1382:– medical department, whilst pilot-qualified officers of the Air Force had the winged propeller badge on the lapels. When the Guardia was formed in the mid-1920s, its personnel wore on the left sleeve of their light khaki shirts a simple diamond-shaped blue patch with the white letters "GN", later replaced by a more elaborate system of service and unit insignia. On the olive green or camouflage combat uniforms, officers' wore cloth subdued or black metal pin-on rank insignia on the right collar, branch insignia on the left, and NCOs' yellow chevrons on an olive green background. A subdued nametape was worn over the right breast pocket, the 'Guardia' national title on the left, and full-colour or subdued unit patches and shoulder titles on both sleeves. Members of the 1st Armored Battalion wore at the sides of their OR-201 helmets a blue triangular-shaped decal bearing the unit's black crest inserted on a white disc at the center. For parade in field dress branch-colour neck scarfs were worn, being light blue for infantry and EEBI "Commandos", black for armour, red for artillery, yellow for engineers and signals, and apple green for the GN General Staff.
1115:(OG) fatigues with combat boots, whereas female constables were given a khaki short-sleeved blouse and assorted knee-length skirt worn with a flat-top, short snapped-brimmed khaki hat. Their male counterparts retained the 'Montana Peak' Hat as standard headgear, though the latter also began to be replaced by a light khaki M1954-type Visor Cap; Police officers on traffic control duties were given a white-topped version. It never entirely superseded the earlier headgear however, for photos taken in Managua at the time of the 1972 earthquake show local policemen going on patrol still wearing the old 'Montana' Hat. While on patrol duties, the M1912 black leather Sam Browne belt with pistol holster and assorted magazine pouches, handcuff pouch and M1944 baton in its respective carrier was worn.
409:
630:, and at the remaining holdouts throughout the country were exhorted to continue the fight. After negotiations with the Sandinistas broke down due to his refusal to resign on 18 July, President Urcuyo fled to Guatemala, leaving in charge GN Chief Director General Mejía who tried unsuccessfully to pursue conversations for the cease-fire. Faced with the rejection by the Sandinistas of his list of demands – which included retention of all property belonging to individual officers – in exchange for a surrender, on the dawn of 19 July 1979, General Mejía and most of the high-ranking officers of the General Staff left Nicaragua by plane, leaving their men leaderless.
184:
256:
280:
1083:
field and general ranks (the GN Chief
Director had additional French-style embroidery on the cap band), and silver triangular national cap badge. For formal occasions, senior officers adopted a black ceremonial version of their M1942 service dress with gold embroidered insignia whilst the other ranks' retained the old khaki 'Chino' uniform as barrack dress or for walking-out, usually worn with the khaki sidecap. The 'Sam Browne' belt was discontinued, and brown (black for the other GN branches) leather shoes replaced the earlier breeches and riding boots.
316:
292:
467:, which had fought both the National Guard and the U.S. occupation forces. During the negotiations, Sandino insisted on the disbandment of the National Guard as a pre-condition for any peace agreement, leading Somoza Garcia to react ruthlessly by arresting and executing Sandino, in violation of a safe passage agreement Sacasa had given to the rebel leader. The National Guard then swiftly crushed Sandino's EDSN, further weakening the Sacasa government. By this time, the National Guard had grown to some 3,000 troops.
196:
828:
750:
484:
hospitals to tax collection. In 1938, Somoza Garcia appointed a civilian assembly that rubber-stamped constitutional changes allowing him to stay in office; his personal fortune expanded as he and his family took over key areas of the private economy. An increasingly pervasive corruption comparable to a gangland mob, with bribery, kickbacks, and sometimes violent enforcement, protected the power of the Somoza family at all levels. The U.S. supported the
National Guard through the World War II
304:
709:
496:
assembly-appointed president, and a strong anti-communist stance relations improved. Nevertheless, Somoza Garcia was the true power behind the curtain and an increasing target of attempted coups and assassination; he even raised a personal bodyguard separated from the rest of the
National Guard and had the constitution amended to allow him to run for yet another term in 1955. In January of that same year, Somoza Garcia, in collusion with the dictator of the
2775:
593:
throughout the country and modern specialized units such as mechanized and engineer battalions, a
Presidential Guard, and a reinforced tactical battalion. The strengthened National Guard continued to tighten its grip but opposition only grew broader and fiercer. A humiliating hostage crisis ensued on 22 August 1978 when 25 Sandinista rebels disguised as National Guard soldiers led by "Comandante Cero" (Commander Zero), future Contra leader
232:
268:
220:
208:
244:
1964:(COIN) operations rather than national defense, with most infantry units being assigned static garrison duties, and consequently its conventional military value was very low. Out of this total some 10,000–12,500 served in the ground forces proper (including women in the military and PNGN), but only about 7,500 were combat troops, organized into one Presidential Guard battalion, one armoured battalion, one
4174:
1403:, partially supplemented by more modern equipment either donated or sold by Israel, Spain, Argentina, Morocco, and South Africa, particularly after U.S. aid was cut in 1978. Other countries such as Italy, West Germany, Portugal, El Salvador, Paraguay, Sweden, South Korea, and the Philippines were also involved in providing some form of covert aid or acted as brokers in secret arms deals.
1225:, which began to replace the earlier M-1 in 1977. Period photos however, do show GN soldiers and National Police constables within the same units wearing side-by-side both US and Israeli types, often worn plain without camo covers. Armoured crews, depending on the vehicle they manned, received either the old World War II US M1938 'Gruyére' composite fiber-and-leather
492:, but did not publicly approve of Somoza Garcia's extraconstitutional governance. The National Guard, which had been until then a predominately light infantry force composed largely of rifle companies equipped with World War I-vintage U.S. small arms, began to acquire surplus heavy equipment such as armoured cars, light tanks, transport vehicles and artillery.
475:(PLN, National Liberal Party) and Somoza was elected president in December with a reported margin of 64,000 of the 80,663 votes cast. On 1 January 1937, President Somoza Garcia reappointed himself again chief director of the National Guard, installing a corrupt military dictatorship linked to U.S. business interests that would last four decades.
1748:
1153:, a.k.a. "Woodland pattern"). National Police BECAT teams had their own distinctive "Tan leaf" pattern, which consisted of puzzle leaf-shapes in medium brown, light brown, and sandy-grey on a tan background. Standard headgear for all-ranks in the Guardia was either the US Army M1943 'Walker cap' and M1951 Olive Green Field caps, the tropical
2146:, an experienced pilot and staunch Somoza loyalist. FAGN main air elements at the time consisted of four squadrons – one attack, one helio, one transport and one advanced training – provided with a mixed inventory of aircraft of various types, mostly of U.S., Israeli, British, Canadian and Spanish origin, the majority being
1395:(MAP). However, starting in the early 1950s, the Somozas made consistent efforts to diversify their sources of military hardware and supplies in a hope to reduce their dependence from the Americans. The majority of its weaponry until the mid-1970s consisted of U.S.-made surplus 'hand-me-downs' from both world wars,
638:
finally bowed to the inevitable and ordered his demoralised and exhausted soldiers to lay down their arms. Upon the conclusion of the civil war, 7,500 Guardsmen were taken prisoner – with many former Guards suspected of violating human rights being held in detention by the
Sandinistas – while another
575:
movement FSLN (named after the assassinated
Sandino) succeeded in forcing the government to accept an amnesty, after which Somoza Debayle declared a state of siege and the National Guard launched a violent and repressive reaction in the period 1975–76. Though the FSLN was weakened, so was the regime.
534:
became the Chief
Director of the National Guard. Brutal repression of the internal political opposition followed suit. In 1957, the National Guard was involved in the only external military action of its existence, a brief border skirmish with Honduras. In 1961, the National Guard cooperated with the
483:
Somoza Garcia rapidly took complete control of
Nicaraguan institutions including the National Guard, promoting allies and purging enemies. The National Guard was the backbone of a growing network of control, eventually including telecommunications, railroads, and key civilian agencies from customs to
562:
Even as trusted friends of the family succeeded Luis in the presidency, his brother remained firmly in control of the
National Guard. Eventually, in 1967, Anastasio himself was elected president; Luis soon died of a heart attack, leaving Anastasio in sole control. Without his brother's technocratic
1763:
The
Guardia also fielded a small armoured corps, organized since 1978 into a single mechanized company while platoon-sized units where attached to General Somoza Combat Battalion, the Presidential Guard, the engineer battalion, and the EEBI Infantry School. The inventory consisted mostly of World
1082:
Guardia uniforms underwent some changes in the 1950s and 1960s, with officers adopting the US M1942 light khaki service dress, comprising tunic, slacks and a matching peaked cap with brown-japanned chinstrap and peak, or black dress cap with gold chinstrap, black peak with gold leaf embroidery for
1070:
and a red silk sash tied around the waist on formal occasions whilst enlisted ranks wore exaggerated black buff chevrons instead. Starting in the mid-1930s, Guardia officers began being issued with the M1937 or M1942 American peaked caps, in either light tropical khaki and Olive Drab wool cloth,
1041:
felt with the triangular Nicaraguan national cap badge. Military Academy cadets were issued a special version of the 'Chino' uniform, with the shirt modified by the addition of black shoulder straps and breast pockets' flaps dyed black. Officers and sometimes NCOs wore in the field breeches and
592:
in January 1978, the Nicaraguan public reacted with a series of nationwide strikes and increasing political unrest against the regime. The National Guard was re-organized and expanded, growing to a force of more than 10,000 officers and enlisted men, with localized security companies dispersed
470:
After using the influence of the National Guard to support Sacasa's re-election in 1936, Somoza Garcia flouted civilian power, installing military cronies in key civilian posts and then deposed Sacasa in a coup d'état held in June that same year. With an ally appointed interim president, Somoza
584:
Direct U.S. military aid ended in November 1978 although the U.S. still attempted to pursue a policy of "Somocismo sin Somoza," effectively allowing the power structure of the National Guard to prevent a Sandinista victory while removing the increasingly unpopular Somoza from power. The Carter
608:
By March 1979, the Somoza regime faced an open civil war as well as being cut off from all aid by the United States, including blocking of an emergency shipment of weapons and ammunition coming from Israel. With ammunition, spare parts, fuel, and medical supplies running dangerously low, the
495:
The regime permitted nominal political dissent, and, in 1947, agreed to elections, hoping to mollify both the United States and local opponents, but quickly deposed the winning candidate in a coup d'état that brought strong disapproval from the U.S. Government. Under a new constitution, an
1551:
began to be adopted towards the end of the 1960s, though they never displaced entirely the earlier weaponry, such as the Garand rifle which remained the weapon of choice for soldiers serving in the Guardia's infamous firing squads and the security companies, who employed it to disperse
1719:
turret configuration. Usually installed on the back of cross-country vehicles, such weapon systems proved useful in the direct fire supporting role, particularly against fortified positions and to root out snipers from urban buildings. The AA battery originally fielded six to eight
1337:, horizontal linked brass bars for company officers and vertically placed gilded or silvered stars for field officers. The sequence, however, was slightly different, with sergeants' ranks being limited to two only; captains were identified by three bars instead of two as per in the
428:(equally interested in central control) remain in Nicaragua until an indigenous internal security force could be trained; for that effect, the Nicaraguan government hired in 1925 a retired U.S. General to help set up a new paramilitary gendarmerie force, titled the
617:
opened negotiations for a cease-fire but at the same time tried to strengthen his political position by filling with younger colonels and lieutenant-colonels the depleted National Guard's General Staff, now headed by the new Chief Director Lt. Col. (later General)
559:(OAS). The guard's domestic power, however, gradually broadened to embrace not only its original internal security and police functions but also control over customs, telecommunications, port facilities, radio broadcasting, the merchant marine, and civil aviation.
1390:
Throughout its existence, the Nicaraguan National Guard received military assistance mainly from the United States, who provided since the late 1920s everything that the Guardia used, from uniforms and boots to rifles, artillery and vehicles, mostly under the US
1169:' utility caps in both olive green and ERDL camouflage versions. Specialized units authorized berets wore them pulled to the right, American-fashion, with the colour sequence for the ground forces as follows: Armoured Cavalry and Counter-insurgency "Commandos" –
1066:'s Service Dress White or "chokers", was adopted by the Guardia and naval service officers and Military Academy cadets. Comprising a high-collar tunic, slacks and white shoes plus a matching peaked cap, the tunic was worn with removable exaggerated twisted cord
609:
increasingly hard-pressed National Guard could no longer sustain a prolonged fight against the rebels. Already plagued by shaky morale, and weakened by casualties and desertions after seven weeks of battle, GN units were gradually forced to fall back to Managua.
1054:. A four-pocket, open-collar beltless tunic modelled after the US M1926 pattern was adopted by Guardia officers and worn with a khaki shirt and tie, replaced by a white shirt and black tie on formal occasions; in active and formal service, a brown leather
1291:(ALICE), an upgrade of the latter, was also given to some Guardia troops in 1978–79. Usually, personnel armed with M-1s, FALs and M16s tended to be issued with American web gear whereas those soldiers or policemen issued Galils or Uzi SMGs received the
2440:
installed on the front bumper, and painted in blue-and-white National Police markings, BECAT teams were frequently employed in raids at Nicaraguan urban slums in search for hidden guerrillas, and quickly earned an unenviable reputation for brutality.
612:
At this point, on 17 July 1979 Somoza Debayle resigned from office and fled the country by plane to Miami, FL., followed by almost all of the senior military officers of the GN General Staff. Somoza's successor as head of state, interim President
1349:' NCOs had yellow on dark-green chevrons, the Air Force personnel wore white on royal blue ground forces' rank insignia whilst the Navy's seamen and petty officers' ranks were identical to the other branches of the Guardia, but line officers had
571:, brought further evidence of corruption, as members of the National Guard openly looted damaged businesses and misappropriated international aid, and Somoza Debayle's personal wealth soared during the reconstruction period. In 1974, the growing
1728:, in order to provide direct fire support off the Pacific coast to Guardia infantry units fighting in the Southern Front. It is also rumored that the anti-aircraft battery received from Israel in 1977–78 an unspecified number of surplus US-made
2400:, although other sources estimate that their actual number was no fewer than 3,000–8,000. Most of its lightly armed personnel were concentrated in the main cities (Managua, Leon, Matagalpa, and Masaya) on police duties, or assigned to the
451:
as Chief Director of the National Guard in 1925. Besides being a nephew of Sacasa, Somoza Garcia was a trusted friend of Moncada and a supporter of the liberal revolt. He was trusted by the Americans due to his service as a translator to
633:
Early in the morning of that same day as 5,000 Sandinista guerrillas and 10,000 assorted "people's militia" took control of Managua's city center and called for a cease-fire. The last senior commander of the National Guard, Lt. Col.
1361:
Skills and trades badges followed more closely the American practice. The ground forces officers' service dress tunic had the triangular national cap badge on the collar and US-style brass lapel insignia: crossed rifles –
639:
4,500 officers and enlisted men fled to neighboring Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Guatemala to form the nucleus of an armed opposition force to the new Nicaraguan government, which would later become known as the
1233:'bone dome' Combat Vehicle Crew (CVC) T-56-6 helmet though neither models offered any satisfactory protection against shrapnel or small arms rounds. Guardia's military and National Police personnel were also issued with
1856:(nicknamed "Chatas" by the Nicaraguans; in 1978, one M37B was converted by the GN engineers into an armored car prototype dubbed "La Trigra", but the whole project was discontinued due to the lack of funds), and Israeli
471:
Garcia then resigned from the position of Chief Director of the National Guard in order to meet the constitutional requirements to run for the presidency himself. Breaking with the Liberal party, he established the
2000:; the quarter's adjacent facilities also housed the main offices' of the Guardia's own administration, signals, engineering, medical, logistics and military justice support services, and the main military schools.
2695:(Air School) was first formed in 1932 to train Nicaraguan pilots for the recently created National Guard Air Wing, though it was only in August 1940 that was formally established at Managua airfield as the
906:
1960:(a.k.a. 'Tachito'). Often described as something closer to a corps of feudal retainers (or an occupation force) than to a modern national army, the GN was primarily organized for internal security and
869:
1042:
riding boots or the US M1931 cavalry laced boots whereas the other ranks' had their trousers trucked into US-type canvas (or leather) gaiters and ankle boots. The latter consisted of brown leather
791:
436:
broke out, they returned in 1926 and took over the command (and training) of the National Guard from 1927 to 1933, when it was returned to Nicaraguan control under the government of President
1972:
battalion, one field artillery battery and one anti-aircraft battery, plus sixteen security companies. All the aforementioned units were deployed in traditional Spanish colonial fashion in
1248:
552:
2585:
2020:
1572:
light machine guns both in 7.62×51mm NATO, replaced the obsolete BAR and Savage models, though the heavier Brownings were retained as platoon and company machine guns. The Israeli
2142:(FAGN, Air Force of the Nicaraguan National Guard) in 1978 comprised some 1,500 officers and enlisted men, including pilots and ground personnel, under the command of Colonel
1130:
882:
619:
1786:
acquired from Italy in the mid-1930s were reportedly held in reserve, but only one (nicknamed "La Mascota" by the Nicaraguans) was still kept in running conditions by 1979.
919:
635:
508:
1396:
1268:
420:
Prior to the U.S. occupation, the long period of civil strife had encouraged the development of a variety of private armies. The freshly elected government of President
2143:
958:
543:
of Cuba, permitting its bases to be used for training and staging areas. From May 1965 to September 1966, one infantry company of the National Guard participated in a
2332:, one GC2 patrol boat, one GC6 patrol boat, and one Swiftships 85 ft-type patrol boat. The MG-GN flotilla was divided into a Pacific coast patrol squadron, the
1245:
1797:(APCs) for its infantry units, forcing them to rely on their extensive fleet of soft-skinned transport and liaison vehicles. These ranged from World War II-vintage
1341:, whilst majors had a five-point gilded star in lieu of a leaf. National Guard rank insignia from Subteniente to Coronel resembled a US antecedent—but that of the
1188:
were also provided by the Americans who issued both the early US Army M-1962 'McNamara' model and the M-1967 model with 'ripple' pattern rubbler sole; the US Army
4393:
1213:
1008:
1950:
In January 1978 National Guard overall strength peaked at about 25,000 officers and enlisted men under the direct personal command of their Chief Director and
1093:-style M1947 service dress, worn with a light blue shirt and royal blue tie on formal occasions; a short-sleeved shirt and matching royal blue sidecap (a.k.a. '
4435:
988:
4383:
2481:
It is estimated that 4,252 Nicaraguan servicemen had been trained by the United States between 1970 and 1976 at the Inter-American Military Academy (a.k.a. "
1725:
1288:
995:
1001:
2541:
1034:
4440:
944:
3848:
3754:
2577:
804:
2328:(MG-GN, Nicaraguan National Guard Navy) in 1978 stood at about 1,000 sailors and ratings who manned a surface flotilla of some eight to ten Israeli
1693:
2545:
2537:
456:
during the 1927 peace conference, schooling in the U.S., and training under the U.S. Marines (apparently, as an officer in the National Guard).
3494:
2652:
2589:
2536:(1939–1942), himself a West Point graduate. He was succeeded as Director of the AMN by other three US Army senior officers, Brigadier-General
1989:
623:
113:
1275:
M-1945 patterns). With the full introduction of semi-automatic and automatic small-arms, however, the GN and Police adopted both the US Army
1503:
submachine gun models in US .45 caliber (11.4mm) replacing the older Thompson M1928A1 model. Although the popular Colt pistol was retained,
1837:
1814:
1779:
of Israeli origin (some had their turrets removed and replaced by a 30. or 50. cal Browning HMG mount instead). In addition, two obsolete
1111:(PNGN) officers' continued to wear as service dress the 'Chino' khaki shirt (in long or short sleeve versions) and trousers with shoes or
3430:
658:(Sandinista Police). Eventually, alumni of the National Guard would be reconstituted, with the support of the CIA and Honduras, as the
4014:
3705:
17:
1181:; GN berets were made of one-piece artificial wool attached a black leather rim-band, with both US or Israeli patterns being worn.
1633:
were also employed. The Nicaraguan infantryman was also provided with two types of portable rocket weapons, the shoulder-fired US
605:
with 50 released political prisoners. The seizure of the National Palace was the second major action launched by the Sandinistas.
1196:
fame was worn by Nicaraguan soldiers and Police officers only while operating in tropical jungle or marshy ground environments.
4430:
3203:
1880:
1101:
retained both the white dress and khaki uniforms, with officers' adopting a modified version of the M1942 tunic with removable
1937:
and Managua to clear paths on rebel-held urban neighbourhoods by demolishing buildings turned into bunkers by the guerrillas.
1649:
Guardia infantry and artillery formations were equipped with a variety of crew-served weapons. Light mortars ranged from the
463:), the Sacasa government opened negotiations with the National Sovereignty Defense Army (EDSN) rebel guerrilla faction led by
4425:
4341:
4261:
4129:
4106:
4083:
4003:
3953:
3930:
3817:
382:
394:
2449:
By July 1979, the GN also fielded some 2,000–2,500 elite counter-insurgency EEBI troops, comprising Commandos (a.k.a. the
1564:
SAR and ARM variants in both 5.56×45mm and 7.62×51mm which was adopted in the mid-1970s. At squad level, the Belgium-made
1545:(12.7×99mm) were added to the Guardia's arsenal, replacing the ageing M1895 and M1917A1 water-cooled medium machine guns.
3410:
2818:
1443:
3175:
4060:
2569:
1922:
fire, and many were lost together with their crews in 1979 due to intense street fighting and ambushes in rural areas.
1284:
447:, who had been the leader of a rebel faction which later joined the government after U.S. mediation efforts, appointed
2209:(helicopter squadron) aligned for aerial reconnaissance, search-and-rescue (SAR), transport and assault duties eleven
589:
4236:
4213:
4158:
4039:
3995:
3980:
3880:
3861:
3836:
3798:
2866:"Nicaragua Elects Gen. Somoza President— Commander of National Army Receives Nearly 3/4 Of Votes Cast in Election",
2605:
1849:
1700:
2655:
instructors conducted most of the training, though the School's teaching staff is said to have included anti-Castro
585:
Administration even sent Somoza a congratulatory note from Carter after his disputed victory in the 1978 elections.
1011:(a.k.a. "El Gato") – Head of the personnel section of the Infantry Basic Training School (EEBI) from 1977 to 1979.
954:(a.k.a. "El Chigüín") – Founder and Chief Director of the Infantry Basic Training School (EEBI) from 1976 to 1979.
1721:
556:
4399:
3751:
3469:
4192:
2498:
1868:
1424:
1276:
527:
4420:
2565:
2458:
2151:
951:
666:
627:
408:
1884:
827:
749:
4296:
2823:
1915:
129:
2412:, whose members received special camouflage uniforms and Israeli helmets and flak vests, being armed with
665:
Following the collapse of the National Guard, many members relocated to Guatemala and went on to form the
614:
3945:
3891:
2879:
Another source says that Somoza won the 1936 election "by the remarkable margin of 107,201 votes to 100."
2150:-driven. All FAGN aircraft and personnel were concentrated at the military airbase adjacent to the then
1602:
1411:
The first standard issue weapon of the Guardia Nacional (GN) infantry companies at the mid-1920s was the
1392:
977:
536:
4310:
3611:
3595:
2115:
4186:
3853:
2429:
2179:
2103:
1794:
1538:
1534:
1515:
1508:
1447:
1431:– the GN also appears to have received the American-made version of the famed World War I British-made
1400:
1108:
708:
515:
425:
421:
2119:
722:
448:
4146:
2261:
1997:
1833:
1004:– Vice-director and Executive officer of the Infantry Basic Training School (EEBI) from 1977 to 1979.
564:
2735:
The Nicaraguan National Guard was featured in three major film productions, all set during the 1979
2038:(CSGN, Security Companies for short) were dispersed throughout the country's 16 provinces (Spanish:
1345:. There were also some differences in colour and nomenclature according to the branches of service:
1133:. Elite formations within the GN received camouflage versions of these same uniforms, first in the "
2600:
training center modelled after Fort Bragg, and was tasked of training the Guardia's own elite anti-
2549:
2517:
2300:
1957:
1696:
1334:
1324:
841:
763:
523:
348:
139:
464:
2808:
2727:, being used for artillery and air superiority training of GN ground units and Air Force pilots.
2329:
2289:
2230:
1451:
1342:
1263:
Web gear was supplied by the Americans, who provided to the early Guardia infantry companies the
651:
444:
4050:
2751:
2533:
2482:
2470:
2213:
helicopters converted for the gunship role (nicknamed "Skyraiders" by the Nicaraguans), twelve
1951:
1736:
3427:
2604:
Commandos, the "Black Berets" and its first parachute unit, the "Wild Geese". Inspired on the
947:(a.k.a. "Don José", "Papa Chepe") – Inspector-general of the National Guard from 1976 to 1979.
905:
3343:
2798:
2736:
2304:
2281:
1552:
demonstrations. Nevertheless, by 1978–79 most GN infantry formations had either the Belgian
1466:
1292:
397:
336:
3462:
US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair
1442:
LMG chambered for the US .30-06 (7.62×63mm) cartridge –, with the company weapons being the
1412:
4415:
4315:
4301:
4248:
3896:
2813:
2664:
2417:
2063:
1857:
1712:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1634:
1496:
1086:
868:
540:
531:
437:
433:
171:
95:
622:. The 12,000 Guardsmen still under his command, now besieged in the government quarter of
8:
4388:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4253:
4150:
2462:
2405:
2341:
2257:
2253:
2083:
2051:
1980:(Quarters; barracks-cum-garrisons) in the main cities, including the national capital of
1965:
1899:
1592:
1589:
1581:
519:
432:(National Guard of Nicaragua). That same year, U.S. forces left the country, but after a
3321:
2616:
Paratroopers' training programs, the School's own special curriculum placed emphasis on
2457:
or "Wild Geese", formed in 1978–79) and infantry trainees led by Major (later, Colonel)
1933:
of American and Spanish origin were also employed by the Guardia during the battles for
969:
965:
4280:
3522:
3488:
2617:
2525:
2437:
2365:
2277:
2265:
2226:
2214:
2195:
1961:
1903:
1526:
1473:
1375:
1308:
1058:(US Officer's belt, M1921) was frequently worn with the tunic. A tropical white linen
548:
497:
2079:
1483:
In the 1940s–1950s, the GN received surplus American infantry weapons of World War II/
646:
The Sandinista junta replaced the disbanded Guardia Nacional with two new forces, the
551:
alongside U.S., Brazilian, Paraguayan, Honduran and Costa Rican troops as part of the
4337:
4333:
4284:
4257:
4232:
4228:
4209:
4164:
4154:
4125:
4121:
4102:
4098:
4079:
4075:
4056:
4035:
4031:
3999:
3976:
3972:
3949:
3926:
3905:
3876:
3857:
3832:
3813:
3809:
3794:
2490:
2377:
2357:
2175:
2127:
1907:
1876:
1845:
1829:
1790:
1772:
1681:
1630:
1626:
1530:
1500:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1338:
1312:
386:
1724:, but these were re-fitted in 1979 to a civilian cargo vessel commandeered from the
1071:
which slowly began to replace the campaign hat in service dress. The khaki US M1934
108:
3992:
Modernizing Repression: Police Training and Nation Building in the American Century
3922:
2780:
2649:
2361:
2167:
2111:
2107:
1926:
1747:
1729:
1480:
in 1937 for evaluation, but they were never adopted as standard weapons by the GN.
1222:
973:
790:
460:
48:
3758:
3434:
2645:
2633:
2502:
2312:
1969:
1802:
1776:
1765:
1684:. The field artillery battery was provided with six to nine World War II-vintage
1569:
1178:
1102:
1098:
1055:
500:
99:
88:
2743:
shot on location at Nicaragua. This was followed in 1983 by the Hollywood films
2404:(BECAT, Special Counter-insurgency Brigades). This was an urban rapid-reaction,
1439:
1212:, issued with a Mitchell 'Clouds' pattern camouflage cover and the Israeli-made
594:
3793:, Aircraft No. 89, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1989.
2745:
2667:
in 1961), Guatemalans, Salvadorans and Chileans, as well as Israeli and German
2641:
2621:
2613:
2597:
2353:
2191:
2166:(combat squadron), operated on air assault and counter-insurgency missions ten
1872:
1867:. Heavy transport vehicles were also employed, ranging from older World War II
1755:
tank of the Nicaraguan National Guard during clashes with Sandinista rebels in
1548:
1477:
1455:
309:
2564:(EEBI, Infantry Basic Training School) was founded in 1976–77 by then Capitan
4409:
4288:
4205:
4178:
3909:
2803:
2625:
2521:
2433:
2421:
2349:
2210:
2187:
2183:
2171:
1985:
1954:
1825:
1732:
1708:
1704:
1689:
1346:
1252:
1205:
1158:
1119:
1112:
1059:
514:
In September 1956, Somoza Garcia was fatally shot by a young dissident poet,
453:
413:
390:
343:
321:
4378:
4168:
3965:
Latin American Wars 1900–1941 – "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions
2711:(ENP, National Police School) was the Police Academy of the National Guard.
991:(a.k.a. "Comandante Bravo") – Commander of the GN Southern Front in 1978–79.
4139:
Tartter, Jean R. (1994). "National Guard, 1927-79". In Merrill, Tim (ed.).
3770:
2950:
2756:
2724:
2660:
2609:
2584:. Initially attached for administrative purposes to the 3rd company of the
2573:
2393:
2299:
The advanced training squadron of the Aviation School operated twenty-nine
2285:
2245:
2199:
1864:
1806:
1685:
1606:
1598:
1459:
1435:
1304:
1226:
1185:
1154:
1146:
1090:
1076:
544:
511:, with the Nicaraguan National guard providing air cover to the operation.
285:
225:
2003:
Managua was also home to most of the GN's main tactical units such as the
1105:, which was worn with a light khaki shirt and black tie on service dress.
2788:
2656:
2516:(AMN, Nicaraguan Military Academy) was the noncommissioned officers' and
2486:
2273:
1914:. Moreover, their lack of protection rendered them highly vulnerable to
1911:
1841:
1818:
1662:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1542:
1522:
1296:
1238:
1234:
1193:
1189:
1138:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1030:
378:
2581:
2494:
2397:
2373:
2345:
2308:
2293:
2249:
2222:
2218:
2123:
2055:
1919:
1861:
1821:
1768:
1752:
1658:
1637:
single-shot grenade launcher and the expendable anti-tank, one-shot US
1504:
1488:
1484:
1272:
1230:
1216:
1166:
1162:
1094:
1067:
1038:
588:
After the assassination of opposition leader among the business elites
572:
504:
489:
485:
2425:
2388:
Created in 1970 out of the law-enforcement branch of the Guardia, the
1810:
1560:
5.56×45mm assault rifles, with elite units receiving the Israeli-made
1499:
replaced the earlier bolt-action Springfields, with Thompson M1A1 and
1329:
The Nicaraguan National Guard rank chart was directly inspired by the
1118:
Around the late 1960s Guardia units began to receive surplus American
4140:
4028:
The Thompson Submachine Gun: From Prohibition Chicago to World War II
3460:
2668:
2637:
2601:
2466:
2269:
2147:
2095:
1930:
1895:
1894:
Besides being used as troop carriers these vehicles also doubled as '
1853:
1798:
1654:
1650:
1585:
1561:
1557:
1518:
1511:
1492:
1470:
1432:
1371:
1353:-style rank insignia on removable navy blue shoulder boards instead.
1209:
1134:
121:
3468:. Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD.
2067:
1756:
2453:
or "Black Berets", first formed in 1968), Paratroopers (a.k.a. the
2369:
2075:
2059:
2047:
1973:
1783:
1577:
1556:(or its Israeli version, the lightened ROMAT) 7.62×51mm NATO or US
1379:
1363:
1204:
The first combat helmet provided to Guardia units was the US steel
2360:) on the Caribbean coast, with secondary naval stations set up at
4177:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2793:
2593:
2529:
2234:
2155:
2071:
1981:
1638:
1462:
1350:
1330:
1123:
1072:
1063:
1026:
981:
659:
640:
598:
568:
459:
After the departure of U.S. troops in 1933 (at the height of the
374:
117:
4271:
Williamson, Owen (August 1999). "Nicaraguan Guerrilla Victory".
4052:
El Ejercito de los Somoza: Auge, caída y secuela de su extinción
2568:
upon his return from the United States after attending both the
1891:, which the GN received in both civilian and military versions.
1764:
War II-vintage American vehicles acquired in the 1950s – ten ex-
1097:') was worn by officers and other ranks in active service. The
3968:
2629:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2031:(BPM, Military Police Battalion), and the Artillery Batteries.
1993:
1968:
battalion, one mechanized company, one engineer battalion, one
1934:
1888:
1716:
1576:
was also given to armoured crews, Police BECAT teams and EEBI "
1565:
1553:
1367:
1242:
1219:
1174:
1126:
602:
297:
273:
237:
213:
201:
189:
2392:(PNGN, National Police of the National Guard) was a municipal
2158:, which also housed the Air Force HQ and the Aviation School.
2042:), being allocated one per each in the provincial capitals of
1239:
Ballistic Nylon US M-1952 and M-1952/69 'Half-collar' versions
961:– Commander of the Air Force of the Nicaraguan National Guard.
2043:
1844:"Campeador" one-ton pickups (Spanish-produced variant of the
1780:
1444:
Colt-Browning M1895 "potato digger" .30-06 medium machine gun
1300:
1280:
1264:
1170:
261:
249:
57:
3873:
The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA
2883:
Somoza and the Legacy of U.S. Involvement in Central America
1079:') was also supplied to GN personnel during the 1930-1940s.
1025:
Standard uniform for all ranks since the late 1920s was the
2760:
2409:
1661:; some selected elite troops received the Israeli-designed
669:, which was committed to overthrowing the Sandinista rule.
563:
influence, Anastasio's corrupt ways were unrestrained. The
3761:. Kinowelt-international.de. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
3204:"Central/South American Military News, Reports, Data, etc"
2552:
was appointed its first Nicaraguan-born Director in 1948.
1448:
US M1917A1 .30-06 Browning water-cooled medium machine gun
2413:
2340:. Main naval bases were situated at the coastal towns of
1573:
1271:
in all of its versions (M-1917/18 and later World War II/
2640:), demolitions, 'Commando' operations and intelligence,
2555:
1793:, the Guardia suffered from a chronic shortage of light
1161:
fatigue cap, partially replaced on the field by US Army
518:, and was succeeded in the presidency by his elder son,
507:
from Nicaragua by exiled supporters of former President
1711:
turrets on towed wheeled trailers and Israeli-supplied
1374:; castle – engineers; crossed signal flags and torch –
393:(1936–1979). The National Guard was disbanded when the
3803:
3162:
2993:
2936:
2907:
2895:
2854:
2702:
2578:
U.S. Army school for psychological and special warfare
2493:, in the Psychological and Special Warfare Academy at
2396:
numbering some 9,000–10,000 male and female uniformed
976:
until 1979 and later head of the military wing of the
2686:
2683:(Signals School) was established on 15 January 1933.
1988:
was placed at the heart of the government quarter of
1824:(Spanish-produced version of the Willys CJ-3B jeep),
1289:
All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment
1046:
and Type II/III Service Shoes, later replaced by the
4309:
4295:
3771:
Nicaraguan National Guard vehicles in the 1983 film
3692:
3534:
2770:
2276:
twin-engined light piston utility transports, eight
1992:near downtown Managua, allocated in an underground
1657:models of World War II-vintage, to the more recent
3849:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2648:and even light armor tactics. Ex-USSF and exiled
1877:Dodge W500/W600 Power Wagon 4×4 medium-duty trucks
1303:cotton canvas equipment (similar in design to the
937:
385:. It became notorious for human rights abuses and
2170:"Push and Pull" light aircraft converted for the
1287:(MLCE) in OG Nylon; some photos do show that the
1033:' khaki cotton shirt and pants, worn with the US
4407:
3804:Caballero Jurado, Carlos; Thomas, Nigel (1990).
1940:
1742:
1425:Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) M1918A2 US .30-06
443:President Sacasa, under political pressure from
4015:"Le F.M. BAR [The BAR automatic rifle]"
3437:. Mailer.fsu.edu. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
3411:"Vehículos de la Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua"
2292:utility transport and an unspecified number of
2755:; the latter was actually shot at Mexico with
2528:, the AMN was initially staffed by a cadre of
2402:Brigadas Especiales contra Actos de Terrorismo
1889:Pegaso 3046 4×4 and 3050 6×6 heavy-duty trucks
4436:Paramilitary organizations based in Nicaragua
3826:
3680:
2759:soldiers portraying both Guardia' troops and
2714:
2562:Escuela de Entrenamiento Basico de Infanteria
2524:of the Guardia Nacional. Modelled after the
2336:, and an Atlantic coast patrol squadron, the
2229:utility transports, an unspecified number of
2036:Compañías de Seguridad de la Guardia Nacional
1601:were supplied by the Americans, who provided
1208:during World War II, replaced in 1954 by the
368:
62:
40:
4199:
3919:An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters
3546:
3313:
2011:(PP, Presidential VIP protection unit), the
383:occupation of Nicaragua by the United States
150:
4202:Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft
4200:Taylor, John J.H.; Munson, Kenneth (1973).
4072:The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles
3962:
3280:
3256:
3232:
3121:
2280:twin-engined light utility transports, one
1769:M4A3 E8 (76) and M4A3E8 (105) Sherman tanks
597:, occupied the National Assembly Palace in
416:with members of the Guardia Nacional, 1931.
4441:Organizations of the Nicaraguan Revolution
4327:
4283:: Primedia Special Interest Publications.
4270:
4118:US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320
3870:
3845:
3558:
3510:
3493:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3446:
3392:
3020:
3008:
2663:, which had participated in the ill-fated
1505:Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolvers
1199:
1015:
672:
96:Air Force of the Nicaraguan National Guard
3525:. Acig.org. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
3506:
3504:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3043:
3041:
2880:
2507:
2383:
2007:(BGP, Presidential Guard Battalion), the
1701:Chevrolet C-10 Cheyenne 4×4 light pickups
27:1925–1979 US-created militia in Nicaragua
4222:
4092:
4069:
3989:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3368:
3356:
3307:
3291:
3289:
3220:
3198:
3196:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3004:
3002:
2532:instructors headed by Brigadier-General
2476:
2190:dual-seat jet trainers converted to the
1854:Dodge M37B ¾-ton 4×4 1953 utility trucks
1852:(nicknamed "Pumas" by the Nicaraguans),
1746:
1644:
1607:Mark 2 Fragmentation Hand/Rifle Grenades
1385:
567:, which severely damaged the capital of
503:, supported an unsuccessful invasion of
407:
93:Nicaraguan National Guard Ground Forces
4328:Zaloga, Steven J.; Bull, Peter (2000).
4138:
4115:
3963:Jowett, Philip; Walsh, Stephen (2018).
3916:
3808:. Men-at-Arms series, no. 221. London:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3583:
3380:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2739:, the first being the 1980 German film
2326:Marina de Guerra de la Guardia Nacional
2244:(transport squadron) operated thirteen
1722:M1 Bofors 40 mm Anti-Aircraft guns
1469:as personal sidearm. A small number of
555:(FIP), deployed under the aegis of the
14:
4408:
4025:
4012:
3889:
3668:
3501:
3322:"Nejprodávanější československá zbraň"
3268:
3244:
3038:
2620:. Advanced courses ranged from basic
2262:De Havilland Canada DHC-3 (U-1A) Otter
1713:Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20 mm autocannons
1580:" troops, who were also issued the US
1423:(7.62×63mm). The squad weapon was the
1089:(FAGN) officers received a royal blue
601:, took 2,000 hostages, and escaped to
67:("Honour", "Fatherland", "Discipline")
4048:
3789:Al Adcock, Don Greer and Joe Sewell,
3739:
3722:
3475:from the original on 4 September 2012
3398:
3319:
3286:
3193:
3127:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
2999:
2730:
2723:(Weapons Range) was located close to
2556:Infantry Basic Training School – EEBI
2182:dual-seat trainers converted for the
679:
103:National Police of the National Guard
4245:
3939:
3827:Eastwood, Tony; Roach, John (1990).
3728:
3452:
3295:
3106:
3032:
2968:
2925:
2835:
2260:trainer & utility aircraft, six
2217:light observation helicopters, four
1663:Soltam M-65 120 mm heavy mortar
1366:; crossed cavalry sabres and tank –
1333:, with chevrons pointed upwards for
539:in the preparation for the abortive
4332:. New Vanguard series 159. Oxford:
3831:. London: The Aviation Hobby Shop.
3829:Turbo Prop Airliner Production List
2819:Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War
2703:National Guard Police Academy – ENP
2644:(Ranger), communications, medical,
2390:Policia Nacional – Guardia Nacional
2290:Rockwell Aero Commander 680FL Grand
2140:Fuerza Aérea de La Guardia Nacional
2015:(PBB, 1st Armoured Battalion), the
1803:Dodge WC51 ¾-ton 4×4 utility trucks
1623:M34 White Phosphorus Smoke Grenades
1052:M-1948 Russet Leather Lace-Up Boots
693:
690:
24:
4145:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
3596:"World's Air forces 1981, p. 362."
3163:Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990
2994:Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990
2937:Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990
2913:
2908:Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990
2896:Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990
2855:Caballero Jurado & Thomas 1990
2687:Nicaraguan Air Force Academy – EMA
2544:(1943–1946) and Brigadier-General
2017:Batallón de Combate General Somoza
1881:M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo trucks
1690:M101A1 105 mm towed Howitzers
1686:M3 37 mm towed anti-tank guns
1631:M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mines
1356:
1285:modernized load-carrying equipment
1044:Field Shoes M-1918 (Pershing boot)
25:
4452:
4352:
4013:Lorain, Pierre (September 1979).
3996:University of Massachusetts Press
3612:"Military Helicopter Market 1971"
3324:(in Czech). Militaria, Elka Press
2948:
2699:(EMA, Military Aviation School).
2674:
2548:(1947) until GN Infantry Colonel
2444:
2221:light utility helicopters, three
1828:(Spanish-produced variant of the
1699:of Argentinian origin mounted on
1619:M26A1 Fragmentation Hand Grenades
1450:. Officers and NCOs received the
1413:Krag–Jørgensen US M1896/98 .30-40
1311:) or the newer olive green Nylon
4172:
3890:Gaines, Mike (6 November 1982).
3875:. London: Aerospace Publishing.
2773:
2512:Created on 9 November 1939, the
2005:Batallón de Guardia Presidencial
1945:
1873:Chevrolet G506 1½-ton 4×4 trucks
1777:T17E1 M6 Staghound armoured cars
1582:Remington Model 700 Sniper rifle
1318:
1258:
1249:Type III RAV 200 Protective Vest
1129:cotton sateen utilities and the
984:guerrilla movement in the 1980s.
904:
867:
826:
789:
748:
707:
553:Interamerican Pacification Force
478:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
242:
230:
218:
206:
194:
182:
3942:Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989–90
3764:
3745:
3716:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3604:
3589:
3577:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3440:
3421:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3336:
3301:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3168:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3026:
3014:
2951:"Nicaragua and the Sandinistas"
2885:. New York: Dutton. p. 21.
2586:General Somoza Combat Battalion
2540:(1942–1943), Brigadier-General
2424:. Easily recognizable by their
2319:
2225:light utility helicopters, two
2211:Sikorsky S-58T (CH-34A) Choctaw
2021:General Somoza Combat Battalion
1996:-style complex built after the
1984:. The Headquarters of the GN's
1850:M151A1 ¼-ton 4×4 utility trucks
1807:Willys M38A1 MD ¼-ton 4×4 jeeps
1694:EDESA Yarará 70 mm 42-tube
1611:M61 Fragmentation Hand Grenades
1452:Thompson M1928A1 US .45 caliber
1037:(a.k.a. 'Montana Peak Hat') in
938:Notable National Guard officers
557:Organization of American States
488:act and under the terms of the
4374:National Guard YouTube video 4
4369:National Guard YouTube video 3
4364:National Guard YouTube video 2
4359:National Guard YouTube video 1
4305:: 41–100. 16–22 November 2004.
2942:
2901:
2889:
2873:
2860:
2499:Inter-American Defense College
2307:light utility aircraft, seven
2264:STOL utility transports, five
2256:light utility aircraft, seven
2252:light utility aircraft, seven
2178:roles, either seven or eleven
2152:Mercedes International Airport
1277:M-1956 load-carrying equipment
680:
528:United States Military Academy
100:Nicaraguan National Guard Navy
13:
1:
4431:Military history of Nicaragua
4394:History of the Somoza Dynasty
4330:Staghound armored car 1942–62
4323:(2416): 615–668. 13 May 1955.
3806:Central American Wars 1959–89
3782:
2596:, the EEBI was an indigenous
2566:Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero
2514:Academia Militar de Nicaragua
2469:plus two small artillery and
2459:Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero
2272:STOL utility transports, two
2223:Hughes 269 A/B (TH-55A) Osage
2215:Hughes OH-6A/H-369HS Defender
2202:reconnaissance/light bombers.
2180:North American T-28A/D Trojan
2133:
1941:Order of battle as by 1978–79
1743:Combat and transport vehicles
1692:and an unspecified number of
1406:
1283:cotton canvas and the M-1967
1173:; Paratroopers – Cherry-red (
1137:" pattern, soon followed by "
952:Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero
667:Fifteenth of September Legion
628:Managua International Airport
430:Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua
42:Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua
4426:Law enforcement in Nicaragua
4120:. Weapon series 57. Oxford:
4097:. Weapon series 14. Oxford:
4093:Rottman, Gordon L. (2011b).
4070:Rottman, Gordon L. (2011a).
2829:
2824:National Guard (El Salvador)
2338:Guardia Marina del Atlântico
2233:utility helicopters and one
1916:improvised explosive devices
1603:M59 "Baseball" hand grenades
1590:Remington Model 870 12-gauge
1131:M1967 Jungle Utility Uniform
473:Partido Liberal Nacionalista
7:
4227:. Weapon series 9. Oxford:
4116:Rottman, Gordon L. (2017).
4074:. Weapon series 8. Oxford:
4030:. Weapon series 1. Oxford:
3871:Fitzsimons, Bernie (1988).
2881:Diedreich, Bernard (1981).
2766:
2709:Escuela Nacional de Policia
2697:Escuela Militar de Aviación
2632:, light and heavy weapons (
2334:Guardia Marina del Pacífico
2282:Hawker Siddeley HS-125-600B
2254:Cessna 185 (U-17B) Skywagon
2168:Cessna 337A Super Skymaster
2029:Batallón de Policía Militar
1830:Land Rover Series III model
1707:battery operated US Maxson
1665:. They were also issued US
1516:Smith & Wesson Model 15
1509:Smith & Wesson Model 10
1421:Springfield US M1903 .30-06
1393:Military Assistance Program
1048:M-1943 Combat Service Boots
1020:
978:Nicaraguan Democratic Force
914:Largaespada Baez, Fulgencio
648:Ejército Popular Sandinista
579:
537:Central Intelligence Agency
403:
381:created in 1925 during the
10:
4457:
4384:ThinkQuest: Somoza Dynasty
4379:Country Studies: Nicaragua
4191:: CS1 maint: postscript (
4142:Nicaragua: a country study
4049:Pérez, Justiniano (2010).
3967:. Men-at-Arms series 519.
3601:. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
3570:Adcock, Greer and Sewell,
2715:Lake Managua Weapons Range
2330:Dabur-1 class patrol boats
2207:Escuadrón de Ala Rotatoria
2027:(Engineer Battalion), the
1885:M39 5-ton 6x6 cargo trucks
1795:armored personnel carriers
1535:M1919A4 US .30-06 Browning
1322:
1109:Nicaraguan National Police
980:(FDN), an anti-Sandinista
920:Fulgencio Largaespada Baez
636:Fulgencio Largaespada Baez
4400:Nicaraguan National Guard
4147:Federal Research Division
3990:Kuzmarov, Jeremy (2012).
3846:Everingham, Mark (2008).
3693:Flight International 1955
3681:Eastwood & Roach 1990
3535:Flight International 2004
2681:Escuela de Transmissiones
2570:U.S. Army Infantry School
2311:utility aircraft and six
2301:North American AT-6 Texan
2258:Beech 18 (C-45) Expeditor
2237:light utility helicopter.
2198:night fighters and seven
2013:Primero Batallón Blindado
1998:1972 Nicaragua earthquake
1834:Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)
1799:Willys MB ¼-ton 4×4 jeeps
1697:multiple rocket launchers
1541:version – and the larger
1539:M1919A6 light machine gun
1419:, soon superseded by the
1269:M-1910 infantry equipment
836:Somoza Debayle, Anastasio
758:Somoza Debayle, Anastasio
615:Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños
565:1972 Nicaragua earthquake
522:, while his youngest son
342:
332:
327:
177:
170:
162:
157:
145:
135:
128:
107:
87:
79:
71:
64:Honor, Patria, Disciplina
56:
39:
35:Nicaraguan National Guard
34:
18:Nicaraguan National Guard
4311:"The World's Air Forces"
4223:Thompson, Leroy (2011).
4055:(in Spanish). Editarte.
4021:(in French) (74): 12–19.
3946:Jane's Information Group
3706:"Policías de ayer y hoy"
3547:Taylor & Munson 1973
2550:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
2518:Officer Candidate School
2303:dual-seat trainers, ten
2144:Donaldo Humberto Frixote
1958:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
1862:Mercedes-Benz Unimog 404
1586:Ithaca Model 37 12-gauge
1325:Nicaragua military ranks
1241:or the Israeli-produced
1177:); Presidential Guard –
959:Donaldo Humberto Frixote
877:Mejía González, Federico
842:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
764:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
735:29 September 1956 †
717:Somoza García, Anastasio
524:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
389:under the regime of the
349:Nicaragua military ranks
140:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
4297:"World Air Forces 2004"
4026:Pegler, Martin (2010).
3892:"World Air Forces 1982"
3854:Charles Scribner's Sons
3459:"Annex C Appendix II".
3281:Jowett & Walsh 2018
3257:Jowett & Walsh 2018
3233:Jowett & Walsh 2018
3124:, p. 45, Plate D3.
3122:Jowett & Walsh 2018
2870:, December 9, 1936, p.3
2809:Sandinista Popular Army
2659:(former members of the
2294:Cessna 421 Golden Eagle
2268:medium transports, two
2242:Escuadrón de Transporte
2231:Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw
2200:Douglas A-26B/C Invader
1773:M3A1 Stuart light tanks
1737:surface-to-air missiles
1627:M18 Smoke Hand Grenades
1343:Confederate States Army
1246:Rabintex Industries Ltd
1206:M1917 A1 "Kelly" helmet
1200:Helmets and body armour
1157:or the IDF "Old style"
1122:tropical uniforms, the
1016:Appearance and insignia
966:Enrique Bermúdez Varela
883:Federico Mejía González
723:Anastasio Somoza García
673:List of Chief Directors
652:Sandinista Popular Army
620:Federico Mejía González
509:Rafael Calderón Guardia
449:Anastasio Somoza García
3917:Gunston, Bill (1981).
3752:Kinowelt International
3393:Zaloga & Bull 2000
3344:"Back from Nicaragua!"
3235:, pp. 15, 17, 45.
2508:Military Academy – AMN
2483:School of the Americas
2384:National Police branch
2309:Cessna 172 J/K Skyhawk
2278:Piper PA-34-200 Seneca
2025:Batallón de Ingeniería
1952:President of Nicaragua
1789:Apart from a mere ten
1760:
1574:Uzi 9mm submachine gun
1151:ERDL 1948 Leaf pattern
1143:ERDL Thai Tadpole type
417:
369:
364:
63:
41:
4402:– original source LOC
4389:Spartacus Educational
3791:T-28 Trojan in action
3757:11 March 2016 at the
3572:T-28 Trojan in action
2799:Nicaraguan Revolution
2737:Nicaraguan Revolution
2588:and headquartered at
2477:Training institutions
2426:Willys CJ-5 4×4 jeeps
2305:Piper PA-18 Super Cub
2274:Piper PA-23-250 Aztec
2246:Douglas C-47 Skytrain
2009:Patrulla Presidencial
1925:Commandeered tracked
1902:', being fitted with
1858:AIL M325 Command Cars
1811:Willys CJ-5 4×4 jeeps
1750:
1645:Mortars and artillery
1537:(7.62×63mm) – or its
1533:, in the form of the
1497:semi-automatic rifles
1489:M1/M2 US .30 carbines
1467:semi-automatic pistol
1386:Weapons and equipment
1214:Orlite Industries Ltd
1009:Juan Francisco Rivera
516:Rigoberto López Pérez
465:Augusto César Sandino
422:Carlos José Solórzano
411:
367:, otherwise known as
337:Nicaraguan Revolution
4421:Defunct gendarmeries
4316:Flight International
4302:Flight International
4225:The Colt 1911 Pistol
4019:La Gazette des Armes
3897:Flight International
3523:Nicaragua, 1980–1988
3320:Fencl, Jiří (1991).
3086:, pp. 163, 167.
2814:Salvadoran Civil War
2665:Bay of Pigs invasion
2418:pump-action shotguns
2408:closely modelled on
2164:Escuadrón de Combate
1929:or wheeled civilian
1593:pump-action shotguns
1370:; crossed cannons –
1217:composite fibreglass
1087:Nicaraguan Air Force
1062:very similar to the
989:Pablo Emilio Salazar
541:Bay of Pigs Invasion
526:, a graduate of the
438:Juan Bautista Sacasa
166:7,500 (January 1978)
4254:Seven Stories Press
4246:Webb, Gary (1999).
4151:Library of Congress
3904:(3835): 1327–1388.
3574:(1989), pp. 15; 43.
3433:29 May 2010 at the
3298:, pp. 826–836.
3210:. 29 November 2007.
3208:China Defence Forum
3023:, pp. 925–926.
2606:U.S. Special Forces
2406:anti-terrorist unit
2250:Cessna 180 Skywagon
2227:Bell UH-1H Iroquois
2196:Douglas A-20G Havoc
1966:mechanized infantry
1869:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6
1726:Memnic Line Company
1584:7.62×51mm, and the
1525:were also adopted.
1493:M1 Garand US .30-06
1476:were acquired from
1295:1950's "Old style"
1229:or the Vietnam-era
1155:OG-106 Baseball cap
996:Franklin Montenegro
964:Lieutenant colonel
520:Luis Somoza Debayle
424:requested that the
412:U.S. Marine 1st Lt
4281:Leesburg, Virginia
3940:Hogg, Ian (1989).
3614:. flightglobal.com
2955:Dave Kopel Website
2731:In popular culture
2618:counter-insurgency
2542:LeRoy Bartlett jr.
2534:Charles L. Mullins
2526:West Point Academy
2266:CASA C-212 Aviocar
2248:transports, eight
1962:Counter-insurgency
1904:heavy machine-guns
1826:Santana Series III
1791:M2 half-track cars
1761:
1639:M72 LAW 66 mm
1635:M79 "Blooper" 40mm
1531:heavy machine guns
1474:light machine guns
1309:58 pattern webbing
1035:M1912 Campaign Hat
943:Brigadier general
916:Lieutenant Colonel
656:Policía Sandinista
549:Dominican Republic
498:Dominican Republic
445:José María Moncada
418:
136:Commander-in-Chief
4343:978-1-84603-392-6
4334:Osprey Publishing
4263:978-1-888363-93-7
4229:Osprey Publishing
4204:. New York City:
4187:cite encyclopedia
4131:978-1-4728-1952-9
4122:Osprey Publishing
4108:978-1-84908-690-5
4099:Osprey Publishing
4085:978-1-84908-461-1
4076:Osprey Publishing
4032:Osprey Publishing
4005:978-1-55849-917-1
3973:Osprey Publishing
3955:978-0-7106-0889-5
3944:(15th ed.).
3932:978-0-86101-110-0
3819:978-0-85045-945-6
3810:Osprey Publishing
3683:, pp. 85–94.
3659:, pp. 58–61.
3647:, pp. 38–39.
3635:, pp. 40–43.
3586:, pp. 61–62.
3395:, pp. 42–45.
3283:, pp. 44–45.
2491:Panama Canal Zone
2430:vehicular beacons
2296:light transports.
2176:close air support
1908:recoilless rifles
1846:Jeepster Commando
1682:recoilless rifles
1679:M40A1 106 mm
1543:M2HB .50 Browning
1458:, as well as the
1440:Savage Model 1917
1429:light machine gun
1417:bolt-action rifle
1339:US Armed Services
1313:Ephod Combat Vest
935:
934:
848:
801:Brigadier General
773:29 September 1956
770:
729:
547:operation in the
354:
353:
178:Foreign suppliers
16:(Redirected from
4448:
4347:
4324:
4306:
4292:
4273:Military History
4267:
4242:
4219:
4196:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4135:
4112:
4089:
4066:
4045:
4022:
4009:
3986:
3959:
3936:
3923:Salamander Books
3913:
3886:
3867:
3852:(2nd ed.).
3842:
3823:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3712:. 9 August 2015.
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3608:
3602:
3599:flightglobal.com
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3428:Nicaraguan Armor
3425:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3125:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2783:
2781:Nicaragua portal
2778:
2777:
2776:
2721:Polígono de Tiro
2693:Escuela del Aire
2650:South Vietnamese
2628:and survival to
2362:San Juan del Sur
2313:Fairchild PT-19A
2219:Hiller 12B Raven
1860:("Nun-Nun") and
1771:, three to four
1730:General Dynamics
1491:(7.62×33mm) and
1223:ballistic helmet
1002:Justiniano Pérez
974:Washington, D.C.
970:Military attaché
915:
908:
878:
871:
846:
837:
830:
800:
799:Montiel, Gustavo
793:
768:
759:
752:
727:
718:
711:
682:
677:
676:
461:Great Depression
372:
365:Guardia Nacional
328:Related articles
320:
318:
317:
308:
306:
305:
296:
294:
293:
284:
282:
281:
272:
270:
269:
260:
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245:
236:
234:
233:
224:
222:
221:
212:
210:
209:
200:
198:
197:
188:
186:
185:
163:Active personnel
89:Service branches
66:
52:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4406:
4405:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4264:
4239:
4216:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4161:
4132:
4109:
4086:
4063:
4042:
4006:
3983:
3956:
3933:
3883:
3864:
3839:
3820:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3759:Wayback Machine
3750:
3746:
3738:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:, p. 1387.
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3559:Fitzsimons 1988
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3511:Williamson 1999
3509:
3502:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3447:Williamson 1999
3445:
3441:
3435:Wayback Machine
3426:
3422:
3417:. 12 July 2010.
3409:
3408:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
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3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
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3099:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3021:Everingham 2008
3019:
3015:
3009:Williamson 1999
3007:
3000:
2992:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2836:
2832:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2733:
2717:
2705:
2689:
2677:
2612:Commandos' and
2558:
2510:
2503:Washington D.C.
2479:
2455:Gansos Salvajes
2447:
2386:
2322:
2136:
1970:Military Police
1948:
1943:
1836:light pickups,
1805:to more modern
1775:, and eighteen
1766:Philippine Army
1745:
1715:mounted on the
1647:
1501:M3 "Grease Gun"
1415:(7.62 mm)
1409:
1388:
1359:
1357:Branch insignia
1327:
1321:
1261:
1220:OR-201 Model 76
1202:
1103:shoulder boards
1099:Nicaraguan Navy
1056:Sam Browne belt
1023:
1018:
940:
917:
913:
910:
909:
880:
876:
873:
872:
845:
839:
835:
832:
831:
805:Gustavo Montiel
802:
798:
795:
794:
767:
761:
757:
754:
753:
726:
720:
716:
713:
712:
697:Time in office
675:
626:at Managua and
582:
501:Rafael Trujillo
481:
406:
315:
313:
312:
303:
301:
300:
291:
289:
288:
279:
277:
276:
267:
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264:
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231:
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195:
193:
192:
183:
181:
102:
98:
94:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4353:External links
4351:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4325:
4307:
4293:
4268:
4262:
4243:
4237:
4220:
4214:
4197:
4159:
4136:
4130:
4113:
4107:
4090:
4084:
4067:
4062:978-9992434628
4061:
4046:
4040:
4023:
4010:
4004:
3987:
3981:
3960:
3954:
3937:
3931:
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3843:
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3824:
3818:
3801:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3763:
3744:
3742:, p. 169.
3727:
3725:, p. 166.
3715:
3697:
3695:, p. 652.
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3603:
3588:
3576:
3563:
3561:, p. 137.
3551:
3549:, p. 179.
3539:
3527:
3515:
3500:
3451:
3439:
3420:
3415:Flotilla Aérea
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3346:. 28 May 2014.
3335:
3312:
3300:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3223:, p. 48–.
3213:
3192:
3167:
3126:
3105:
3103:, p. 168.
3088:
3076:
3074:, p. 174.
3064:
3062:, p. 163.
3052:
3037:
3025:
3013:
2998:
2967:
2941:
2924:
2922:, p. 196.
2912:
2900:
2888:
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2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2768:
2765:
2746:Last Plane Out
2732:
2729:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2685:
2676:
2675:Signals School
2673:
2642:reconnaissance
2622:light infantry
2614:Brazilian Army
2598:Special Forces
2557:
2554:
2509:
2506:
2478:
2475:
2446:
2445:Special Forces
2443:
2428:equipped with
2385:
2382:
2354:Puerto Cabezas
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2297:
2238:
2203:
2192:fighter-bomber
2188:Lockheed T-33A
2135:
2132:
2058:(Chinandega),
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1887:, and Spanish
1744:
1741:
1675:M67 90 mm
1671:M20 75 mm
1659:M29 81 mm
1646:
1643:
1549:Assault rifles
1478:Czechoslovakia
1456:submachine gun
1408:
1405:
1387:
1384:
1358:
1355:
1323:Main article:
1320:
1317:
1260:
1257:
1255:: "Shapats").
1201:
1198:
1184:Black leather
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
992:
985:
962:
955:
948:
945:José R. Somoza
939:
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929:
926:
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747:
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740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
714:
706:
705:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:Chief Director
686:
683:
674:
671:
590:Pedro Chamorro
581:
578:
480:
477:
405:
402:
361:National Guard
352:
351:
346:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
325:
324:
310:United Kingdom
179:
175:
174:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
147:
146:Chief Director
143:
142:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4414:
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4411:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:Dark Alliance
4244:
4240:
4238:9781849084338
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4215:0-7232-3697-6
4211:
4207:
4206:Collier Books
4203:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4180:
4179:public domain
4170:
4166:
4162:
4160:0-8444-0831-X
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4041:9781849081498
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3982:9781472826282
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3882:0-8317-2181-2
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3863:9780684315904
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3838:0-907178-32-4
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3799:0-89747-211-X
3796:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3775:at imcdb.org.
3774:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3537:, p. 77.
3536:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3513:, p. 61.
3512:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3449:, p. 62.
3448:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3383:, p. 22.
3382:
3377:
3371:, p. 52.
3370:
3369:Rottman 2011a
3365:
3359:, p. 34.
3358:
3357:Rottman 2011b
3353:
3345:
3339:
3323:
3316:
3310:, p. 64.
3309:
3308:Thompson 2011
3304:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3271:, p. 56.
3270:
3265:
3259:, p. 43.
3258:
3253:
3247:, p. 19.
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3221:Kuzmarov 2012
3217:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3165:, p. 44.
3164:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3050:, p. 25.
3049:
3044:
3042:
3035:, p. 45.
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3011:, p. 64.
3010:
3005:
3003:
2996:, p. 20.
2995:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2949:Kopel, Dave.
2945:
2939:, p. 19.
2938:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2910:, p. 37.
2909:
2904:
2898:, p. 33.
2897:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2869:
2868:Baltimore Sun
2863:
2857:, p. 18.
2856:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Somoza Family
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:jungle combat
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:just outside
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:John F. Greco
2543:
2539:
2538:Fred T. Cruse
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:Staff College
2519:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:, and at the
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:Boinas Negras
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:sniper rifles
2419:
2416:SMGs, M-16s,
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Pacific coast
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:IAI Arava 201
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:ground attack
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:ground attack
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:Nueva Segovia
2101:
2098:(Matagalpa),
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:Departamentos
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:General Staff
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:Major general
1953:
1946:Ground Forces
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:MB-CJ6b jeeps
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1735:man-portable
1734:
1733:FIM-43 Redeye
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:M45 Quadmount
1706:
1705:Anti-Aircraft
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:M1 81 mm
1652:
1651:M2 60 mm
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:Hand grenades
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:Ground Forces
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1319:Rank insignia
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:Accoutrements
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:, either the
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:dress uniform
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
941:
930:
927:
924:
922:
921:
912:
907:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
885:
884:
875:
870:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
844:
843:
838:Major General
834:
829:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
807:
806:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
766:
765:
760:Major General
756:
751:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
725:
724:
719:Major General
715:
710:
704:
701:
700:
696:
687:
684:
678:
670:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
577:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
499:
493:
491:
487:
479:Somoza regime
476:
474:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
454:Henry Stimson
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
414:Chesty Puller
410:
401:
399:
398:came to power
396:
392:
391:Somoza family
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
366:
362:
359:
350:
347:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
326:
323:
322:United States
311:
299:
287:
275:
263:
251:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4300:
4276:
4272:
4247:
4224:
4201:
4141:
4117:
4094:
4071:
4051:
4027:
4018:
3991:
3964:
3941:
3918:
3901:
3895:
3872:
3847:
3828:
3805:
3790:
3772:
3766:
3747:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3657:Gunston 1981
3652:
3645:Gunston 1981
3640:
3633:Gunston 1981
3628:
3616:. Retrieved
3606:
3598:
3591:
3584:Gunston 1981
3579:
3571:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3477:. Retrieved
3461:
3454:
3442:
3423:
3414:
3388:
3381:Rottman 2017
3376:
3364:
3352:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3315:
3303:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3207:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:
3170:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3028:
3016:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:
2944:
2920:Tartter 1994
2915:
2903:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2763:guerrillas.
2757:Mexican Army
2750:
2744:
2741:The Uprising
2740:
2734:
2725:Lake Managua
2720:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2661:Brigade 2506
2657:Cuban exiles
2610:Chilean Army
2590:Tiscapa Hill
2574:Fort Benning
2561:
2559:
2513:
2511:
2480:
2471:armoured car
2454:
2450:
2448:
2438:wire cutters
2401:
2394:constabulary
2389:
2387:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2320:Naval forces
2286:business jet
2241:
2206:
2186:role, seven
2163:
2139:
2137:
2120:Río San Juan
2078:(Jinotega),
2039:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1990:Tiscapa Hill
1977:
1949:
1924:
1893:
1875:to newer US
1865:light trucks
1788:
1762:
1703:whereas the
1648:
1615:M67 grenades
1597:
1547:
1495:(7.62×63mm)
1482:
1460:Colt M1911A1
1436:.303 (7.7mm)
1427:(7.62×63mm)
1410:
1389:
1360:
1328:
1305:British Army
1262:
1235:flak jackets
1227:crash helmet
1203:
1186:combat boots
1183:
1150:
1142:
1117:
1107:
1091:US Air Force
1085:
1081:
1077:garrison cap
1024:
918:
881:
840:
803:
762:
721:
664:
655:
647:
645:
632:
624:Tiscapa hill
611:
607:
595:Edén Pastora
587:
583:
561:
545:peacekeeping
513:
494:
482:
472:
469:
458:
442:
429:
426:U.S. Marines
419:
360:
357:
355:
286:South Africa
149:
114:Tiscapa Hill
109:Headquarters
29:
4416:Banana Wars
3669:Gaines 1982
3269:Pegler 2010
3245:Lorain 1979
3180:mahargpress
3176:"Nicaragua"
2789:Banana Wars
2669:mercenaries
2487:Fort Gulick
2463:armed jeeps
2074:(Granada),
1927:Caterpillar
1912:autocannons
1842:Ebro trucks
1819:Ebro trucks
1523:.38 Special
1487:-vintage –
1463:.45 caliber
1194:Vietnam War
1190:Jungle boot
1163:Boonie hats
1139:Tigerstripe
1135:Duck Hunter
1120:Olive Green
1113:Olive Green
857:12–13 years
847:(1925–1980)
769:(1925–1980)
738:27–28 years
728:(1896–1956)
694:Left office
691:Took office
395:Sandinistas
379:gendarmerie
4410:Categories
3921:. London:
3783:References
3773:Under Fire
3740:Pérez 2010
3723:Pérez 2010
3101:Pérez 2010
3084:Pérez 2010
3072:Pérez 2010
3060:Pérez 2010
3048:Pérez 2010
2752:Under Fire
2582:Fort Bragg
2495:Fort Bragg
2473:platoons.
2467:gun-trucks
2398:constables
2374:Bluefields
2346:Chinandega
2194:role, two
2134:Air Forces
2124:Bluefields
2116:San Carlos
2094:(Masaya),
2070:(Estelí),
2056:Chinandega
1931:Bulldozers
1920:small-arms
1918:(IEDs) or
1900:technicals
1896:gun trucks
1813:, Spanish
1753:M4 Sherman
1688:, four US
1485:Korean War
1407:Small arms
1273:Korean War
1231:fibreglass
1167:US Marines
1159:Olive Drab
1095:flight cap
1068:epaulettes
1039:Olive Drab
1029:tropical '
654:) and the
573:Sandinista
532:West Point
505:Costa Rica
490:Rio Treaty
486:Lend-Lease
387:corruption
370:la Guardia
363:(Spanish:
358:Nicaraguan
130:Leadership
4289:0889-7328
3910:0015-3710
3710:La Prensa
3489:cite book
3296:Hogg 1989
3033:Webb 1999
2960:30 August
2830:Footnotes
2638:artillery
2602:guerrilla
2348:) on the
2315:trainers.
2284:mid-size
2148:propeller
2096:Matagalpa
2064:Chontales
2046:(Boaco),
1978:cuarteles
1784:tankettes
1667:M18 57 mm
1566:FN MAG 58
1562:IMI Galil
1519:revolvers
1512:revolvers
1471:ZB vz. 30
1465:(11.4mm)
1454:(11.4mm)
1433:Lewis gun
1372:artillery
1315:instead.
1279:(LCE) in
1075:(a.k.a. '
928:July 1979
925:July 1979
891:July 1979
888:July 1979
854:July 1979
816:5–6 years
779:3–4 years
685:Portrait
434:civil war
400:in 1979.
158:Personnel
122:Nicaragua
80:Disbanded
4169:30623751
3755:Archived
3470:Archived
3431:Archived
3328:12 March
3185:17 March
2767:See also
2646:airborne
2624:skills,
2608:(USSF),
2576:and the
2370:El Bluff
2235:Bell 47H
2082:(León),
2076:Jinotega
2060:Juigalpa
2048:Jinotepe
1974:fortress
1578:Commando
1446:and the
1380:Caduceus
1364:infantry
1147:Highland
1050:and the
1021:Uniforms
1007:Captain
1000:Captain
957:Colonel
950:Colonel
931:0 months
894:0 months
662:rebels.
580:Collapse
404:Creation
373:) was a
172:Industry
151:See list
4095:The M16
3618:20 June
3479:15 June
2794:Contras
2634:mortars
2594:Managua
2530:US Army
2489:in the
2342:Corinto
2156:Managua
2072:Granada
2023:), the
2019:(BCGS,
1982:Managua
1910:and AA
1883:and US
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