113:
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87:
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665:. The problem of shielding the reactor continued to render the idea impractical. In December 1945, a John Wilson of London, announced he had created an atomic car. This created considerable interest. The Minister of Fuel and Power along with a large press contingent turned out to view it. The car did not show and Wilson claimed that it had been sabotaged. A later court case found that he was a fraud and there was no nuclear-powered car.
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590:, announced that it is going to develop a nuclear-powered spacecraft for deep space travel. Preliminary design was done by 2013, and 9 more years are planned for development (in space assembly). The price is set at 17 billion rubles (600 million dollars). The nuclear propulsion would have mega-watt class, provided necessary funding, Roscosmos Head stated.
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radiation released from the nuclear reactors. Nuclear-powered rockets are not used to lift off the Earth. Nuclear thermal rockets can provide great performance advantages compared to chemical propulsion systems. Nuclear power sources could also be used to provide the spacecraft with electrical power for operations and scientific instrumentation. Examples:
67:
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Despite the shielding problem, through the late 1940s and early 1950s debate continued around the possibility of nuclear-powered cars. The development of nuclear-powered submarines and ships, and experiments to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft at that time kept the idea alive. Russian papers in the
277:
in the 1960s the tactical advantage of such aircraft was greatly diminished and respective projects were cancelled. Because the technology was inherently dangerous it was not considered in non-military contexts. Nuclear-powered missiles were also researched and discounted during the same period.
704:
engineer C R Lewis had discounted the idea in 1957 because of estimates that an 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) engine would be required by a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) car. His view was that an efficient means of storing energy was required for nuclear power to be practical. Despite this,
452:
Bimodal nuclear thermal rockets conduct nuclear fission reactions similar to those employed at nuclear power plants including submarines. The energy is used to heat the liquid hydrogen propellant. Advocates of nuclear-powered spacecraft point out that at the time of launch, there is almost no
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This system would consist of a space nuclear power and a matrix of ion engines. "...Hot inert gas temperature of 1500 °C from the reactor turns turbines. The turbine turns the generator and compressor, which circulates the working fluid in a closed circuit. The working fluid is cooled in the
443:
Bimodal nuclear thermal rockets conduct nuclear fission reactions similar to those employed at nuclear power plants including submarines. The energy is used to heat the liquid hydrogen propellant. The vehicle depicted is the "Copernicus" an upper stage assembly being designed for the
601:, with cosmonauts staying on the Red planet for 30 days. This journey to Mars with nuclear propulsion and a steady acceleration would take six weeks, instead of eight months by using chemical propulsion – assuming thrust of 300 times higher than that of chemical propulsion.
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mid-1950s reported the development of a nuclear-powered car by
Professor V P Romadin, but again shielding proved to be a problem. It was claimed that its laboratories had overcome the shielding problem with a new alloy that absorbed the rays.
203:
on about 12 November 2015. The torpedo was stated as having a range of up to 10,000 km, a cruising speed of 100 knots, and an operational depth of up to 1000 metres below the surface. The torpedo carried a 100-megaton nuclear warhead.
70:
Pressurised water reactors are the most common reactors used in ships and submarines. The pictorial diagram shows the operating principles. Primary coolant is in orange and the secondary coolant (steam and later feedwater) is in
1751:
S. K. Borowski et al., "Nuclear
Thermal Rocket/Vehicle Design Options for Future NASA Missions to the Moon and Mars", U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA-TM-0107071, September 1993.
423:
External Pulsed Plasma
Propulsion (EPPP), a propulsion concept by NASA that derives its thrust from plasma waves generated from a series of small, supercritical fission/fusion pulses behind an object in
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compound that was light and absorbed radiation, obviating the need for heavy shielding. A reporter at the time considered it might make nuclear-powered cars and aircraft a possibility.
37:
as their primary power source. The idea of using nuclear material for propulsion dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 it was hypothesized that radioactive material,
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269:. Neither country created any operational nuclear aircraft. One design problem, never adequately solved, was the need for heavy shielding to protect the crew from
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currently (as of 2022) has 11 aircraft carriers and 70 submarines in service, that are all powered by nuclear reactors. For more detailed articles see:
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fueled nuclear reactors that can provide propulsion for long periods without refueling. There are also applications in the space sector with
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466:, an American project to develop a nuclear thermal rocket. The program ran at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory from 1955 through 1972.
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618:, for fuel dates back to at least 1903. Analysis of the concept in 1937 indicated that the driver of such a vehicle might need a 50-ton
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as they would presumably allow a country to keep nuclear bombers in the air for extremely long periods of time, a useful tactic for
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Thornton, G; Blumbeg, B. (January 1961). "Aircraft
Nuclear Propulsion Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments Fulfill Test Goals".
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2018:
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Advent of Atom
Powered Plane Speeded, Ray Cromley, The Victoria Advocate, Victoria, Texas, Wednesday, June 24, 1959, page 4
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One of the suggestions emerging in the summer of 1958 from the first meeting of the scientific advisory group that became
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1310:"Atomic Car" hoax - Elderly inventor gets goal sentence, Cairns Post, Queensland Australia, Monday 22 July 1946, page 3
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Atom-powered
Automobile Claimed Russian, The victoria Advocate, Victoria, Texas, Sunday, January 30, 1955, page 7
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First Atomic Car "sabotaged", Townsville Daily
Bulletin, Queensland, Australia, Monday 3 December 1945 page 2
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The new source of energy, The World Set Free, H G Wells, Collins, London and
Glasgow, 1956 edition, page 55
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473:
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The
Science Review, Issues 1-12, University of Melbourne Science Club, Melbourne University, 1937, page 22
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was a nuclear powered locomotive, proposed in a feasibility study done in 1954 at the
University of Utah.
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Russia's Channel One Television news broadcast a picture and details of a nuclear-powered torpedo called
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Academician Anatoly Koroteev: "Nuclear power can provide a qualitative leap in the development of space"
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1172:"Russia, NASA to hold talks on nuclear-powered spacecraft. Muscovites have the balls but not the money"
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2008:
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1197:"Interview: Academician Anatoly Koroteyev An Inside Look at Russia's Nuclear Power Propulsion System"
820:
700:. Apart from these concept models, none were built and no automotive nuclear power plants ever made.
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132:. Russia is the only country that currently has nuclear-powered civilian surface ships, mainly
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A Survey of Nuclear Propulsion Technologies for Space Applications, A. Micks, March 15, 2013
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Abel, G.K.; Borst, L.B.; Bowie, D.M.; Petty, K.W.; Stover, B.J.; Van Dilla, M.A. (1954),
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craft that uses clouds of antiprotons to initiate fission and fusion within fuel pellets
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568:, NASA development of nuclear propulsion for long-duration spaceflight, begun in 2003
505:
460:(Nuclear Energy for Rocket Vehicle Applications), a US nuclear thermal rocket program
380:, first engineering design study of nuclear pulse (i.e., atomic explosion) propulsion
182:
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RW Bussard, An advanced fusion energy system for outer-planet space propulsion, 2003
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radiator. The generator produces electricity for the same ion (plasma) engine..."
211:
was for "a nuclear-powered torpedo that could roam the seas almost indefinitely".
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Bussard, R.; DeLauer, R. (1958). Nuclear Rocket Propulsion (Report). McGraw-Hill.
1236:
1123:"Russian Space Agency Announces Plans to Build Nuclear-Powered Deep Space Rocket"
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1594:"Mars Exploration: Radioisotope Power and Heating for Mars Surface Exploration"
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497:
340:
242:
3712:
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1021:
Propulsion Systems for Manned Exploration of the Solar System (NASA TM X-1864)
481:, a Soviet nuclear thermal rocket engine developed from 1965 through the 1980s
233:
system, known as HTRE-3 (Heat Transfer Reactor Experiment no. 3). The central
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1936:
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Many types of nuclear propulsion have been proposed, and some of them (e.g.,
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Some practical uses of radium rays, The Republic, Sunday, September 13, 1903
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capable of land and amphibious warfare. The design was never mass-produced.
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2013:
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41:, might be a suitable fuel for engines to propel cars, planes, and boats.
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Bussard, R. (1965). Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight (Report). McGraw-Hill.
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engines which could be more efficient than conventional rocket engines.
42:
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to heat the air. The reactor rapidly raised the temperature via an air
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1249:"Space Propulsion for Martian Mission may be Developed in 6-9 Years"
719:
Ford made another potentially nuclear-powered model in 1962 for the
689:
33:
includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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800:
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physicist named R. M. Langer espoused the idea of a car powered by
254:
1453:"Ford Seattle-ite: one of history's most significant concept cars"
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1973:
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1208:. No. Fall/Winter 2012-2013. 21st Century. 3 December 2012
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Research into nuclear-powered aircraft was pursued during the
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1045:
Schmidt, G. R.; Bonometti, J. A.; Morton, P. J. (July 2000).
1026:(Report). U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
995:"Russia Reveals 'Unstoppable' Nuclear-Powered Cruise Missile"
457:
359:
234:
1516:
A History of the American Main Battle Tank, Volume 2: Abrams
416:, a proposed crewed interplanetary spacecraft that used the
3409:
3298:
3108:
3066:
1771:
1321:"Benson Ford poses challenge on atomic powered automobiles"
1292:
Automobile Quarterly, Volume 31 Number 1, 1992, pages 14-29
1047:
Nuclear Pulse Propulsion: Orion and Beyond (AIAA 2000-3856)
705:
Chrysler's stylists in 1958 drew up some possible designs.
619:
572:
274:
75:
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485:
Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO)
3382:
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1983:
921:, BBC news, 12 November 2015 - retrieved 27 November 2015
597:
According to him, the propulsion will be able to support
225:
1100:. NASA Glenn's Research & Technology. Archived from
614:
The idea of making cars that used radioactive material,
1147:
Russia And US To Discuss Nuke-Powered Spaceship Project
919:
Russia reveals giant nuclear torpedo in state TV 'leak'
867:"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military"
333:, that used a nuclear-powered air ramjet for propulsion
51:. Many aircraft carriers and submarines currently use
1044:
1562:"Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator"
1158:
Russians to ride a nuclear-powered spacecraft to Mars
676:
there were at least four theoretical nuclear-powered
1586:
1273:
Russia Leads Nuclear Space Race After U.S. Drops Out
810:
1538:
939:
727:. This also never went beyond the initial concept.
2932:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1688:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
4010:
1422:
1356:Reading Eagle, Sunday, February 20, 1955, page 8
1627:
237:based reactor took the place of chemical fuel
3635:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
2185:
1851:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
1817:
758:was an experimental concept tank designed by
418:antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
408:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
45:picked up this idea in his 1914 fiction work
1096:Contact: Gynelle C. Steele (July 15, 2005).
762:in the 1950s. The tank was intended to be a
339:nuclear-powered cruise missile announced by
311:'s project to build a nuclear-powered bomber
124:Nuclear-powered vessels are mainly military
1567:. NASA/JPL. January 1, 2008. Archived from
1402:"Une anticipation Simca : la "fulgur""
1376:"Radioactive cars of the twentieth century"
365:
2192:
2178:
1824:
1810:
1599:. NASA/JPL. April 18, 2006. Archived from
930:Science Magazine, 29 November 1991, p.1284
834:Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
730:In 2009, for the hundredth anniversary of
1724:Learn how and when to remove this message
1513:
1503:WTF? Cadillac World Thorium Fuel Concept?
1089:
874:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence
864:
428:
3547:
1072:External Pulsed Plasma Propulsion (EPPP)
969:"False Starts For Aviation's Atomic Age"
573:Russian Federal Space Agency development
438:
224:
214:
161:
143:
111:
85:
76:Surface ships, submarines, and torpedoes
65:
1632:
1518:. United States: Presidio. p. 36.
1425:"The Atom powered carPopular Mechanics"
1018:
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14:
4011:
3562:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
2199:
1831:
1637:
1450:
966:
362:) tested for spacecraft applications.
3804:
3567:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
2976:
2963:
2173:
1805:
1554:
793:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
420:engine as its main form of propulsion
400:-NASA nuclear pulse propulsion design
3991:
2964:
2019:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
1668:
1532:
1169:
992:
845:
195:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
173:List of United States Naval reactors
108:of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers
3572:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
2055:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program
1779:Atomic Rockets -- Realistic Designs
1740:Nuclear Space Propulsion: NASA 1968
1205:21st Century Science and Technology
993:Gady, Franz-Stefan (2 March 2018).
986:
554:
500:, a conceptual interstellar fusion
24:
3381:
2532:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
1788:ten speculative concepts from NASA
1621:
604:
25:
4030:
2555:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2454:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1664:
674:1950s American automobile culture
512:
27:Nuclear power to propel a vehicle
3990:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3655:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
2154:
2153:
1673:
1431:. Hearst Magazines. p. 141.
1342:
813:
710:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
487:, under development in the 2020s
2744:Historical stockpiles and tests
1507:
1496:
1470:
1444:
1435:
1423:Hearst Magazines (April 1957).
1416:
1394:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
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1220:
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1115:
1077:(Report). NASA. January 1, 1999
1064:
1052:(Report). Am. Inst. Aero. Astro
1038:
967:Norris, Guy (14 October 2014).
659:president, on 7 August 1945 in
3645:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2527:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1019:Moeckel, W. E. (August 1969).
1012:
933:
924:
912:
903:
894:
829:Safe Affordable Fission Engine
672:In 1958, at the height of the
388:British Interplanetary Society
156:List of civilian nuclear ships
13:
1:
3973:Nuclear technology portal
839:
708:In 1959 it was reported that
347:
3835:Field-reversed configuration
3445:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1640:"Atomic Power — In your car"
1638:Cushin, Harry (April 1951).
1451:Hanlon, Mike (4 June 2004).
1327:. October 2, 1951. p. 3
1170:Page, Lewis (5 April 2011).
588:Russian Federal Space Agency
474:Strategic Defense Initiative
249:in a number of ground tests.
7:
3792:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
2977:
2739:States with nuclear weapons
1478:"1962 Ford Seattle-ite XXI"
806:
795:(RTG), like the successful
742:depicting a car powered by
320:
305:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
281:
231:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
10:
4035:
3805:
3630:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2754:Tests in the United States
641:in the January edition of
576:
432:
369:
351:
218:
192:
188:
79:
3960:
3916:
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3767:
3755:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3668:
3650:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3615:
3598:
3538:
3465:
3457:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
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3354:
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2091:Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119
2083:
2047:
2034:
2027:
2009:Nuclear marine propulsion
2001:
1966:
1950:
1914:
1896:Nuclear salt-water rocket
1846:
1839:
1764:ソヴィエト連邦における宇宙用原子炉の開発とその実用
821:Nuclear technology portal
686:Studebaker Packard Astral
539:Nuclear salt-water rocket
491:
472:(1987–1991), part of the
151:Nuclear marine propulsion
120:nuclear-powered submarine
82:Nuclear marine propulsion
3660:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3276:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2612:Electron-beam processing
2039:Nuclear-powered aircraft
1891:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1772:RKA home page in Russian
1756:RKA home page in English
1325:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
749:
738:, Loren Kulesus created
688:, as well as the French
579:TEM (nuclear propulsion)
390:study of a fusion rocket
372:Nuclear pulse propulsion
366:Nuclear pulse propulsion
221:Nuclear-powered aircraft
3775:Organic nuclear reactor
2947:Nuclear power phase-out
2870:Nuclear decommissioning
2810:Reactor-grade plutonium
2560:Targeted alpha-particle
2439:Accidents and incidents
1886:Nuclear photonic rocket
1881:Nuclear electric rocket
1876:Gas core reactor rocket
1861:Fission-fragment rocket
680:proposed, the American
609:
561:Nuclear electric rocket
549:Nuclear photonic rocket
534:Gas core reactor rocket
519:Fission fragment rocket
1901:Nuclear thermal rocket
1514:Hunnicutt, RP (1990).
865:Trakimavičius, Lukas.
803:Mars landers in 1976.
649:William Bushnell Stout
449:
435:Nuclear thermal rocket
429:Nuclear thermal rocket
354:Nuclear power in space
329:- which developed the
273:. Since the advent of
250:
121:
109:
72:
2937:Anti-nuclear movement
1979:TOPAZ nuclear reactor
1098:"F-22 Raptor Stealth"
647:. He was followed by
599:human mission to Mars
442:
245:and powered the dual
228:
215:Aircraft and missiles
178:Soviet naval reactors
162:Military maritime use
144:Civilian maritime use
115:
89:
69:
3845:Reversed field pinch
3640:Traveling-wave (TWR)
3124:Supercritical (SCWR)
2622:Gemstone irradiation
2136:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
1694:improve this article
1542:An Atomic Locomotive
1104:on February 19, 2006
725:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
721:Seattle World's Fair
712:had developed a new
657:Society of Engineers
3010:Aqueous homogeneous
2805:Reprocessed uranium
2478:Safety and security
1906:Radioisotope rocket
1706:footnote references
1606:on October 12, 2012
544:Radioisotope rocket
446:Space Launch System
4019:Nuclear propulsion
3924:Dense plasma focus
2839:Actinide chemistry
2304:Isotope separation
2201:Nuclear technology
1942:Project Prometheus
1833:Nuclear propulsion
1784:2010-01-06 at the
1574:on August 13, 2012
1382:on 26 October 2018
1235:2014-07-14 at the
948:(1). McGraw-Hill.
662:The New York Times
651:, designer of the
566:Project Prometheus
470:Project Timberwind
450:
271:radiation sickness
267:nuclear deterrence
251:
122:
110:
73:
48:The World Set Free
31:Nuclear propulsion
4006:
4005:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3903:Magnetized-target
3800:
3799:
3763:
3762:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3534:
3533:
3418:
3417:
3350:
3349:
2955:
2954:
2910:
2909:
2779:
2778:
2766:Weapon-free zones
2593:
2592:
2585:Radiopharmacology
2167:
2166:
2109:
2108:
2101:9M730 Burevestnik
1997:
1996:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1429:Popular Mechanics
791:are powered by a
734:' acquisition of
644:Popular Mechanics
584:Anatolij Perminov
506:Robert W. Bussard
183:Nuclear submarine
130:aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
4026:
3994:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3881:
3840:Levitated dipole
3810:
3802:
3801:
3750:Helium gas (GFR)
3613:
3612:
3608:
3545:
3544:
3429:
3428:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2966:Nuclear reactors
2961:
2960:
2860:High-level (HLW)
2790:
2789:
2637:
2636:
2617:Food irradiation
2607:Atomic gardening
2500:
2499:
2483:Nuclear meltdown
2309:Nuclear material
2299:Fissile material
2294:Fertile material
2209:
2208:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2096:Myasishchev M-60
2032:
2031:
1958:Project Daedalus
1932:Project Longshot
1844:
1843:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1770:
1762:
1742:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1648:. Archived from
1634:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1480:. Archived from
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:. Archived from
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1251:. Archived from
1245:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1125:. Archived from
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
957:
937:
931:
928:
922:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
882:
876:. Archived from
871:
862:
823:
818:
817:
816:
779:The Mars rovers
555:Nuclear electric
398:US Naval Academy
394:Project Longshot
384:Project Daedalus
315:Tupolev Tu-95LAL
309:General Electric
293:Myasishchev M-50
229:A picture of an
61:nuclear electric
35:nuclear reaction
21:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3967:
3965:
3948:
3912:
3879:
3864:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3759:
3664:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3586:
3530:
3461:
3436:
3414:
3386:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3346:
3312:
3303:
3285:
3250:
3241:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3042:Natural fission
2996:
2995:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2951:
2927:Nuclear weapons
2906:
2865:Low-level (LLW)
2843:
2775:
2727:
2626:
2589:
2536:
2489:
2410:
2342:
2265:
2203:
2198:
2168:
2163:
2145:
2105:
2079:
2043:
2023:
1993:
1962:
1946:
1910:
1835:
1830:
1786:Wayback Machine
1768:
1760:
1738:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1691:
1682:This article's
1678:
1674:
1667:
1655:
1653:
1624:
1622:Further reading
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
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1471:
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1407:
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1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:Wayback Machine
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1195:
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1190:
1180:
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1120:
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1107:
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1080:
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1053:
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1029:
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1023:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
991:
987:
977:
975:
965:
961:
938:
934:
929:
925:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
895:
886:
884:
880:
869:
863:
846:
842:
819:
814:
812:
809:
764:nuclear-powered
752:
612:
607:
605:Ground vehicles
581:
575:
557:
515:
494:
437:
431:
374:
368:
356:
350:
323:
284:
223:
217:
197:
191:
164:
146:
84:
78:
57:nuclear thermal
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Muon-catalyzed
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
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3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Integral (IFR)
3622:
3616:
3610:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
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3559:
3553:
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3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
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3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3489:
3484:
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3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
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3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
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3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2970:
2969:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2942:Uranium mining
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
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2877:
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2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:Minor actinide
2812:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
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2741:
2735:
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2726:
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2708:
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2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2669:
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2649:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
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2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
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2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Autoradiograph
2508:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
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2296:
2291:
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2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Atomic nucleus
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Convair NB-36H
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
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1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
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1963:
1961:
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1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
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1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Bussard ramjet
1853:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1753:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1686:external links
1681:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1665:External links
1663:
1662:
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1635:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1585:
1553:
1531:
1524:
1506:
1495:
1484:on 12 May 2013
1469:
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1367:
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1349:
1337:Newspapers.com
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808:
805:
751:
748:
732:General Motors
698:Arbel Symétric
611:
608:
606:
603:
586:, head of the
577:Main article:
574:
571:
570:
569:
563:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
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513:Direct nuclear
511:
510:
509:
498:Bussard ramjet
493:
490:
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476:
467:
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433:Main article:
430:
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370:Main article:
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364:
352:Main article:
349:
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341:Vladimir Putin
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243:heat exchanger
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95: (CVN-68)
80:Main article:
77:
74:
26:
18:Nuclear rocket
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4017:
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3891:electrostatic
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3670:Generation IV
3667:
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3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
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3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Breeder (FBR)
3618:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3597:
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3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Nuclear power
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2902:Transmutation
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:high-altitude
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Proliferation
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Brachytherapy
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Cross section
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Ford FX-Atmos
2124:
2122:
2121:Chrysler TV-8
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Project Pluto
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Project Rover
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Project Orion
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Fusion rocket
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:(in Japanese)
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1702:inappropriate
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1652:on 2015-05-13
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1525:9780891413882
1521:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1255:on 2011-04-05
1254:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1129:on 2017-04-20
1128:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1048:
1041:
1022:
1015:
1000:
996:
989:
974:
973:Aviation Week
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
927:
920:
915:
906:
897:
883:on 2021-10-18
879:
875:
868:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
844:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
811:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
783:
777:
775:
770:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:Chrysler TV-8
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
664:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
602:
600:
595:
591:
589:
585:
580:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Fusion rocket
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
507:
503:
499:
496:
495:
486:
483:
480:
477:
475:
471:
468:
465:
464:Project Rover
462:
459:
456:
455:
454:
447:
441:
436:
422:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:, a proposed
405:
402:
399:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
379:
378:Project Orion
376:
375:
373:
363:
361:
355:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
327:Project Pluto
325:
324:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
299:
298:Aviation Week
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:United States
256:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
212:
210:
205:
202:
196:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
157:
154:
152:
148:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
114:
107:
105:
100:
96:
94:
88:
83:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3995:
3983:
3964:
3944:Pyroelectric
3898:Laser-driven
3678:Sodium (SFR)
3605:fast-neutron
3444:
2990:
2880:Reprocessing
2761:WMD treaties
2580:Radiosurgery
2550:Fast-neutron
2522:Scintigraphy
2465:
2141:Simca Fulgur
2131:Ford Nucleon
2014:Nuclear navy
1866:Fission sail
1832:
1769:(in Russian)
1739:
1720:
1714:January 2015
1711:
1696:by removing
1683:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1643:
1610:September 7,
1608:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1556:
1546:, retrieved
1541:
1534:
1515:
1509:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1370:
1361:
1352:
1335:– via
1329:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1268:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1243:
1227:(in Russian)
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1203:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1176:The Register
1175:
1165:
1153:
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:the original
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
999:The Diplomat
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
945:
941:
935:
926:
914:
905:
896:
885:. Retrieved
878:the original
873:
788:Perseverance
787:
781:
778:
771:
753:
729:
718:
707:
694:Robert Opron
692:designed by
690:Simca Fulgur
682:Ford Nucleon
678:concept cars
671:
667:
660:
653:Stout Scarab
642:
632:
613:
596:
592:
582:
524:Fission sail
504:named after
451:
357:
331:SLAM missile
296:
263:Soviet Union
252:
206:
200:
198:
168:Nuclear navy
123:
103:
92:
46:
30:
29:
3855:Stellarator
3819:confinement
3713:Superphénix
3540:Molten-salt
3492:VHTR (HTGR)
3269:HW BLWR 250
3235:R4 Marviken
3164:Pressurized
3134:Heavy water
3118:many others
3047:Pressurized
3002:Light water
2704:underground
2662:Disarmament
2570:Tomotherapy
2565:Proton-beam
2429:Power plant
2391:Temperature
2224:Engineering
2084:USSR/Russia
2065:Convair X-6
2002:Sea vessels
1967:USSR/Russia
1645:Motor Trend
1404:(in French)
1212:26 December
1181:26 December
1081:January 15,
1056:January 15,
1030:January 15,
767:medium tank
740:concept art
655:and former
639:uranium-235
633:In 1941, a
622:barrier to
337:Burevestnik
288:Convair X-6
247:J47 engines
134:icebreakers
118:Delta-class
43:H. G. Wells
3880:(acoustic)
3497:PBR (PBMR)
2885:Spent fuel
2875:Repository
2855:Fuel cycle
2822:Activation
2599:Processing
2466:Propulsion
2424:by country
2356:Activation
1840:Spacecraft
1656:2012-04-23
1548:2023-12-14
1457:Gizmag.com
1259:2011-07-11
1133:2017-04-20
1108:2009-07-08
978:17 October
942:Nucleonics
887:2021-10-15
840:References
626:them from
348:Spacecraft
239:combustion
126:submarines
3850:Spheromak
3549:Fluorides
3213:IPHWR-700
3208:IPHWR-540
3203:IPHWR-220
2992:Moderator
2672:Explosion
2647:Arms race
2434:Economics
2386:Reflector
2381:Radiation
2376:Generator
2331:Plutonium
2284:Deuterium
2249:Radiation
2219:Chemistry
1698:excessive
1578:August 6,
954:0096-6207
782:Curiosity
628:radiation
99:lead ship
91:USS
4013:Category
3985:Category
3939:Polywell
3870:Inertial
3827:Magnetic
3582:TMSR-LF1
3577:TMSR-500
3557:Fuji MSR
3517:THTR-300
3357:Graphite
3220:PHWR KWU
3186:ACR-1000
3114:IPWR-900
3097:ACPR1000
3092:HPR-1000
3082:CPR-1000
3057:APR-1400
2848:Disposal
2800:Actinide
2793:Products
2652:Delivery
2495:Medicine
2324:depleted
2319:enriched
2289:Helium-3
2254:ionizing
2159:Category
2028:Aircraft
1782:Archived
1488:26 April
1462:26 April
1408:26 April
1386:26 April
1233:Archived
1004:26 March
807:See also
801:Viking 2
797:Viking 1
760:Chrysler
736:Cadillac
702:Chrysler
696:and the
386:, 1970s
343:in 2018.
321:Missiles
282:Aircraft
261:and the
255:Cold War
201:Status-6
3997:Commons
3908:Z-pinch
3878:Bubble
3860:Tokamak
3723:FBR-600
3703:CFR-600
3698:BN-1200
3364:coolant
3291:Organic
3176:CANDU 9
3173:CANDU 6
3141:coolant
3102:ACP1000
3077:CAP1400
3015:Boiling
2980:Fission
2827:Fission
2771:Weapons
2711:Warfare
2694:Testing
2684:History
2677:effects
2632:Weapons
2542:Therapy
2517:RadBall
2504:Imaging
2396:Thermal
2361:Capture
2348:Neutron
2336:Thorium
2314:Uranium
2279:Tritium
2259:braking
2239:Fission
2229:Physics
2212:Science
1974:RD-0410
1746:YouTube
1692:Please
1684:use of
1331:June 4,
1160:// 2009
744:thorium
635:Caltech
479:RD-0410
448:(2010).
414:ICAN-II
404:AIMStar
257:by the
189:Torpedo
138:US Navy
101:of the
53:uranium
3808:Fusion
3768:Others
3708:Phénix
3693:BN-800
3688:BN-600
3683:BN-350
3512:HTR-PM
3507:HTR-10
3487:UHTREX
3452:Magnox
3447:(UNGG)
3340:Lucens
3335:KS 150
3072:ATMEA1
3052:AP1000
3035:Kerena
2915:Debate
2667:Ethics
2657:Design
2640:Topics
2471:rocket
2449:Fusion
2444:Policy
2406:Fusion
2366:Poison
2244:Fusion
2114:Ground
2075:WS-125
1522:
952:
723:, the
714:rubber
624:shield
616:radium
502:ramjet
492:Ramjet
424:space.
136:. The
128:, and
106:-class
104:Nimitz
93:Nimitz
39:radium
3929:Migma
3917:Other
3886:Fusor
3785:Piqua
3780:Arbus
3738:PRISM
3480:MHR-T
3475:GTMHR
3405:EGP-6
3400:AMB-X
3375:Water
3320:HWGCR
3259:HWLWR
3198:IPHWR
3169:CANDU
3030:ESBWR
2785:Waste
2749:Tests
2732:Lists
2716:Yield
2459:MMRTG
2416:Power
1927:NERVA
1604:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
881:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
750:Other
458:NERVA
360:NERVA
275:ICBMs
235:EBR-1
209:JASON
71:blue.
3745:Lead
3728:CEFR
3718:PFBR
3600:None
3410:RBMK
3395:AM-1
3325:EL-4
3299:WR-1
3281:AHWR
3225:MZFR
3193:CVTR
3182:AFCR
3109:VVER
3067:APWR
3062:APR+
3025:ABWR
2895:cask
2890:pool
2832:LLFP
2721:TNTe
2401:Fast
2271:Fuel
1612:2009
1580:2012
1520:ISBN
1490:2012
1464:2012
1410:2012
1388:2012
1333:2015
1214:2013
1183:2013
1083:2023
1058:2023
1032:2023
1006:2018
980:2014
950:ISSN
799:and
785:and
774:X-12
772:The
754:The
684:and
620:lead
610:Cars
301:hoax
149:See
59:and
3817:by
3733:PFR
3524:PMR
3502:AVR
3424:Gas
3362:by
3330:KKN
3264:ATR
3179:EC6
3139:by
3087:EPR
3020:BWR
1989:TEM
1984:TMK
1744:on
1700:or
4015::
3467:He
3433:CO
3309:CO
3230:R3
2048:US
1951:UK
1915:US
1642:.
1455:.
1427:.
1323:.
1202:.
1174:.
997:.
971:.
946:19
944:.
872:.
847:^
746:.
630:.
396:,
307:-
295:-
116:A
97:,
3607:)
3603:(
3435:2
3387:O
3385:2
3383:H
3311:2
3251:O
3249:2
3247:H
3156:O
3154:2
3152:D
2193:e
2186:t
2179:v
1825:e
1818:t
1811:v
1727:)
1721:(
1716:)
1712:(
1708:.
1690:.
1659:.
1614:.
1582:.
1528:.
1492:.
1466:.
1412:.
1390:.
1339:.
1262:.
1216:.
1185:.
1136:.
1111:.
1085:.
1060:.
1034:.
1008:.
982:.
956:.
890:.
508:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
