the original
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130:Isaac Newton
124:philosopher
115:
90:subjectivity
83:
75:demonstrated
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32:
1720:Objectivity
1689:Karl Popper
1679:Thomas Kuhn
1659:Mario Bunge
1410:(1879–1884)
1345:(1909–1959)
1079:Metaphysics
1059:Historicism
974:Demarcation
969:Consilience
892:Rationalism
747:Sokal, Alan
604:Picador USA
566:14 November
406:Objectivity
307:Karl Popper
283:Thomas Kuhn
142:naturalists
67:testability
59:observation
39:objectivity
1500:Ernst Mach
1495:Ernst Laas
1470:A. J. Ayer
1458:Proponents
1277:Philosophy
1074:Humanities
1018:Antitheses
887:Empiricism
864:Positivism
711:. Phoenix.
684:2015-07-23
613:0312204078
427:2015-07-23
373:References
327:relativist
323:Alan Sokal
248:positivism
158:scientists
152:appeared.
1741:Verstehen
1727:Phronesis
1715:Knowledge
1699:Max Weber
1519:Criticism
1267:Sociology
1205:Modernism
1183:pluralism
1168:anarchism
1064:Historism
984:Induction
897:Scientism
819:1095-5054
292:paradigms
198:economics
134:epistemic
1775:Category
1762:Category
1178:nihilism
1173:idealism
1103:Related
979:Evidence
753:(1999).
739:(1958).
727:(1987).
717:(1962).
704:(2003).
671:39794636
583:(2000).
361:See also
352:(1988),
301:a given
288:de facto
260:and the
55:evidence
43:research
1642:Critics
1367:(1990s)
1361:(1980s)
1355:(1960s)
1335:(1890s)
1188:realism
1120:(1830s)
1108:in the
803:(ed.).
696:Sources
663:3178066
602:. USA:
473:2928741
299:falsify
112:History
35:science
1634:(1986)
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1610:(1968)
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1594:(1963)
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1578:(1960)
1570:(1951)
1562:(1942)
1554:(1936)
1546:(1934)
1538:(1923)
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1450:(2001)
1442:(1959)
1434:(1936)
1426:(1927)
1418:(1886)
1402:(1869)
1394:(1848)
1386:(1830)
1322:Method
1195:Holism
1126:(1927)
824:31 May
817:
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311:ad hoc
47:biases
1734:Truth
799:. In
678:(PDF)
667:S2CID
659:JSTOR
639:(PDF)
560:(PDF)
553:(PDF)
469:JSTOR
453:(PDF)
184:, or
51:facts
826:2018
815:ISSN
608:ISBN
568:2014
524:ISBN
494:ISBN
411:ISBN
321:and
192:and
116:The
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53:and
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461:doi
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