6616:
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785:, it is equally a process of socialization, the individual never being isolated in a self-contained environment, but endlessly engaging in interaction with the surrounding world. Culture is a living totality of the subjectivity of any given society constantly undergoing transformation. Subjectivity is both shaped by it and shapes it in turn, but also by other things like the economy, political institutions, communities, as well as the natural world.
6582:
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441:. Religious beliefs can vary quite extremely from person to person, but people often think that whatever they believe is the truth. Subjectivity as seen by Descartes and Sartre was a matter of what was dependent on consciousness, so, because religious beliefs require the presence of a consciousness that can believe, they must be subjective. This is in contrast to what has been proven by pure
6538:
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102:, though complications regarding the two have been explored in philosophy: for example, the view of particular thinkers that objectivity is an illusion and does not exist at all, or that a spectrum joins subjectivity and objectivity with a gray area in-between, or that the problem of other minds is best viewed through the concept of
793:, which includes how one views and interacts with humanity, objects, consciousness, and nature, so the difference between different cultures brings about an alternate experience of existence that forms life in a different manner. A common effect on an individual of this disjunction between subjectivities is
466:
Others like
Husserl and Sartre followed the phenomenological approach. This approach focused on the distinct separation of the human mind and the physical world, where the mind is subjective because it can take liberties like imagination and self-awareness where religion might be examined regardless
457:
in order to account for differences in human thought. Instead of focusing on the idea of consciousness and self-consciousness shaping the way humans perceive the world, these thinkers would argue that it is instead the world that shapes humans, so they would see religion less as a belief and more as
230:
relativistic account of justice, and argues that justice is mathematical in its conceptual structure, and that ethics was therefore a precise and objective enterprise with impartial standards for truth and correctness, like geometry. The rigorous mathematical treatment Plato gave to moral concepts
452:
Many philosophical arguments within this area of study have to do with moving from subjective thoughts to objective thoughts with many different methods employed to get from one to the other along with a variety of conclusions reached. This is exemplified by
Descartes deductions that move from
50:. The understanding of this distinction has evolved through the work of countless philosophers over the centuries. There are many different definitions that have been employed to compare and contrast subjectivity and objectivity. A general distinction can be extracted from these discussions:
86:). If a claim is true exclusively when considering the claim from the viewpoint of a sentient being, it is subjectively true. For example, one person may consider the weather to be pleasantly warm, and another person may consider the same weather to be too hot; both views are subjective.
788:
Though the boundaries of societies and their cultures are indefinable and arbitrary, the subjectivity inherent in each one is palatable and can be recognized as distinct from others. Subjectivity is in part a particular experience or organization of
467:
of any kind of subjectivity. The philosophical conversation around subjectivity remains one that struggles with the epistemological question of what is real, what is made up, and what it would mean to be separated completely from subjectivity.
763:
depictions of the totality of events unfolded in the past by labeling them as "objective" risks sealing historical understanding. Acknowledging that history is never objective and always incomplete has a meaningful opportunity to support
828:, biases, or external influences. Moral objectivity is the concept of moral or ethical codes being compared to one another through a set of universal facts or a universal perspective and not through differing conflicting perspectives.
185:
in a philosophical sense, meaning an individual who possesses unique conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires, or who (consciously) acts upon or wields power over some other entity (an
803:
is an emerging concept in social sciences and humanities. Political subjectivity is a reference to the deep embeddedness of subjectivity in the socially intertwined systems of power and meaning. "Politicality", writes
604:
physical paper documents– to recover the bygone past, claiming that, as opposed to people's memories, objects remain stable in what they say about the era they witnessed, and therefore represent a better insight into
97:
Both ideas have been given various and ambiguous definitions by differing sources as the distinction is often a given but not the specific focal point of philosophical discourse. The two words are usually regarded as
6622:
768:
efforts. Under said notion, voices that have been silenced are placed on an equal footing to the grand and popular narratives of the world, appreciated for their unique insight of reality through their
354:. The questions surrounding subjectivity have to do with whether or not people can escape the subjectivity of their own human existence and whether or not there is an obligation to try to do so.
449:, which does not depend on the perception of people, and is therefore considered objective. Subjectivity is what relies on personal perception regardless of what is proven or objective.
93:
if it can be confirmed independently of a mind. If a claim is true even when considering it outside the viewpoint of a sentient being, then it is labelled objectively true.
637:
practices, such as the demand for historians from colonized regions to anchor their local narratives to events happening in the territories of their colonizers to earn
641:. All the streams explained above try to uncover whose voice is more or less truth-bearing and how historians can stitch together versions of it to best explain what "
669:
processes (H1) and the narratives that are told about the materiality of socio-historical processes (H2). This distinction hints that H1 would be understood as the
759:, whose voice gets to be included in it –and how– has direct consequences in material socio-historical processes. Thinking of current historical narratives as
2812:
453:
reliance on subjectivity to somewhat of a reliance on God for objectivity. Foucault and
Derrida denied the idea of subjectivity in favor of their ideas of
400:. Sartre believed that, even within the material force of human society, the ego was an essentially transcendent being—posited, for instance, in his opus
2463:
1366:
Leopold von Ranke, “Author’s
Preface,” in History of the Reformation in Germany, trans. Sarah Austin, vii–xi. London: George Rutledge and Sons, 1905.
1384:
Chakrabarty, D. (1992). Postcoloniality and the artifice of history: Who speaks for "Indian" pasts?Representations, (37), 1–26. doi:10.2307/2928652.
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Subjectivity is an inherently social mode that comes about through innumerable interactions within society. As much as subjectivity is a process of
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as a discipline has wrestled with notions of objectivity from its very beginning. While its object of study is commonly thought to be
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hold that observations are useful in predicting objective reality. The concepts that encompass these ideas are important in the
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342:'s work relating to the soul. The idea of subjectivity is often seen as a peripheral to other philosophical concepts, namely
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Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. (1995). Silencing the past : power and the production of history. Boston, Mass. :Beacon Press,
2744:
2433:
1830:
814:, "is not an added aspect of the subject, but indeed the mode of being of the subject, that is, precisely what the subject
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through his arguments about the 'being-for-others' and the 'for-itself' (i.e., an objective and subjective human being).
231:
set the tone for the western tradition of moral objectivism that came after him. His contrasting between objectivity and
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are deemed important to save and which are not, how to classify materials, and how to order them within physical or
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4908:
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2473:
1222:
Strazzoni, Andrea (2015). "Introduction. Subjectivity and
Individuality: Two Strands in Early Modern Philosophy".
311:
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1930:
797:, where the subjectivity of the other culture is considered alien and possibly incomprehensible or even hostile.
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is the reporting of facts and news with minimal personal bias or in an impartial or politically neutral manner.
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applied objectivity to his epistemological and metaphysical philosophies. If reality exists independently of
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One way that subjectivity has been conceptualized by philosophers such as
Kierkegaard is in the context of
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terms, a criticism of subjectivism is that it is difficult to distinguish between knowledge, opinions, and
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302:. Both approaches boast an attempt at objectivity. Plato's definition of objectivity can be found in
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577:, the only thing historians have to work with are different versions of stories based on individual
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wrote about the power dynamics at play in history-making, outlining four possible moments in which
396:, but Sartre embraced and continued Descartes' work in the subject by emphasizing subjectivity in
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The importance of perception in evaluating and understanding objective reality is debated in the
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In
Western philosophy, the idea of subjectivity is thought to have its roots in the works of the
213:
1405:
Silverman, H.J. ed., 2014. Questioning foundations: truth, subjectivity, and culture. Routledge.
175:, philosophical terms that mean, respectively, an observer and a thing being observed. The word
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Bykova, Marina F. (February 2018). "On the
Problem of Subjectivity: Editor's Introduction".
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Meaning, Madness and
Political Subjectivity: A Study of Schizophrenia and Culture in Turkey
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1995:
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La formation de l'esprit scientifique: contribution à une psychanalyse de la connaissance
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709:
492:
314:, where knowledge of the ontological status of objects and ideas is resistant to change.
188:
114:
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1600:
1574:
Subjectivity, Realism, and
Postmodernism: The Recovery of the World in Recent Philosophy
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are relevant to evaluating these concepts' importance and the distinction between them.
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Several history streams developed to devise ways to solve this dilemma: Historians like
109:
The distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is often related to discussions of
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1614:
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emphasized the importance of shifting focus away from the perspectives of influential
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1623:
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1422:
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883:
865:
851:
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606:
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488:
209:
103:
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2010:
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developed the concepts of historicity 1 and 2 to explain the difference between the
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2015:
1985:
1965:
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1375:
Andrea, A. (1991). Mentalities in history. The Historian 53(3), 605–608.
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1183:
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Allen, Amy (2002). "Power, Subjectivity, and Agency: Between Arendt and Foucault".
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386:
335:
218:
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712:(who gets to know how to write, or to have possessions that are later examined as
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Twilight of Subjectivity: Contributions to a Post-Individualist Theory Politics
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Gonzalez Rey, Fernando (June 2019). "Subjectivity in Debate: Some Psychology".
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1589:"On Truth As Subjectivity In Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript"
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1728:. Hackett, 1982. Voices of Wisdom; a multicultural philosophy reader. Kessler
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110:
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The Triumph of Subjectivity: An Introduction to Transcendental Phenomenology
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2020:
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1288:"The Cogito Proposition of Descartes and Characteristics of His Ego Theory"
1247:
Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2005). pp. 834–837
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2076:
1975:
1955:
1945:
1915:
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908:
903:
736:), and (4) the making of history (the retrospective construction of what
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357:
Important thinkers who focused on this area of study include Descartes,
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2976:
2774:
2575:
2540:
2367:
2248:
2228:
1935:
1860:
1257:Žižek, Slavoj (2019-09-23). "The Fall That Makes Us Like God, Part I".
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became the basis for philosophies intent on resolving the questions of
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118:
83:
67:
39:
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425:, which means that it cannot be reduced to a moment in the network of
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1261:. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
790:
756:
755:, personal) informs current perceptions and how we make sense of
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rely on perception as key in observing objective reality, while
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were shaped–, and putting it on the voices of ordinary people.
586:
392:
Subjectivity was rejected by Foucault and Derrida in favor of
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3012:
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2545:
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German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801
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59:
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reality that elapses and is captured with the concept of "
3909:
2408:
Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
1535:
Aesthetics and Subjectivity : From Kant to Nietzsche
1245:
Thomas, Baldwin. "Sartre, Jean-Paul," in Honderich, Ted.
614:
247:. He saw opinions as belonging to the shifting sphere of
1560:
Investigating Subjectivity: Research on Lived Experience
1270:
Cottingham, John. "Descartes, René," in Honderich, Ted.
1453:
Rescher, Nicholas (January 2008). "Moral Objectivity".
1167:
685:
has stitched together to grasp the past. Debates about
629:
streams of history challenge the colonial-postcolonial
596:(19th century) have advocated for the use of extensive
1622:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, 3rd ed.
1116:, "The Republic", 337B, HarperCollins Publishers, 1968
495:
before forming a hypothesis. Partially in response to
2813:
Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness
952:", an existential interpretation of subjectivity by
841:
1576:. Cambridge – New York: Cambridge University Press.
1128:
824:is practicing science while intentionally reducing
1521:The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates
1699:Objectivity: the obligations of impersonal reason
1672:Invariances: the structure of the objective world
1519:; Flanagan, Owen J.; & Gzeldere, Gven (Eds.)
511:, then it would logically include a plurality of
6650:
1544:. Madrid: Ediciones de Arte y Bibliofilia, 1982.
1285:
1421:. Oxford & New York: Routledge. p. 8.
1131:"Shelley and Berkeley: The Platonic Connection"
1081:International Journal of Philosophical Studies
251:, as opposed to a fixed, eternal and knowable
5705:
5057:
2961:
1774:
1711:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991
1681:Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach
421:", where each subject is a point of absolute
334:though it could also stem as far back as the
1275:(Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 201–205.
1056:
515:forms. Objectivity requires a definition of
1124:
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1074:
1072:
811:Meaning, Madness and Political Subjectivity
728:archives), (3) making of narratives (which
5712:
5698:
5064:
5050:
2968:
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1781:
1767:
1537:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1311:
1059:Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour
1009:
1007:
1005:
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1001:
999:
617:–usually politicians around whose actions
6567:Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
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6331:Relationship between religion and science
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2439:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
1295:Bulletin of Aichi University of Education
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298:idealism, on the other hand, holds that
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1619:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
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1025:(Oxford University Press, 2005), p.900.
300:things only exist as they are perceived
14:
6651:
2449:Higher-order theories of consciousness
1319:. University of California, San Diego.
976:
732:are consulted, which voices are given
558:explore whether objectivity relies on
106:, developing since the 20th century.
6679:Concepts in the philosophy of science
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5045:
4707:
3449:
2987:
2949:
2464:Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis
1762:
1716:La théorie kantienne de l'objectivité
1701:. Notre Dame: Notre Dame Press, 1977.
1558:Ellis, C. & Flaherty, M. (1992).
1217:
1215:
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523:. An attempt of forming an objective
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1547:Dallmayr, Winfried Reinhard (1981).
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677:", and that H2 is the collection of
565:
255:. Where Plato distinguished between
1745:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1542:The Formation of Modern Objectivity
24:
6674:Concepts in the philosophy of mind
2755:Subjective character of experience
2651:Neural correlates of consciousness
1709:Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth
1654:. New York: Brace and World, 1961.
1485:
1446:
1212:
1028:
700:In his book "Silencing the past",
470:
25:
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6351:Sociology of scientific knowledge
6346:Sociology of scientific ignorance
6299:History and philosophy of science
2785:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
2434:Damasio's theory of consciousness
1788:
1732:
1683:. Oxford University Press, 1972.
1553:University of Massachusetts Press
1314:"Kant on the Generality of Logic"
1234:
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487:applied the relatively objective
6669:Concepts in political philosophy
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2847:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2735:Sociology of human consciousness
2571:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
2474:Orchestrated objective reduction
1357:, Oxford University Press, 2010.
1168:Mary Margaret Mackenzie (1985).
858:
844:
461:
413:resides in a unique act of what
294:from the individual. Berkeley's
2853:Online Consciousness Conference
2840:How the Self Controls Its Brain
1435:from the original on 2015-04-02
1408:
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1286:Suzuki, Fumitaka (March 2012).
1279:
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1065:: 212–234 – via EBCOhost.
286:Platonic idealism is a form of
27:Basic distinction in philosophy
5740:Analytic–synthetic distinction
5488:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2975:
2499:Altered state of consciousness
1674:. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2001.
1273:Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1161:
1107:
1022:Oxford Companion to Philosophy
708:can be created: (1) making of
290:objectivism, holding that the
13:
1:
4708:
2601:Hard problem of consciousness
2459:Integrated information theory
1587:Johnson, Daniel (July 2003).
1509:Beiser, Frederick C. (2002).
1041:Russian Studies in Philosophy
969:
475:In opposition to philosopher
4497:Ordinary language philosophy
2988:
2899:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
2886:The Science of Consciousness
2760:Subjectivity and objectivity
1753:Subjectivity and Objectivity
1579:Gaukroger, Stephen. (2012).
1523:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1455:Social Philosophy and Policy
1129:E. Douka Kabîtoglou (1991).
648:
519:formed by propositions with
152:
7:
6073:Hypothetico-deductive model
6048:Deductive-nomological model
6033:Constructivist epistemology
5533:Internalism and externalism
4547:Contemporary utilitarianism
4462:Internalism and externalism
2892:Understanding Consciousness
2819:Consciousness and Cognition
2807:A Universe of Consciousness
1637:. Fordham University Press.
1562:. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
1513:. Harvard University Press.
1414:
944:Transcendental subjectivity
837:
609:. In the 20th century, the
531:to the reality of objects.
432:
10:
6720:
6664:Concepts in metaphilosophy
3811:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3450:
2866:The Astonishing Hypothesis
2561:Disorders of consciousness
1583:. Oxford University Press.
1572:Farrell, Frank B. (1994).
919:Phenomenology (psychology)
914:Phenomenology (philosophy)
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6134:Semantic view of theories
6053:Epistemological anarchism
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2556:Consciousness after death
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1664:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1986
1467:10.1017/S0265052508080151
1175:Journal of Medical Ethics
1093:10.1080/09672550210121432
458:a cultural construction.
292:ideas exist independently
6699:Philosophy of psychology
6659:Concepts in epistemology
5876:Intertheoretic reduction
5865:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
5842:Functional contextualism
5636:Philosophy of perception
5439:Representational realism
5409:Naturalized epistemology
2509:Artificial consciousness
2026:William Kingdon Clifford
1726:Science and Subjectivity
1652:The Structure of Science
1644:. London: Duke UP, 1994.
889:Journalistic objectivity
832:Journalistic objectivity
58:if it is dependent on a
30:The distinction between
18:Objectivity (philosophy)
6684:Metaphysical properties
6361:Philosophers of science
6139:Scientific essentialism
6088:Model-dependent realism
6023:Constructive empiricism
5916:Evidence-based practice
5616:Outline of epistemology
5449:Transcendental idealism
4502:Postanalytic philosophy
4443:Experimental philosophy
2826:Consciousness Explained
2745:Stream of consciousness
2720:Secondary consciousness
2444:Global workspace theory
2429:Dynamic core hypothesis
2424:Attention schema theory
2398:Revisionary materialism
2313:Eliminative materialism
1836:Charles Augustus Strong
1633:Lauer, Quentin (1958).
1259:The Philosophical Salon
529:ontological commitments
350:and individuality, and
210:his idealist philosophy
143:narrative communication
6444:Alfred North Whitehead
6434:Charles Sanders Peirce
5563:Problem of other minds
4635:Social constructionism
3647:Hellenistic philosophy
3063:Theoretical philosophy
3038:Philosophy of religion
3028:Philosophy of language
2880:The Emperor's New Mind
2686:Problem of other minds
2621:Introspection illusion
2454:Holonomic brain theory
1811:Alfred North Whitehead
1642:Rethinking Objectivity
1533:Bowie, Andrew (1990).
1415:Rahimi, Sadeq (2015).
1355:Origins of Objectivity
1332:Cite journal requires
1170:"Plato's moral theory"
1149:Cite journal requires
1047:: 1–5 – via EBSCOhost.
924:Political subjectivity
822:Scientific objectivity
801:Political subjectivity
655:Michel-Rolph Trouillot
538:of quantum mechanics.
483:, natural philosopher
409:The innermost core of
324:European Enlightenment
157:The root of the words
127:philosophy of language
6704:Subjective experience
6543:Philosophy portal
6294:Hard and soft science
6289:Faith and rationality
6158:Scientific skepticism
5938:Scientific Revolution
5721:Philosophy of science
5641:Philosophy of science
5621:Faith and rationality
5503:Descriptive knowledge
5374:Feminist epistemology
5314:Nicholas Wolterstorff
5018:Philosophy portal
4537:Scientific skepticism
4517:Reformed epistemology
3043:Philosophy of science
2681:Primary consciousness
2566:Divided consciousness
2469:Multiple drafts model
1971:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1662:The View from Nowhere
1599:(2–3). Archived from
1498:. Paris: Vrin, 2004.
1230:– via ProQuest.
1224:Societate Si Politica
1019:, in Honderich, Ted.
950:Subjectivity is Truth
899:Objectivity (science)
552:philosophy of science
403:Being and Nothingness
318:In Western philosophy
208:to be a condition of
196:In Ancient philosophy
6269:Criticism of science
6144:Scientific formalism
6028:Constructive realism
5933:Scientific pluralism
5906:Problem of induction
5573:Procedural knowledge
5558:Problem of induction
4438:Critical rationalism
4145:Edo neo-Confucianism
3989:Acintya bheda abheda
3968:Renaissance humanism
3679:School of the Sextii
3053:Practical philosophy
3048:Political philosophy
2833:Cosmic Consciousness
2671:Philosophical zombie
2611:Higher consciousness
2504:Animal consciousness
2308:Double-aspect theory
1841:Christopher Peacocke
1718:, Paris: Vrin, 1967.
964:Vertiginous question
939:Subject (philosophy)
635:Eurocentric academia
560:perceptual constancy
556:Philosophies of mind
306:, which is based on
226:opposes the sophist
200:Aristotle's teacher
84:conscious experience
6689:Metaphysics of mind
6336:Rhetoric of science
6274:Descriptive science
6018:Confirmation holism
5911:Scientific evidence
5871:Inductive reasoning
5800:Demarcation problem
5651:Virtue epistemology
5646:Social epistemology
5626:Formal epistemology
5513:Epistemic injustice
5508:Exploratory thought
5309:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4009:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3920:Korean Confucianism
3667:Academic Skepticism
2606:Heterophenomenology
2519:Attentional control
2168:Lawrence Weiskrantz
1996:Patricia Churchland
1831:Brian O'Shaughnessy
1816:Arthur Schopenhauer
1540:Castillejo, David.
1188:10.1136/jme.11.2.88
730:accounts of history
714:historical evidence
706:historical silences
653:The anthropologist
216:truth. In Plato's
38:is a basic idea of
6555:Science portal
6484:Carl Gustav Hempel
6439:Wilhelm Windelband
6326:Questionable cause
6149:Scientific realism
5970:Underdetermination
5805:Empirical evidence
5795:Creative synthesis
5304:Timothy Williamson
5094:Augustine of Hippo
4630:Post-structuralism
4532:Scientific realism
4487:Quinean naturalism
4467:Logical positivism
4423:Analytical Marxism
3642:Peripatetic school
3554:Chinese naturalism
3081:Aesthetic response
3008:Applied philosophy
2906:Wider than the Sky
2873:The Conscious Mind
2676:Philosophy of mind
2656:Neurophenomenology
2631:Locked-in syndrome
2626:Knowledge argument
2290:Philosophy of mind
1911:George Henry Lewes
1881:Douglas Hofstadter
1714:Rousset, Bernard.
1014:Solomon, Robert C.
879:Factual relativism
777:In social sciences
643:actually happened.
481:personal deduction
257:how we know things
123:philosophy of mind
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6316:Normative science
6173:Uniformitarianism
5928:Scientific method
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2591:Flash suppression
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2264:Victor J. Stenger
2239:Erwin Schrödinger
2193:Stanislas Dehaene
2173:Michael Gazzaniga
2057:Donald D. Hoffman
1941:John Polkinghorne
1921:Gottfried Leibniz
1722:Scheffler, Israel
1695:Rescher, Nicholas
1593:Quodlibet Journal
1568:978-0-8039-4496-1
1529:978-0-262-52210-6
1492:Bachelard, Gaston
954:Søren Kierkegaard
884:Intersubjectivity
866:Psychology portal
852:Philosophy portal
743:Because history (
716:), (2) making of
607:objective reality
594:Leopold von Ranke
566:In historiography
489:scientific method
104:intersubjectivity
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5609:Related articles
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2323:Epiphenomenalism
2303:Computationalism
2298:Anomalous monism
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2178:Michael Graziano
2148:Francisco Varela
2052:Carl Gustav Jung
2016:Thomas Metzinger
1986:Martin Heidegger
1966:Kenneth M. Sayre
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2123:Antonio Damasio
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2001:Paul Churchland
1906:George Berkeley
1876:Donald Davidson
1792:
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1755:—by Pete Mandik
1738:
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1640:Megill, Allan.
1615:Kuhn, Thomas S.
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6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6284:Exact sciences
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6262:Related topics
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6221:Social science
6218:
6217:
6216:
6214:Space and time
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6127:
6118:
6113:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Scientific law
5920:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5832:Falsifiability
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5761:Mill's Methods
5753:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Constructivism
5346:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5299:Baruch Spinoza
5296:
5294:P. F. Strawson
5291:
5286:
5284:Susanna Siegel
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:W. V. O. Quine
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:Nelson Goodman
5156:
5151:
5149:Edmund Gettier
5146:
5141:
5136:
5134:René Descartes
5131:
5126:
5124:Gilles Deleuze
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5099:William Alston
5096:
5091:
5089:Thomas Aquinas
5085:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5021:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4821:Middle Eastern
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:Existentialism
4582:
4580:Deconstruction
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Applied ethics
4409:
4407:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:Nietzscheanism
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4319:Utilitarianism
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:Transcendental
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Existentialism
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Augustinianism
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3856:Zoroastrianism
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3699:Church Fathers
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3214:Libertarianism
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Metaphilosophy
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Visual masking
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Sentiocentrism
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Neutral monism
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Interactionism
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2269:Wolfgang Pauli
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Steven Laureys
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Patrick Wilken
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Gerald Edelman
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Benjamin Libet
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Max Wertheimer
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Gustav Fechner
2064:
2062:Franz Brentano
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2036:William Seager
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:René Descartes
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Keith Frankish
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Galen Strawson
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Edmund Husserl
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:David Papineau
1863:
1858:
1856:David Chalmers
1853:
1851:Daniel Dennett
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Baruch Spinoza
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1733:External links
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1712:
1705:Rorty, Richard
1702:
1692:
1675:
1668:Nozick, Robert
1665:
1655:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1612:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1556:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1514:
1507:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1461:(1): 393–409.
1445:
1428:978-1138840829
1427:
1407:
1398:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1343:
1334:|journal=
1304:
1278:
1263:
1250:
1233:
1211:
1160:
1151:|journal=
1118:
1106:
1068:
1049:
1027:
1017:"Subjectivity"
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
869:
855:
839:
836:
778:
775:
766:social justice
679:subjectivities
650:
647:
611:Annales School
567:
564:
544:naïve realists
477:René Descartes
472:
469:
463:
460:
434:
431:
352:existentialism
319:
316:
271:'s depends on
253:incorporeality
228:Thrasymachus's
197:
194:
154:
151:
95:
94:
87:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6716:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6643:from Wikidata
6642:
6641:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6568:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:Rudolf Carnap
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6409:Auguste Comte
6407:
6406:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:Francis Bacon
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6309:Pseudoscience
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6168:Structuralism
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:Received view
6128:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Contextualism
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Justification
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:Phenomenalism
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Naïve realism
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Contextualism
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:Vienna Circle
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Hilary Putnam
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Robert Nozick
5227:
5225:
5224:John McDowell
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Immanuel Kant
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Alvin Goldman
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5032:
5031:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:Miscellaneous
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:Miscellaneous
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Structuralism
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:Postmodernism
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Phenomenology
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Vienna Circle
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Moral realism
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Phenomenology
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Individualism
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4089:Judeo-Islamic
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:ʿIlm al-Kalām
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Shuddhadvaita
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Scholasticism
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Conceptualism
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Particularism
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Functionalism
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Eliminativism
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Compatibilism
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Particularism
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Phenomenology
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Hallucination
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Functionalism
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:Roger Penrose
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Marvin Minsky
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Eugene Wigner
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Annaka Harris
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Giulio Tononi
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Francis Crick
2141:
2139:
2138:Christof Koch
2136:
2134:
2133:Bernard Baars
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:William James
2095:
2093:
2092:Wilhelm Wundt
2090:
2088:
2087:Sigmund Freud
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Julian Jaynes
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:William Lycan
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Joseph Levine
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Immanuel Kant
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Frank Jackson
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:Consciousness
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:"Objectivity"
1737:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:0-19-875024-2
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:Nagel, Thomas
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:Nagel, Ernest
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:0-226-45808-3
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1603:on 2017-06-24
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:2-7116-1150-7
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
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1356:
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929:Q methodology
927:
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907:
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902:
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894:Naïve realism
892:
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875:
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817:
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812:
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796:
795:culture shock
792:
786:
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783:individuation
774:
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767:
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741:
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735:
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727:
723:
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707:
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696:
695:postmodernism
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
633:and critique
632:
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624:
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588:
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545:
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530:
527:incorporates
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:indescribable
510:
509:consciousness
506:
505:Gottlob Frege
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
462:Phenomenology
459:
456:
450:
448:
447:hard sciences
444:
440:
430:
429:and effects.
428:
424:
420:
419:self-positing
416:
412:
407:
405:
404:
399:
398:phenomenology
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Ancient Greek
333:
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315:
313:
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293:
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250:
249:sensibilities
246:
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144:
140:
139:communication
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
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112:
111:consciousness
107:
105:
101:
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89:Something is
88:
85:
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54:Something is
53:
52:
51:
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6638:
6621:
6604:
6587:
6566:
6519:Larry Laudan
6499:Imre Lakatos
6454:Otto Neurath
6429:Karl Pearson
6419:Pierre Duhem
6391:Isaac Newton
6321:Protoscience
6279:Epistemology
6153:Anti-realism
6151: /
6132: /
6123: /
6109: /
6107:Reductionism
6105: /
6078:Inductionism
6058:Evolutionism
5863:
5750:a posteriori
5749:
5745:
5597:
5498:Common sense
5476:A posteriori
5475:
5467:
5429:Reductionism
5323:
5274:Gilbert Ryle
5144:Fred Dretske
5129:Keith DeRose
5073:Epistemology
5023:
5009:
4680:
4671:Postcritique
4661:Kyoto School
4620:Posthumanism
4600:Hermeneutics
4455: /
4396:Contemporary
4372:Newtonianism
4335:Cartesianism
4294:Reductionism
4130:Conservatism
4125:Collectivism
4063:
3791:Sarvāstivadā
3769:Anekantavada
3694:Neoplatonism
3662:Epicureanism
3595:Pythagoreans
3534:Confucianism
3500:Contemporary
3490:Early modern
3394:Anti-realism
3348:Universalism
3305:Subjectivism
3101:Epistemology
2904:
2890:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2805:
2759:
2750:Subconscious
2710:
2696:Quantum mind
2188:Roger Sperry
2163:Karl Pribram
2111:Neuroscience
2021:Thomas Nagel
1896:Fred Dretske
1871:David Pearce
1846:Colin McGinn
1743:
1725:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1634:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1596:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1559:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1510:
1495:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1417:
1410:
1401:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1325:cite journal
1307:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1227:
1223:
1182:(2): 88–91.
1179:
1173:
1163:
1142:cite journal
1109:
1084:
1080:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1020:
830:
820:
815:
809:
806:Sadeq Rahimi
799:
787:
780:
742:
699:
652:
627:Postcolonial
600:–especially
591:
569:
533:
491:to look for
485:Isaac Newton
479:' method of
474:
465:
451:
436:
411:subjectivity
410:
408:
401:
391:
356:
338:philosopher
321:
288:metaphysical
285:
265:subjectivism
217:
199:
187:
180:
177:subjectivity
176:
171:
167:
162:
159:subjectivity
158:
156:
108:
96:
90:
55:
44:epistemology
35:
32:subjectivity
31:
29:
6589:Definitions
6509:Ian Hacking
6494:Thomas Kuhn
6479:Karl Popper
6459:C. D. Broad
6376:Roger Bacon
6304:Non-science
6246:Linguistics
6226:Archaeology
6121:Rationalism
6111:Determinism
6098:Physicalism
6063:Fallibilism
6013:Coherentism
5943:Testability
5896:Observation
5891:Objectivity
5852:alternative
5783:Correlation
5773:Consilience
5578:Proposition
5548:Objectivity
5434:Reliabilism
5424:Rationalism
5369:Fallibilism
5344:Coherentism
5289:Ernest Sosa
5264:Thomas Reid
5249:James Pryor
5219:G. E. Moore
5209:David Lewis
5199:Saul Kripke
5194:Peter Klein
5174:Susan Haack
5104:Robert Audi
4666:Objectivism
4605:Neo-Marxism
4567:Continental
4477:Meta-ethics
4457:Coherentism
4362:Hegelianism
4299:Rationalism
4259:Natural law
4239:Materialism
4165:Historicism
4135:Determinism
4026:Navya-Nyāya
3801:Sautrāntika
3796:Pudgalavada
3732:Vaisheshika
3585:Presocratic
3485:Renaissance
3424:Physicalism
3409:Materialism
3315:Normativity
3300:Objectivism
3285:Emergentism
3275:Behaviorism
3224:Metaphysics
3190:Determinism
3129:Rationalism
2383:Physicalism
2378:Parallelism
2373:Panpsychism
2343:Materialism
2318:Emergentism
2208:Wolf Singer
2077:Kurt Koffka
2006:Philip Goff
1981:Michael Tye
1976:Max Velmans
1956:Karl Popper
1946:John Searle
1931:John Eccles
1916:Georges Rey
1581:Objectivity
1351:Tyler Burge
909:Omniscience
904:Objectivism
757:the present
734:credibility
659:materiality
639:credibility
579:perceptions
521:truth value
503:, logician
501:rationalism
367:Kierkegaard
348:individuals
308:mathematics
283:knowledge.
261:ontological
204:considered
179:comes from
163:objectivity
80:imagination
48:metaphysics
36:objectivity
6653:Categories
6606:Quotations
6396:David Hume
6369:Precursors
6251:Psychology
6231:Economics
6125:Empiricism
6116:Pragmatism
6103:Positivism
6093:Naturalism
5963:scientific
5847:Hypothesis
5810:Experiment
5679:Discussion
5669:Task Force
5588:Simplicity
5568:Perception
5444:Skepticism
5419:Positivism
5394:Infinitism
5359:Empiricism
5214:John Locke
5179:David Hume
5169:Anil Gupta
5164:Paul Grice
5139:John Dewey
5109:A. J. Ayer
4965:Amerindian
4872:Australian
4811:Vietnamese
4791:Indonesian
4340:Kantianism
4289:Positivism
4279:Pragmatism
4254:Naturalism
4234:Liberalism
4212:Subjective
4150:Empiricism
4054:Avicennism
3999:Bhedabheda
3883:East Asian
3806:Madhyamaka
3786:Abhidharma
3652:Pyrrhonism
3419:Nominalism
3414:Naturalism
3343:Skepticism
3333:Relativism
3323:Absolutism
3252:Naturalism
3162:Deontology
3134:Skepticism
3119:Naturalism
3109:Empiricism
3073:Aesthetics
2977:Philosophy
2775:Upanishads
2576:Experience
2541:Blindsight
2368:Nondualism
2249:Max Planck
2229:David Bohm
2045:Psychology
1936:John Locke
1861:David Hume
1804:Philosophy
1607:2023-06-28
1517:Block, Ned
1439:2015-03-22
970:References
934:Relativism
826:partiality
771:subjective
691:relativism
687:positivism
667:historical
619:narratives
455:constructs
344:skepticism
281:subjective
273:perception
259:and their
147:journalism
119:personhood
68:perception
56:subjective
40:philosophy
6623:Resources
6236:Geography
6204:Chemistry
6163:Scientism
5958:ladenness
5778:Construct
5756:Causality
5543:Knowledge
5528:Induction
5478:knowledge
5470:knowledge
4844:Pakistani
4806:Taiwanese
4753:Ethiopian
4726:By region
4712:By region
4527:Scientism
4522:Systemics
4382:Spinozism
4309:Socialism
4244:Modernism
4207:Objective
4115:Anarchism
4049:Averroism
3938:Christian
3890:Neotaoism
3861:Zurvanism
3851:Mithraism
3846:Mazdakism
3617:Cyrenaics
3544:Logicians
3177:Free will
3139:Solipsism
3086:Formalism
2790:Yogachara
2725:Sentience
2586:Free will
2526:Awareness
2514:Attention
2403:Solipsism
2118:Anil Seth
1991:Ned Block
1475:233358084
1101:144541333
761:impartial
722:documents
702:Trouillot
649:Trouillot
631:dichotomy
525:construct
340:Aristotle
328:Descartes
326:thinkers
296:empirical
245:existence
214:universal
153:Etymology
100:opposites
91:objective
6694:Ontology
6531:Category
6183:Vitalism
6006:Theories
5980:Variable
5901:Paradigm
5788:function
5746:A priori
5735:Analysis
5728:Concepts
5664:Category
5483:Analysis
5468:A priori
5459:Concepts
5399:Innatism
5336:Theories
5030:Category
4985:Yugoslav
4975:Romanian
4882:Scottish
4867:American
4796:Japanese
4776:Buddhist
4758:Africana
4748:Egyptian
4590:Feminist
4512:Rawlsian
4507:Quietism
4405:Analytic
4357:Krausism
4264:Nihilism
4229:Kokugaku
4192:Absolute
4187:Idealism
4175:Humanism
3963:Occamism
3930:European
3875:Medieval
3821:Yogacara
3781:Buddhist
3774:Syādvāda
3657:Stoicism
3622:Cynicism
3610:Sophists
3605:Atomists
3600:Eleatics
3539:Legalism
3480:Medieval
3404:Idealism
3358:Ontology
3338:Nihilism
3242:Idealism
3000:Branches
2989:Branches
2925:Category
2661:Ontology
2616:Illusion
2333:Idealism
2282:Theories
1433:Archived
1301:: 73–80.
1136:: 20–35.
838:See also
753:familial
745:official
738:The Past
718:archives
683:humanity
623:the past
602:archived
598:evidence
575:the past
493:evidence
439:religion
433:Religion
423:autonomy
417:called "
375:Foucault
361:, Kant,
277:Platonic
267:such as
263:status,
224:Socrates
219:Republic
206:geometry
76:opinions
72:emotions
6241:History
6209:Physics
6199:Biology
5997:more...
5985:control
5881:Inquiry
5599:more...
5379:Fideism
5325:more...
4980:Russian
4949:Spanish
4944:Slovene
4934:Maltese
4929:Italian
4909:Finland
4877:British
4859:Western
4849:Turkish
4834:Islamic
4829:Iranian
4781:Chinese
4768:Eastern
4735:African
4682:more...
4367:Marxism
4197:British
4140:Dualism
4036:Islamic
3994:Advaita
3984:Vedanta
3958:Scotism
3953:Thomism
3895:Tiantai
3838:Persian
3826:Tibetan
3816:Śūnyatā
3757:Cārvāka
3747:Ājīvika
3742:Mīmāṃsā
3722:Samkhya
3637:Academy
3590:Ionians
3564:Yangism
3521:Chinese
3512:Ancient
3475:Western
3470:Ancient
3429:Realism
3386:Reality
3376:Process
3257:Realism
3237:Dualism
3232:Atomism
3114:Fideism
2935:Commons
2712:Purusha
2701:Reentry
2494:Agnosia
2417:Science
1797:Figures
1206:4009640
1197:1375153
791:reality
726:digital
710:sources
671:factual
583:reality
571:History
379:Derrida
371:Husserl
237:reality
233:opinion
182:subject
168:subject
131:reality
5953:choice
5948:Theory
5886:Nature
5815:design
5493:Belief
5389:Holism
4939:Polish
4919:German
4914:French
4899:Danish
4889:Canada
4839:Jewish
4801:Korean
4786:Indian
4328:People
4249:Monism
4202:German
4170:Holism
4103:Modern
4081:Jewish
4004:Dvaita
3977:Indian
3900:Huayan
3752:Ajñana
3709:Indian
3574:Greco-
3559:Taoism
3549:Mohism
3495:Modern
3462:By era
3451:By era
3366:Action
3247:Monism
3167:Virtue
3149:Ethics
2859:Psyche
2706:Sakshi
2691:Qualia
2487:Topics
2353:Monism
2217:Others
1687:
1626:
1566:
1527:
1502:
1473:
1425:
1204:
1194:
1099:
773:lens.
749:public
720:(what
693:, and
587:memory
540:Direct
427:causes
415:Fichte
387:Sartre
385:, and
310:, and
243:, and
189:object
172:object
137:, and
115:agency
64:biases
5674:Stubs
5593:Truth
5239:Plato
4970:Aztec
4924:Greek
4904:Dutch
4894:Czech
4743:Bantu
4180:Anti-
3727:Nyaya
3717:Hindu
3577:Roman
3371:Event
3013:Logic
2799:Works
2546:Brain
1471:S2CID
1317:(PDF)
1291:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
1114:Plato
1097:S2CID
874:Dogma
740:is).
681:that
663:socio
517:truth
443:logic
383:Nagel
363:Hegel
359:Locke
275:. In
241:truth
202:Plato
135:truth
82:, or
6640:Data
5857:null
5827:Fact
5748:and
4071:Sufi
3905:Chan
3764:Jain
3737:Yoga
3267:Mind
3207:Hard
3195:Hard
2740:Soul
2636:Mind
1685:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1338:help
1202:PMID
1155:help
959:Self
585:and
497:Kant
332:Kant
330:and
192:).
170:and
165:are
161:and
149:).
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