2404:
2226:
2689:
3767:
3144:
3988:
1088:
3605:
1007:
3967:
3995:
3698:
1115:
1061:
3974:
3981:
1034:
3951:
1474:
10006:
3930:
9693:
3958:
3944:
4062:
3937:
4018:
3216:
4004:
4041:
4032:
4011:
4069:
4055:
4025:
4048:
9705:
3588:, and radon is isolated from the radioactive decay of radium compounds. The prices of the noble gases are influenced by their natural abundance, with argon being the cheapest and xenon the most expensive. As an example, the adjacent table lists the 2004 prices in the United States for laboratory quantities of each gas.
2982:
agent. As of 2007, about five hundred compounds of xenon bonded to other elements have been identified, including organoxenon compounds (containing xenon bonded to carbon), and xenon bonded to nitrogen, chlorine, gold, mercury, and xenon itself. Compounds of xenon bound to boron, hydrogen, bromine,
3067:
Extrapolation from periodic trends predict that oganesson should be the most reactive of the noble gases; more sophisticated theoretical treatments indicate greater reactivity than such extrapolations suggest, to the point where the applicability of the descriptor "noble gas" has been questioned.
3131:
of certain organic and inorganic substances. The essential condition for their formation is that the guest (noble gas) atoms must be of appropriate size to fit in the cavities of the host crystal lattice. For instance, argon, krypton, and xenon form clathrates with
1666:
element, and argon, one of the noble gases, but failed. Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the 20th century, but these attempts helped to develop new theories of atomic structure. Learning from these experiments, Danish physicist
3076:
in group 14: a reactive element with a common +4 and a less common +2 state, which at room temperature and pressure is not a gas but rather a solid semiconductor. Empirical / experimental testing will be required to validate these predictions. (On the other hand,
3900:, and because it is readily eliminated from the body, resulting in faster recovery. Xenon finds application in medical imaging of the lungs through hyperpolarized MRI. Radon, which is highly radioactive and is only available in minute amounts, is used in
1647:, "the discovery of an entirely new group of elements, of which no single representative had been known with any certainty, is something utterly unique in the history of chemistry, being intrinsically an advance in science of peculiar significance".
1693:, which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell.
2277:
and are therefore not held as tightly together by the atom. Noble gases have the largest ionization potential among the elements of each period, which reflects the stability of their electron configuration and is related to their relative lack of
3006:
is highly ionic, and cationic Rn is formed in halogen fluoride solutions. For this reason, kinetic hindrance makes it difficult to oxidize radon beyond the +2 state. Only tracer experiments appear to have succeeded in doing so, probably forming
6398:
Saunders, Martin; Jimenez-Vazquez, Hugo A.; Cross, R. James; Mroczkowski, Stanley; Gross, Michael L.; Giblin, Daryl E.; Poreda, Robert J. (1994). "Incorporation of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon into fullerenes using high pressure".
3395:
of radium. It can seep into buildings through cracks in their foundation and accumulate in areas that are not well ventilated. Due to its high radioactivity, radon presents a significant health hazard; it is implicated in an estimated 21,000
3635:. Liquid neon, although it does not reach temperatures as low as liquid helium, also finds use in cryogenics because it has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity than liquid helium and over three times more than liquid hydrogen.
3207:
but not covalently bound to it). As of 2008, endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been created. These compounds have found use in the study of the structure and reactivity of fullerenes by means of the
2732:
exist and there is some theoretical evidence for a few neutral helium-containing ones), while xenon, krypton, and argon have shown only minor reactivity. The reactivity follows the order Ne < He < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn ≪ Og.
4452:
xcix: "Frankland and
Lockyer find the yellow prominences to give a very decided bright line not far from D, but hitherto not identified with any terrestrial flame. It seems to indicate a new substance, which they propose to call
3060:(copper, silver, gold) have also been observed, but only either at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets. Similar conditions were used to obtain the first few compounds of argon in 2000, such as
5645:
2391:. The theoretical analysis of these interactions became tractable because the noble gases are monatomic and the atoms spherical, which means that the interaction between the atoms is independent of direction, or
3298:
The chemistry of the heavier noble gases, krypton and xenon, are well established. The chemistry of the lighter ones, argon and helium, is still at an early stage, while a neon compound is yet to be identified.
2627:. To do this, the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward. For example, the electron notation of
3690:. The reduced amount of dissolved gas in the body means that fewer gas bubbles form during the decrease in pressure of the ascent. Another noble gas, argon, is considered the best option for use as a
6896:
Häussinger, Peter; Glatthaar, Reinhard; Rhode, Wilhelm; Kick, Helmut; Benkmann, Christian; Weber, Josef; Wunschel, Hans-Jörg; Stenke, Viktor; Leicht, Edith; Stenger, Hermann (2002). "Noble gases".
3053:
Compounds in which krypton forms a single bond to nitrogen and oxygen have also been characterized, but are only stable below −60 °C (−76 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) respectively.
3911:
due to their inertness. Since ion engines are not driven by chemical reactions, chemically inert fuels are desired to prevent unwanted reaction between the fuel and anything else on the engine.
1544:, Lord Rayleigh theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with another gas, leading to an experiment that successfully isolated a new element, argon, from the Greek word
2166:
of 0.95 K (−272.200 °C; −457.960 °F) to convert it to a solid while a pressure of about 113,500 atm (11,500,000 kPa; 1,668,000 psi) is required at
3327:
of heavy elements). Abundances on Earth follow different trends; for example, helium is only the third most abundant noble gas in the atmosphere. The reason is that there is no
5216:
3064:(HArF), and some bound to the late transition metals copper, silver, and gold. As of 2007, no stable neutral molecules involving covalently bound helium or neon are known.
1639:, but was not considered a noble gas until 1904 when its characteristics were found to be similar to those of other noble gases. Rayleigh and Ramsay received the 1904
3092:, HeH, discovered in 1925. Because it is composed of the two most abundant elements in the universe, hydrogen and helium, it was believed to occur naturally in the
5907:
5517:
4336:
3861:
for ArF and 248 nm for KrF), allows for high-precision imaging. Excimer lasers have many industrial, medical, and scientific applications. They are used for
2332:
and the decrease in ionization potential. This results in systematic group trends: as one goes down group 18, the atomic radius increases, and with it the
3763:
from the atmosphere during welding and cutting, as well as in other metallurgical processes and in the production of silicon for the semiconductor industry.
1411:
under standard conditions and reactive enough not to qualify functionally as "noble". In the rest of this article, the term "noble gas" should be understood
9498:
5983:
5961:
5939:
5927:
5316:
9508:
1516:). No chemical analysis was possible at the time, but helium was later found to be a noble gas. Before them, in 1784, the English chemist and physicist
9558:
7189:
Horhoianu, G.; Ionescu, D. V.; Olteanu, G. (1999). "Thermal behaviour of CANDU type fuel rods during steady state and transient operating conditions".
2990:
Radon is more reactive than xenon, and forms chemical bonds more easily than xenon does. However, due to the high radioactivity and short half-life of
2895:
5978:
5956:
5934:
3682:, a decrease in the narcotic effect of the gas at depth is obtained. Helium's reduced solubility offers further advantages for the condition known as
9655:
9533:
7656:
2659:
3097:
9538:
9513:
8959:
2237:. The noble gases have the largest ionization potential for each period, although period 7 is expected to break this trend because the predicted
6664:
3295:
is localized on the two terminal atoms. This represents a localization of charge that is facilitated by the high electronegativity of fluorine.
9493:
9209:
6532:
4122:
material of the discharge tube envelope – note suppression of the UV and blue components in the bottom-row tubes made of thick household glass.
6528:
9622:
4274:
9632:
9627:
6794:
5059:
Allen, Leland C. (1989). "Electronegativity is the average one-electron energy of the valence-shell electrons in ground-state free atoms".
4448:(1989), s.v. "helium". Retrieved 16 December 2006, from Oxford English Dictionary Online. Also, from quotation there: Thomson, W. (1872).
1643:
in
Physics and in Chemistry, respectively, for their discovery of the noble gases; in the words of J. E. Cederblom, then president of the
9568:
9528:
9523:
9483:
1560:
was missing from the periodic table. During his search for argon, Ramsay also managed to isolate helium for the first time while heating
6558:
Coc, A.; et al. (2004). "Updated Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements".
5185:
9543:
9478:
9264:
2122:
has several unique qualities when compared with other elements: its boiling point at 1 atm is lower than those of any other known
9637:
9617:
9404:
2238:
6345:
Saunders, M.; Jiménez-Vázquez, H. A.; Cross, R. J.; Poreda, R. J. (1993). "Stable compounds of helium and neon. He@C60 and Ne@C60".
2282:. Some of the heavier noble gases, however, have ionization potentials small enough to be comparable to those of other elements and
9473:
9437:
6433:
5577:
5061:
4711:
Grosse, A. V.; Kirschenbaum, A. D.; Streng, A. G.; Streng, L. V. (1963). "Krypton
Tetrafluoride: Preparation and Some Properties".
4684:
6742:
5820:
Liebman, Joel F. (1975). "Conceptual
Problems in Noble Gas and Fluorine Chemistry, II: The Nonexistence of Radon Tetrafluoride".
2219:
2187:
2183:
9518:
9468:
5430:
3888:
Some noble gases have direct application in medicine. Helium is sometimes used to improve the ease of breathing of people with
2179:
1744:
3849:, or more commonly, the noble gas is combined with a halogen in excimers such as ArF, KrF, XeF, or XeCl. These lasers produce
3400:
deaths per year in the United States alone. Oganesson does not occur in nature and is instead created manually by scientists.
9742:
9563:
9488:
9399:
7649:
7492:
6220:
Hogness, T. R.; Lunn, E. G. (1925). "The
Ionization of Hydrogen by Electron Impact as Interpreted by Positive Ray Analysis".
6066:
5169:
7025:
Zhang, C. J.; Zhou, X. T.; Yang, L. (1992). "Demountable coaxial gas-cooled current leads for MRI superconducting magnets".
1568:
included these noble gases as group 0 in his arrangement of the elements, which would later become the periodic table.
5251:
Wheeler, John C. (1997). "Electron
Affinities of the Alkaline Earth Metals and the Sign Convention for Electron Affinity".
2983:
iodine, beryllium, sulphur, titanium, copper, and silver have also been observed but only at low temperatures in noble gas
3283:
on each atom. Bonding results from the combination of a filled p-orbital from Xe with one half-filled p-orbital from each
8997:
8952:
6660:
5281:
Kalcher, Josef; Sax, Alexander F. (1994). "Gas Phase
Stabilities of Small Anions: Theory and Experiment in Cooperation".
4754:
Khriachtchev, Leonid; Pettersson, Mika; Runeberg, Nino; Lundell, Jan; Räsänen, Markku (2000). "A stable argon compound".
4659:
1317:
The inertness of noble gases makes them useful whenever chemical reactions are unwanted. For example, argon is used as a
7136:
7065:
6690:
Sanloup, Chrystèle; Schmidt, Burkhard C.; et al. (2005). "Retention of Xenon in Quartz and Earth's
Missing Xenon".
5023:
will only solidify if exposed to pressures well above atmospheric pressure, an effect explainable with quantum mechanics
3152:
2639:. This more compact notation makes it easier to identify elements, and is shorter than writing out the full notation of
9432:
9389:
5208:
3628:
3292:
5550:
4297:
9605:
7625:
7602:
7565:
7534:
7511:
7469:
7403:
7292:
6913:
3140:
to be retained. Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon also form clathrate hydrates, where the noble gas is trapped in ice.
2416:
2103:
1644:
1248:
2740:
predicted that the heavier noble gases could form compounds with fluorine and oxygen. He predicted the existence of
10031:
7642:
3379:; one theory is that the missing xenon may be trapped in minerals inside the Earth's crust. After the discovery of
3002:
of radon have been formed in practice. Radon goes further towards metallic behavior than xenon; the difluoride RnF
9553:
9427:
7421:
5694:. 44. Effect of Geometry and Heteroatom on the Regioselectivity of Fluorine Introduction into an Aromatic Ring".
3923:
Colors and spectra (bottom row) of electric discharge in noble gases; only the second row represents pure gases.
3727:
In many applications, the noble gases are used to provide an inert atmosphere. Argon is used in the synthesis of
3260:
1525:
969:
953:
3030:
is the most notable and easily characterized. Under extreme conditions, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF
2822:
are the most numerous of the noble gas compounds that have been formed. Most of them have the xenon atom in the
9708:
9590:
8945:
3263:
model. This model, first proposed in 1951, considers bonding of three collinear atoms. For example, bonding in
3081:, despite being in group 14, is predicted to be unusually volatile, which suggests noble gas-like properties.)
1404:
9164:
3694:
inflation gas for scuba diving. Helium is also used as filling gas in nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors.
9582:
9503:
9393:
5617:
5253:
2616:
than lighter noble gases such as helium, making it easier to remove outer electrons from heavy noble gases.
6397:
4615:"Gilbert N. Lewis and the chemical bond: the electron pair and the octet rule from 1916 to the present day"
3731:
that are sensitive to nitrogen. Solid argon is also used for the study of very unstable compounds, such as
1683:, and that for all noble gases except helium the outermost shell always contains eight electrons. In 1916,
2446:. However, it was later discovered some do indeed form compounds, causing this label to fall into disuse.
9612:
4599:
4354:
3683:
2411:. Noble gases have eight electrons in their outermost shell, except in the case of helium, which has two.
2364:
17:
9174:
9169:
6492:
Pimentel, G. C. (1951). "The
Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method".
3315:
after hydrogen, with a mass fraction of about 24%. Most of the helium in the universe was formed during
1087:
9996:
9447:
7617:
7594:
7526:
7445:
6103:"Oganesson is a Semiconductor: On the Relativistic Band‐Gap Narrowing in the Heaviest Noble‐Gas Solids"
4807:
Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele & Vogt, Erich W. (2011).
4581:
3632:
3209:
2655:
2651:
2222:
is very short-lived (half-life 0.7 ms). Melting and boiling points increase going down the group.
1541:
1403:
uses the term "noble gas" interchangeably with "group 18" and thus includes oganesson; however, due to
4809:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)*"
4565:
4431:
4174:
Bauzá, Antonio; Frontera, Antonio (2015). "Aerogen Bonding Interaction: A New Supramolecular Force?".
3786:
because of their lack of chemical reactivity. Argon, mixed with nitrogen, is used as a filler gas for
3331:
helium in the atmosphere; due to the small mass of the atom, helium cannot be retained by the Earth's
1006:
9735:
9380:
2919:). Xenon reacts with fluorine to form numerous xenon fluorides according to the following equations:
2302:
known to be strong enough to react with oxygen. Noble gases cannot accept an electron to form stable
1701:
5742:
Avrorin, V. V.; Krasikova, R. N.; Nefedov, V. D.; Toropova, M. A. (1982). "The Chemistry of Radon".
3794:
and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon;
3056:
Krypton atoms chemically bound to other nonmetals (hydrogen, chlorine, carbon) as well as some late
1114:
1060:
8982:
7435:
6862:
6536:
5525:
4806:
3316:
2666:
block each. This causes some inconsistencies in trends across the table, and on those grounds some
2337:
1899:
9600:
3022:
Krypton is less reactive than xenon, but several compounds have been reported with krypton in the
1033:
9696:
9665:
9159:
9116:
8987:
7256:
Dunkin, I. R. (1980). "The matrix isolation technique and its application to organic chemistry".
5615:
Seppelt, Konrad (1979). "Recent developments in the Chemistry of Some Electronegative Elements".
4848:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; et al. (2006).
4239:
3787:
3581:
3570:
3320:
2813:
2809:
2455:
2368:
2291:
2254:
2191:
2047:
1697:
1572:
1358:
1326:
1311:
991:
6833:
3584:, to separate mixtures into component parts. Helium is typically produced by separating it from
9186:
9013:
6050:
6038:
4808:
3675:
3624:
3375:
method. Xenon has an unexpectedly low abundance in the atmosphere, in what has been called the
3372:
2713:
2647:
2620:
2465:
2461:
2421:
2279:
1283:
1216:
919:
9419:
7393:
6895:
6101:
Mewes, Jan-Michael; Smits, Odile Rosette; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (25 July 2019).
5905:
Roth, Klaus (2017). "Ist das Element 118 ein Edelgas?" [Is Element 118 a Noble Gas?].
4753:
9660:
9241:
6560:
6428:
6152:"The impact of the properties of the heaviest elements on the chemical and physical sciences"
5193:
5189:
5094:
4975:
4132:
3732:
3577:
2613:
2295:
2159:
2077:
1489:
1463:
1354:
6941:
6199:
3367:, which is the most abundant isotope of argon on Earth despite being relatively rare in the
3104:
of the noble gases. These are compounds such as ArF and KrF that are stable only when in an
1440:
to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity. The name makes an analogy to the term "
1314:, so their boiling points are all cryogenic, below 165 K (−108 °C; −163 °F).
10026:
9728:
9342:
9026:
7685:
7358:
7038:
6858:
6809:
6699:
6625:
6579:
6501:
6356:
6344:
6264:
6229:
5751:
5741:
5657:
5465:
5262:
5103:
4915:
4765:
4720:
4505:
4368:
3771:
3511:
2741:
2671:
2372:
2333:
2321:
2266:
2230:
2131:
1632:
1307:
5229:
4710:
4560:
3826:
that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps.
8:
9259:
7579:
6979:
4104:
The color of gas discharge emission depends on several factors, including the following:
3914:
Oganesson is too unstable to work with and has no known application other than research.
3823:
3706:
3332:
3176:
3093:
3061:
2847:
2693:
2431:
2317:
1737:
1260:
7362:
7042:
6813:
6703:
6629:
6583:
6505:
6360:
6268:
6233:
5755:
5661:
5469:
5266:
5107:
4919:
4769:
4724:
4509:
4372:
3724:: despite an 8.6% decrease in buoyancy compared to hydrogen, helium is not combustible.
3287:
atom, resulting in a filled bonding orbital, a filled non-bonding orbital, and an empty
1650:
The discovery of the noble gases aided in the development of a general understanding of
9347:
9307:
7557:
7218:
6825:
6723:
6641:
6637:
6595:
6569:
6380:
6288:
6181:
6127:
6102:
5802:
5767:
5233:
5152:
5124:
5089:
4998:
4970:
4789:
4523:
4384:
4326:
4269:
3870:
3807:
3740:
3328:
3089:
3027:
2959:
2863:
2773:
2757:
2717:
2683:
2376:
2123:
1721:
1451:
1299:
1279:
1184:
7370:
7202:
6746:
6007:
5891:
4426:
1564:, a mineral. In 1902, having accepted the evidence for the elements helium and argon,
1520:
had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than
1349:
quantities of the noble gases, except for radon, are obtained by separating them from
9442:
9312:
8536:
7621:
7598:
7561:
7530:
7507:
7488:
7465:
7399:
7374:
7331:
7288:
7093:
7085:
7077:
6909:
6790:
6715:
6450:
6401:
6372:
6347:
6280:
6173:
6132:
6062:
5864:
5833:
5806:
5771:
5711:
5542:
5483:
5165:
5129:
5003:
4781:
4736:
4636:
4359:
4331:
4191:
3791:
3667:
3453:
3352:
3276:
2991:
2721:
2443:
2403:
2384:
2380:
2307:
2195:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2084:
2018:
1766:
1663:
1533:
1392:
1389:
1366:
1295:
1275:
1191:
620:
7167:
6996:
The group 18 elements (noble gases) are non-reactive and not biologically important.
6829:
6727:
6645:
6599:
6384:
6331:
6185:
5763:
5418:
5237:
4388:
3896:
because of its high solubility in lipids, which makes it more potent than the usual
3818:, which add various hues to the orange-red color of neon. Xenon is commonly used in
10010:
9677:
9595:
9371:
9236:
9194:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9076:
9071:
9066:
8600:
8305:
8134:
7963:
7882:
7801:
7774:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7575:
7366:
7349:
Albert, M. S.; Balamore, D. (1998). "Development of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI".
7321:
7265:
7198:
7046:
6937:
6901:
6817:
6707:
6633:
6616:
Morrison, P.; Pine, J. (1955). "Radiogenic Origin of the Helium Isotopes in Rock".
6587:
6509:
6442:
6409:
6364:
6327:
6292:
6272:
6237:
6163:
6122:
6114:
6054:
5988:
5966:
5944:
5916:
5887:
5856:
5829:
5794:
5759:
5703:
5665:
5626:
5586:
5534:
5473:
5397:
5325:
5292:
5283:
5270:
5225:
5119:
5111:
5070:
5034:
4993:
4983:
4923:
4823:
4793:
4773:
4756:
4728:
4693:
4664:
4626:
4527:
4513:
4496:
4376:
4316:
4308:
4264:
4254:
4183:
4116:, temperature, etc. – note the color variation along the discharge in the top row);
3866:
3862:
3736:
3319:, but the amount of helium is steadily increasing due to the fusion of hydrogen in
3236:
3057:
2984:
2831:
2589:
2479:
2439:
2388:
2286:. It was the insight that xenon has an ionization potential similar to that of the
2270:
2167:
2107:
1705:
1684:
1565:
1291:
1271:
1252:
1154:
1134:
1107:
1080:
1053:
1026:
999:
7546:
7440:
6668:
6368:
6088:
4732:
3127:, first described in 1949, consist of a noble gas atom trapped within cavities of
1740:(HArF) was formed at a temperature of 40 K (−233.2 °C; −387.7 °F).
9548:
9409:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7461:
6931:
5161:
4238:
Smits, Odile R.; Mewes, Jan-Michael; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2020).
4109:
3639:
3612:
Noble gases have very low boiling and melting points, which makes them useful as
3348:
3128:
3023:
2963:
2879:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2619:
As a result of a full shell, the noble gases can be used in conjunction with the
2585:
2299:
2225:
1517:
1444:", which also have low reactivity. The noble gases have also been referred to as
1427:
6318:
Dyadin, Yuri A.; et al. (1999). "Clathrate hydrates of hydrogen and neon".
5798:
3674:, and when helium is used to replace part of the breathing mixtures, such as in
1704:. Compounds of other noble gases were discovered soon after: in 1962 for radon,
9357:
9352:
9322:
9317:
9302:
8968:
7665:
5115:
4928:
4849:
4380:
4150:
4113:
3819:
3752:
3748:
3671:
3137:
2640:
2601:
2485:
2427:
2329:
2274:
2199:
1680:
1676:
1537:
1485:
1287:
1220:
7234:
6768:
5402:
5385:
4969:
Smits, Odile; Mewes, Jan-Michael; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2020).
2612:. However, heavier noble gases such as radon are held less firmly together by
1743:
In October 2006, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and
1395:
whose chemistry is still uncertain because only five very short-lived atoms (t
10020:
8759:
7144:
7101:
7081:
6932:
Hwang, Shuen-Chen; Lein, Robert D.; Morgan, Daniel A. (2005). "Noble Gases".
6905:
6177:
6039:"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties"
5575:
Pauling, Linus (1933). "The Formulas of Antimonic Acid and the Antimonates".
5020:
4827:
4681:
3897:
3874:
3830:
3811:
3795:
3728:
3620:
3380:
3355:. The abundance of argon, on the other hand, is increased as a result of the
3308:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3085:
2737:
2725:
2688:
2674:
to be with other s elements, but this change has not generally been adopted.
2605:
2597:
2474:
2408:
2360:
2262:
2250:
2234:
2155:
2127:
2092:
2088:
1985:
1957:
1870:
1841:
1655:
1651:
1478:
1346:
1342:
1318:
790:
6711:
5992:
5970:
5948:
4682:
Fields, Paul R.; Stein, Lawrence; Zirin, Moshe H. (1962). "Radon Fluoride".
3623:, which boils at 4.2 K (−268.95 °C; −452.11 °F), is used for
3608:
Liquid helium is used to cool superconducting magnets in modern MRI scanners
2468:, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
9672:
9337:
9332:
9086:
9021:
8813:
8642:
8347:
7747:
7680:
7378:
7335:
7089:
6719:
6454:
6376:
6284:
6168:
6151:
6136:
6118:
5920:
5868:
5715:
5690:
Zupan, Marko; Iskra, Jernej; Stavber, Stojan (1998). "Fluorination with XeF
5546:
5487:
5330:
5311:
5133:
5007:
4988:
4785:
4740:
4640:
4259:
4209:
4195:
4187:
3901:
3833:, which are based on short-lived electronically excited molecules known as
3744:
3659:
3576:
Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air using the methods of
3368:
3360:
3133:
3120:
2979:
2415:
The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under
2175:
1720:), which was identified by radiotracer techniques and in 1963 for krypton,
1556:, "idle" or "lazy"). With this discovery, they realized an entire class of
1493:
1467:
1437:
907:
832:
699:
473:
7097:
6745:. L'Actualité chimique canadienne (Canadian Chemical News). Archived from
6241:
4312:
3136:, but helium and neon do not because they are too small or insufficiently
2796:
salts. These predictions were shown to be generally accurate, except that
9452:
9327:
9081:
8867:
8831:
8822:
8732:
8714:
8705:
7742:
7484:
7326:
7309:
7269:
6574:
4668:
4138:
3987:
3908:
3882:
3878:
3850:
3756:
3713:
3655:
3616:
3585:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3336:
3324:
3288:
3252:
2349:
2314:
2163:
2111:
1752:
1640:
1441:
1362:
1338:
1334:
874:
846:
839:
769:
755:
748:
7307:
6413:
5926:
Translated into English by W. E. Russey and published in three parts in
5689:
5630:
5590:
5296:
5074:
4697:
3966:
3814:". These lights are called after neon but often contain other gases and
1462:
forms a fairly considerable part (0.94% by volume, 1.3% by mass) of the
9226:
8876:
8804:
8777:
8750:
8410:
8392:
8365:
8196:
8187:
7926:
6795:"Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements"
6058:
5478:
5453:
4321:
4155:
3994:
3980:
3893:
3854:
3760:
3663:
3643:
3356:
3256:
3143:
2789:
2628:
2341:
1928:
1689:
1668:
1576:
1264:
881:
825:
804:
783:
522:
508:
487:
359:
352:
153:
7050:
6513:
6446:
5860:
5707:
5669:
5386:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements"
5274:
4631:
4614:
3973:
3798:, in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of
2130:; and, it is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling at
9949:
9251:
9096:
9091:
8885:
8858:
8849:
8696:
8678:
8669:
8660:
8446:
8356:
8329:
8277:
8223:
8205:
8169:
8149:
8088:
8025:
7969:
7908:
7897:
7816:
7757:
7752:
6956:
6276:
5538:
5087:
4777:
4518:
4491:
4210:"Xenon | Definition, Properties, Atomic Mass, Compounds, & Facts"
4144:
3858:
3790:. Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher
3613:
3280:
3156:
3124:
3115:
In addition to the compounds where a noble gas atom is involved in a
3078:
2793:
2573:
2392:
2356:
2207:
2203:
2096:
1989:
1801:
1748:
1528:
discovered that samples of nitrogen from the air were of a different
1446:
1385:
1256:
1159:
888:
867:
860:
741:
727:
720:
713:
550:
480:
459:
422:
380:
366:
338:
320:
276:
227:
183:
139:
130:
70:
3766:
3307:
The abundances of the noble gases in the universe decrease as their
2218:. Oganesson also has no stable isotopes, and its only known isotope
1492:
had discovered a new element on 18 August 1868 while looking at the
9274:
9231:
8840:
8741:
8624:
8606:
8581:
8572:
8545:
8518:
8482:
8473:
8455:
8383:
8374:
8268:
8140:
8106:
8016:
8007:
7998:
7989:
7944:
7863:
7845:
7780:
6821:
6591:
5209:"Solidification of helium, at room temperature under high pressure"
4119:
gas purity (even small fraction of certain gases can affect color);
4061:
3815:
3783:
3364:
3312:
3284:
2995:
2596:
of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in
2593:
2336:
increase, resulting in an increasing melting point, boiling point,
2328:
increases with the size of the atom as a result of the increase in
2283:
2258:
2211:
2147:
2143:
1672:
1659:
1561:
1521:
1458:
is another term that was used, but this is also inaccurate because
853:
776:
685:
671:
655:
648:
627:
606:
578:
571:
557:
501:
494:
415:
313:
290:
220:
213:
206:
199:
167:
107:
93:
45:
3739:
at very low temperatures. Helium is used as the carrier medium in
3596:
None of the elements in this group has any biological importance.
1473:
9983:
9859:
9101:
8937:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8795:
8786:
8768:
8723:
8651:
8633:
8563:
8509:
8491:
8464:
8437:
8419:
8401:
8311:
8241:
8214:
8178:
8160:
8124:
8115:
8097:
8079:
7978:
7917:
7807:
7762:
7634:
7010:
4847:
4091:
4068:
4054:
4040:
3837:. The excimers used for lasers may be noble gas dimers such as Ar
3834:
3803:
3721:
3697:
3691:
3344:
3340:
3101:
3069:
2667:
2534:
2345:
2171:
1808:
1786:
1580:
1529:
1378:
1374:
1322:
1236:
1092:
899:
818:
811:
797:
762:
706:
692:
641:
599:
585:
564:
543:
529:
515:
445:
394:
373:
345:
331:
304:
297:
283:
269:
190:
146:
63:
6529:"Elements of the past: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation"
4971:"Oganesson: A Noble Gas Element That Is Neither Noble Nor a Gas"
4240:"Oganesson: A Noble Gas Element That Is Neither Noble Nor a Gas"
3604:
2978:, in particular, is commercially available and can be used as a
2387:
provided the tools for understanding intermolecular forces from
1736:). The first stable compound of argon was reported in 2000 when
1571:
Ramsay continued his search for these gases using the method of
9769:
8687:
8615:
8500:
8428:
8338:
8320:
8286:
8250:
8232:
8061:
8052:
8043:
7935:
7888:
7854:
7836:
7791:
7553:
7024:
6980:"The Elements of Life: A Biocentric Tour of the Periodic Table"
6255:
Powell, H. M. & Guter, M. (1949). "An Inert Gas Compound".
5280:
4612:
4076:
4047:
3950:
3889:
3799:
3679:
3647:
3384:
3172:
3096:, and it was finally detected in April 2019 using the airborne
2495:
2287:
2241:
of oganesson (Z = 118) is lower than those of elements 110-112.
2119:
1771:
1501:
1477:
Helium was first detected in the Sun due to its characteristic
1370:
1224:
1011:
734:
678:
592:
536:
466:
452:
429:
401:
387:
255:
248:
241:
160:
123:
100:
86:
54:
9720:
6100:
4968:
4237:
4147:, for any gas that is not reactive under normal circumstances.
3929:
3806:. The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside
9919:
9889:
9829:
9218:
8901:
8590:
8295:
7953:
7827:
7066:"Effects of inert gas narcosis on behavior—a critical review"
5979:"New Kids on the Table: Is Element 118 a Noble Gas? – Part 3"
5957:"New Kids on the Table: Is Element 118 a Noble Gas? – Part 2"
5935:"New Kids on the Table: Is Element 118 a Noble Gas? – Part 1"
4096:
4086:
3957:
3943:
3717:
3670:. Due to its reduced solubility, little helium is taken into
3651:
2999:
2560:
2547:
2521:
2325:
2303:
2115:
1812:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1579:
into several components. In 1898, he discovered the elements
1551:
1545:
1511:
1505:
1459:
1408:
1400:
1330:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1139:
1119:
1065:
662:
436:
174:
79:
3936:
3147:
An endohedral fullerene compound containing a noble gas atom
9799:
8554:
8527:
8070:
8034:
7872:
7282:
7034:
5518:"Atypical compounds of gases, which have been called noble"
4081:
3907:
Noble gases, particularly xenon, are predominantly used in
3775:
3155:
compounds, in which the noble gas atom is trapped inside a
2508:
2435:
2246:
2215:
2190:, all have very long lives (> 10 years) and can undergo
1776:
1584:
1303:
1228:
1038:
634:
613:
262:
234:
114:
6427:
Frunzi, Michael; Cross, R. Jame; Saunders, Martin (2007).
5347:
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry – Volume 23
4850:"Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the
4141:, for metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation.
3100:. In addition to these ions, there are many known neutral
2788:) might exist as an unstable compound, and suggested that
1415:
to include oganesson unless it is specifically mentioned.
8259:
7674:
6689:
6219:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3175: atoms, is exposed to noble gases at high pressure,
3073:
2729:
2609:
2359:
under standard conditions, but their deviations from the
2099:
1557:
1497:
1350:
1294:
is "full", giving them little tendency to participate in
408:
6771:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 26 November 2007
2708:), one of the first noble gas compounds to be discovered
2600:. Atoms with full valence electron shells are extremely
7188:
4600:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 Presentation Speech"
3215:
1700:
discovered the first chemical compound of a noble gas,
6254:
6010:[Is there a boundary to the Mendeleev table?]
3747:, and in devices for measuring radiation, such as the
2728:
have not been formed (although some helium-containing
1751:, the seventh element in group 18, by bombarding
9994:
7351:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
7308:
Sanders, Robert D.; Ma, Daqing; Maze, Mervyn (2005).
7141:
38th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop
6978:
Remick, Kaleigh; Helmann, John D. (30 January 2023).
5207:
Pinceaux, J.-P.; Maury, J.-P.; Besson, J.-M. (1979).
4657:
Bartlett, N. (1962). "Xenon hexafluoroplatinate Xe".
4582:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 Presentation Speech"
3573:
from natural gas, which can contain up to 7% helium.
3259:. Bonding in such compounds can be explained using a
2662:
groups. All other IUPAC groups contain elements from
7479:
Bobrow Test Preparation Services (5 December 2007).
5317:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
5090:"Thermochemical Electronegativities of the Elements"
3755:. Helium and argon are both commonly used to shield
2273:
in the larger noble gases are farther away from the
1399:= 0.69 ms) have ever been synthesized (as of 2020).
7310:"Xenon: elemental anaesthesia in clinical practice"
7063:
6808:(2). The American Astronomical Society: 1220–1247.
6426:
5847:Seppelt, Konrad (2015). "Molecular Hexafluorides".
5206:
3383:, research showed that Xe can substitute for Si in
3311:increase. Helium is the most common element in the
2265:is related to several properties. For example, the
2170:. The noble gases up to xenon have multiple stable
1302:are known to exist. For the same reason, noble gas
7545:
6743:"Xenon Dioxide May Solve One of Earth's Mysteries"
5785:Stein, Lawrence (1983). "The Chemistry of Radon".
5151:
2249:, like atoms in most groups, increase steadily in
2174:; krypton and xenon also have naturally occurring
3084:The noble gases—including helium—can form stable
1758:
10018:
5088:Tantardini, Christian; Oganov, Artem R. (2021).
5058:
4597:
4579:
2269:decreases with an increasing radius because the
27:Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
7584:(in Russian) (7th ed.). New York, Collier.
7064:Fowler, B.; Ackles, K. N.; Porlier, G. (1985).
6934:Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
6317:
6043:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry
5882:Lehmann, J (2002). "The chemistry of krypton".
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
3231:according to the 3-center-4-electron bond model
3159:molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when
2210:of 3.8 days and decays to form helium and
7506:(2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.
7391:
7348:
6898:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
6533:Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
1361:. Helium is also a byproduct of the mining of
9736:
8953:
7650:
7456:Bennett, Peter B.; Elliott, David H. (1998).
7255:
6977:
6094:
4173:
4135:, for extended tables of physical properties.
3580:, to convert elements to a liquid state, and
3171:, a spherical molecule consisting of 60
2670:have proposed that helium should be moved to
2320:of the noble gases are dominated by the weak
6954:
6740:
6665:Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
6615:
4936:
4593:
4591:
3569:For large-scale use, helium is extracted by
3302:
2257:to the next due to the increasing number of
1431:
7581:Osnovy Khimii (The Principles of Chemistry)
7478:
7232:
6611:
6609:
5451:
5416:
5371:
4652:
4650:
4233:
4231:
3712:in 1937, helium has replaced hydrogen as a
3363:, also found in the Earth's crust, to form
2646:The noble gases cross the boundary between
915:
9743:
9729:
8960:
8946:
7657:
7643:
7395:Scientific photography and applied imaging
7137:"The Physiological Basis of Decompression"
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6618:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5881:
5039:WebElements: THE periodic table on the WWW
4613:Gillespie, R. J.; Robinson, E. A. (2007).
4489:
4461:
4459:
3195:notation indicates He is contained inside
2958:Some of these compounds have found use in
2363:provided important clues for the study of
2126:; it is the only element known to exhibit
7589:Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2002).
7574:
7501:
7325:
6573:
6467:
6305:
6167:
6126:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5477:
5401:
5344:
5329:
5186:"John Beamish's Research on Solid Helium"
5158:The Properties of Liquid and Solid Helium
5123:
4997:
4987:
4949:
4927:
4630:
4588:
4517:
4477:
4330:
4320:
4268:
4258:
2724:in which helium and neon are involved in
2449:
1215:) are the naturally occurring members of
7611:
7543:
7521:Harding, Charlie J.; Janes, Rob (2002).
6606:
6491:
6479:
6434:Journal of the American Chemical Society
6429:"Effect of Xenon on Fullerene Reactions"
5999:
5603:
5597:
5578:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5515:
5383:
5145:
5143:
5062:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4685:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4656:
4647:
4295:
4228:
3765:
3696:
3603:
3214:
3142:
3068:Oganesson is expected to be rather like
2830:atoms such as fluorine or oxygen, as in
2687:
2402:
2224:
1472:
1329:. Helium is used to provide buoyancy in
8757:
7520:
7502:Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997).
7455:
7216:"Disaster Ascribed to Gas by Experts".
7122:
6942:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01
6927:
6925:
6876:
6789:
6658:
6557:
6200:"Indication for a volatile element 114"
6030:
6008:"Есть ли граница у таблицы Менделеева?"
5846:
5819:
5728:
5614:
5574:
5250:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4456:
4289:
4247:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
4176:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
3591:
3452:Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in
3429:Solar System (for each atom of silicon)
2460:Like other groups, the members of this
2407:Neon, like all noble gases, has a full
1591:, and named them after the Greek words
1450:, but this label is deprecated as many
14:
10019:
8811:
8640:
8345:
7283:Basting, Dirk; Marowsky, Gerd (2005).
7165:
7057:
6659:Scherer, Alexandra (16 January 2007).
6036:
5494:
5417:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019).
5384:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017).
5312:"John Edward Lennard-Jones. 1894–1954"
5035:"Organesson: Properties of Free Atoms"
5032:
4352:
4342:from the original on 18 December 2023.
3088:in the gas phase. The simplest is the
2826:of +2, +4, +6, or +8 bonded to highly
2398:
1745:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
9724:
8941:
8865:
8829:
8820:
8730:
8712:
8703:
7638:
7588:
7458:The Physiology and Medicine of Diving
7143:. 75(Phys)6-1-89: 437. Archived from
6149:
5784:
5778:
5643:
5452:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013).
5359:
5349:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
5149:
5140:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4465:
4413:
4401:
4277:from the original on 16 December 2023
4108:discharge parameters (local value of
3034:according to the following equation:
1658:attempted to form a reaction between
1365:. Radon is usually isolated from the
8874:
8802:
8775:
8748:
8408:
8390:
8363:
8194:
8185:
7134:
6922:
5976:
5954:
5932:
5904:
5433:from the original on 1 February 2020
5309:
4534:
3371:. This process is the basis for the
2578:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (predicted)
9704:
8883:
8856:
8847:
8694:
8676:
8667:
8658:
8444:
8354:
8327:
8275:
8221:
8203:
8167:
8147:
8086:
8023:
7924:
7906:
7895:
7814:
5230:10.1051/jphyslet:019790040013030700
4660:Proceedings of the Chemical Society
4298:"How to name new chemical elements"
3479:Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)
3323:(and, to a very slight degree, the
3108:; some of them find application in
2987:, or in supersonic noble gas jets.
2716:; consequently, only a few hundred
2712:The noble gases show extremely low
2438:cannot combine with those of other
2430:because it was believed they had a
2383:on argon before the development of
1747:successfully created synthetically
1337:. Helium and neon are also used as
1158:
24:
8967:
8838:
8739:
8622:
8604:
8579:
8570:
8543:
8516:
8471:
8453:
8381:
8372:
8266:
8138:
8104:
8014:
7996:
7987:
7967:
7942:
7664:
6638:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb35366.x
6091:by A. V. Kulsha and T. A. Kolevich
6005:
4955:
3917:
3629:nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
3293:highest occupied molecular orbital
2635:, while the noble gas notation is
2604:and therefore do not tend to form
2584:The noble gases have full valence
2324:between the atoms. The attractive
1504:after the Greek word for the Sun,
1384:The seventh member of group 18 is
25:
10043:
8793:
8784:
8766:
8721:
8631:
8561:
8534:
8507:
8489:
8480:
8462:
8435:
8417:
8399:
8309:
8239:
8212:
8176:
8122:
8113:
8095:
8077:
8005:
7976:
7915:
7861:
7843:
7805:
7778:
7612:Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. (2005).
7398:. Focal Press. pp. 383–384.
6526:
3782:Noble gases are commonly used in
3642:to replace nitrogen, due its low
3638:Helium is used as a component of
3335:. Helium on Earth comes from the
2294:to attempt oxidizing xenon using
2087:, and consequently have very low
1645:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1407:, oganesson is predicted to be a
1084:
10004:
9703:
9692:
9691:
8685:
8649:
8613:
8498:
8426:
8336:
8318:
8248:
8230:
8158:
8059:
8050:
8041:
7886:
7789:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
2654:whereas the rest of members are
2306:; that is, they have a negative
1631:was first identified in 1898 by
1536:. Along with Scottish scientist
1113:
1086:
1059:
1032:
1005:
1003:
9964:Boiling Point: ? 350±30 K
9750:
8588:
8293:
8284:
7951:
7933:
7852:
7834:
7385:
7342:
7301:
7276:
7249:
7226:
7209:
7182:
7159:
7128:
7116:
7018:
7001:
6971:
6948:
6851:
6783:
6761:
6734:
6683:
6652:
6551:
6520:
6494:The Journal of Chemical Physics
6485:
6473:
6461:
6420:
6391:
6338:
6332:10.1070/MC1999v009n05ABEH001104
6311:
6299:
6248:
6213:
6192:
6143:
6082:
5898:
5875:
5840:
5813:
5764:10.1070/RC1982v051n01ABEH002787
5734:
5722:
5683:
5637:
5608:
5568:
5445:
5423:Chemical & Engineering News
5410:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5338:
5303:
5244:
5200:
5178:
5081:
5052:
5026:
5014:
4841:
4800:
4747:
4704:
4675:
4606:
4573:
4483:
4471:
3853:light, which, due to its short
3735:, by trapping them in an inert
3599:
3275:is described by a set of three
3261:three-center four-electron bond
1138:
1111:
1057:
9022:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
8552:
8525:
8068:
8032:
7870:
7825:
7166:Maiken, Eric (1 August 2004).
7027:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
6150:Kratz, J. V. (1 August 2012).
5884:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
4439:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4346:
4202:
4167:
1931:in water at 20 °C (cm/kg)
1759:Physical and atomic properties
1310:between them is the very weak
1030:
13:
1:
9564:Thermal expansion coefficient
9260:Lists of metalloids by source
8257:
7415:
7371:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00888-7
7203:10.1016/S0306-4549(99)00022-5
6369:10.1126/science.259.5100.1428
6089:Russian periodic table poster
5892:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3
5650:Journal of Chemical Education
5646:"A Decade of Xenon Chemistry"
5618:Accounts of Chemical Research
5254:Journal of Chemical Education
4733:10.1126/science.139.3559.1047
3822:, which, due to their nearly
3351:, and tends to accumulate in
2214:, which ultimately decays to
2202:; its longest-lived isotope,
1627:, "stranger"), respectively.
1532:than nitrogen resulting from
7446:Resources in other libraries
6984:National Library of Medicine
6769:"A Citizen's Guide to Radon"
5933:Roth, Klaus (3 April 2018).
5834:10.1016/0020-1650(75)80185-1
3829:The noble gases are used in
3658:when under pressure like in
3650:. Gases are absorbed by the
3235:Noble gas compounds such as
3090:helium hydride molecular ion
2677:
2658:—which is unusual among the
2608:and have little tendency to
1623:
1611:
1599:
1552:
1524:. A century later, in 1895,
1512:
1466:due to decay of radioactive
1192:element by radioactive decay
7:
9966:Specific mass: ? 13.65
9303:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
9006:By periodic table structure
7233:Freudenrich, Craig (2008).
6936:. Wiley. pp. 343–383.
5977:Roth, Klaus (5 June 2018).
5799:10.1524/ract.1983.32.13.163
5516:Grochala, Wojciech (2007).
5217:Journal de Physique Lettres
4126:
2373:intermolecular interactions
2365:intermolecular interactions
2355:The noble gases are nearly
1211:, sometimes referred to as
10:
10048:
9448:Goldschmidt classification
8156:
7985:
7904:
7823:
7787:
7689:
7618:Cambridge University Press
7595:Cambridge University Press
7544:Holloway, John H. (1968).
7527:Royal Society of Chemistry
5955:Roth, Klaus (1 May 2018).
5116:10.1038/s41467-021-22429-0
4929:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602
4490:Partington, J. R. (1957).
4381:10.1126/science.13.320.268
4305:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3869:, which are essential for
3633:nuclear magnetic resonance
3627:, such as those needed in
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3478:
3451:
3428:
3339:of heavy elements such as
3210:nuclear magnetic resonance
2808:is now thought to be both
2720:have been formed. Neutral
2681:
2453:
2348:is due to the increase in
2083:The noble gases have weak
2075:
2046:
2017:
1984:
1956:
1927:
1898:
1869:
1840:
1807:
1671:proposed in 1913 that the
1654:. In 1895, French chemist
1617:
1605:
1593:
1546:
1542:University College, London
1506:
1418:
328:
196:
136:
76:
51:
9980:
9968:Electronegativity: ?
9851:Electronegativity: ?
9821:Electronegativity: ?
9791:Electronegativity: ?
9758:
9686:
9648:
9581:
9461:
9418:
9379:
9370:
9295:
9273:
9250:
9217:
9207:
9185:
9115:
9027:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
9012:
9005:
8996:
8975:
8899:
8599:
8304:
8133:
7962:
7881:
7800:
7773:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7684:
7679:
7672:
7504:Chemistry of the Elements
7441:Resources in your library
7135:Vann, R. D., ed. (1989).
6959:. University of Sheffield
6802:The Astrophysical Journal
6741:Tyler Irving (May 2011).
6661:"Ar/Ar dating and errors"
6045:. Structure and Bonding.
6037:Fricke, Burkhard (1975).
5403:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7
5188:. Department of Physics,
4598:Cederblom, J. E. (1904).
4580:Cederblom, J. E. (1904).
4446:Oxford English Dictionary
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3646:in fluids, especially in
3527:Helium (laboratory grade)
3519:Helium (industrial grade)
3387:. Radon is formed in the
3303:Occurrence and production
3255:because they violate the
2419:. They were once labeled
2375:, was deduced in 1924 by
1702:xenon hexafluoroplatinate
1675:in atoms are arranged in
1255:are odorless, colorless,
1173:
988:
914:
39:
34:
9962:Melting Point: ? K
9932:Melting Point: 202.15 K
9780:Atomic Weight: 4.002602
7314:British Medical Bulletin
7285:Excimer Laser Technology
7222:. 7 May 1937. p. 1.
7191:Annals of Nuclear Energy
6957:"Helium: the essentials"
6906:10.1002/14356007.a17_485
6863:National Weather Service
6320:Mendeleev Communications
5744:Russian Chemical Reviews
5526:Chemical Society Reviews
5390:Foundations of Chemistry
4828:10.1515/ci.2011.33.5.25b
4161:
3788:incandescent light bulbs
3317:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
3119:, noble gases also form
3106:excited electronic state
2338:enthalpy of vaporization
2134:(an effect explained by
1900:Enthalpy of vaporization
1436:, first used in 1900 by
1327:incandescent light bulbs
1306:are small, and the only
903:
10032:Groups (periodic table)
9934:Boiling Point: 211.3 K
9904:Boiling Point: 165.03 K
9902:Melting Point: 161.45 K
9900:Atomic Weight: 131.293
9874:Boiling Point: 119.93 K
9872:Melting Point: 115.93 K
9812:Melting Point: 24.703 K
9810:Atomic Weight: 20.1797
9666:systematic element name
9638:in East Asian languages
8988:Extended periodic table
7523:Elements of the P Block
7392:Ray, Sidney F. (1999).
6712:10.1126/science.1119070
5993:10.1002/chemv.201800046
5971:10.1002/chemv.201800033
5949:10.1002/chemv.201800029
5822:Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett
5454:"Neon behind the signs"
4566:Encyclopædia Britannica
4432:Encyclopædia Britannica
4353:Renouf, Edward (1901).
3729:air-sensitive compounds
3625:superconducting magnets
3582:fractional distillation
3571:fractional distillation
3321:stellar nucleosynthesis
3251:) are considered to be
3212:of the noble gas atom.
2456:Noble gas configuration
2434:of zero, meaning their
2369:Lennard-Jones potential
2239:first ionization energy
2192:double electron capture
2162:) must be applied at a
1573:fractional distillation
1426:is translated from the
1359:fractional distillation
1325:and as a filler gas in
1312:London dispersion force
9941:Electronegativity: 2.2
9911:Electronegativity: 2.6
9870:Atomic Weight: 83.798
9844:Boiling Point: 87.30 K
9842:Melting Point: 83.96 K
9840:Atomic Weight: 39.948
9814:Boiling Point: 27.07 K
9509:Electron configuration
9499:Electrical resistivity
9438:Electron configuration
9242:Post-transition metals
7591:Noble Gas Geochemistry
6169:10.1524/ract.2012.1963
6119:10.1002/anie.201908327
5921:10.1002/ciuz.201700838
5908:Chemie in unserer Zeit
5419:""The" periodic table"
5331:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0013
5192:. 2008. Archived from
4989:10.1002/anie.202011976
4260:10.1002/anie.202011976
4188:10.1002/anie.201502571
3892:. Xenon is used as an
3779:
3743:, as a filler gas for
3733:reactive intermediates
3702:
3684:decompression sickness
3609:
3373:potassium-argon dating
3232:
3148:
2772:) and speculated that
2709:
2621:electron configuration
2610:gain or lose electrons
2466:electron configuration
2450:Electron configuration
2412:
2371:, often used to model
2242:
2142:is too high to permit
1482:
1432:
1284:electron configuration
9784:Boiling Point: 4.22 K
9782:Melting Point: 0.95 K
9343:Transuranium elements
6955:Winter, Mark (2008).
6561:Astrophysical Journal
6242:10.1103/PhysRev.26.44
5644:Moody, G. J. (1974).
5190:University of Alberta
5095:Nature Communications
5033:Winter, Mark (2020).
4976:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
4313:10.1515/pac-2015-0802
4296:Koppenol, W. (2016).
4133:Noble gas (data page)
3873:manufacture, and for
3769:
3700:
3607:
3578:liquefaction of gases
3377:missing xenon problem
3347:found in the Earth's
3218:
3151:Noble gases can form
3146:
2691:
2623:notation to form the
2614:electromagnetic force
2464:show patterns in its
2454:Further information:
2406:
2296:platinum hexafluoride
2228:
2078:Noble gas (data page)
1490:Joseph Norman Lockyer
1476:
1355:liquefaction of gases
1353:using the methods of
1298:. Only a few hundred
1282:, results from their
1274:, or tendency not to
974:(Europe, pattern A-B)
9881:Electronegativity: 3
9559:Thermal conductivity
9534:Heat of vaporization
8976:Periodic table forms
7270:10.1039/CS9800900001
7070:Undersea Biomed. Res
5310:Mott, N. F. (1955).
5150:Wilks, John (1967).
4669:10.1039/PS9620000197
4492:"Discovery of Radon"
3772:xenon short-arc lamp
3759:and the surrounding
3592:Biological chemistry
3353:natural gas deposits
3153:endohedral fullerene
2742:krypton hexafluoride
2565:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
2322:van der Waals forces
2267:ionization potential
2231:ionization potential
2152:standard atmospheres
2132:atmospheric pressure
1633:Friedrich Ernst Dorn
1405:relativistic effects
1308:intermolecular force
1259:gases with very low
9958:Atomic Number: 118
9591:Element discoveries
9348:Superheavy elements
9308:Rare-earth elements
7614:Valency and bonding
7548:Noble-Gas Chemistry
7363:1998NIMPA.402..441A
7104:on 25 December 2010
7043:1992ITM....28..957Z
6814:2003ApJ...591.1220L
6704:2005Sci...310.1174S
6698:(5751): 1174–1177.
6630:1955NYASA..62...71M
6584:2004ApJ...600..544C
6506:1951JChPh..19..446P
6414:10.1021/ja00084a089
6361:1993Sci...259.1428S
6355:(5100): 1428–1430.
6269:1949Natur.164..240P
6234:1925PhRv...26...44H
6113:(40): 14260–14264.
5756:1982RuCRv..51...12A
5662:1974JChEd..51..628M
5631:10.1021/ar50138a004
5591:10.1021/ja01332a016
5470:2013NatCh...5..438G
5297:10.1021/cr00032a004
5267:1997JChEd..74..123W
5108:2021NatCo..12.2087T
5075:10.1021/ja00207a003
4982:(52): 23636–23640.
4920:2006PhRvC..74d4602O
4770:2000Natur.406..874K
4725:1963Sci...139.1047G
4719:(3559): 1047–1048.
4698:10.1021/ja00880a048
4510:1957Natur.179..912P
4373:1901Sci....13..268R
4253:(52): 23636–23640.
3924:
3824:continuous spectrum
3808:gas-discharge lamps
3333:gravitational field
3279:(MOs) derived from
3191:can be formed (the
3094:interstellar medium
3062:argon fluorohydride
2848:xenon tetrafluoride
2718:noble gas compounds
2714:chemical reactivity
2694:xenon tetrafluoride
2417:standard conditions
2399:Chemical properties
2318:physical properties
2280:chemical reactivity
2114:than many normally
2104:standard conditions
2076:For more data, see
1894:325±15 (predicted)
1865:450±10 (predicted)
1738:argon fluorohydride
1452:noble gas compounds
1300:noble gas compounds
1280:chemical substances
1261:chemical reactivity
1249:standard conditions
958:(US, pattern A-B-A)
9928:Atomic Number: 86
9898:Atomic Number: 54
9868:Atomic Number: 36
9838:Atomic Number: 18
9808:Atomic Number: 10
9764:
7558:Methuen Publishing
7481:CliffsAP Chemistry
7327:10.1093/bmb/ldh034
7219:The New York Times
6839:on 7 November 2015
6791:Lodders, Katharina
6749:on 9 February 2013
6671:on 14 October 2007
6539:on 8 February 2007
6482:, pp. 275–306
6059:10.1007/BFb0116498
5984:ChemViews Magazine
5962:ChemViews Magazine
5940:ChemViews Magazine
5928:ChemViews Magazine
5556:on 26 October 2017
5479:10.1038/nchem.1631
5345:Wiley-VCH (2003).
4216:. 28 November 2023
3922:
3877:, including laser
3871:integrated circuit
3792:color temperatures
3780:
3741:gas chromatography
3703:
3662:, which causes an
3610:
3277:molecular orbitals
3233:
3149:
3028:Krypton difluoride
2960:chemical synthesis
2864:xenon hexafluoride
2774:xenon octafluoride
2758:xenon hexafluoride
2710:
2684:Noble gas compound
2625:noble gas notation
2592:are the outermost
2413:
2377:John Lennard-Jones
2344:. The increase in
2334:interatomic forces
2290:molecule that led
2243:
2229:This is a plot of
1722:krypton difluoride
1534:chemical reactions
1483:
1464:Earth's atmosphere
1296:chemical reactions
1207:(historically the
1185:primordial element
920:IUPAC group number
9992:
9991:
9987:
9986:is given in g/cm.
9975:
9974:
9969:
9942:
9939:
9912:
9909:
9882:
9879:
9852:
9849:
9822:
9819:
9792:
9789:
9778:Atomic Number: 2
9718:
9717:
9577:
9576:
9539:Ionization energy
9514:Electronegativity
9504:Electron affinity
9443:Electronegativity
9433:Crystal structure
9428:Aqueous chemistry
9405:Nuclear stability
9400:Atomic properties
9366:
9365:
9313:Refractory metals
9291:
9290:
9237:Transition metals
9203:
9202:
8935:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8894:
8893:
7494:978-0-470-13500-6
7422:Library resources
7235:"How Blimps Work"
7197:(16): 1437–1445.
7147:on 7 October 2008
7051:10.1109/20.120038
6514:10.1063/1.1748245
6447:10.1021/ja075568n
6402:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
6263:(4162): 240–241.
6156:Radiochimica Acta
6107:Angewandte Chemie
6068:978-3-540-07109-9
5886:. 233–234: 1–39.
5861:10.1021/cr5001783
5787:Radiochimica Acta
5708:10.1021/jo971496e
5670:10.1021/ed051p628
5533:(10): 1632–1655.
5396:(2018): 191–207.
5275:10.1021/ed074p123
5171:978-0-19-851245-5
5069:(25): 9003–9014.
4908:Physical Review C
4904:fusion reactions"
4764:(6798): 874–876.
4692:(21): 4164–4165.
4632:10.1002/jcc.20545
4450:Rep. Brit. Assoc.
4102:
4101:
3668:nitrogen narcosis
3619:. In particular,
3566:
3565:
3501:
3500:
3058:transition metals
2810:thermodynamically
2590:Valence electrons
2582:
2581:
2484:No. of electrons/
2385:quantum mechanics
2381:experimental data
2308:electron affinity
2271:valence electrons
2196:double beta decay
2140:zero point energy
2136:quantum mechanics
2085:interatomic force
2074:
2073:
2048:Electronegativity
2019:Ionization energy
1836:7200 (predicted)
1393:synthetic element
1367:radioactive decay
1341:due to their low
1292:valence electrons
1270:The noble gases'
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1169:
1149:
1129:
1102:
1075:
1048:
1021:
994:
983:
982:
975:
959:
896:
895:
622:Mercury (element)
16:(Redirected from
10039:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10000:
9982:
9960:Atomic Weight:
9957:
9937:
9930:Atomic Weight:
9927:
9907:
9897:
9877:
9867:
9847:
9837:
9817:
9807:
9787:
9777:
9761:
9760:
9745:
9738:
9731:
9722:
9721:
9707:
9706:
9695:
9694:
9678:Dmitri Mendeleev
9606:1869 predictions
9596:Dmitri Mendeleev
9377:
9376:
9215:
9214:
9195:Aufbau principle
9107:18 (Noble gases)
9010:
9009:
9003:
9002:
8998:Sets of elements
8962:
8955:
8948:
8939:
8938:
8904:
8903:
8890:
8888:
8881:
8879:
8872:
8870:
8863:
8861:
8854:
8852:
8845:
8843:
8836:
8834:
8827:
8825:
8818:
8816:
8809:
8807:
8800:
8798:
8791:
8789:
8782:
8780:
8773:
8771:
8764:
8762:
8755:
8753:
8746:
8744:
8737:
8735:
8728:
8726:
8719:
8717:
8710:
8708:
8701:
8699:
8692:
8690:
8683:
8681:
8674:
8672:
8665:
8663:
8656:
8654:
8647:
8645:
8638:
8636:
8629:
8627:
8620:
8618:
8611:
8609:
8595:
8593:
8586:
8584:
8577:
8575:
8568:
8566:
8559:
8557:
8550:
8548:
8541:
8539:
8532:
8530:
8523:
8521:
8514:
8512:
8505:
8503:
8496:
8494:
8487:
8485:
8478:
8476:
8469:
8467:
8460:
8458:
8451:
8449:
8442:
8440:
8433:
8431:
8424:
8422:
8415:
8413:
8406:
8404:
8397:
8395:
8388:
8386:
8379:
8377:
8370:
8368:
8361:
8359:
8352:
8350:
8343:
8341:
8334:
8332:
8325:
8323:
8316:
8314:
8300:
8298:
8291:
8289:
8282:
8280:
8273:
8271:
8264:
8262:
8255:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8237:
8235:
8228:
8226:
8219:
8217:
8210:
8208:
8201:
8199:
8192:
8190:
8183:
8181:
8174:
8172:
8165:
8163:
8154:
8152:
8145:
8143:
8129:
8127:
8120:
8118:
8111:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8093:
8091:
8084:
8082:
8075:
8073:
8066:
8064:
8057:
8055:
8048:
8046:
8039:
8037:
8030:
8028:
8021:
8019:
8012:
8010:
8003:
8001:
7994:
7992:
7983:
7981:
7974:
7972:
7958:
7956:
7949:
7947:
7940:
7938:
7931:
7929:
7922:
7920:
7913:
7911:
7902:
7900:
7893:
7891:
7877:
7875:
7868:
7866:
7859:
7857:
7850:
7848:
7841:
7839:
7832:
7830:
7821:
7819:
7812:
7810:
7796:
7794:
7785:
7783:
7675:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7608:
7585:
7571:
7551:
7540:
7517:
7498:
7475:
7410:
7409:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7357:(2–3): 441–453.
7346:
7340:
7339:
7329:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7100:. Archived from
7061:
7055:
7054:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6991:
6986:. PubMed Central
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6893:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6859:"The Atmosphere"
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6838:
6832:. Archived from
6799:
6793:(10 July 2003).
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6667:. Archived from
6656:
6650:
6649:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6577:
6575:astro-ph/0309480
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6535:. Archived from
6524:
6518:
6517:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6408:(5): 2193–2194.
6395:
6389:
6388:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6277:10.1038/164240b0
6252:
6246:
6245:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6171:
6162:(8–9): 569–578.
6147:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6013:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5974:
5952:
5924:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5855:(2): 1296–1306.
5849:Chemical Reviews
5844:
5838:
5837:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5793:(1–3): 163–171.
5782:
5776:
5775:
5738:
5732:
5731:, pp. 90–99
5726:
5720:
5719:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5612:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5585:(5): 1895–1900.
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5549:. Archived from
5539:10.1039/b702109g
5522:
5513:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5458:Nature Chemistry
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5381:
5375:
5372:CliffsNotes 2007
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5291:(8): 2291–2318.
5284:Chemical Reviews
5278:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5213:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5155:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5102:(1): 2087–2095.
5085:
5079:
5078:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4966:
4953:
4947:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4813:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4778:10.1038/35022551
4751:
4745:
4744:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4557:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4519:10.1038/179912a0
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4367:(320): 268–270.
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4324:
4302:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4272:
4262:
4244:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4171:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3921:
3867:microfabrication
3863:microlithography
3666:effect known as
3504:
3503:
3403:
3402:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3237:xenon difluoride
3230:
3229:
3228:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3129:crystal lattices
2977:
2976:
2975:
2964:oxidizing agents
2918:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2896:sodium perxenate
2893:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2832:xenon difluoride
2807:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2638:
2634:
2598:chemical bonding
2552:2, 8, 18, 18, 8
2471:
2470:
2389:first principles
2263:size of the atom
2168:room temperature
2106:, including the
2042:839 (predicted)
1763:
1762:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1706:radon difluoride
1685:Gilbert N. Lewis
1679:surrounding the
1652:atomic structure
1637:radium emanation
1635:, and was named
1626:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1566:Dmitri Mendeleev
1555:
1549:
1548:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1435:
1267:boiling points.
1181:
1180:
1168:
1166:
1148:
1146:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1020:
1018:
1009:
990:
973:
970:old IUPAC number
957:
954:CAS group number
939:
916:
905:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
323:
316:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
223:
216:
209:
202:
193:
186:
177:
170:
163:
156:
149:
142:
133:
126:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
73:
66:
57:
48:
42:
41:
32:
31:
21:
10047:
10046:
10042:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10005:
10003:
9995:
9993:
9988:
9976:
9971:
9967:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9952:
9944:
9940:
9936:Specific mass:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9914:
9910:
9906:Specific mass:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9892:
9884:
9880:
9876:Specific mass:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9854:
9850:
9846:Specific mass:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9832:
9824:
9820:
9816:Specific mass:
9815:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9802:
9794:
9790:
9786:Specific mass:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9772:
9754:
9749:
9719:
9714:
9682:
9644:
9573:
9549:Oxidation state
9457:
9414:
9362:
9358:Minor actinides
9353:Major actinides
9318:Precious metals
9287:
9269:
9246:
9199:
9181:
9111:
9097:16 (Chalcogens)
9092:15 (Pnictogens)
8992:
8971:
8966:
8936:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8895:
8886:
8884:
8877:
8875:
8868:
8866:
8859:
8857:
8850:
8848:
8841:
8839:
8832:
8830:
8823:
8821:
8814:
8812:
8805:
8803:
8796:
8794:
8787:
8785:
8778:
8776:
8769:
8767:
8760:
8758:
8751:
8749:
8742:
8740:
8733:
8731:
8724:
8722:
8715:
8713:
8706:
8704:
8697:
8695:
8688:
8686:
8679:
8677:
8670:
8668:
8661:
8659:
8652:
8650:
8643:
8641:
8634:
8632:
8625:
8623:
8616:
8614:
8607:
8605:
8591:
8589:
8582:
8580:
8573:
8571:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8553:
8546:
8544:
8537:
8535:
8528:
8526:
8519:
8517:
8510:
8508:
8501:
8499:
8492:
8490:
8483:
8481:
8474:
8472:
8465:
8463:
8456:
8454:
8447:
8445:
8438:
8436:
8429:
8427:
8420:
8418:
8411:
8409:
8402:
8400:
8393:
8391:
8384:
8382:
8375:
8373:
8366:
8364:
8357:
8355:
8348:
8346:
8339:
8337:
8330:
8328:
8321:
8319:
8312:
8310:
8296:
8294:
8287:
8285:
8278:
8276:
8269:
8267:
8260:
8258:
8251:
8249:
8242:
8240:
8233:
8231:
8224:
8222:
8215:
8213:
8206:
8204:
8197:
8195:
8188:
8186:
8179:
8177:
8170:
8168:
8161:
8159:
8150:
8148:
8141:
8139:
8125:
8123:
8116:
8114:
8107:
8105:
8098:
8096:
8089:
8087:
8080:
8078:
8071:
8069:
8062:
8060:
8053:
8051:
8044:
8042:
8035:
8033:
8026:
8024:
8017:
8015:
8008:
8006:
7999:
7997:
7990:
7988:
7979:
7977:
7970:
7968:
7954:
7952:
7945:
7943:
7936:
7934:
7927:
7925:
7918:
7916:
7909:
7907:
7898:
7896:
7889:
7887:
7873:
7871:
7864:
7862:
7855:
7853:
7846:
7844:
7837:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7817:
7815:
7808:
7806:
7792:
7790:
7781:
7779:
7668:
7663:
7628:
7605:
7568:
7537:
7514:
7495:
7472:
7462:SPCK Publishing
7452:
7451:
7450:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7418:
7413:
7406:
7390:
7386:
7347:
7343:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7281:
7277:
7254:
7250:
7240:
7238:
7237:. HowStuffWorks
7231:
7227:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7171:
7170:. Decompression
7164:
7160:
7150:
7148:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7105:
7062:
7058:
7023:
7019:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6989:
6987:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6960:
6953:
6949:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6894:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6797:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6739:
6735:
6688:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6657:
6653:
6614:
6607:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6525:
6521:
6490:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6441:(43): 13343–6.
6425:
6421:
6396:
6392:
6343:
6339:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6253:
6249:
6222:Physical Review
6218:
6214:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6148:
6144:
6099:
6095:
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6016:www.primefan.ru
6011:
6004:
6000:
5975:
5953:
5931:
5925:
5903:
5899:
5880:
5876:
5845:
5841:
5828:(10): 683–685.
5818:
5814:
5783:
5779:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5656:(10): 628–630.
5642:
5638:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5598:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5520:
5514:
5495:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5415:
5411:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5343:
5339:
5308:
5304:
5249:
5245:
5224:(13): 307–308.
5211:
5205:
5201:
5196:on 31 May 2008.
5184:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5162:Clarendon Press
5148:
5141:
5086:
5082:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
4967:
4956:
4948:
4937:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4816:Pure Appl. Chem
4811:
4805:
4801:
4752:
4748:
4709:
4705:
4680:
4676:
4655:
4648:
4611:
4607:
4596:
4589:
4578:
4574:
4559:
4558:
4535:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4457:
4444:
4440:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4242:
4236:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4129:
4110:current density
3920:
3918:Discharge color
3848:
3844:
3840:
3820:xenon arc lamps
3640:breathing gases
3602:
3594:
3567:
3474:(0.06–18) × 10
3305:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3123:compounds. The
3098:SOFIA telescope
3047:
3043:
3033:
3024:oxidation state
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2880:xenon tetroxide
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2828:electronegative
2824:oxidation state
2820:Xenon compounds
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2641:atomic orbitals
2636:
2632:
2586:electron shells
2458:
2452:
2401:
2300:oxidizing agent
2200:stable isotopes
2198:. Radon has no
2095:. They are all
2081:
1761:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1687:formulated the
1664:electronegative
1518:Henry Cavendish
1500:, and named it
1454:are now known.
1421:
1398:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1144:
1143:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1016:
1015:
1010:
984:
976:
972:
960:
956:
937:
932:
929:Name by element
910:
897:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
321:
314:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
200:
191:
184:
175:
168:
161:
154:
147:
140:
131:
124:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:
71:
64:
55:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10045:
10035:
10034:
10029:
10014:
10013:
9990:
9989:
9981:
9978:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9947:
9945:
9917:
9915:
9887:
9885:
9857:
9855:
9827:
9825:
9797:
9795:
9767:
9765:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9748:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9725:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9712:
9700:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9663:
9652:
9650:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9587:
9585:
9579:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9569:Vapor pressure
9566:
9561:
9556:
9554:Speed of sound
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9529:Heat of fusion
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9484:Critical point
9481:
9476:
9471:
9465:
9463:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9424:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9385:
9383:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9323:Coinage metals
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9279:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9223:
9221:
9212:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9191:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9018:
9016:
9007:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8979:
8977:
8973:
8972:
8969:Periodic table
8965:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8942:
8933:
8932:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8864:
8855:
8846:
8837:
8828:
8819:
8810:
8801:
8792:
8783:
8774:
8765:
8756:
8747:
8738:
8729:
8720:
8711:
8702:
8693:
8684:
8675:
8666:
8657:
8648:
8639:
8630:
8621:
8612:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8587:
8578:
8569:
8560:
8551:
8542:
8533:
8524:
8515:
8506:
8497:
8488:
8479:
8470:
8461:
8452:
8443:
8434:
8425:
8416:
8407:
8398:
8389:
8380:
8371:
8362:
8353:
8344:
8335:
8326:
8317:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8292:
8283:
8274:
8265:
8256:
8247:
8238:
8229:
8220:
8211:
8202:
8193:
8184:
8175:
8166:
8157:
8155:
8146:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8121:
8112:
8103:
8094:
8085:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8049:
8040:
8031:
8022:
8013:
8004:
7995:
7986:
7984:
7975:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7950:
7941:
7932:
7923:
7914:
7905:
7903:
7894:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7842:
7833:
7824:
7822:
7813:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7788:
7786:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7666:Periodic table
7662:
7661:
7654:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7626:
7609:
7603:
7586:
7572:
7566:
7541:
7535:
7518:
7512:
7499:
7493:
7476:
7470:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7384:
7341:
7320:(1): 115–135.
7300:
7293:
7275:
7258:Chem. Soc. Rev
7248:
7225:
7208:
7181:
7158:
7127:
7115:
7076:(4): 369–402.
7056:
7017:
7000:
6970:
6947:
6921:
6914:
6875:
6850:
6822:10.1086/375492
6782:
6760:
6733:
6682:
6651:
6605:
6592:10.1086/380121
6568:(2): 544–552.
6550:
6527:Weiss, Achim.
6519:
6500:(4): 446–448.
6484:
6472:
6468:Greenwood 1997
6460:
6419:
6390:
6337:
6326:(5): 209–210.
6310:
6306:Greenwood 1997
6298:
6247:
6212:
6191:
6142:
6093:
6081:
6067:
6029:
6006:Kulsha, A. V.
5998:
5915:(6): 418–426.
5897:
5874:
5839:
5812:
5777:
5733:
5721:
5702:(3): 878–880.
5691:
5682:
5636:
5625:(6): 211–216.
5607:
5596:
5567:
5493:
5444:
5409:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5337:
5302:
5261:(1): 123–127.
5243:
5199:
5177:
5170:
5153:"Introduction"
5139:
5080:
5051:
5025:
5013:
4954:
4950:Greenwood 1997
4935:
4899:
4891:
4881:
4873:
4863:
4855:
4840:
4799:
4746:
4703:
4674:
4646:
4605:
4587:
4572:
4533:
4482:
4478:Mendeleev 1903
4470:
4455:
4438:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4345:
4288:
4227:
4201:
4182:(25): 7340–3.
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4151:Industrial gas
4148:
4142:
4136:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:electric field
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3919:
3916:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:excimer lasers
3753:bubble chamber
3749:Geiger counter
3701:Goodyear Blimp
3672:cell membranes
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3309:atomic numbers
3304:
3301:
3269:
3245:
3225:
3201:
3185:
3165:
3110:excimer lasers
3086:molecular ions
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2992:radon isotopes
2972:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2913:
2904:
2888:
2872:
2856:
2840:
2802:
2782:
2766:
2750:
2726:chemical bonds
2702:
2682:Main article:
2679:
2676:
2650:—helium is an
2633:1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2606:chemical bonds
2580:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2451:
2448:
2428:periodic table
2400:
2397:
2330:polarizability
2245:The noble gas
2093:boiling points
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1988:(calculated) (
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1755:with calcium.
1730:
1714:
1615:, "new"), and
1538:William Ramsay
1486:Pierre Janssen
1479:spectral lines
1420:
1417:
1396:
1343:boiling points
1221:periodic table
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
968:
965:
964:
961:
952:
949:
948:
945:
941:
940:
930:
926:
925:
922:
912:
911:
898:
894:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
668:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
442:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
327:
325:
318:
310:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
195:
188:
180:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
135:
128:
120:
119:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
75:
68:
60:
59:
52:
50:
40:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10044:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10012:
10002:
10001:
9998:
9985:
9984:Specific mass
9979:
9970:
9955:
9951:
9946:
9943:
9925:
9921:
9916:
9913:
9895:
9891:
9886:
9883:
9865:
9861:
9856:
9853:
9835:
9831:
9826:
9823:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9793:
9775:
9771:
9766:
9763:
9762:
9757:
9753:
9746:
9741:
9739:
9734:
9732:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9711:
9710:
9701:
9699:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9623:controversies
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9580:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9544:Melting point
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9524:Heat capacity
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9479:Boiling point
9477:
9475:
9474:Atomic radius
9472:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9460:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9417:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9338:Native metals
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9266:
9265:Dividing line
9263:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9206:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9184:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9102:17 (Halogens)
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8963:
8958:
8956:
8951:
8949:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8898:
8889:
8880:
8871:
8862:
8853:
8844:
8835:
8826:
8817:
8808:
8799:
8790:
8781:
8772:
8763:
8754:
8745:
8736:
8727:
8718:
8709:
8700:
8691:
8682:
8673:
8664:
8655:
8646:
8637:
8628:
8619:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8585:
8576:
8567:
8558:
8549:
8540:
8531:
8522:
8513:
8504:
8495:
8486:
8477:
8468:
8459:
8450:
8441:
8432:
8423:
8414:
8405:
8396:
8387:
8378:
8369:
8360:
8351:
8342:
8333:
8324:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8290:
8281:
8272:
8263:
8254:
8245:
8236:
8227:
8218:
8209:
8200:
8191:
8182:
8173:
8164:
8153:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8119:
8110:
8101:
8092:
8083:
8074:
8065:
8056:
8047:
8038:
8029:
8020:
8011:
8002:
7993:
7982:
7973:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7948:
7939:
7930:
7921:
7912:
7901:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7867:
7858:
7849:
7840:
7831:
7820:
7811:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7629:
7627:0-521-83128-8
7623:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7606:
7604:0-521-80366-7
7600:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7578:(1902–1903).
7577:
7576:Mendeleev, D.
7573:
7569:
7567:0-412-21100-9
7563:
7559:
7555:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7538:
7536:0-85404-690-9
7532:
7528:
7524:
7519:
7515:
7513:0-7506-3365-4
7509:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7471:0-7020-2410-4
7467:
7463:
7459:
7454:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7407:
7405:0-240-51323-1
7401:
7397:
7396:
7388:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7294:3-540-20056-8
7290:
7286:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7236:
7229:
7221:
7220:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7169:
7162:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7125:, p. 176
7124:
7119:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7021:
7013:
7012:
7004:
6997:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6926:
6917:
6915:3-527-30673-0
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6770:
6764:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6554:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6480:Weinhold 2005
6476:
6470:, p. 897
6469:
6464:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6308:, p. 893
6307:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6085:
6070:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6017:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5911:(in German).
5910:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5686:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5611:
5605:
5604:Holloway 1968
5600:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5571:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5519:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:(2013): 438.
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5348:
5341:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5146:
5144:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5021:Liquid helium
5017:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4952:, p. 891
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4844:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4619:J Comput Chem
4616:
4609:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:(4566): 912.
4503:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4480:, p. 497
4479:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4355:"Noble gases"
4349:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4307:. DeGruyter.
4306:
4299:
4292:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:nitrous oxide
3895:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:laser surgery
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:halogen lamps
3793:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:liquid helium
3618:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:xenon dioxide
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:orbital. The
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3238:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:covalent bond
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3001:
2997:
2994:, only a few
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2965:
2961:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2897:
2881:
2865:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2775:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2738:Linus Pauling
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2695:
2692:Structure of
2690:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2409:valence shell
2405:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:ideal gas law
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:atomic radius
2248:
2240:
2236:
2235:atomic number
2232:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:radioisotopes
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:superfluidity
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:atomic masses
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:Atomic radius
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Atomic number
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:Melting point
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:Boiling point
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Neil Bartlett
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:Henri Moissan
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1613:
1603:, "hidden"),
1601:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Lord Rayleigh
1523:
1519:
1514:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:of dissolved
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:shielding gas
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1008:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
987:
978:
971:
967:
966:
962:
955:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
936:
933:helium group
931:
928:
927:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
909:
908:alkali metals
906: →
902: ←
901:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
792:Rutherfordium
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
669:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
443:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
335:
330:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
205:
203:
198:
194:
189:
187:
182:
181:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
157:
152:
150:
145:
143:
138:
134:
129:
127:
122:
121:
118:
113:
111:
106:
104:
99:
97:
92:
90:
85:
83:
78:
74:
69:
67:
62:
61:
58:
53:
49:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9953:
9948:
9923:
9918:
9893:
9888:
9863:
9858:
9833:
9828:
9803:
9798:
9773:
9768:
9751:
9702:
9690:
9673:Trivial name
9661:nomenclature
9333:Heavy metals
9328:Noble metals
9282:
9106:
9087:14 (Tetrels)
8983:Alternatives
7767:
7613:
7590:
7580:
7547:
7522:
7503:
7480:
7457:
7436:Online books
7426:
7394:
7387:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7287:. Springer.
7284:
7278:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7239:. Retrieved
7228:
7217:
7211:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7172:. Retrieved
7168:"Why Argon?"
7161:
7149:. Retrieved
7145:the original
7140:
7130:
7123:Bennett 1998
7118:
7106:. Retrieved
7102:the original
7073:
7069:
7059:
7030:
7026:
7020:
7009:
7003:
6995:
6988:. Retrieved
6983:
6973:
6961:. Retrieved
6950:
6933:
6897:
6866:. Retrieved
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6834:the original
6805:
6801:
6785:
6773:. Retrieved
6763:
6751:. Retrieved
6747:the original
6736:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6673:. Retrieved
6669:the original
6654:
6624:(3): 71–92.
6621:
6617:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6541:. Retrieved
6537:the original
6522:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6438:
6432:
6422:
6405:
6400:
6393:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6301:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6228:(1): 44–55.
6225:
6221:
6215:
6206:
6194:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6046:
6042:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
6018:(in Russian)
6015:
6001:
5982:
5960:
5938:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5883:
5877:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5750:(1): 12–20.
5747:
5743:
5736:
5729:Harding 2002
5724:
5699:
5696:J. Org. Chem
5695:
5685:
5673:. Retrieved
5653:
5649:
5639:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5599:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5558:. Retrieved
5551:the original
5530:
5524:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5426:
5422:
5412:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5374:, p. 15
5367:
5362:, p. 35
5355:
5346:
5340:
5321:
5315:
5305:
5288:
5282:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5221:
5215:
5202:
5194:the original
5180:
5157:
5099:
5093:
5083:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5042:. Retrieved
5038:
5028:
5016:
4979:
4974:
4914:(4): 44602.
4911:
4907:
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4822:(7). IUPAC.
4819:
4815:
4802:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4658:
4625:(1): 87–97.
4622:
4618:
4608:
4575:
4564:
4501:
4495:
4485:
4473:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4430:
4421:
4409:
4404:, p. 30
4397:
4364:
4358:
4348:
4304:
4291:
4279:. Retrieved
4250:
4246:
4218:. Retrieved
4213:
4204:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4103:
3913:
3906:
3902:radiotherapy
3887:
3828:
3781:
3770:15,000-watt
3757:welding arcs
3745:thermometers
3726:
3707:
3704:
3687:
3660:scuba diving
3656:body tissues
3637:
3617:refrigerants
3611:
3600:Applications
3595:
3575:
3568:
3530:22.30–44.90
3510:2004 price (
3376:
3369:Solar System
3361:potassium-40
3306:
3297:
3234:
3192:
3150:
3134:hydroquinone
3121:non-covalent
3114:
3083:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3021:
2989:
2980:fluorinating
2957:
2818:
2735:
2711:
2663:
2645:
2624:
2618:
2583:
2539:2, 8, 18, 8
2459:
2420:
2414:
2354:
2312:
2244:
2154:(2,500
2110:with larger
2082:
1742:
1695:
1688:
1649:
1641:Nobel Prizes
1636:
1575:to separate
1570:
1494:chromosphere
1484:
1468:potassium-40
1455:
1445:
1442:noble metals
1438:Hugo Erdmann
1423:
1422:
1412:
1383:
1339:refrigerants
1316:
1269:
1247:(Rn). Under
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1176:
1175:
947:noble gases
944:Trivial name
934:
904:
834:Darmstadtium
701:Protactinium
475:Praseodymium
35:Noble gases
29:
10027:Noble gases
9752:Noble gases
9709:WikiProject
9453:Term symbol
9283:Noble gases
9227:Lanthanides
9210:metallicity
9082:13 (Triels)
7485:CliffsNotes
7037:: 957–959.
6990:8 September
6843:1 September
6207:doc.rero.ch
6022:8 September
5324:: 175–184.
5044:30 December
4561:"Noble Gas"
4468:, p. 1
4416:, p. 4
4322:10045/55935
4139:Noble metal
3909:ion engines
3883:eye surgery
3879:angioplasty
3851:ultraviolet
3812:neon lights
3810:, such as "
3714:lifting gas
3586:natural gas
3398:lung cancer
3393:alpha decay
3389:lithosphere
3337:alpha decay
3325:alpha decay
3289:antibonding
3253:hypervalent
3219:Bonding in
3138:polarizable
2814:kinetically
2792:could form
2357:ideal gases
2350:atomic mass
2315:macroscopic
2164:temperature
2158:; 370
1753:californium
1662:, the most
1447:inert gases
1381:compounds.
1363:natural gas
1288:outer shell
1278:with other
1209:inert gases
1205:noble gases
876:Livermorium
848:Copernicium
841:Roentgenium
771:Mendelevium
757:Einsteinium
750:Californium
18:Noble gases
10021:Categories
9633:for people
9628:for places
9601:1871 table
9494:Elasticity
9462:Data pages
9420:Properties
9296:Other sets
9252:Metalloids
7416:References
5675:16 October
5560:25 October
5360:Ozima 2002
5160:. Oxford:
4663:(6): 218.
4466:Ozima 2002
4414:Ozima 2002
4402:Ozima 2002
4281:23 October
4220:12 January
4214:Britannica
4156:Octet rule
3894:anesthetic
3855:wavelength
3778:projectors
3761:base metal
3708:Hindenburg
3705:Since the
3664:anesthetic
3644:solubility
3562:4000–5000
3538:2.70–8.50
3522:4.20–4.90
3444:5.391 × 10
3441:5.515 × 10
3357:beta decay
3329:primordial
3281:p-orbitals
3257:octet rule
3125:clathrates
2816:unstable.
2790:xenic acid
2656:p-elements
2629:phosphorus
2342:solubility
2118:elements.
1929:Solubility
1690:octet rule
1669:Niels Bohr
1577:liquid air
1456:Rare gases
1347:Industrial
1243:(Xe), and
1219:18 of the
1162: (Og)
1142: (Rn)
1122: (Xe)
1095: (Kr)
1068: (Ar)
1041: (Ne)
1014: (He)
938:neon group
883:Tennessine
827:Meitnerium
806:Seaborgium
785:Lawrencium
524:Dysprosium
510:Gadolinium
489:Promethium
361:Technetium
354:Molybdenum
155:Phosphorus
10011:Chemistry
9950:Oganesson
9848:0.0017837
9818:0.0008999
9788:0.0001785
9618:etymology
9469:Abundance
9394:in humans
9390:Abundance
9275:Nonmetals
9232:Actinides
7427:Noble gas
7082:0093-5387
6900:. Wiley.
6178:2193-3405
6074:4 October
5807:100225806
5772:250906059
4332:102245448
4145:Inert gas
3816:phosphors
3688:the bends
3614:cryogenic
3497:1.7 × 10
3406:Abundance
3177:complexes
3157:fullerene
3079:flerovium
3015:, and RnO
2996:fluorides
2794:perxenate
2736:In 1933,
2722:compounds
2678:Compounds
2652:s-element
2594:electrons
2574:oganesson
2444:compounds
2393:isotropic
2284:molecules
2259:electrons
2253:from one
2208:half-life
2178:, namely
2124:substance
2097:monatomic
1802:Oganesson
1749:oganesson
1696:In 1962,
1673:electrons
1424:Noble gas
1388:(Og), an
1386:oganesson
1272:inertness
1265:cryogenic
1257:monatomic
1160:Oganesson
890:Oganesson
869:Moscovium
862:Flerovium
743:Berkelium
729:Americium
722:Plutonium
715:Neptunium
552:Ytterbium
482:Neodymium
461:Lanthanum
424:Tellurium
382:Palladium
368:Ruthenium
340:Zirconium
322:Strontium
278:Germanium
229:Manganese
185:Potassium
141:Aluminium
132:Magnesium
72:Beryllium
9908:0.005887
9878:0.003733
9697:Category
9649:See also
9519:Hardness
9372:Elements
7379:11543065
7336:15728132
7264:: 1–23.
7008:"Neon".
6830:42498829
6728:31226092
6720:16293758
6646:85015694
6600:16276658
6455:17924634
6385:41794612
6377:17801275
6285:18135950
6186:97915854
6137:31343819
5869:25418862
5716:11672087
5547:17721587
5488:23609097
5437:27 March
5431:Archived
5238:40164915
5134:33828104
5008:32959952
4786:10972285
4741:17812982
4641:17109437
4453:Helium."
4389:34534533
4337:Archived
4275:Archived
4196:25950423
4127:See also
3835:excimers
3784:lighting
3774:used in
3751:and the
3722:balloons
3710:disaster
3554:400–500
3365:argon-40
3313:universe
3179:such as
3102:excimers
2985:matrices
2668:chemists
2526:2, 8, 8
2442:to form
2440:elements
2292:Bartlett
2212:polonium
2206:, has a
2172:isotopes
2148:pressure
2144:freezing
2108:elements
2021:(kJ/mol)
1902:(kJ/mol)
1767:Property
1660:fluorine
1562:cleveite
1522:nitrogen
1390:unstable
1335:balloons
1286:: their
1253:elements
1251:, these
1213:aerogens
900:halogens
855:Nihonium
778:Nobelium
687:Actinium
673:Francium
657:Astatine
650:Polonium
629:Thallium
608:Platinum
580:Tungsten
573:Tantalum
559:Lutetium
503:Europium
496:Samarium
417:Antimony
315:Rubidium
292:Selenium
222:Chromium
215:Vanadium
208:Titanium
201:Scandium
169:Chlorine
109:Fluorine
95:Nitrogen
47:Hydrogen
9938:0.00973
9860:Krypton
9583:History
9489:Density
9117:Periods
8923:p-block
8918:d-block
8913:f-block
8908:s-block
7359:Bibcode
7174:26 June
7108:8 April
7098:4082343
7090:2068005
7039:Bibcode
7014:. 2008.
7011:Encarta
6963:14 July
6810:Bibcode
6775:26 June
6700:Bibcode
6692:Science
6675:26 June
6626:Bibcode
6580:Bibcode
6543:23 June
6502:Bibcode
6357:Bibcode
6348:Science
6293:4134617
6265:Bibcode
6230:Bibcode
6128:6790653
5752:Bibcode
5658:Bibcode
5466:Bibcode
5263:Bibcode
5125:8027013
5104:Bibcode
4999:7814676
4916:Bibcode
4794:4382128
4766:Bibcode
4721:Bibcode
4713:Science
4569:. 2008.
4528:4251991
4506:Bibcode
4435:. 2008.
4427:"argon"
4369:Bibcode
4360:Science
4270:7814676
4092:Krypton
3804:bromine
3692:drysuit
3551:Krypton
3546:60–120
3465:9340.00
3418:Krypton
3391:by the
3345:thorium
3341:uranium
3070:silicon
3026:of +2.
2945:Xe + 3F
2935:Xe + 2F
2894:), and
2672:group 2
2535:krypton
2480:Element
2432:valence
2426:in the
2424: 0
2346:density
2275:nucleus
2233:versus
2138:as its
2089:melting
1809:Density
1787:Krypton
1681:nucleus
1600:kryptós
1594:κρυπτός
1581:krypton
1530:density
1496:of the
1433:Edelgas
1419:History
1379:uranium
1375:thorium
1323:welding
1237:krypton
1093:Krypton
989:↓
820:Hassium
813:Bohrium
799:Dubnium
764:Fermium
708:Uranium
694:Thorium
643:Bismuth
601:Iridium
587:Rhenium
566:Hafnium
545:Thulium
531:Holmium
517:Terbium
447:Caesium
396:Cadmium
375:Rhodium
347:Niobium
333:Yttrium
306:Krypton
299:Bromine
285:Arsenic
271:Gallium
192:Calcium
148:Silicon
65:Lithium
9997:Portal
9770:Helium
9613:Naming
9410:Symbol
9219:Metals
9187:Blocks
9175:Pyykkö
9170:Fricke
9165:Aufbau
9014:Groups
7624:
7601:
7564:
7554:London
7533:
7510:
7491:
7468:
7424:about
7402:
7377:
7334:
7291:
7241:3 July
7151:31 May
7096:
7088:
7080:
6912:
6868:1 June
6828:
6753:18 May
6726:
6718:
6644:
6598:
6453:
6383:
6375:
6291:
6283:
6257:Nature
6184:
6176:
6135:
6125:
6065:
6051:89–144
5867:
5805:
5770:
5714:
5545:
5486:
5236:
5168:
5132:
5122:
5006:
4996:
4833:30 May
4792:
4784:
4757:Nature
4739:
4639:
4526:
4497:Nature
4387:
4329:
4267:
4194:
4077:Helium
3890:asthma
3800:iodine
3737:matrix
3718:blimps
3680:heliox
3676:trimix
3648:lipids
3488:4 × 10
3485:7 × 10
3482:3 × 10
3438:0.1025
3424:Radon
3409:Helium
3385:quartz
3173:carbon
3040:Kr + F
3000:oxides
2925:Xe + F
2756:) and
2648:blocks
2602:stable
2496:helium
2462:family
2367:. The
2340:, and
2304:anions
2288:oxygen
2261:. The
2255:period
2186:, and
2150:of 25
2146:) – a
2120:Helium
2102:under
1824:1.7818
1821:0.9002
1818:0.1786
1772:Helium
1677:shells
1624:ksénos
1587:, and
1513:hḗlios
1502:helium
1428:German
1371:radium
1331:blimps
1239:(Kr),
1235:(Ar),
1231:(Ne),
1227:(He),
1225:helium
1177:Legend
1167:
1147:
1127:
1100:
1073:
1046:
1019:
1012:Helium
992:Period
963:VIIIA
736:Curium
680:Radium
594:Osmium
538:Erbium
468:Cerium
454:Barium
431:Iodine
403:Indium
389:Silver
257:Copper
250:Nickel
243:Cobalt
162:Sulfur
125:Sodium
102:Oxygen
88:Carbon
56:Helium
9920:Radon
9890:Xenon
9830:Argon
9656:IUPAC
9381:Lists
7033:(1).
6837:(PDF)
6826:S2CID
6798:(PDF)
6724:S2CID
6642:S2CID
6596:S2CID
6570:arXiv
6381:S2CID
6289:S2CID
6203:(PDF)
6182:S2CID
6012:(PDF)
5803:S2CID
5768:S2CID
5554:(PDF)
5521:(PDF)
5429:(3).
5234:S2CID
5212:(PDF)
4812:(PDF)
4790:S2CID
4524:S2CID
4385:S2CID
4340:(PDF)
4327:S2CID
4301:(PDF)
4243:(PDF)
4162:Notes
4097:Xenon
4087:Argon
3857:(193
3845:or Xe
3686:, or
3652:blood
3559:Xenon
3535:Argon
3462:18.20
3435:2.148
3421:Xenon
3415:Argon
3349:crust
3044:→ KrF
3011:, RnF
2949:→ XeF
2939:→ XeF
2929:→ XeF
2660:IUPAC
2637:3s 3p
2561:radon
2548:xenon
2522:argon
2513:2, 8
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