North Russia intervention

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requested that they be repatriated. All remaining American troops also left for home. The Serbian troops (perhaps Maynard's best infantry fighters) became unreliable as others withdrew around them. By 3 July, the Italian company was on the verge of mutiny as its men were seriously disaffected with their continued presence in Russia so long after the Armistice. In mid July, the two companies of American railway troops were also withdrawn. The Royal Marines unit had been expressing its dissatisfaction with being forced to stay in Russia after the Armistice since February, and had been openly demanding to their commanding officers that they be sent home. Threatening letters were sent to their officers stating that if they were not repatriated, the men would commandeer the first train going to Murmansk. The men became increasingly unwilling to participate in serious military action throughout 1919. The French and American troops stationed in the north were similarly reluctant to fight, and French troops in Archangel refused to take part in any action that was not merely defensive. During June, small naval battles occurred on

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mutineers who went over to the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks had no intention of allowing the British to leave without a fight, and resumed their attacks on the British positions on 6 September. Fighting took place in the villages of Kodema, Ivanovskaya, Puchega and Chudinova, where 81 Bolsheviks were killed and 99 taken prisoner. In total, 163 Bolsheviks were killed in their offensive compared to one fatality on the side of the British. Over the next week, the Bolsheviks continued attacking the British lines and moved forward very quickly, and there were clashes at Pless and Shushunga. The attackers were subsequently identified as a combined force of civilian partisans and deserters who had mutinied and gone over to the Bolsheviks from the British lines on 7 July. By this point, British troops had started withdrawing to Archangel in order to prepare themselves for the evacuation of North Russia.

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months of the year when the White Sea froze over rendering Arkhangel inaccessible to maritime traffic. This event led to the British losing all remaining trust for the Whites and contributed to the desire to withdraw. Attempts were soon made to retake the city, but in a failed attack in late July the British had to force detachments of White forces to land at gunpoint in the city, since they were adamant that they would not take part in any fighting. On one Allied ship, 5 Bolshevik prisoners captured in battle even managed to temporarily subdue the 200 White Russians on board and take control of the ship with little resistance. Despite the Allied setbacks, a battalion of marines, the 6th Royal Marine Light Infantry, was sent to assist the British at the end of July.

600: 511: 366: 355: 538: 620: 567: 467: 263: 529: 520: 1079: 2016:, and it took three days for the settlement to be retaken. By late September, Royal Marines and 2/10th Royal Scots had reached Nijne-Toimski, which proved too strong for the lightly equipped Allied force. The monitors having withdrawn before the Dvina froze, the force was shelled by Bolshevik gunboats. In early October, the village of Borok was taken but, after a series of Bolshevik attacks were launched on 9 October, the Scots were forced to withdraw from the village. The Scots lost 5 men in their defence of the village. On 27 October, Allied forces were ambushed at Kulika near 290: 627: 574: 303: 2126:

to move south to capture more populated areas from which recruits could be conscripted. During February 1919, as the British fought defensively against attacking Bolshevik forces, the British decided to launch an offensive, aiming to capture extra territory from which locals could be conscripted. This would be the first significant action on the Murmansk front between the Allies and the Bolsheviks. With a force of only 600 men, most of whom were Canadians, the attack was launched in mid-February. Met with stiff opposition, the town of

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also attacked, but a strong Bolshevik defence halted any British progress. However, the villages of Kochamika, Jinta, Lipovets and Zaniskaya were captured with little resistance. In total the offensive led to the deaths of around 700 Reds and was considered a success. There was also action on the railway front south of Archangel at this time, and a raid on the settlement of Alenxandrova took place on 19 August. On 24 August, there was an aerial dogfight between a British RE8 aircraft and two Bolshevik

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hand-to-hand fighting, the Red troops were pushed away from the guns. The Bolshevik force lost as many as 650 men killed, wounded or taken prisoner, whilst the Americans lost three men and seventeen Scots were killed. The Allied forces had managed to quell the Bolshevik offensive by 14 November. When the news came through of the Armistice with Germany, many of the British troops in Archangel eagerly anticipated a quick withdrawal from North Russia, but their hopes were soon dashed.

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in -45 degree Celsius temperatures. Over the following days, RAF aircraft flew several bombing and reconnaissance missions to support the withdrawal from Shenkursk. The battle of Shenkursk was a key turning point in the campaign, and the Allied loss put them very much on the back foot for the next few months along the railway and Dvina fronts. On 8 March the Bolsheviks, determined to push the British from their positions on the Vaga, attacked Kitsa. The Reds went as far as using

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attack himself. A week later, B and C companies, led this time by an army major, made a second attempt to take Koikori, while D company was involved in an attack on the village of Ussuna. The British were again repulsed at Koikori; the army major was killed and both Marine company commanders wounded. D company was also beaten off by Bolshevik forces around Ussuna, with the death of the battalion adjutant, killed by sniper fire.

1843:. In late June, 600 British reinforcements arrived. By this time, Soviet–Allied relations were passing from distrust to open hostility. A Bolshevik force was sent to take control of the town up the Murmansk-Petrograd railway, but in a series of skirmishes the Allied forces repelled the attack. This was the first real fighting between the troops of the Allies and Soviet Russia. A trainload of Bolshevik troops was also found at 2184:

troops protested as they had not had a hot meal for some time. Another assault was repulsed on 2 April. The next day, 500 Bolsheviks attacked Shred Mekhrenga but were eventually repelled, with over 100 Red troops being killed despite the British suffering no fatal casualties. Another Bolshevik attack was launched on Seltskoe, but that attack also failed. In total, the Bolsheviks lost 500 men in one day in the two attacks.

502: 399: 388: 377: 224: 2048: 1835:. The second clash took place on 10 May at Tunturimaja, where Royal Marines and their local guides were outflanked and forced once again to retreat. The British forces, alongside Red Guards, eventually prevailed and secured Pechenga by 11 May with several casualties. In the following months, British forces in the area were largely engaged in small battles and skirmishes with White Finns in support of the 2224:

Tulgas by the Bolsheviks meant that the Reds now held the left bank of the Dvina 10 miles behind the Allied line. On 30 April the Bolshevik flotilla appeared – 29 river craft – and, together with 5,500 troops, attacked the 550 total Allied troops in three area. Only superior artillery saved the Allied forces, with the river flotilla eventually withdrawing. Tulgas was then eventually recaptured.

1223:. They had three objectives: they hoped to prevent the Allied war materiel stockpiles in Arkhangelsk from falling into German or Bolshevik hands; to mount an offensive to rescue the Czechoslovak Legion which was stranded along the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and resurrect the Eastern Front; and by defeating the Bolshevik army with the assistance of the Czechoslovak Legion, to expand 152: 1820:, and it was feared that the Whites would hand over the town to the Germans who would then use the bay as a submarine base. The Germans were allies of the White Finns as they had been assisting them militarily during their Civil War. British troops saw action for the first time in early May, when a party of White Finns 2020:, losing at least 27 men killed and dozens wounded, a figure that could have been higher if it had not been for a detachment of Poles who bravely covered the retreat as others panicked. The Allied force withdrew to a defensive line for the winter, first driving off a number of attacks with the help of a 2426:

as commander of US forces to organize the safe withdrawal from Arkhangelsk. Richardson and his staff arrived in Archangelsk on April 17, 1919. By the end of June, the majority of the US forces was heading home and by September 1919, the last US soldier of the Expedition had also left Northern Russia.

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lambasting the North Russia campaign, stating that the volunteer British troops were being used for offensive actions (despite being told that they wouldn't be) and that the regional White "puppet" government "rested on no basis of public confidence and support". The letter contributed to the British

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In September, the British forces, who had so far mainly only engaged White Finns in small battles and skirmishes, were reinforced by the arrival of a force of 1,200 Italians as well as small Canadian and French battalions. By early Autumn, British forces under Maynard in the Murmansk region were also

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During September, a couple of Bolshevik assaults were launched on Bolshie Ozerki, and although the first was repelled, 750 Red troops advanced on the village on 15 September and attacked from all sides, inflicting heavy casualties on the British and Allied defenders. On 22 September, with the Allied

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A final offensive on the Murmansk front was launched by the Allied forces in September, aimed at destroying the Bolshevik forces to leave the White forces in a good position after the planned withdrawal. On 28 August 1918 the British 6th Royal Marine Light Infantry Battalion was ordered to seize the

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on 15 May, the stubborn Bolshevik defence was only ended with a bayonet charge. British and Bolshevik armoured trains then traded blows as the British attempted to seize control of more of the local railway. The town was finally seized on 21 May, as Italians and French troops pushed forward with the

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after an intense battle on 19–20 January 1919, with the Americans losing seventeen men in the process. One American and White Russian force numbering 450 men drove back a Bolshevik force three or four times its size, but suffered some 50 casualties in the process. The battle for Shenkursk took place

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was captured and half the Red Army garrison was killed, wounded or taken prisoner. A Bolshevik train carrying reinforcements was intentionally derailed when the line was cut, and any escaping men were cut down by machine-gun fire. During the February offensive, the British forces pushed the Red Army

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On the Dvina front, Tulgas was attacked by the Reds on 26 January. The Bolsheviks originally drove back the American and Scots defenders but the following morning saw the Allied forces retake the settlement after a determined counter-attack. The Bolsheviks continued to attack for the next three days

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battery, culminating in a very heavy assault on 11 November. An RAF squadron was set up at Bereznik on the bank of the Dvina, equipped with RE8s. Meanwhile, in October fighting between Bolshevik and American and French troops had occurred along the Archangel-Vologda railway. US rail troops worked to

1855:, ending the First World War, meaning that the primary objective of re-establishing the Eastern Front was now irrelevant. However, the British forces did not leave. From this point onwards, the sole objectives of the British were to restore a White government and to remove the Bolsheviks from power. 2272:

dropped three tonnes of bombs on the village in two successful raids, and on 10 August British planes also dropped bombs on other Bolshevik held villages. During the attack, 750 Bolshevik prisoners were taken, and one battery was found to have been manned by German troops. The village of Seltso was

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On 25 April a White Russian battalion mutinied, and, after 300 men went over to the Bolsheviks, they turned and attacked the Allied troops at Tulgas. The Canadian defenders had to withdraw six miles to the next village, where attacks were eventually beaten off after heavy casualties. The capture of

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In the Murmansk sector, the British decided that the only way to achieve success in ejecting the Bolsheviks from power was by raising, training and equipping a large White Russian Army. However, recruitment and conscription attempts failed to provide a sizable enough force. It was therefore decided

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The 2/10th Royal Scots cleared the triangle between the Dvina and Vaga and took a number of villages and prisoners. The strongly fortified village of Pless could not be attacked frontally, so 'A' Company, less one platoon, attempted a flanking movement through the marshes. The following morning the

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From April 1919, the inability to hold the flanks and mutinies in the ranks of the White Russian forces caused the Allied Powers to decide to leave. British officers at Shussuga had a lucky escape when their Russian gunners remained loyal. A number of western military advisers were killed by White

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The final two months on the Dvina front, August and September 1919, would see some of the fiercest fighting between British and Red Army troops of the Civil War. In August, a major offensive was launched along the Dvina to try and strike a blow at Bolshevik morale and to increase the morale of the

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as Commander in Chief of the Red Army personally supervised this task on the orders of Lenin. 1,000 Red troops attacked the village, and the American and Scots defenders were driven back rapidly. The field hospital was captured and the large defensive gun batteries were threatened, but after heavy

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to secure the British withdrawal to Murmansk. Serbian forces supported the British as they attempted to push on to the Bolshevik village. The attack on the village was disorganized and resulted in three Marines killed and 18 wounded, including the battalion commander who had ineffectually led the

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mutinied and handed over the city to the Bolsheviks. The loss of the city was a significant blow to the Allied forces as it was the only overland route available for the transfer of supplies and men between the Murmansk and Arkhangel theatres, a particularly vital line of communication during the

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In April, public recruiting began at home in Britain for the newly created 'North Russian Relief Force', a voluntary force which had the claimed sole purpose of defending the existing British positions in Russia. By the end of April 3,500 men had enlisted, and they were then sent to North Russia.

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Many of the British and foreign troops often refused to fight, and Bolshevik attacks were launched with the belief that some British troops may even defect to their side once their commanders had been killed. The numerous White mutinies demoralised Allied soldiers and affected morale. The Allied

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The Bolsheviks had an advantage in artillery in 1919 and renewed their offensive while the Vaga River was hurriedly evacuated. 'A' Company of 2/10th Royal Scots had to be sent to reinforce a heavily pressed force on the Vaga, marching with sledges over 50 miles (80 km) in temperatures 40–60

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In May and June, the units of the original British force which had arrived in Archangel in August and September 1918 finally received orders for home. In early June the French troops were withdrawn and the Royal Marines detachment was also sent home, followed by all Canadian troops after it was

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On the railway front south of Archangel, the Allied forces were gradually advancing. On 23 March, British and American troops attacked the village of Bolshie Ozerki, but the first wave of attackers were pushed back. Orders were made to resume the attack the next morning, but some of the British

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The next morning, faced with the prospect of another attack on the village, one Marine company refused to obey orders and withdrew themselves to a nearby friendly village. As a result, 93 men from the battalion were court-martialled; 13 were sentenced to death and others received substantial

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On 4 September 1918 the promised American forces arrived. Three battalions of troops, supported by engineers and under the command of Colonel George Stewart, landed in Archangel. This force numbered 4,500 troops. In early September also an RAF squadron was set up specifically for service at

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shells at British positions on the Archangel-Vologda railway. The use of poison gas by the Bolsheviks was soon announced in the British press. The Bolsheviks would use poison gas shells against the British on at least two occasions in North Russia, although their effectiveness was limited.

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against the railway there. The British party was ambushed even before landing and suffered heavy casualties, with 13 men killed and 4 wounded. Consequently, the unopposed Bolsheviks destroyed a number of bridges, delaying the evacuation for a time. One of the fatalities, a Private from

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where the strongest Bolshevik positions were encountered. The strategicly important city of Shenkursk was described by British commander Ironside as 'the most important city in North Russia' after Archangel and he was determined to hold the line. However, British and Allied troops were

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and linking up with Kolchak's White forces in Siberia. The villages of Topsa and Troitsa were captured in anticipation of this action, with 150 Bolsheviks being killed and 450 being captured. However, with Kolchak's forces being pushed back rapidly, the Kotlas offensive was cancelled.

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Predominantly the 21st Provisional Colonial Infantry Battalion, a company of ski troops, and engineers. Three artillery batteries (61st, 62nd, 63rd) of the 2nd Colonial Artillery Regiment provided supporting firepower. This was supplemented with a North Russian battalion of the

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In early July 1919, another White unit under British command mutinied and killed its British officers, with 100 men then deserting to the Bolsheviks. Another White mutiny was foiled later in the month by Australian troops. On 20 July, 3,000 White troops in the key city of

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The Serbs and White Russian forces attacked again on 11 and 14 September, but these attacks also failed. However, the British did manage to reach the Nurmis river by 18 September, with 9,000 troops, including 6,000 White Russians, participating in this final offensive.

2533:(2013), Countess Rada Lyubova mentions (from the novel's present in post-WW II Britain) that she "had turned back at the British lines near Archangel ... 'such folly.'" and "had crossed Siberia with the remnants of the Czech Legion ... 'not many ever saw home again.'" 2281:, with the British plane only returning safely when the observer flew 100 miles back to base whilst his pilot lay unconscious. On 10 September, the city of Onega was retaken. The American River Force monitors made a final successful engagement with the Bolshevik 1894:

It was reported in the British press in early August that the Allied Powers had occupied Arkhangelsk, although not officially confirmed by the British authorities at the time. By 17 August it was being reported that the Allies had advanced to the shores of

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was captured during the month. Despite being told when volunteering that they were only to be used for defensive purposes, plans were made in June to use the men of the North Russian Relief Force in a new offensive aimed at capturing the key city of

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until the Allies decided to withdraw, setting fire to the settlement as they evacuated four days later. The Allied troops then reoccupied the town soon after. By early 1919 the Bolshevik attacks along the Dvina were becoming more substantial.

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by saying the purpose of American troops in Russia was "to guard military stores which may subsequently be needed by Russian forces and to render such aid as may be acceptable to the Russians in the organization of their own self-defense."

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held out to the end, fleeing with a number of other White officers – including Grigory Chaplin – in an icebreaker when the Reds entered Archangel. They fled to France, and Miller was later captured by the Bolsheviks and executed in 1939.

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company reached Kargonin, behind Pless, and the defenders – thinking themselves cut off by a large force – evacuated both villages. The regimental historian describes this as 'a quite remarkable march by predominantly B1 troops'.

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In September 1918, the Allied Powers took Obozerskaya, around 100 miles (160 km) south of Archangel. During the attack, the RAF provided air support to the advancing Allied infantry, conducting bombing and strafing runs.

1208:, only half had arrived before the agreement broke down and fighting with the Bolsheviks ensued in May 1918. Also worrisome to the Allied Powers was the fact that in April 1918, a division of German troops had landed in 2648:

Two companies of the 45th Battalion and one of the machine gun companies were composed mainly of Australian volunteers who were veterans of the Western Front: about 200–300 former members of the Australian Imperial

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Many soldiers capitulated and the remnants of the Army were evacuated from Arkhangelsk in February 1920. On February 21, 1920, the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk and on March 13, 1920, they took Murmansk. The White

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After the May offensive, there was a considerable amount of aerial activity around Lake Onega. The British constructed an airfield at Lumbushi, and seaplanes were brought in to add to the force of 6

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Housed at the Bentley Historical Library. More than 50 individual collections of primary source material, including diaries, maps, correspondence, photos, ephemera, printed materials, and a film.

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to bombard the settlement, but all attacks were repulsed. However, with much of the village being destroyed and the Allied force being outnumbered by the enemy, it was decided to withdraw.

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Public opinion regarding the formation of the force was mixed, with some newspapers being more supportive than others. The relief force eventually arrived in North Russia in late May–June.

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sentences of hard labour. In December 1919, the Government, under pressure from several MPs, revoked the sentence of death and considerably reduced the sentences of all the convicted men.

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to the east took place along the Arkhangelsk Railway with an armoured train manned by the Americans. The last major battle fought by the Americans before their departure took place at

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was left to face the Red Army alone. Poorly disciplined, they were no match for the Red Army, and quickly collapsed when the Bolsheviks launched a counter-offensive in December 1919.

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While the intervention has been mostly forgotten in the west, it's still taught in history lessons in Russian schools and universities as proof of western hostility towards Russia.

2196:. A French armoured train shelled the town and it was then captured with the loss of 50 Bolshevik troops. A major offensive was then launched in May. On 8 May, Allied positions in 1875:. British diplomats had traveled to the city in preparation of the invasion, and General Poole had coordinated the coup with Chaplin. Allied warships sailed into the port from the 1530:

In late May 1919, the British North Russia Relief Force (British Army) arrived to cover the withdrawal of British, US and other anti-Bolshevik forces. It was made up primarily of:

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railroad, the strategic port of Murmansk and possibly even the city of Arkhangelsk. It was also feared that large military stores at Archangelsk might fall into unfriendly hands.

2001:. The River Force outflanked the enemy land positions with amphibious assaults led by Royal Marines, together with coordinated artillery support from land and river. Their 4798:(in French). Tapuscrit Ecole de l’Artillerie – Transcription intégrale – Association des officiers de réserve des Pyrénées-Orientales – via tableaudhonneur.free.fr. 1790:

The First British involvement in the war was the landing in Murmansk in early March 1918. Ironically, the first British landing in Russia came at the request of a local

658: 4665: 2639:, to assist in the withdrawal of British forces. Still not expecting to have to fight, the battalion was ordered forward under army command to hold certain outposts. 2635:

who had only recently returned from Germany and had no home leave. There was outrage when on short notice, the 6th Battalion was shipped to Murmansk, Russia, on the

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On the first occasion that White Russian troops were sent into the line of combat during the North Russian campaign, on 11 December 1918, the White Russian troops

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and companies from each of the three naval port depots. Very few of their officers had seen any land fighting. Their original purpose had been only to deploy to

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provide U.S. troops for what was to be called the North Russia campaign, or the Allied intervention in North Russia. In July 1918, against the advice of the

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between Allied and Bolshevik ships. The Bolshevik forces were completely taken by surprise when British seaplanes emerged and attacked. The settlement of

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and Royal Marines rebelling at points as well as American and Canadian forces. In April, a pre-emptive strike against the Bolsheviks was launched against

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beyond Soroko and as far south as Olimpi. Despite an attempted Bolshevik counter-attack, by 20 February, 3,000 square miles of territory had been taken.

1127:. In return, the US began providing economic and technical support to the Russian provisional government, so they could carry out their military pledge. 1219:

Faced with these events, the leaders of the British and French governments decided the western Allied Powers needed to begin a military intervention in

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railway. An armoured train was commissioned to support the advance, and a battle took place between Allied and Bolshevik armoured trains on 18 August.

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On 6 September, the commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion Hampshire Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Sherwood-Kelly, published an open letter in the

2507: 651: 4824: 4708: 2558: 1549: 897: 2299:, unable to sail downstream when the river's levels dropped, were scuttled on 16 September 1919 to prevent their capture by Bolshevik forces. 2122:, unable to sail downstream when the river's levels dropped, were scuttled on 16 September 1919 to prevent their capture by Bolshevik forces. 2444: 1880: 2197: 1174: 1043: 907: 887: 785: 609: 556: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 281: 143: 5041: 2465: 2193: 2013: 1700: 1683: 742: 590: 492: 343: 332: 321: 241: 100: 5081: 2233: 1595: 824: 780: 682: 644: 53: 72: 5086: 4914: 3318: 1871:

On 2 August 1918, anti-Bolshevik forces, led by Tsarist Captain Georgi Chaplin, staged a coup against the local Soviet government at

1879:. There was some resistance at first and Allied ships were fired on, but 1500 French and British troops soon occupied the city. The 2399:

On the morning of September 27, 1919, the last Allied troops departed from Archangelsk, and on October 12, Murmansk was abandoned.

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composed of anti-Bolshevik Russian volunteers who, like the SBAL, were recruited locally. For their bravery, they were awarded one

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on their way to join the Allied forces on the Western Front. However, as the 50,000 members of the Legion made their way along the

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to North Russia to assume command of the evacuation out of both Archangelsk and Murmansk. General Rawlinson arrived on August 11.

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with Germany, which formally ended the war on the Eastern Front. This allowed the German army to begin redeploying troops to the

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White forces before a withdrawal. As part of this, an attack was made on the village of Gorodok. Before the attack began, 6 RAF

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planes. The seaplanes bombed Bolshevik vessels, sinking four and causing the capture of three, including an armoured destroyer.

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On 22 September, with the Allied withdrawal already ongoing, a British detachment from the Royal Scots was sent by river to

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Balbirnie, Steven (2016-07-02). "'A Bad Business': British Responses to Mutinies Among Local Forces in Northern Russia".

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heading north, but Maynard managed to convince them to stop, before Serb reinforcements arrived and took over the train.

326: 2076: 5071: 5056: 4976: 3415: 3244: 1286: 963: 948: 2396:, who succumbed to his injuries on 26 September, was the last British servicemen to die in action in Northern Russia. 2151:, who succumbed to his injuries on 26 September, was the last British servicemen to die in action in Northern Russia. 2028:

The Allied troops were mainly inactive in the winter of 1918, building blockhouses with only winter patrols sent out.

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Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918-20

2354:'s words, "to strangle at birth the Bolshevik State" became increasingly unpopular in Britain. In January 1919 the 2163: 4996: 4925:

North Russian Expeditionary Force 1919, The Journal and Photographs of Yeoman of Signals George Smith, Royal Navy

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Fearing a German attack on the town, the Murmansk Soviet requested that the Allies landed troops for protection.

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White Russian awards to British & Commonwealth servicemen during the Allied intervention in Russia 1918-1920

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The King of Karelia: Col. P.J. Woods and the British intervention in North Russia 1918-1919 a history and memoir

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30 Czechoslovak volunteers, part of them serving directly in British Army and part of them detached from the

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An international policy to support the White Russians and, in newly appointed Secretary of State for War

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degrees below freezing. On 27 January 1919, word was received at Archangel that the Bolsheviks had fired

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As soon as Archangel had been captured, preparations were made for a push southwards along the Archangel-

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Area as Bolshevik attacks became more sustained. The Bolsheviks launched their largest offensive yet on

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Within four months the Allied Powers' gains had shrunk by 30–50 kilometres (19–31 mi) along the

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Letter written by US Army 1LT James E. Kean highlighting his unit's mission in Russia – June 26, 1919

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The History of the American Expedition Fighting the Bolsheviki Campaigning in North Russia 1918–1919

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British. The May offensive never quite carried the Allies as far as the largest town in the region,

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was crushed by a German counteroffensive. The Russian Army was plagued by mutinies and desertions.

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Two fictional television characters fought with the British Expeditionary Force: Jack Ford in

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America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1917–1920

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Minor operations to keep open a line of withdrawal against the 7th Red Army as far south as

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proved to be an effective weapon, since both sides were only armed with bolt-action rifles.

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withdrawal already ongoing, a British detachment from the Royal Scots was sent by river to

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Undefeated, The Extraordinary Life & Death of Lt. Col Jack Sherwood Kelly VC, DSO, CMG

8: 4946: 4934: 2423: 2304: 2172: 1888: 1884: 1829: 1785: 1752: 1745: 1665:

during August and September 1918 (including 53 personnel attached to British naval units)

1424: 1193: 1159: 1108: 1002: 988: 846: 704: 392: 370: 2154:

The furthest advance south on the northern front in early 1919 was an Allied Mission in

1922:

providing a line of communication between the Vaga River and the railway in the centre.

4910:

An account of a Royal Navy trip to North Russia on a hospital ship, June – October 1919

4818: 4777: 4702: 4582: 3492: 3466: 3312: 2877: 2624: 2469: 2189: 1964: 1720: 1655: 1542: 1478: 1471: 1441: 1437: 1239: 1131: 1120: 1078: 1047: 775: 709: 189: 160: 3167:

Robert L. Willett, "Russian Sideshow" (Washington, D.C., Brassey's Inc., 2003), p. 267

1230:

Severely short of troops to spare, the British and French requested that US President

415: 5026: 4924: 4919: 4879: 4858: 4837: 4781: 4742: 4721: 4672: 4640: 4621: 4599: 4586: 4574: 4413: 3566: 3411: 3298: 3240: 3109: 2892: 2361: 2351: 1946: 1813: 1741: 1659: 1556: 1338: 1051: 1012: 1007: 802: 761: 528: 437: 4521: 4769: 4566: 2852:"President Wilson's Aide-Memoire on the subject of military intervention in Russia" 2632: 2583: 2548: 2177: 2093: 2072: 2036: 1809: 1791: 1769: 1765: 1468: 1345: 978: 924: 727: 694: 689: 519: 381: 307: 4570: 2303:

village of Koikori (Койкары) from the Bolsheviks as part of a wide offensive into

4736: 2568: 2492: 1604: 1535: 1508: 1497: 1397: 1185:, where the depleted British and French armies had not yet been bolstered by the 953: 337: 4790: 1251: 4773: 2448: 2201: 2167: 2104:

The River Force monitors made a final successful engagement with the Bolshevik

2056: 1998: 1994: 1976: 1957: 1903: 1802:. 170 British troops arrived on 4 March 1918, the day after the signing of the 1724: 1712: 1687: 1630: 1413:

Two detached sections from 548th (Dundee) Army Troops Company, Royal Engineers,

1231: 1224: 1170: 1112: 1055: 426: 1744:

forces in the north (as distinct from his Siberian forces, which included the

1238:, Wilson agreed to a limited participation in the campaign by a contingent of 4955: 4613: 4578: 2612: 2356: 2321: 2269: 2247: 2068: 2064: 1825: 1516: 1367: 1281:, who had previously spent two years in Russia, was appointed by the British 1147: 1104: 619: 599: 566: 510: 466: 448: 403: 365: 354: 295: 268: 2025:

repair the trainline so as to allow the advance along the line to continue.

636: 4899: 2851: 2636: 2412: 2278: 2206: 1919: 1795: 1512: 1386:"Karelian Regiment" of three "columns" of 3680 locally recruited Karelians. 1305: 1220: 1196:

would stay neutral and leave Russia, they would enjoy safe passage through

1050:. The intervention brought about the involvement of foreign troops in the 3237:

The Military Medal Awarded to The Allied Armies by The British Government

2879:

The First Cold War: The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson in U.S.–Soviet Relations

2380: 2343: 2334: 2265: 2135: 1915: 1911: 1872: 1863: 1844: 1821: 1654:, which were sent to Murmansk to operate the Murmansk to Petrograd line. 1318: 1290: 1205: 1143: 1092: 1067: 164: 4939: 1986:, mines, and armed motor launches took their toll on the allied forces. 2408: 2261: 2229: 2159: 2060: 2042: 1972: 1907: 1839:. Command of the British forces in the area was given to Major General 1737: 1504: 1461: 1278: 1166: 1059: 812: 2554:

Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–1919

2067:

1918 along the Northern Divina front, and there was heavy fighting on

1937:

Archangel, equipped with obsolete RE8 reconnaissance-bomber aircraft.

1269: 4904: 2620: 2393: 2339: 2155: 2148: 2002: 1980: 1971:

was formed to use the navigable waters at the juncture of the rivers

1896: 1876: 1213: 4900:

American Polar Bears, the American Expeditionary Force, North Russia

1891:, despite the decision of the Northern Region Government to fly it. 1154:. Anxious to keep Russia in the war, the Royal Navy established the 35: 2615:

Light Infantry (RMLI) was scratched together from a company of the

2282: 2274: 2105: 1983: 1968: 1836: 1192:

Coincidental with the Treaty, Lenin personally pledged that if the

1151: 1139: 1107:

and its allies in April, after learning of the former's attempt to

156: 2402: 2200:

came under attack, with 8 men being killed. During the advance on

1273:

A Bolshevik soldier shot dead by an American guard, 8 January 1919

1066:. The campaign lasted from March 1918, during the final months of 2696: 2628: 2389: 2383:

on four fishing boats to stop sabotage operations carried out by

2326:

public and soldiers' desire for a withdrawal from North Russia.

2293: 2286: 2144: 2138:

on four fishing boats to stop sabotage operations carried out by

2127: 2116: 2109: 2084: 1950: 1926: 1618: 1209: 1197: 3216:(in French). Amicale des Anciens de la Légion Etrangère de Paris 2047: 2490:(as an intelligence officer in Murmansk) and Albert Steptoe in 2238: 2032: 1096: 537: 501: 398: 387: 376: 223: 151: 4875:

Australia's Lost Heroes: Anzacs in the Russian Civil War 1919

4718:

Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia 1918–1920

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Famous Regiments Series: The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment)

2775: 2520:

is a surrealistic drama set in 1919 Archangel during the war.

2188:

forces were affected by their own mutinies, with the British

2017: 1099:

abdicated and was succeeded by a provisional government. The

4194: 4192: 3994: 3992: 3642: 1902:

The lines of communications south from Arkhangelsk were the

1410:

Two detached sections from 253rd Company, Machine Gun Corps,

4667:

Corps expéditionnaire français en Russie du Nord, 1918-1919

3919: 3917: 3253: 1089: 4477: 4465: 4385: 4373: 4345: 4330: 4267: 4255: 4129: 3291:

Kaukana maailmasta : historiaa ja muistoja Petsamosta

3272: 3270: 3268: 1403:

Infantry company from 2/9th (County of London) Battalion,

1142:

still in transit quickly began piling up in warehouses at

4431: 4429: 4308: 4306: 4245: 4243: 4189: 4165: 4016: 3989: 3965: 3875: 3827: 3803: 3047: 3045: 1389:

Two "columns" of Serbian troops amounting to 1120 troops.

4689:. 1st ed., vol. 10 10, Center of Military History, 2019. 4489: 4035: 4033: 4031: 3914: 3892: 3890: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3659: 3657: 3632: 3630: 3593: 3591: 3516: 3514: 3127: 3125: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2920: 2918: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2499:

The campaign features in the Alexander Fullerton novels

2468:

was raised in Murmansk, on the tenth anniversary of the

1212:, creating fears they might try to capture the Murmansk– 180:(1 year, 7 months, 1 week and 1 day) 4117: 4093: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3738: 3404:

David S. Foglesong (2014), "Fighting, But Not At War",

3325: 3265: 3214:"Le Bataillon de la Légion Etrangère de Russie du Nord" 2997: 2995: 2993: 2806: 1764:

Opposing these international forces were the Bolshevik

1123:, pledged to continue fighting Imperial Germany on the 4501: 4453: 4441: 4426: 4318: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4177: 4153: 4141: 3042: 2684: 1798:

had ordered the soviet to accept Allied aid after the

4834:

Russian Sideshow: America's Undeclared War, 1918–1920

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Far from the world: history and memories of Petsamo .

3194: 3149: 3137: 3122: 3057: 3019: 2942: 2930: 2915: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2663: 1883:

was established by Chaplin and popular revolutionary

3576: 3526: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3385: 3373: 3349: 3337: 3297:] (in Suomi). Helsinki: Otava. pp. 185–90. 3182: 3170: 3007: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2732: 2043:

Increasing conflict with the Bolsheviks and setbacks

1776:, which was poorly prepared for battle in May 1918. 1613:

North Russia Expeditionary Force (also known as the

1173:, came to power in October 1917 and established the 757: 2825: 2787: 2763: 2012:In mid-September, Allied troops were driven out of 1997:forces. Fighting was heavy along both banks of the 1940: 1853:

armistice between Germany and the Allies was signed

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4664: 3403: 2876: 2744: 2708: 2447:ceased to exist. White Northern Russian commander 1723:'s provisional Russian government, led by General 2285:in September 1919. However two British monitors, 1812:volunteers who had crossed the border during the 4953: 4792:Historique du 2e Régiment d'Artillerie Coloniale 1800:German invasion of Russia in February–March 1918 232: 2623:to supervise a vote to decide whether northern 2602:590 in Murmansk sector, 274 in Archangel sector 2403:Archangelsk Railway and withdrawal of US troops 2329: 2051:Konetsgorye, view from the Northern Dvina River 1806:between Germany and the Bolshevik government. 4935:The Evacuation of Northern Russia, 1919 (1920) 2817:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKinvig2006p.315 ( 2360:was echoing public opinion when, paraphrasing 1550:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 1450:(67th and 68th Batteries of the 16th Brigade, 1073: 4967:American involvement in the Russian Civil War 3471:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate 2035:. The ringleaders were ordered to be shot by 1583:and the 385th Field Company, Royal Engineers. 1400:of Red Finns, commanded by British officers. 743: 666: 652: 4962:British involvement in the Russian Civil War 3077:"British Military Aviation in 1918 – Part 2" 2868: 1690:from the Americans and British respectively. 1175:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1044:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 969:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army 144:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 4987:German involvement in the Russian Civil War 4972:French involvement in the Russian Civil War 4618:Russia: Revolution and Civil War, 1917—1921 3079:. Rafmuseum.org. 1918-06-06. Archived from 2812: 2466:Monument to the Victims of the Intervention 1851:6,000 strong. However, on 11 November, the 1824:beat off a patrol led by Royal Marines and 1701:it:Corpo di spedizione italiano in Murmania 1684:Distinguished Service Cross (United States) 1375:11th (Service) Battalion (1st South Down), 1264: 4823:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4802: 4707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3557: 3555: 3553: 3497:The Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times 3288: 3239:. privately published by Anne Williamson. 3234: 2874: 2559:British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919) 2478: 1617:): approximately 5,000 personnel from the 1596:American Expeditionary Force, North Russia 1467:a flotilla of over 20 ships including the 750: 736: 659: 645: 4940:Polar Bear Expedition Digital Collections 4556: 4198: 4171: 3923: 3648: 3099: 3097: 2108:in September 1919. However two monitors, 1858: 286: 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4992:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922) 4734: 4513: 4495: 3959: 2836:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHouse2019 ( 2798:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHouse2019 ( 2755:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHouse2019 ( 2724:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHouse2019 ( 2690: 2678: 2333: 2083:line: the final defensive line in 1919. 2046: 1862: 1603: 1534:the 45th Battalion and 46th Battalions, 1268: 1077: 246: 4755: 4692: 4662: 4519: 3550: 3051: 1372:13th (Service) Battalion, Green Howards 1227:forces drawn from the local citizenry. 964:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army 27:1918–1919 Allied intervention in Russia 14: 4954: 4915:Foreign Command of US Forces 1900–1993 4871: 4850: 4715: 4634: 4612: 4507: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4391: 4379: 4354: 4339: 4324: 4312: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4183: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3983: 3971: 3947: 3935: 3908: 3896: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3782: 3763: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3636: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3582: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3276: 3259: 3188: 3176: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3108:. London: William Kimber. p. 38. 3103: 3094: 3063: 3036: 3013: 3001: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2781: 2769: 2738: 2702: 1779: 1555:two companies of the 201st Battalion, 1525: 4653: 4620:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4598:. London: Francis Boutle Publishers. 4593: 3317:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 2875:Davis, Donald; Trani, Eugene (2002). 2831: 2793: 2750: 2719: 1600:American Expeditionary Force, Siberia 1580:250th Signal Company, Royal Engineers 1360:17th (Service) Battalion (1st City), 1177:. Five months later, they signed the 731: 640: 4878:. Newport, NSW: Big Sky Publishing. 4788: 4403: 4366:Obituary: Brigadier Roy Smith-Hill, 3200: 2627:should remain German or be given to 2544:American Expeditionary Force Siberia 2419:from 31 March through 4 April 1919. 2371:The British War Office sent General 1993:, were soon combined with Poles and 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 4520:Nikitin, Vadim (30 November 2017). 2472:. It is still standing as of 2024. 2422:The US appointed Brigadier General 2254: 24: 5042:History of the Republic of Karelia 4671:(ePUB) (in French). Auto-Édition. 1759: 1730: 1577:241st Light Trench Mortar Battery, 1574:240th Light Trench Mortar Battery, 1332:548th (Dundee) Army Troops Company 1296:The international force included: 25: 5098: 4920:Russian Bolshevik Navy 1919_files 4893: 4687:The Russian Expeditions 1917-1920 1816:had captured the Russian town of 1299: 1132:Russian offensive of 18 June 1917 5087:Finland in the Russian Civil War 4397: 4360: 1941:Advance along the Northern Dvina 1589: 1256:, Wilson set the guidelines for 625: 618: 608: 598: 589: 572: 565: 555: 545: 536: 527: 518: 509: 500: 491: 465: 453: 442: 431: 420: 409: 397: 386: 375: 364: 353: 342: 331: 320: 301: 288: 274: 261: 248: 234: 222: 150: 34: 4945:Original movie clip of US Army 4905:Polar Bear Memorial Association 4762:Journal of Contemporary History 4720:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 4550: 4406:A Military History of Australia 3485: 3459: 3397: 3282: 3228: 3206: 3161: 3069: 2844: 2642: 2605: 45:needs additional citations for 4832:Willett Jr., Robert L (2005). 4784:– via Sage Publications. 4408:(Second ed.). Cambridge: 3235:Williamson, Howard J. (2018). 2596: 1867:Russian Civil War in 1918–1919 1715:Russian" forces included the 1515:seaplanes along with a single 1117:Russian Provisional Government 178:4 March 1918 – 12 October 1919 13: 1: 5082:France–Soviet Union relations 5047:History of Arkhangelsk Oblast 4947:Allied War in Russia, 1918-22 4685:House, John M., et al. 4571:10.1080/09546545.2016.1243613 2656: 1755:and attached to British Army. 1703:commanded by Colonel Sifola. 1344:Canadian Malamute company of 1156:British North Russia Squadron 939:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt 5022:History of the Royal Marines 4982:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 3565:, London: Leo Cooper, 1976, 3493:"Allied Troops at Archangel" 2885:University of Missouri Press 2705:, pp. 526–528, 530–535. 2579:Southern Russia intervention 2564:Estonian War of Independence 2430: 2330:Withdrawal of British troops 1945:A British River Force of 11 1289:, to lead the expedition to 1187:American Expeditionary Force 159:prisoners in the custody of 7: 2537: 1488:Royal Marine Light Infantry 1438:Slavo-British Allied Legion 1416:238th Trench Mortar Battery 1362:King's (Liverpool) Regiment 1074:Reasons behind the campaign 1032:Northern Russian expedition 791:Central Powers intervention 69:"North Russia intervention" 10: 5103: 5067:1919 in the United Kingdom 5062:1918 in the United Kingdom 5037:History of Murmansk Oblast 4803:Quinlivian, Peter (2006). 4774:10.1177/002200949803300207 4695:At War With The Bolsheviks 4663:Droulin, Laurent (2016) . 4410:Cambridge University Press 2611:The British 6th Battalion 2445:Northern Region Government 1989:The Allied troops, led by 1881:Northern Region Government 1783: 1593: 1315:2/10th (Cyclist) Battalion 1283:Secretary of State for War 5077:Finland–Germany relations 5072:North Russia intervention 5057:1919 in the United States 4977:1918 in the United States 4716:Kinvig, Clifford (2006). 3467:"Occupation of Archangel" 3289:Paasilinna, Erno (1980). 2455: 1706: 1671: 1366:6th (Service) Battalion, 1028:North Russia intervention 771: 678: 670:North Russia intervention 582: 477: 313: 208: 170: 149: 141: 137:North Russia intervention 136: 4693:Jackson, Robert (1972). 3106:RAF Operations 1918–1938 2813:Kinvig, 2006 & p.315 2784:, pp. 528–529, 531. 2589: 2022:Canadian Field Artillery 1719:(previously the army of 1694: 1652:168th Railroad Companies 1570:Royal Garrison Artillery 1562:an armed company of the 1452:Canadian Field Artillery 1448:Canadian Field Artillery 1394:238th Infantry Brigade, 1383:237th Infantry Brigade, 1265:International contingent 1064:Battle of Bolshie Ozerki 974:Great Siberian Ice March 542:1,000 field artillerymen 4872:Wright, Damien (2024). 4851:Wright, Damien (2017). 4756:Millman, Brock (1998). 4735:Mawdsley, Evan (2007). 4639:. London: Tom Donovan. 2479:The campaign in fiction 2173:expelled from Shenkursk 1804:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1641:337th Ambulance Company 1346:experienced sled dogmen 1311:Headquarters elements, 1244:339th Infantry Regiment 1202:Trans-Siberian Railroad 1179:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1109:persuade Mexico to join 1083:Arkhangelsk Governorate 614:2,150 (Allied estimate) 4997:Military in the Arctic 4654:Bujak, Philip (2008). 4527:London Review of Books 4404:Grey, Jeffery (1999). 2617:Royal Marine Artillery 2487:When the Boat Comes In 2347: 2052: 1991:Lionel Sadleir-Jackson 1868: 1859:Landing at Archangelsk 1774:Northern Front (RSFSR) 1609: 1503:contingent comprising 1432:Royal Dublin Fusiliers 1355:236th Infantry Brigade 1274: 1085: 908:Armenia and Azerbaijan 314:Commanders and leaders 4789:Munt, Franck (2015). 4738:The Russian Civil War 3104:Bowyer, Chaz (1988). 2574:Siberian intervention 2337: 2050: 1918:in the west, and the 1866: 1680:French Foreign Legion 1636:337th Field Hospital, 1615:Polar Bear Expedition 1607: 1377:Royal Sussex Regiment 1326:Durham Light Infantry 1272: 1258:American intervention 1248:Polar Bear Expedition 1081: 604:194 dead, 359 wounded 583:Casualties and losses 472:Rüdiger von der Goltz 18:North Russia Campaign 4857:. Solihull: Helion. 4810:Arthur Sullivan (VC) 4635:Brough, Ray (1991). 4594:Baron, Nick (2007). 4559:Revolutionary Russia 3561:A. Michael Brander, 3262:, p. pp. 23-24. 1740:attached to Admiral 1564:Chinese Labour Corps 1430:and elements of the 1146:(Archangel) and the 1103:declared war on the 1030:, also known as the 871:Ukrainian-Soviet War 578:55,000-70,000 troops 54:improve this article 4486:, pp. 188–189. 4474:, pp. 291–292. 4394:, pp. 178–180. 4382:, pp. 178–179. 4342:, pp. 258–259. 4276:, pp. 241–242. 4264:, pp. 256–257. 4138:, pp. 191–192. 4025:, pp. 223–225. 4001:, pp. 180–181. 3974:, pp. 173–174. 3884:, pp. 166–167. 3836:, pp. 193–194. 3812:, pp. 125–126. 3651:, pp. 131–132. 3410:, UNC Press Books, 2530:Then We Take Berlin 2424:Wilds P. Richardson 1885:Nikolai Tchaikovsky 1841:Sir Charles Maynard 1786:Petsamo expeditions 1780:Landing at Murmansk 1753:Czechoslovak Legion 1746:Czechoslovak Legion 1526:1919 reinforcements 1425:Manchester Regiment 1277:Lieutenant General 1194:Czechoslovak Legion 1070:, to October 1919. 1054:on the side of the 786:Allied intervention 781:Left-wing uprisings 393:Nikolai Tchaikovsky 371:Wilds P. Richardson 349:Sir Charles Maynard 4412:. pp. 12–17. 4357:, p. 259–262. 2625:Schleswig-Holstein 2502:Look to the Wolves 2470:Russian Revolution 2435:The White Russian 2385:Finnish Bolsheviks 2348: 2277:fighters over the 2190:Yorkshire Regiment 2140:Finnish Bolsheviks 2053: 1869: 1772:, combined in the 1736:1,000 Serbian and 1721:Alexander Kerensky 1610: 1543:Hampshire Regiment 1334:, Royal Engineers, 1279:Frederick C. Poole 1275: 1121:Alexander Kerensky 1086: 1048:October Revolution 1042:, was part of the 1036:Archangel campaign 776:October Revolution 5007:Conflicts in 1919 5002:Conflicts in 1918 4885:978-1-92-314406-4 4864:978-1-911512-10-3 4836:. Potomac Books. 4748:978-1-933648-15-6 4741:. Pegasus Books. 4681:– via Fnac. 4678:978-2-9542358-0-6 4646:978-1-87-108508-2 4627:978-1-474-61014-8 4605:978-1-90-342732-3 4370:, August 21, 1996 4126:, pp. 77–79. 4102:, pp. 67–70. 3950:, pp. 62–66. 3938:, pp. 51–56. 3747:, pp. 43–50. 3203:, pp. 21–24. 2352:Winston Churchill 2338:Captured British 2075:(Toulgas) at the 1814:Finnish Civil War 1699:1,350 men in the 1621:, including the: 1557:Machine Gun Corps 1469:seaplane carriers 1339:Machine Gun Corps 1324:2/7th Battalion, 1236:US War Department 1052:Russian Civil War 1040:Murman deployment 1021: 1020: 763:Russian Civil War 725: 724: 635: 634: 438:Aleksandr Samoylo 360:George E. Stewart 204: 203: 200:Bolshevik victory 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5094: 4889: 4868: 4847: 4828: 4822: 4814: 4806:Forgotten Valour 4799: 4797: 4785: 4752: 4731: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4682: 4670: 4659: 4658:. Forster Books. 4650: 4631: 4609: 4590: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4343: 4337: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3767: 3761: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3499:. 17 August 1918 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3334:, p. p. 86. 3329: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3308: 3286: 3280: 3279:, p. p. 24. 3274: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2882: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2856:pbma.grobbel.org 2848: 2842: 2841: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2633:prisoners of war 2609: 2603: 2600: 2584:Viena expedition 2549:Aunus expedition 2255:Final offensives 2073:Battle of Tulgas 2037:General Ironside 1770:Seventh Red Army 1442:Dyer's Battalion 1423:52nd Battalion, 1398:"Finnish Legion" 1242:soldiers of the 766: 764: 752: 745: 738: 729: 728: 673: 671: 661: 654: 647: 638: 637: 630: 629: 628: 623: 622: 613: 612: 603: 602: 594: 593: 577: 576: 575: 570: 569: 560: 559: 550: 549: 541: 540: 532: 531: 523: 522: 514: 513: 505: 504: 496: 495: 470: 469: 460:Dmitry Nadyozhny 458: 457: 447: 446: 436: 435: 425: 424: 414: 413: 402: 401: 391: 390: 382:Nikolai Yudenich 380: 379: 369: 368: 358: 357: 347: 346: 336: 335: 325: 324: 306: 305: 304: 298: 294: 292: 291: 280: 278: 277: 267: 265: 264: 258: 254: 252: 251: 244: 240: 238: 237: 227: 226: 172: 171: 154: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5091: 4952: 4951: 4896: 4886: 4865: 4844: 4816: 4815: 4808:: The Story of 4795: 4749: 4728: 4700: 4699: 4679: 4647: 4628: 4606: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 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Engineers 1602: 1594:Main articles: 1592: 1548:1st Battalion, 1541:2nd Battalion, 1536:Royal Fusiliers 1528: 1509:Fairey Campania 1498:Royal Air Force 1405:London Regiment 1337:253rd Company, 1302: 1267: 1088:In March 1917, 1076: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 876:Western Ukraine 818:Eastern Karelia 767: 762: 760: 759:Theaters of the 758: 756: 726: 721: 674: 669: 667: 665: 626: 624: 617: 607: 597: 596: 588: 573: 571: 564: 554: 544: 543: 535: 534: 526: 525: 517: 516: 508: 507: 499: 498: 490: 488: 464: 452: 451: 441: 440: 430: 429: 419: 418: 416:Jukums Vācietis 408: 396: 395: 385: 384: 374: 373: 363: 362: 352: 351: 341: 340: 338:Frederick Poole 330: 329: 327:Edmund Ironside 319: 302: 300: 299: 289: 287: 275: 273: 262: 260: 259: 249: 247: 245: 235: 233: 231: 221: 220: 192: 179: 155: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5052:White movement 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:1919 in Russia 5014: 5012:1918 in Russia 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4894:External links 4892: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4800: 4786: 4768:(2): 291–320. 4753: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4713: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4660: 4651: 4645: 4632: 4626: 4614:Beevor, Antony 4610: 4604: 4591: 4565:(2): 129–148. 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4512: 4510:, p. 295. 4500: 4498:, p. 255. 4488: 4476: 4464: 4462:, p. 288. 4452: 4450:, p. 287. 4440: 4438:, p. 286. 4425: 4418: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4359: 4344: 4329: 4327:, p. 247. 4317: 4315:, p. 177. 4302: 4300:, p. 278. 4290: 4288:, p. 264. 4278: 4266: 4254: 4252:, p. 253. 4239: 4237:, p. 255. 4227: 4225:, p. 171. 4215: 4213:, p. 170. 4203: 4201:, p. 142. 4199:Balbirnie 2016 4188: 4186:, p. 174. 4176: 4174:, p. 136. 4172:Balbirnie 2016 4164: 4162:, p. 198. 4152: 4150:, p. 193. 4140: 4128: 4116: 4114:, p. 129. 4104: 4092: 4090:, p. 178. 4080: 4078:, p. 229. 4068: 4066:, p. 217. 4056: 4054:, p. 216. 4044: 4042:, p. 185. 4027: 4015: 4013:, p. 218. 4003: 3988: 3986:, p. 124. 3976: 3964: 3962:, p. 257. 3952: 3940: 3928: 3926:, p. 130. 3924:Balbirnie 2016 3913: 3911:, p. 168. 3901: 3899:, p. 167. 3886: 3874: 3872:, p. 165. 3862: 3860:, p. 196. 3850: 3848:, p. 215. 3838: 3826: 3824:, p. 125. 3814: 3802: 3800:, p. 190. 3787: 3785:, p. 131. 3768: 3766:, p. 265. 3749: 3737: 3735:, p. 121. 3725: 3723:, p. 214. 3704: 3702:, p. 213. 3692: 3690:, p. 149. 3680: 3678:, p. 148. 3668: 3666:, p. 123. 3653: 3649:Balbirnie 2016 3641: 3639:, p. 160. 3626: 3624:, p. 153. 3614: 3612:, p. 147. 3602: 3600:, p. 145. 3587: 3575: 3549: 3547:, p. 151. 3537: 3525: 3523:, p. 158. 3510: 3484: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3417:978-1469611136 3416: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3370:, p. 115. 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3303: 3281: 3264: 3252: 3246:978-1999672713 3245: 3227: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3160: 3158:, p. 532. 3148: 3146:, p. 535. 3136: 3134:, p. 530. 3121: 3114: 3093: 3068: 3066:, p. 143. 3056: 3054:, p. 312. 3041: 3039:, p. 527. 3018: 3006: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2951:, p. 125. 2941: 2939:, p. 122. 2929: 2927:, p. 526. 2914: 2897: 2867: 2843: 2824: 2805: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2743: 2741:, p. 528. 2731: 2707: 2695: 2693:, p. 251. 2683: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2521: 2514:The 1990 film 2512: 2497: 2480: 2477: 2462:Constructivist 2457: 2454: 2432: 2429: 2417:Bolshie Ozerki 2404: 2401: 2331: 2328: 2270:Sopwith Snipes 2256: 2253: 2202:Medvezhyegorsk 2168:Northern Dvina 2057:Northern Dvina 2044: 2041: 1999:Northern Dvina 1977:Northern Dvina 1967:, and Russian 1942: 1939: 1904:Northern Dvina 1860: 1857: 1781: 1778: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1732: 1729: 1725:Evgenii Miller 1708: 1705: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1658:: the cruiser 1644: 1637: 1634: 1631:339th Infantry 1628: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568:55th Battery, 1566: 1560: 1546: 1539: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486:6th Battalion 1484: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1322: 1301: 1300:British Empire 1298: 1266: 1263: 1232:Woodrow Wilson 1225:anti-communist 1171:Vladimir Lenin 1158:under Admiral 1113:Central Powers 1075: 1072: 1062:, such as the 1056:White movement 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 999: 998: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 935: 934: 928: 927: 922: 921: 920: 915: 905: 900: 895: 893:South Caucasus 890: 885: 880: 879: 878: 873: 862: 861: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 828: 827: 821: 820: 815: 810: 805: 799: 798: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 772: 769: 768: 755: 754: 747: 740: 732: 723: 722: 720: 719: 717:Bolshie Ozerki 714: 713: 712: 707: 702: 692: 687: 679: 676: 675: 664: 663: 656: 649: 641: 633: 632: 615: 605: 585: 584: 580: 579: 562: 552: 515:4,971 soldiers 480: 479: 475: 474: 462: 427:Sergey Kamenev 406: 316: 315: 311: 310: 284: 271: 242:United Kingdom 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 194: 193: 188: 186: 182: 181: 176: 168: 167: 147: 146: 139: 138: 132: 131: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5099: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4843:1-57488-706-8 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4727:1-85285-477-4 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4496:Mawdsley 2007 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3960:Mawdsley 2007 3956: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3585:, p. 42. 3584: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3541: 3535:, p. 40. 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3456:, p. 38. 3455: 3450: 3444:, p. 35. 3443: 3438: 3432:, p. 34. 3431: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3394:, p. 29. 3393: 3388: 3382:, p. 37. 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 26. 3357: 3352: 3346:, p. 22. 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3304:951-10604-2-2 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3191:, p. 47. 3190: 3185: 3179:, p. 28. 3178: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3083:on 2012-06-30 3082: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3016:, p. 43. 3015: 3010: 3004:, p. 38. 3003: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2987:, p. 36. 2986: 2981: 2975:, p. 35. 2974: 2969: 2963:, p. 29. 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2900: 2898:9780826213884 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2839: 2834:, p. 53. 2833: 2828: 2820: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2796:, p. 26. 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2772:, p. 24. 2771: 2766: 2758: 2753:, p. 24. 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2722:, p. 48. 2721: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2691:Mawdsley 2007 2687: 2681:, p. 91. 2680: 2679:Mawdsley 2007 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Royal Marines 2608: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508:Bloody Sunset 2504: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460:In 1927, the 2453: 2450: 2449:Eugene Miller 2446: 2440: 2438: 2437:Northern Army 2428: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2357:Daily Express 2353: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2322:Daily Express 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:Armistice Day 2066: 2065:Armistice Day 2062: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1963:and others), 1962: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1914:Railway, the 1913: 1909: 1906:in the east, 1905: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:Northern Army 1714: 1704: 1702: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1590:United States 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1518: 1517:Sopwith Camel 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1368:Green Howards 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358: 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Retrieved 4531: 4525: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4405: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4320: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4018: 4006: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3904: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3740: 3728: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3644: 3617: 3605: 3578: 3573:, pp. 75–78. 3562: 3540: 3528: 3501:. Retrieved 3496: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3470: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3406: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3255: 3236: 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3105: 3085:. Retrieved 3081:the original 3071: 3059: 3052:Millman 1998 3009: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2909: 2902:. Retrieved 2878: 2870: 2859:. 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