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190:); it can run for more than 20 years before the nuclear fuel needs replacement. There was an attempt at commercializing the reactor, as it could be used in remote areas or vehicles (research stations, electric-diesel submarines). Then, China entered the market with its SLOWPOKE-like reactor and thus, the project lost its commercial potential. Many SLOWPOKEs are still in use in Canada; there is one running at
428:
solution, with the potential of retrieving used fuel until and if and when a decision is made to seal the facility permanently. It is meant to provide the capacity to transfer responsibility from one generation to the next. The key technical element of the approach is the ultimate centralized containment and isolation of the used fuel and other high level waste in a
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is now safely stored at licensed facilities at the reactor sites. On site storage options are expected to perform well over the near term; however, existing reactor sites were not chosen for their suitability as permanent storage sites. Furthermore, the communities hosting the nuclear reactors have a
395:
The uranium industry invested at least CDN $ 3.5 billion during the 20th century, with capital investment in mines of CDN $ 2.5 billion, and exploration and predevelopment expenditures exceeding CDN $ 1 billion. Adjusting for inflation, there have been three investment booms. The first small one came
404:
Radioactive waste in Canada can be grouped into three broad categories: nuclear fuel waste, low-level radioactive waste, and uranium mill tailings. The most recent inventory of these wastes is provided in the LLRWMO 2004 report. At the end of 2003, the total amount of nuclear fuel waste was 6,800
316:
In addition to cobalt-60, MDS Nordion also produces radioisotopes that are essential in diagnostic therapy. Some can be mixed chemically with other substances and injected into the body to allow physicians to “see” into the body, even the brain, lungs and organs that hitherto were inaccessible. Not
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is produced in Canada. The medical-use cobalt-60 is produced in the NRU research reactor at AECL's Chalk River
Laboratories, while industrial-use cobalt-60 is produced in selected CANDU power reactors (in these units some adjuster rods are made of cobalt-59 for this purpose). Furthermore, over half
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In 2005, the NWMO recommended "Adaptive Phased
Management" as the foundation for managing the risks and uncertainties that are inherent in the very long time frames over which used nuclear fuel must be managed. In 2007, the Government of Canada approved this approach, and authorized NWMO to begin
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In
December 2004, the Cigar Lake Joint Venture (AREVA Resources Canada 37.1%, Cameco Corporation 50.025%, Idemitsu Uranium Exploration Canada Ltd. 7.875%, and TEPCO Resources 5%) partners agreed to proceed with development of the Cigar Lake uranium mine -the second largest known high-grade uranium
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Canada was also a pioneer in the production of medical isotopes, and today is the world's biggest supplier of
Molybdenum-99, the "workhorse" and most commonly used isotope in nuclear medicine. This isotope is generated in the NRU reactor; this is then shipped to MDS Nordion, a global supplier of
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obligations, although Canada withdrew from the Kyoto
Protocol in December 2012. (Canada was committed to cutting its greenhouse emissions to 6% below 1990 levels by 2012, but in 2009 emissions were 17% higher than in 1990. The Harper government prioritized oil sands development in Alberta, and
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In summary the program commits Canada to the first steps to manage the used nuclear fuel it has created. It espouses sequential and collaborative decision-making to provide flexibility to adapt to experience and technical change. It aims to provide a viable, safe and secure long-term storage
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cancer therapy technology that became standard medical practice throughout the world (the first cobalt-60 cancer therapy was administered at the Royal
Victoria Hospital in London, Ontario on October 27, 1951), and has also been involved in the development of accelerator-based cancer therapy
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only have these diagnostic techniques eliminated the need for much exploratory surgery, they have provided physicians with diagnostic capabilities that would otherwise have been impossible. Mild irradiation is also used to sterilize many medical supplies and some pharmaceuticals.
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with the initial developments in the
Beaverlodge area in the 1950s. The second and largest boom was in the 1970s, with the opening of the Cluff and Rabbit lake mines, and the third was in the 1990s with the development of the higher grade ores on the east side.
186:(acronym for Safe Low-Power Kritical Experiment). The first prototype was built at Chalk River and many SLOWPOKEs were subsequently built, mainly for research. This reactor design is extremely safe and requires almost no maintenance (it is even licensed to
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dominates Canada's nuclear power industry, containing most of the country's nuclear power generating capacity. Ontario has 16 operating reactors providing about 50% of the province's electricity, plus two reactors undergoing refurbishment.
159:(NPD) started operation in 1962 and successfully demonstrated the unique concepts of on-power refuelling using natural uranium fuel, and heavy water moderator and coolant. These defining features formed the basis of a successful fleet of
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The existence of Canada's early nuclear program, and in particular the powerful NRX research reactor, nurtured a medical isotope and nuclear medicine R&D community at several locations across the country. Canada pioneered the
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and on
September 5, 1945, at 3:45 p.m., the 10 Watt ZEEP successfully achieved the first self-sustained nuclear reaction outside the United States. ZEEP operated for 25 years as a key research facility.
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radiopharmaceuticals based in Kanata, Ontario (near Ottawa). There are more than 4000 Mo-99 treatments daily in Canada, and 40,000 daily in the US. Canada produces about 30-40% of the global supply of
420:(NWMO). This Act required that the NWMO engage citizens, specialists, stakeholders and the Aboriginal peoples in research and dialogue to assess the options for long-term management of this material.
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deprioritized improving the environment.) . The
Government of Ontario proposed plans in 2004 to build several new nuclear reactors in the province. The leading candidate is
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In 1952, the
Canadian Government formed AECL, a Crown corporation with the mandate to develop peaceful uses of nuclear energy. A partnership was formed between AECL,
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also has one reactor. Overall, nuclear power provides about 15% of Canada's electricity. The industry employs about 21,000 people directly and 10,000 indirectly.
367:, where mining resumed in mid-2002 after a three-year break. An underground reserve replacement program is adding to reserves faster than they are being mined.
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There has been renewed interest in nuclear energy, spurred by increasing demand (particularly within Ontario), and the desire to comply with Canada's
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The Nuclear industry (as distinct from the uranium industry) in Canada dates back to 1942 when a joint British-Canadian laboratory was set up in
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the cobalt-60 therapy machines and medical sterilizers in the world were built in Canada, treating over half a million patients yearly.
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deposit in the world, after McArthur River. With federal and provincial approvals in place, full construction began in January 2005.
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In 2002 the Government of Canada passed the Nuclear Fuel Waste Act, requiring the owners of used nuclear fuel to create the
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in the world when completed. In the meantime, in 1944, approval was given to proceed with the construction of the smaller
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All of Canada's uranium production now comes from the high-grade unconformity-type uranium deposits of the
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855:"Nuclear Power in Canada: An Examination of Risks, Impacts and Sustainability" (Pembina Institute, 2006)
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Summary of the Nuclear Waste Management's Organizations findings on dealing with Canada's nuclear waste
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nuclear reactors, and provision of reactor services and technical support to CANDU reactors worldwide.
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oversees nuclear power R&D and regulation in Canada, with responsibility for the crown corporation
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850:"Economic Impact of the Nuclear Industry in Canada" (Canadian Energy Research Institute, 2003)
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of northern Saskatchewan, such as Rabbit Lake, McClean Lake, McArthur River, and Cigar Lake.
227:(CNSC). AECL's commercial operations include reactor development, design and construction of
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moderated research reactor—started up on July 22, 1947. It operated for 43 years, producing
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for physics experiments. It was eventually joined in 1957 by the larger 200 megawatt (MW)
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is an active business and research sector, producing about 15% of its electricity in
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553:"7. a Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"
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and Canadian General Electric to build Canada's first nuclear power plant, called
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609:"Chapter 7. Uranium Mining in Northern Saskatchewan: A Public-Private Transition"
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Canadian nuclear energy policy: changing ideas, institutions, and interests
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reasonable expectation that used nuclear fuel will eventually be moved.
270:. Environmental assessments are currently underway for one site next to
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290:. Bruce Power has applied for a license to generate nuclear power at
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In the late 1960s (1967–1970), Canada also developed an experimental
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The Society for the Preservation of Canada's Nuclear Heritage, Inc.
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120:. Building partly on the experimental data obtained from ZEEP, the
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In 1946, Montreal Laboratory was closed, and the work continued at
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in a suitable rock formation, such as the crystalline rock of the
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of domestic design. Canada is the world's largest exporter of
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Natural Resources Canada News Room - News Release 2007-06-14
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845:"Entering the Nuclear Age" (Legion Magazine, Sept/Oct 2003)
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G. Bruce Doern; Robert W. Morrison; Arslan Dorman (2001).
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with about one third of world production coming from
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ranium) built and operated in Canada and elsewhere.
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308:About 85% of the world's medical and industrial
89:(Zero Energy Experimental Pile) test reactor at
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418:Canada's Nuclear Waste Management Organisation
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377:, which started production in mid-1999. Its
155:for Nuclear Power Demonstration. The 20 MWe
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341:mines. There are two major players in the
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163:power reactors (CANDU is an acronym for
17:
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756:Atomic Energy Canada, Limited (1997),
659:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
495:Canada and weapons of mass destruction
223:(AECL) and the regulatory agency, the
109:produced heavy water for the American
22:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station near
1181:Nuclear Waste Management Organization
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288:Darlington Nuclear Generating Station
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762:, McGill-Queen's University Press,
480:List of Canadian nuclear facilities
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75:National Research Council of Canada
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50:Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
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1202:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
802:. University of Toronto Press.
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510:Anti-nuclear movement in Canada
490:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
221:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
192:École Polytechnique de Montréal
81:and would be the most powerful
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907:Electricity sector in Canada
830:The Canadian Nuclear Society
742:, General Store Pub. House,
485:Canadian Nuclear Association
294:in the province of Alberta.
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188:operate unattended overnight
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1164:McArthur River uranium mine
978:Nuclear Power Demonstration
700:September 29, 2007, at the
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217:Natural Resources Canada
48:within the terms of the
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902:Energy policy of Canada
891:Nuclear power in Canada
736:Steed, Roger G (2007),
241:Nuclear power in Canada
107:Trail, British Columbia
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182:nuclear reactor named
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103:Teck Cominco smelter
38:nuclear power plants
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353:McArthur River mine
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113:from 1942 to 1956.
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539:2008-12-11 at the
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33:
32:
15:
1207:Bruce Power
675:"Bill C-27"
272:Bruce Power
130:heavy water
91:Chalk River
1289:Categories
1140:Fuel cycle
942:Darlington
681:2011-12-10
646:2009-08-30
615:2011-12-10
583:2011-12-10
562:2018-10-07
521:References
438:Ordovician
302:See also:
24:Kincardine
1142:locations
947:Pickering
611:. Idrc.ca
408:Canada's
310:cobalt-60
212:Framework
205:cobalt-60
180:miniature
171:euterium
1275:Category
1085:SLOWPOKE
973:Gentilly
777:citation
716:Archived
698:Archived
655:cite web
537:Archived
444:See also
357:Key Lake
345:sector.
280:Tiverton
184:SLOWPOKE
138:neutrons
124:(NRX)—a
67:Montreal
247:Ontario
144:(NRU).
95:Ontario
56:History
42:uranium
28:Ontario
1212:Cameco
1080:STOR-M
961:Closed
930:Active
806:
766:
746:
349:Cameco
71:Quebec
1090:ZED-2
1050:MAPLE
1022:SGHWR
937:Bruce
640:(PDF)
633:(PDF)
229:CANDU
161:CANDU
1095:ZEEP
1045:IMSR
1010:PHWR
804:ISBN
789:help
764:ISBN
744:ISBN
661:link
264:AECL
167:ada
101:The
87:ZEEP
1075:PTR
1070:NRU
1065:NRX
1060:MTF
1055:MNR
436:or
405:m.
286:'s
278:in
274:'s
266:'s
165:CAN
153:NPD
105:in
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169:D
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