Net bias - Knowledge

4743:, one of the major ISPs, stated that the current standard procedure for Internet pricing and interconnection has left the company burdened with having to create, maintain, and frequently upgrade an expensive bit transport infrastructure whereas content providers do not have to do the same. However, Rob Frieden points out that the ISPs' practices of net bias, as they are based on a "free rider" consideration, may violate the principles of network freedom or even the peering and transit agreement between ISPs. Based on existing peering and transit agreements made by AT&T, Google is allowed to have its traffic delivered to AT&T subscribers free of charge, and AT&T is compensated for the traffic from other ISPs by the agreements. Moreover, if AT&T penalizes Google's traffic from the various forms of net bias, it would jeopardize the principles of network freedom as well as violate its contractual commitment to its peers and transit customers who have paid for best efforts access to AT&T's networks. 4655:

phenomenal growth, hurting the economy." If, for example, telecommunication network operators blocked data packets of Voice-over-IP services that might substitute their own telephone services, this would not only discriminate against specific firms but also reduce competition and economic welfare. Technically, this would not be a problem. Although data packets are homogeneous with respect to switching and transmission treatment, type, source, and destination can be revealed and data packets be handled differently if a network operator prefers to do so. Another problem is that the type of data that is given preferential treatment is up to the discretion of the ISP. This allows them to move data as they see fit, whether it be through a political, moral, any other such kind of "lens". This goes against the first amendment, the freedom of speech because by stopping certain kinds of information from reaching the end user, they are censoring content. It is not the place of the ISP to censor content from the people.

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adversely impact their incentive to invest in broadband infrastructure and their ability to recoup that investment." There are times when it could make sense, in the eyes of the ISPs, to give preference to one type of content over another. For example, loading a plain text and image website is not nearly as strenuous as loading sites such as Hulu and YouTube. Frieden states that "Some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) seek to diversify the Internet by prioritizing bitstreams and by offering different quality of service guarantees. To some observers, this strategy constitutes harmful discrimination that violates a tradition of network neutrality in the switching, routing, and transmission of Internet traffic." While the QoS argument is that network neutrality rules make allowances for network owners to practice some types of discrimination to protect the functioning of the network.

4836:"Network-level filtering means your Internet service provider – Comcast, AT&T, EarthLink, or whoever you send that monthly check to – could soon start sniffing your digital packets, looking for material that infringes on someone's copyright. "What we are already doing to address piracy hasn't been working. There's no secret there..."" This may be one of the major reasons that ISPs want to be able to discriminate against certain data types. Ever since the dawn of peer-to-peer file sharing, both the MPAA and the RIAA have been hounding ISPs to divulge any and all information relating to file sharing. With the implementation of data discrimination, that file sharing data can be, and will be, thrown to the bottom of the pecking order. This will render any kind of sharing, even the kind that isn't deemed illegal, useless because the transfer speeds will be unusably slow. 4814:

analysis to demonstrate why one company has more market power than another, why would discrimination by companies like Google or Skype be any more acceptable than discrimination by companies like AT&T and Comcast?" During the same hearing, a different member spoke up and quoted Section 230 of the Communications Act saying, "...preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet and other interactive computer services, unfettered by federal or state regulations." essentially saying that there should be laws in place so that the government knows how to handle its authority over the FCC and ISPs. He did not say that these laws are not laws meant for regulating what the FCC does, but how the FCC

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network to protect itself, though it may not be based on content or type of application. For example, network owners want to protect their networks from being damaged. So, some discrimination is allowed to "prevent physical harm to the local Broadband Network caused by any network attachment or network usage." This means that local network operators may not control which types of applications users choose to employ, what type of devices users use to access the network, or which type of legal content users choose to convey or consume. The only allowable restrictions are on applications that cause harm to the local network.

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strategies could work, emphasizing that ISPs should have unregulated pricing freedom, which may lead to promoted innovation, risk tasking, and diverse services and features. In addition, Yoo pointed out that ISPs could offer undropped packets and timely packet delivery even under truly congested conditions when they have the option of offering a premium peak service. Professor Lawrence Lessig also indicates that consumer-tiering, which provides end users with different throughput speeds or permissible volume of traffic, could recoup infrastructure investments and create the necessary incentives for increased investment.

4802:"It has been a very long and drawn out fight, and it has certainly distracted the FCC for the last year. It has distracted the carriers as well, who have spent a lot of time, effort and money in terms of publicly fighting about it and privately fighting about it," says Larry Downes an industry consultant and author..."It is very, very unlikely that AT&T will file suit," said Downes. "They've said publicly and repeatedly that they are comfortable with the net neutrality order and I take that as a pretty strong indication that they are not going to litigate it." 4608:

efficient outcomes, such as creating innovation incentives for ISPs to invest in building and expanding networks. Nevertheless, opponents of net bias claim that allowing price and service discrimination may ruin the value of the Internet and enable ISPs to shut out competitors or other stakeholders who are unwilling or unable to pay surcharges. In other words, when large or powerful ISPs place a disproportionate financial burden on small and less financially sound ISPs and their subscribers by using forms of net bias like

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Press emphasized through its comments to the FCC Notice of Inquiry that specialized services should be provided with fairness, particularly in the vertically integrated environments of the information and telecommunication industry (e.g., Comcast, which has both content and broadband services). Consequently, concerns regarding discrimination raised the need of network neutrality regulations to preserve the open Internet and public interest and enable the Internet industry to survive and succeed.

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create new and possibly lower price points for those users. On the other hand, research shows that price is the most important factor for users, among other factors such as Internet speed, which indicates that broadband users are price-sensitive. Price-sensitivity explains why few consumers like having to think about how much they are using the Internet. In addition, from the users' perspective, one study suggested that consumers might have far less tolerance for

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to the quality of our lives, but also to economic growth around the globe. Based on these notions, forms of net bias have created some concerns regarding discrimination from economic and political perspectives. In other words, unreasonable net bias occurs when an ISP conducts a discrimination strategy against a specific type of packet without a reasonable and fair financial or operational justification.

4829:(FCC) intervened and entered into a consent decree that had Madison River pay a fine of $ 15,000. In this case, the FCC investigated allegations that Madison River violated nondiscriminatory obligations contained in the Communications Act, but the redefinition of broadband as an information service dramatically reduces the authority of regulators to deter this kind of competitive misconduct. 4724:

have the potential to create false congestion by the ISPs. More specifically, advanced Internet protocol technology can allow ISPs to fabricate congestion and drop packets when no real congestion takes place. In addition, existing peering and transit agreements between stakeholders such as small and large ISPs may lack a specific prohibition of deliberate packet loss.

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packets from the former ISP without regard for the identity and marketplace success of that ISP's customers (on a first-come, first-served basis). However, an ISP is more likely to have higher incentives for port blocking when the ISP is vertically and horizontally integrated because those integrated companies attempt to enhance the marketplace attractiveness of

2490:. In addition, the FCC has removed the traditional regulatory burdens for common carriers that provide Internet access and services. These deregulatory initiatives have freed the carriers of having to share and interconnect facilities providing information services. Some proponents of net bias argue that ISPs do not have legal obligation to operate as 4940:

drastic example yet of data discrimination by a U.S. Internet service provider. It involves company computers masquerading as those of its users. Comcast's interference appears to be an aggressive way of managing its network to keep file-sharing traffic from swallowing too much bandwidth and affecting the Internet speeds of other subscribers.

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authority and that the rules violate the company's constitutional rights. The company says that the net neutrality rules modify the terms of existing licenses held by Verizon. Rather than launching a lawsuit that directly challenges the regulations, the company is appealing the rules as an illegal change to their existing licenses.

4603:— which refers to the process whereby more and more people adopt a service or buy a good, and as a result users receive enjoyable benefits and additional users are attracted to the Internet — created by the spread of the Internet is substantially beneficial. In the Internet, interlinking hundreds and thousands of networks reduces 5730: 4636:

because this permission may enable ISPs to choose specific content/applications with respect to their own interests and thereby destroy the nature and value of the today's open Internet. Free Press cautions that specialized services will result in unbalanced and unparalleled economic growth, which is

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also blocks foreign sites for copyright and other reasons. In the U.S., public institutions (e.g. libraries and schools), by law, block material that is related to the exploitation of children, and 'obscene and pornographic' material, unless they do not receive funding. The network filters also block

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The Internet has been historically regarded as an open and "best effort" network. Internet routers must forward packets on a first-come, first-served basis without regard for the analysis of data or content inside the packet. This aspect of the Internet has increased its value, contributing not only

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and that the network's interconnection arrangements result from commercial necessity. Moreover, in terms of establishing the network's interconnection, ISPs argue that they used their resources to maintain and upgrade the network for customers, and so far popular websites have received a "free ride"

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can bring carriers the new revenue streams they are seeking. Accordingly, some of the major ISPs believe that the best way to achieve their goals is through the partitioning of network bandwidth and the prioritizing of bitstreams by offering different QoS. Likewise, some researchers argue that these

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Technological advancements allowed these types of net bias to function, while the technology was not fully matured enough to apply new pricing or QoS schemes in the past. In other words, as network technologies develop, ISPs implemented technological innovations that can prioritize packets and meter

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have their own throttling policy because they are sometimes required to limit users' traffic to maintain the quality of the entire network. Recently, however, throttling has become a controversial issue because some companies infringe upon this policy. For example, AT&T had to pay US$ 850 to one

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on a recurring basis to have unlimited access to a given good or service. This metering scheme not only satisfies ISPs in terms of recovering cost, but also enables users to rethink their usage patterns with a price signal. This pricing plan can benefit low-volume users because metered service might

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provided incentives for companies to integrate vertically and horizontally. As a result, those integrated companies have discrimination incentives such that they may try port blocking or unfair throttling to enhance the marketplace attractiveness of corporate affiliates. From this perspective, Free

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The principle of equal treatment of traffic, called "Net Neutrality" by proponents, is not enshrined in law in the United States but is supported by some regulations. Most of the debate around the issue has centered on tentative plans, now postponed, by large Internet carriers to offer preferential

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arising from political and economic interests. Non-discrimination means that one class of Internet customers may not be favored over another. According to this view, the Internet should continue "to operate in a nondiscriminatory manner, both in terms of how subscribers access and receive Internet

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Comcast Corp. actively interferes with attempts by some of its high-speed Internet subscribers to share files online, a move that runs counter to the tradition of treating all types of Net traffic equally. The interference, which The Associated Press confirmed through nationwide tests, is the most

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At first glance, these principles appear noncontroversial in terms of standards regarding the freedom of the network. However, these principles do not address regulations with respect to the issues of differentiations in pricing, interconnection, and QoS. Further, the unregulated forms of net bias

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includes the deliberate decision by ISPs to deny onward transmission of traffic, or delivery of traffic, to an intended recipient. ISPs do not have a legitimate reason to deny onward packet transmission to specific customers of other ISPs. The ISPs have contractually committed to carry any and all

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and brings a flood of free information to subscribers. However, if major ISPs can freely block and degrade specific traffic streams, there would be societal losses as the Internet becomes more expensive and less productive. Proponents of net bias contend that market-based Internet access achieves

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like AT&T, whose business involves both the Internet and telephony service, needed the new powerful source of revenue because traditional telephony became less profitable and its market share declined. In this situation, the incumbent carriers recognize that the significant profits accrued by

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If widely applied by other ISPs, the technology Comcast is using would be a crippling blow to the BitTorrent, eDonkey and Gnutella file-sharing networks. While these are mainly known as sources of copyright music, software and movies, BitTorrent in particular is emerging as a legitimate tool for

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In a March 2009 Freedom House report on Internet and digital media censorship worldwide, Egypt scored a 45 (out of 100), slightly worse than Turkey but better than Russia. Cuba scored a 90, making it more Net-censored than even Iran, China and Tunisia. Cellphone service is too expensive for most

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During a hearing held by Rep. Greg Walden, one of the speakers put forth a question that needs to be addressed by the FCC, as well as other groups that are in support of Net Neutrality. The speaker said, "If the mere threat of Internet discrimination is such a concern and if the FCC has done no

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Proponents of network neutrality concede that network security is crucial enough to warrant making an exception to a network neutrality rule. Allowing network providers to deviate from neutrality only to the extent necessary to protect network trustworthiness is rooted in judicial and regulatory

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The real threat to an open Internet is at the local network (the ends), where network owners can block information coming in from the inter-network, but it also is at the local network where the most harm can occur. Because of this, network neutrality rules allow some discrimination by the local

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because of a confluence of a software bug in the Authentium personal firewall distributed by Cox Cable to improve customers' security and the way that Craigslist had their servers misconfigured. Save the Internet said this was an intentional act on the part of Cox Cable to protect classified ad

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Verizon Communications filed an appeal against the FCC in the United States Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit on January 20, 2011. The FCC's rules aim to prevent Internet service providers from blocking certain websites or applications. Verizon's appeal claims that the FCC has overstepped its

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It is considered unreasonable for internet service providers to manage traffic by blocking applications or assigning quality of service based on source, destination, or unreasonable application provider payment. Regardless, there are currently no laws prohibiting internet service providers from

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While a broad presumption pertaining to data discrimination is perceived censorship, those in favor of this practice claim that there are benefits. The ISPs are a business, and as such, "...correctly state that external, non-market driven constraints on their ability to price discriminate can

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basis. Users can also obtain attractive content subsidized by advertisers who employ the flat-rate subscription option by adding to the downloaded packet payload. This value proposition provides users with the benefits of the Internet, emphasizing connectivity with less regard for cost-related

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has spoken out on FCC rulings "calling net neutrality the 'free speech issue of our time,'" Franken (D-MN) expressed his displeasure with the FCC's recent net neutrality rules. 'These rules are not strong enough,' he said, pointing out that paid prioritization was not banned and that wireless

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that can provide consumers with greater flexibility and potentially lower bills for low-volume users. Advocates of net bias also argue that combining simple routing with superior service offers options that are no different from the multiple classes of service provided by most airlines or the

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Those who oppose data discrimination say that it hurts the growth of the Internet, as well as the economy that is rooted in the depths of the Internet model. "Instead of promoting competition, such picking of winners and losers will stifle the investment needed to perpetuate the Internet's

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becomes more capable of covering most converged services, and those services require wide bandwidth, high QoS guarantees, and time-sensitivity, ISPs must make substantial investments to the network. Moreover, at the early stage of the Internet's appearance, ISPs were able to concentrate on

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providers would pursue a variety of business arrangements, including data prioritization, exclusive deals, and vertical integration into online content and applications. The report also suggests that government should move cautiously in implementing any changes to current regulations.

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In 2005, the FCC issued a Broadband Policy Statement (also known as the Internet Policy Statement) that offered guidance and insight into its approach to the Internet and broadband consistent with Congress' direction. (FCC) The four principles of this statement are as follows:

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plans do not enable them to cover the additional cost required to manage heavier network traffic. Accordingly, this model may allow ISPs to reach different market segments with different data plans, targeting the different types of needs based on speed tiers, volume

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The idea of network flexibility in pricing, service provisioning, and QoS tends to be based on economic and political considerations. These considerations show that net bias (network flexibility) makes economic sense and may not violate a reasonable expectation of

2467:"connectivity" over "cost" because the government supported the development of the Internet. However, as this support has been removed and ISPs have sought to recoup their investment, cost recovery has become substantially more important to ISPs. In addition, 5734: 2348:, and third party users of throughput when they are required to consider the cost for the amount of traffic. However, from the ISPs' perspective, one study indicates that a usage-based pricing scheme does not cause ISPs' discrimination incentives against 2485:

As the FCC has perceived the need to create more incentives for incumbent carriers to invest in broadband, the commission has taken apart the access requirements and pricing model that force incumbent carriers to offer services at a low rate through the

2289:(QoS) on the Internet. Tiered service allows ISPs to create and manage speed-related subscriber tiers. In other words, this model partitions bandwidth and provides different levels of peering requirements and offers transit clients different amounts of 2217:

Net bias occurs when an ISP drops packets or denies access based on artificially induced conditions such as simulating congestion or blocking packets, despite the fact that ample capacity exists to carry traffic. Examples (models) of net bias include

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blocked access to voices-for-change.ca, a website supporting the company's labour union during a labour dispute, as well as over 600 other websites, for about sixteen hours after pictures were posted on the website of employees crossing the picket

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A network management practice is reasonable if it is appropriate and tailored to achieving a legitimate network management purpose, taking into account the particular network architecture and technology of the broadband Internet access service.

4932:, an English language imageboard from being accessed by its customers. A few days later, on February 7, 2010, Verizon Wireless confirmed that 4chan had been "explicitly blocked", offering no explanation. The block was lifted a few days later. 4920:

In September 2007, Verizon Wireless prevented a pro-choice organization from sending text messages to its members coordinating a public demonstration, despite the fact that the intended recipients had explicitly signed up to receive such

2379:(FCC) ordered the company to stop throttling on a large scale. In particular, this form of net bias frequently targets heavy mobile users who consume large amounts of content (packets), like unlimited data plans. Mobile companies such as 2265:

treatment of traffic from certain content providers for a fee. Network neutrality is a set of rules that forbid network owners from discriminating against independent applications (instead of against competing ISPs, as with open access).

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Network neutrality: Competition, innovation, and nondiscriminatory access : hearing before the Task Force on Telecom and Antitrust on of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to run applications and use services of their choice, subject to the needs of law

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qualitative difference between free and toll highways. Consequently, some experts contend that the option of offering network flexibility provides a means for consumers and carriers to utilize premium services.

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Metered service (also called pay-per-use) is another strategy utilized to change Internet pricing other than tiered service. This model represents a usage-based pricing scheme that charges users based on their

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Another important concept for marketers to understand is that of disparate impact. If a discrimination case is brought against your company, the plaintiff would have to show evidence of disparate impact.

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the

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Guo, H.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Cheng, H.K.; Yang, Y. (2009). "Net Neutrality and Vertical Integration of Content and Broadband Services". Warrington College of Business Administration Working Paper Series.

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To encourage broadband deployment and preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of the public Internet, consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice.

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Center of Digital Democracy (CDD) conducts a study which finds out several internet service providers (ISP) offer advertising companies specific packages for users personal information.

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networks are allowed to discriminate at will. The rules mark the 'first time the FCC has ever allowed discrimination on the Internet' and they 'will create essentially two Internets.'

4890:) blocked all e-mails that mentioned www.dearaol.com, an advocacy campaign opposing the company's pay-to-send e-mail scheme. An AOL spokesman called the issue an unintentional glitch. 5454: 4902:

services offered by its partners. The issue was resolved by correction of the software as well as a change in the network configuration used by Craig's List. Craig's List founder

4628:) may produce. This organization argues that any form of prioritization on the open Internet would bring enormous disadvantages in terms of innovation, competition, investment, 2462:

ISPs have been increasingly investing in the infrastructure necessary to transport the bits and packets that correspond to commercially successful content and services. As the

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transmitted services and how content and other service providers reach subscribers." Every internet user should have equal upload and download capabilities on every network.

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Hwang, J.; Lee, D.; Lee, K. (2010). "Internet Pricing and Network Neutrality: How Internet Pricing Schemes Affect the Incentives of Internet Service Providers".

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data contracts. In response to these complaints from smartphone subscribers, AT&T announced that they would change their policy for unlimited data users.

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Svensson, Peter, and AP T. Writer. "Comcast Blocks some Subscriber Internet Traffic, AP Testing shows." The Associated Press October 20, 2007.

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decisions and administrative rules that helped establish the principle of nondiscrimination as the core of network neutrality. Sen.

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application is widely given reduced bandwidth or even in some cases blocked entirely. Worldwide, under heavy attack from

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that separates people with easy and robust Internet service access opportunities from those without. One consumer group,

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hosts. While few care about the rights of spammers, this means that legitimate hosts not on the list are often blocked.

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sites and material relating to women's health, gay and lesbian rights groups, and sexual education for teenagers.

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them when faced with increasing bandwidth requirements, using systems to distinguish properties of data packets.

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Knieps, G. (2011). "Market Driven Network Neutrality and the Fallacies of Internet Traffic Quality Regulation".

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Shrimali, G. (2008). "Surplus extraction by network providers: Implications for net neutrality and innovation".

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Walden, Greg (February 2011). "REP. GREG WALDEN HOLDS A HEARING ON NETWORK NEUTRALITY/INTERNET REGULATION".

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offering different service plans that may restrict consumers' access to selected material. In June 2007 the

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is a tactic that allows information and telecommunication companies to regulate network traffic and control

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Choi, J.; Kim, B. (2008). "Net Neutrality and Investment Incentives". NET Institute Working Paper 08-03.

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Nam, C.; Lee, H.; Kim, S.; Kim, T. (2011). "Network Neutrality Debate: an End User's Perspective".

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Users enjoy the high level of value when they are able to access the Internet on an unmetered and

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because ISPs are able to gain sufficient profits for the network investment to meet market needs.

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customer to compensate for slowing down data speeds because they violated the terms of unlimited

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In 2005, a small North Carolina telecom company, Madison River Communications, blocked their

4455: 4415: 4350: 4239: 4187: 4106: 3855: 3619: 3523: 3498: 3493: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3408: 3356: 3316: 3222: 3192: 3087: 2694: 2298: 2058: 2018: 1953: 1842: 1790: 1709: 1458: 1222: 1126: 1101: 1096: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1011: 959: 919: 825: 795: 690: 297: 5988: 5537: 9284: 9136: 9012: 8889: 8620: 8154: 8028: 7745: 7703: 7653: 7628: 7449: 7412: 7153: 7015: 4328: 3840: 3714: 3423: 3381: 3331: 3306: 3119: 3082: 2815: 2669: 2558: 2522:

has emerged in response to state sponsored monitoring, surveillance, and censorship of the

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that is mainly driven by a small number of heavy users. Moreover, ISPs argue that existing

2223: 1931: 1443: 1317: 1026: 984: 934: 909: 722: 685: 418: 272: 58: 43: 5922:"Testimony of J. Gregory Sidak Visiting Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center" 8: 9597: 9439: 9356: 9256: 9191: 9131: 9121: 9116: 8980: 8796: 8657: 8292: 8194: 8174: 7963: 7871: 7830: 7810: 7780: 7673: 7468: 7283: 5284:

Yoo, Christopher S. (August 2006). "Network Neutrality and the Economics of Congestion".

4502: 4365: 3984: 3880: 3860: 3649: 3557: 3508: 3488: 3458: 3351: 3138: 2945: 2513: 2246: 2105: 1968: 1587: 1483: 1463: 1252: 1160: 1111: 1091: 1061: 954: 741: 548: 4766:

The Federal Communications Commission defines reasonable traffic management as follows:

9336: 9321: 9081: 9071: 9054: 8569: 8564: 8554: 8502: 8492: 8467: 8409: 8367: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8179: 7480: 6208: 6139: 5234: 5000: 4736: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4202: 4192: 4167: 4101: 4059: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3865: 3150: 2405: 2364: 2345: 2306: 2286: 2211: 1872: 1867: 1857: 1805: 1795: 1770: 1704: 1662: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1468: 753: 73: 6035: 5130:"Network Neutrality or Bias?--Handicapping the Odds for a Tiered and Branded Internet" 9449: 9386: 9371: 9294: 9276: 9211: 9007: 8923: 8828: 8739: 8667: 8652: 8451: 8394: 8199: 8107: 7998: 7918: 7765: 7070: 6596: 6212: 5876: 5832:"Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities" 5709: 5313: 5242: 5238: 5192:

Lee, G. H. (2007). "Network Neutrality Regulation in the Broadband Market in Korea".

5004: 4863: 4534: 4445: 4375: 4360: 4143: 4086: 3885: 3793: 3684: 3604: 3443: 2724: 2554: 2545:

both filter content on the Internet, preventing access to certain types of websites.

2468: 2413: 2231: 2207: 2137: 2048: 1978: 1963: 1746: 1689: 1488: 1396: 1287: 1207: 1046: 327: 78: 63: 6523: 2293:. This model stems from the perception of technical and economic limitations in the 9516: 9376: 9316: 9241: 9226: 9086: 9039: 8948: 8943: 8928: 8791: 8776: 8704: 8625: 8595: 8426: 8262: 7968: 7534: 7529: 7380: 7278: 6399: 6198: 6190: 5866: 5806: 5359: 5226: 5165: 4990: 4982: 4925: 4609: 4604: 4497: 4482: 4410: 4333: 4303: 4118: 3954: 3654: 3212: 3207: 3050: 2940: 2430: 2400: 2372: 2349: 2227: 2100: 2085: 2013: 1936: 1906: 1721: 1557: 1257: 815: 810: 653: 543: 6791: 6110: 5921: 5087: 2297:

industry. As technology develops, the demand for faster and higher performance of

9484: 9474: 9251: 9231: 9146: 9049: 9024: 9019: 8992: 8970: 8882: 8806: 8714: 8610: 8559: 8419: 8404: 8384: 8349: 8062: 7973: 7908: 7708: 7658: 7444: 7303: 6403: 5972: 5955: 4887: 4629: 4512: 4420: 4318: 4259: 4111: 4096: 4076: 4041: 3748: 3659: 3594: 3386: 3336: 3114: 2965: 2426: 2302: 2115: 2023: 1921: 1862: 1714: 1699: 1679: 1644: 1351: 1262: 1197: 989: 939: 717: 568: 6243: 6220: 5855:"Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality" 5154:"Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality" 4763:

does not permit data discrimination except for "reasonable traffic management".

9526: 9521: 9511: 9434: 9351: 9311: 9261: 9206: 9196: 9181: 9176: 9141: 9096: 9061: 8965: 8914: 8801: 8759: 8729: 8719: 8637: 8630: 8615: 8605: 8441: 8377: 8319: 8314: 8299: 8082: 8077: 8072: 7958: 7893: 7422: 7395: 7248: 6960: 6056: 4973: 4870:, is documenting situations in which ISPs have engaged in data discrimination. 4625: 4617: 4613: 4600: 4507: 4465: 4435: 4425: 4345: 4338: 4323: 4313: 4133: 4069: 4011: 4006: 3991: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3644: 3579: 3092: 3065: 2910: 2594: 2491: 2451: 2278: 2273: 2259: 2219: 2196: 2110: 2068: 2038: 2028: 1948: 1941: 1926: 1916: 1736: 1672: 1614: 1609: 1594: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1247: 1182: 695: 668: 513: 197: 27: 6840:

tests agree with AP: Comcast is forging packets to interfere with user traffic

6194: 4986: 9586: 9464: 9444: 9407: 9381: 9366: 9346: 9326: 9289: 9201: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9029: 8933: 8813: 8436: 8372: 8357: 8219: 8184: 8164: 8035: 7978: 7913: 7325: 7228: 4903: 4825:

customers from using the Vonage VoIP service. Service was restored after the

4519: 4128: 4064: 4049: 3905: 3870: 3850: 3721: 3664: 3599: 2987: 2890: 2341: 2122: 1731: 1667: 1652: 1508: 1473: 1453: 1324: 1267: 1202: 590: 493: 6464:"In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet Broadband Industry Practices" 5512:"AT&T Adjusts Data-Throttling Policy in Response to Customer Complaints" 9424: 9186: 9171: 8647: 8534: 8362: 8329: 8309: 8239: 8229: 8209: 8189: 7825: 7723: 7718: 7454: 7429: 7293: 7233: 7198: 7168: 6050:"EVERYONE'S GUIDE TO BY-PASSING INTERNET CENSORSHIP FOR CITIZENS WORLDWIDE" 5129: 4355: 4234: 4054: 4021: 4001: 3925: 3915: 3895: 3875: 3503: 3401: 3396: 3124: 3099: 2955: 2895: 2860: 2830: 2542: 1958: 1837: 1657: 1624: 1604: 1528: 1518: 1498: 1478: 1106: 1004: 999: 727: 702: 558: 498: 463: 433: 4624:, calls attention to a number of disadvantages that specialized services ( 9341: 9111: 9101: 9091: 8987: 8549: 8509: 8477: 8344: 8304: 8144: 8057: 8008: 7983: 7883: 7576: 7315: 7298: 7253: 7173: 6181:

Kruse, Jorn (Jan–Feb 2008). "Network Neutrality and Quality of Service".

5230: 4883: 4853: 4633: 4249: 4209: 4177: 4036: 3996: 3830: 3743: 3694: 3669: 3569: 3254: 2977: 2960: 2915: 2835: 1852: 1812: 1780: 1639: 1599: 1433: 1346: 1297: 1272: 1172: 857: 580: 563: 518: 438: 5871: 5170: 4917:. These claims were verified in October by the EFF and Associated Press. 2230:. These forms of net bias are achieved by technical advancements of the 9459: 9454: 9429: 8823: 8818: 8699: 8694: 8590: 8574: 8431: 8324: 8282: 8244: 8052: 8040: 8013: 8003: 7923: 7342: 7337: 7308: 7243: 7092: 6357: 6203: 4995: 4898: 4664: 4529: 4524: 4405: 4400: 4298: 4274: 4123: 4016: 3974: 3930: 3738: 3726: 3699: 3689: 3609: 3004: 2999: 2970: 2905: 2746: 2531: 2389: 2290: 2132: 2127: 2008: 2003: 1901: 1877: 1726: 1619: 1577: 1533: 1341: 1329: 1302: 1292: 1212: 607: 602: 573: 508: 349: 6617:"Verizon's Net Neutrality Challenge Claims It Violates Their Licenses" 6517:"How to determine whether a traffic management practice is reasonable" 6336: 5649: 9547: 9034: 8724: 8672: 8389: 7988: 7118: 6441: 5084:"The problem: Managing and Profiting from the Growth of Data Traffic" 4894: 4857: 4785: 4595: 4430: 4380: 4081: 3674: 2780: 2546: 2332: 2310: 2294: 2033: 1983: 1684: 1277: 383: 4913:

was found to be preventing or at least severely delaying uploads on

2553:, telecommunication companies block access to websites that depict 9391: 8519: 8446: 8097: 8023: 7928: 7888: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7188: 7183: 7128: 6709:"Digital Redlining: How Internet Service Providers Promote Poverty" 5481:"BitTorrent throttlilng report reveals Comcast is keeping its word" 4219: 4138: 3783: 3709: 3614: 3574: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2850: 2845: 2790: 2527: 2523: 2463: 2315: 2238: 1822: 1741: 1386: 1312: 1217: 1177: 538: 533: 528: 453: 448: 393: 48: 5027:"A First Amendment Case For Internet Broadband Network Neutrality" 2301:

and the customer demand for bandwidth-intensive services, such as

2245:

motivations and backgrounds, which create some concerns regarding

7193: 7097: 7077: 7050: 7025: 6929: 6660:

http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A2.pdf

6639:"AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile Unlikely To Challenge Net Neutrality" 6461: 4910: 4740: 2855: 2751: 2731: 2704: 2679: 2602: 2570: 2496: 2438: 2380: 2368: 2282: 2242: 458: 354: 334: 307: 282: 205: 4746:

Technical and market convergence as well as deregulation by the

2495:

from these resources. Advocates of net bias also propose lawful

8149: 7178: 7082: 7060: 7055: 7005: 6080: 5985:"Internet Filtering in Singapore in 2004-2005: A Country Study" 4856:, many e-mail servers no longer accept connections except from 4732: 4728: 3835: 2840: 2736: 2714: 2709: 2659: 2566: 2473: 1438: 443: 339: 317: 312: 262: 8159: 7010: 6111:"REGULATORY REFORM AS A TOOL FOR BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE" 6099:. Handbook of Telecommunications Economics. pp. 156–190. 5852: 5564:"AT&T vs. the consumer: The throttling controversy grows" 4929: 4875: 3845: 2664: 2562: 2331:

usages. Metered service contrasts with the model of paying a

1448: 267: 4640: 2530:. Data discrimination may also occur on a national level to 2274:

Tiered service (specialized service, bandwidth partitioning)

8905: 8771: 8600: 5896:"The Net Neutrality Dogfight that is Shaking Up Cyberspace" 4477: 4308: 2434: 2080: 1911: 5931:

Visiting Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center

5812:. SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE AND TRANSPORTATION 5733:. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Archived from 4784:

which suggested that it may be beneficial to consumers if

4675: 8874: 6863:"Verizon Rejects Text Messages For Abortion Rights Group" 4822: 4589: 6827:

Comcast Throttles BitTorrent Traffic, Seeding Impossible

6238:. Federal Communications Law Journal. pp. 591–623. 5538:"AT&T Loses Throttling Case, Pays $ 935 to Customer" 5433: 6462:

Federal Communications Commission (December 23, 2010).

5731:"The Audience for Online Video-Sharing Sites Shoots Up" 5616:"AT&T and Apple Admit Deal to Block VoIP on iPhone" 4906:

stated that he believed the blocking was unintentional.

4727:

Many ISPs contend that major content providers such as

4649: 2550: 6236:

Trustworthiness as a Limitation on Network Neutrality

4971:

Frieden, R (2008). "A Primer on Network Neutrality".

2281:

is one of the strategies employed to change Internet

6259:"Comcast Is Trying To Whack Netflix: Sen Al Franken" 2577: 2534:

political, 'immoral' or religious Internet content.

6879: 6767:"Telus cuts subscriber access to pro-union website" 6690:"att-and-other-isps-may-be-getting-ready-to-filter" 6592:

Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2009

5642:"FCC Actions Pushed AT&T to Stop VoIP Blocking" 5385: 5217: 4808: 2472:Internet content and application providers such as 2419: 6140:"Comments of Free Press Regarding Further Inquiry" 6090: 6088: 4754: 8735:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6133: 6131: 5987:. OpenNet Initiative. August 2005. Archived from 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5350: 5348: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5147: 5145: 5143: 4441:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 2044:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9584: 6284:"Data Discrimination: The Dark Side of Big Data" 5279: 5277: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5078: 5076: 5074: 8395:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6569:"Full Text Comcast vs FCC Federal Court Ruling" 6085: 5194:Korea Information Society Development Institute 5048: 5046: 5044: 4087:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 1690:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 7877:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 6419:International Telecommunications Policy Review 6128: 6038:. Online-Demonstrations-Plattform. April 2002. 5853:Bandyopadhyay, S.; Guo, H.; Cheng, H. (2009). 5664: 5436:International Telecommunications Policy Review 5420: 5388:International Telecommunications Policy Review 5374: 5345: 5296: 5204: 5178: 5140: 3563:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 2549:has network blocks on more than 100 sites. In 2285:and involves an intent to have flexibility in 1166:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 8890: 6945: 6854: 6788:"AOL charged with blocking opponents' e-mail" 6161: 6159: 6157: 6011:"UKNOF5: Richard Clayton - Content Filtering" 5274: 5102: 5071: 4566: 2305:, have increased. These situations result in 2169: 166: 5041: 2375:. After Comcast's actions were exposed, the 8093:List of people killed for being transgender 6906: 6731: 5311: 3779:List of people killed for being transgender 2395: 1382:List of people killed for being transgender 9553:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making 8897: 8883: 6952: 6938: 6780: 6438:"FCC to probe Comcast data discrimination" 6333:"At SBC, It's All About "Scale and Scope"" 6154: 5509: 4573: 4559: 2176: 2162: 173: 159: 6887:"Verizon Wireless restores 4chan traffic" 6202: 5870: 5680:"Executive Wants to Charge for Web Speed" 5169: 5151: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4994: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4782:Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy 4641:Viewpoint of Pro-discrimination advocates 7209:Social determinants of health in poverty 6790:. ZDNet News. 2006-04-13. Archived from 6759: 6753:"Email Delivery Neutrality Gone Forever" 6750: 6588: 6435: 6389: 6256: 6233: 6227: 6094: 5893: 5703: 5587: 5561: 5052: 2871:Social determinants of health in poverty 2480: 474:Social determinants of health in poverty 6008: 5778: 5613: 5535: 5478: 5127: 4970: 4676:Concerns about political discrimination 2457: 2355: 9585: 6860: 6416: 6165: 6137: 5452: 5055:"Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic" 5011: 4957: 4590:Concerns about economic discrimination 2507: 8878: 6933: 6687: 6514: 6180: 5639: 5510:Bonnington, Christina (Mar 1, 2012). 4637:utterly against the public interest. 2318:, and other customizable conditions. 2268: 8859: 7899:Capital punishment for homosexuality 7214:Social determinants of mental health 5706:Law of Internet Security and Privacy 5677: 4944:quickly disseminating legal content. 4650:Argument Against Data Discrimination 3585:Capital punishment for homosexuality 2876:Social determinants of mental health 2555:sexually explicit images of children 2237:The idea of net bias can arise from 1188:Capital punishment for homosexuality 479:Social determinants of mental health 8019:Genital modification and mutilation 6619:. TalkingPointsMemo.com. 2011-01-21 6013:. Open Rights Group. Archived from 5283: 5191: 5024: 4897:'s customers were unable to access 3705:Genital modification and mutilation 1308:Genital modification and mutilation 16:Counter-principle to net neutrality 13: 6959: 6706: 6636: 6595:. Plunkett Research. p. 208. 5804: 5755: 5728: 5218:Krämer, J.; Wiewiorra, L. (2010). 4874:In 2005, Canadian telephone giant 4866:, an advocacy organization led by 14: 9609: 6889:. Wireless Federation. 2010-02-04 5919: 5708:. Aspen Publishers. p. 131. 4827:Federal Communications Commission 4761:Federal Communications Commission 4599:concerns. Likewise, the positive 2578:Concerns regarding discrimination 2377:Federal Communications Commission 2253: 2222:(specialized service), metering, 8858: 8849: 8848: 8498:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 8335:Law for Protection of the Nation 8235:White genocide conspiracy theory 6732:Livingstone, Adam (2006-05-30). 6515:Scott, Jordan (September 2009). 6036:"Internet Censorship in Germany" 5894:Waldmeir, Patti (Mar 23, 2006). 5859:Journal of Economic Perspectives 5779:Hazlett, Thomas (Mar 20, 2006). 5562:Fitchard, Kevin (Mar 14, 2012). 5536:Skelton, Alissa (Mar 17, 2012). 5406:"metered services (pay-per-use)" 5158:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4809:Evidence of Anti-competitiveness 4198:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4027:Law for Protection of the Nation 3921:White genocide conspiracy theory 2601: 2420:Technical component for net bias 2408:. For example, AT&T blocked 1801:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1630:Law for Protection of the Nation 1524:White genocide conspiracy theory 204: 8340:MSM blood donation restrictions 8088:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 6900: 6845: 6832: 6819: 6805: 6744: 6734:"BitTorrent: Shedding no tiers" 6725: 6700: 6681: 6677:. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. 2006. 6664: 6653: 6630: 6609: 6582: 6561: 6508: 6455: 6429: 6410: 6383: 6351: 6325: 6300: 6276: 6250: 6174: 6103: 6074: 6042: 6028: 6002: 5977: 5960: 5943: 5913: 5887: 5846: 5824: 5798: 5772: 5758:"Brief History of the Internet" 5749: 5722: 5697: 5633: 5607: 5588:Svensson, Peter (Mar 1, 2012). 5581: 5555: 5529: 5503: 5472: 5446: 5398: 4755:The FCC and Data Discrimination 4032:MSM blood donation restrictions 3774:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 1635:MSM blood donation restrictions 1377:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 8353:(as religious or racial quota) 6909:"Will Cuba Be the Next Egypt?" 5678:Krim, Jonathan (Dec 1, 2005). 5614:Bradley, Tony (Aug 24, 2009). 5225:. SSRN Working Paper 1444423. 5053:Svensson, Peter (2010-10-19). 4792: 4748:Telecommunications Act of 1996 4045:(as religious or racial quota) 2488:Telecommunications Act of 1996 2444: 2195:) is the counter-principle to 1648:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 8767:Second-generation gender bias 8483:Constitutional colorblindness 7204:Social determinants of health 6751:Elosegui, Paul (2006-05-17). 6257:Anderson, Nate (2011-01-20). 5479:Walters, Ray (Oct 21, 2011). 4950: 4473:Second-generation gender bias 4183:Constitutional colorblindness 2866:Social determinants of health 2076:Second-generation gender bias 1786:Constitutional colorblindness 469:Social determinants of health 6907:O'Grady, Mary (2011-02-07). 6436:Svensson, Peter (Jan 2008). 6404:10.1016/j.telpol.2008.06.005 6335:. Free Press. Archived from 6081:http://www.ifea.net/cipa.pdf 5640:Vahey, Moira (Oct 7, 2009). 2429:enables ISPs to monitor the 2410:Voice over Internet Protocol 7: 9419:Déformation professionnelle 8678:Medical model of disability 8530:Hate speech laws by country 6861:Liptak, Adam (2007-09-27). 6009:Charman, Suw (2006-10-26). 5760:. Internet society 20 years 5152:Lee, R. S.; Wu, T. (2009). 4843: 4386:Medical model of disability 4230:Hate speech laws by country 2321: 1989:Medical model of disability 1833:Hate speech laws by country 10: 9614: 9413:Basking in reflected glory 8904: 8787:Social model of disability 7259:Discrimination against men 6688:Stone, Brad (2008-01-08). 6589:Plunkett, Jack W. (2008). 6440:. NBC News. Archived from 5971:February 28, 2008, at the 5954:February 27, 2008, at the 5029:. University of Washington 4893:In February 2006, some of 4759:In the United States, the 4616:, they may exacerbate the 4493:Social model of disability 2921:Discrimination against men 2511: 2257: 2096:Social model of disability 524:Discrimination against men 9561: 9543:Cognitive bias mitigation 9535: 9400: 9275: 8912: 8844: 8583: 8460: 8253: 8140:Opposition to immigration 7864: 7504: 7351: 7111: 7061:Race / Ethnicity 6998: 6967: 6392:Telecommunications Policy 6195:10.1007/s10272-008-0242-2 6168:Political Transcript Wire 4987:10.1007/s10272-008-0237-z 3826:Opposition to immigration 2715:Race / Ethnicity 1429:Opposition to immigration 318:Race / Ethnicity 9127:Illusion of transparency 8135:Occupational segregation 7904:Compulsory sterilization 6813:"Silicon Valley Watcher" 6234:Burstein, Aaron (2009). 6097:Broadband communications 5704:Connolly, Kevin (2003). 5358:. OPENET. Archived from 5128:Frieden, Robert (2006). 5086:. OPENET. Archived from 4778:Federal Trade Commission 3821:Occupational segregation 3590:Compulsory sterilization 2396:Blocking (port blocking) 2203:. Similar terms include 1424:Occupational segregation 1193:Compulsory sterilization 8663:Internalized oppression 8525:Fighting Discrimination 8515:Fat acceptance movement 8473:Anti-discrimination law 8113:Native American mascots 6913:The Wall Street Journal 6641:. TalkingPointsMemo.com 5453:Kellex (Sep 16, 2011). 4371:Internalized oppression 4225:Fighting Discrimination 4215:Fat acceptance movement 4173:Anti-discrimination law 3799:Native American mascots 2565:was being blocked. In 2338:unsolicited advertising 1974:Internalized oppression 1828:Fighting Discrimination 1818:Fat acceptance movement 1776:Anti-discrimination law 1402:Native American mascots 8782:Social identity threat 8755:Reverse discrimination 8745:Racial color blindness 8225:Violence against women 8205:Sex-selective abortion 6769:. CBC News. 2005-07-24 6549:Cite journal requires 6522:. TPRC. Archived from 6496:Cite journal requires 6371:Cite journal requires 5333:Cite journal requires 5286:Georgetown Law Journal 5262:Cite journal requires 4773: 4488:Social identity threat 4461:Reverse discrimination 4451:Racial color blindness 3911:Violence against women 3891:Sex-selective abortion 2520:freedom of information 2299:communication networks 2091:Social identity threat 2064:Reverse discrimination 2054:Racial color blindness 1514:Violence against women 1494:Sex-selective abortion 64:Internet Protocol (IP) 54:Deep packet inspection 22:Part of a series about 9495:Arab–Israeli conflict 9222:Social influence bias 9167:Out-group homogeneity 8750:Religious intolerance 8710:Political correctness 8540:Intersex human rights 8488:Cultural assimilation 8170:Religious persecution 7934:Disability hate crime 7719:Jewish / Antisemitism 6095:Crandall, R. (2005). 5136:. Working Paper 1755. 4924:On February 4, 2010, 4768: 4456:Religious intolerance 4416:Political correctness 4240:Intersex human rights 4188:Cultural assimilation 3856:Religious persecution 3620:Disability hate crime 3397:Jewish / Antisemitism 2481:Political motivations 2059:Religious intolerance 2019:Political correctness 1843:Intersex human rights 1791:Cultural assimilation 1459:Religious persecution 1223:Disability hate crime 1000:Jewish / Antisemitism 9137:Mere-exposure effect 9067:Extrinsic incentives 9013:Selective perception 8155:Political repression 7164:Anti-left handedness 7154:Anti-intellectualism 6842:, OCTOBER 19TH, 2007 6476:on February 18, 2011 6469:: 48. Archived from 6444:on February 27, 2015 5231:10.2139/ssrn.1444423 5134:Bepress Legal Series 3841:Political repression 2826:Anti-left handedness 2816:Anti-intellectualism 2559:United Arab Emirates 2501:price discrimination 2458:Economic motivations 2406:corporate affiliates 2361:Bandwidth throttling 2356:Bandwidth throttling 2224:bandwidth throttling 2205:data discrimination, 1444:Political repression 429:Anti-left handedness 419:Anti-intellectualism 92:By country or region 59:End-to-end principle 44:Bandwidth throttling 9362:Social desirability 9257:von Restorff effect 9132:Mean world syndrome 9107:Hostile attribution 8658:Historical eugenics 8195:Segregation academy 8175:Religious terrorism 7964:Enemy of the people 7872:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 7391:Jehovah's Witnesses 7284:Perpetual foreigner 6637:Marcus, Stephanie. 6288:www.madmarketer.com 6062:on October 29, 2008 5872:10.1257/jep.23.3.61 5781:"Neutering the net" 5684:The Washington Post 5652:on 19 December 2013 5171:10.1257/jep.23.3.61 5059:The Washington Post 4366:Historical eugenics 3881:Segregation academy 3861:Religious terrorism 3650:Enemy of the people 3558:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 3061:Jehovah's Witnesses 2946:Perpetual foreigner 2514:Internet censorship 2508:Internet censorship 2247:data discrimination 1969:Historical eugenics 1484:Segregation academy 1464:Religious terrorism 1253:Enemy of the people 1161:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 664:Jehovah's Witnesses 549:Perpetual foreigner 9277:Statistical biases 9055:Curse of knowledge 8570:Social integration 8565:Self-determination 8555:Racial integration 8503:Diversity training 8493:Cultural pluralism 8468:Affirmative action 8368:Racial segregation 8278:Crime of apartheid 8180:Religious violence 7683:Indigenous people 7088:Sexual orientation 6707:Tveten, Julianne. 6308:"Policy Statement" 5805:Lessig, Lawrence. 5362:on 30 January 2013 5090:on 31 January 2013 4270:Social integration 4265:Self-determination 4255:Racial integration 4203:Diversity training 4193:Cultural pluralism 4168:Affirmative action 4060:Racial segregation 3970:Crime of apartheid 3866:Religious violence 3361:Indigenous people 2742:Sexual orientation 2469:incumbent carriers 2365:network congestion 2346:banner advertising 2307:network congestion 2287:quality of service 2269:Models of net bias 2212:network management 1873:Social integration 1868:Self-determination 1858:Racial integration 1806:Diversity training 1796:Cultural pluralism 1771:Affirmative action 1663:Racial segregation 1573:Crime of apartheid 1469:Religious violence 964:Indigenous people 345:Sexual orientation 74:Net neutrality law 9580: 9579: 9217:Social comparison 8998:Choice-supportive 8872: 8871: 8740:Racism by country 8668:Intersectionality 8653:Heteronormativity 8452:Voter suppression 8200:Sexual harassment 7999:Forced conversion 7919:Cultural genocide 7582:African Americans 7401:post–Cold War era 7386:Eastern Orthodoxy 7149:Anti-drug addicts 7144:Anti-homelessness 7071:Scientific racism 6602:978-1-59392-141-5 5715:978-0-7355-4273-0 4864:Save The Internet 4605:transaction costs 4583: 4582: 4446:Racism by country 4376:Intersectionality 4361:Heteronormativity 4144:Voter suppression 3886:Sexual harassment 3685:Forced conversion 3605:Cultural genocide 3260:African Americans 3071:post–Cold War era 3056:Eastern Orthodoxy 2811:Anti-drug addicts 2806:Anti-homelessness 2725:Scientific racism 2414:telephony service 2350:content providers 2232:Internet Protocol 2208:digital redlining 2186: 2185: 2049:Racism by country 1979:Intersectionality 1964:Heteronormativity 1747:Voter suppression 1489:Sexual harassment 1288:Forced conversion 1208:Cultural genocide 863:African Americans 674:post–Cold War era 659:Eastern Orthodoxy 414:Anti-drug addicts 409:Anti-homelessness 328:Scientific racism 183: 182: 79:Search neutrality 36:Topics and issues 9605: 9377:Systematic error 9332:Omitted-variable 9247:Trait ascription 9087:Frog pond effect 8915:Cognitive biases 8899: 8892: 8885: 8876: 8875: 8862: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8792:Social privilege 8777:Social exclusion 8705:Police brutality 8626:Multiculturalism 8596:Amatonormativity 8427:Social exclusion 8263:Age of candidacy 8063:Homeless dumping 7969:Ethnic cleansing 6954: 6947: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6668: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6552: 6547: 6545: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6339:on 14 March 2012 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6206: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6163: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6115: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6092: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6055:. Archived from 6054: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5964: 5958: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5929:J. Gregory Sidak 5926: 5920:Sidak, Gregory. 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5811: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5675: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5648:. Archived from 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5491:on 28 April 2012 5487:. Archived from 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5431: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5383: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5309: 5294: 5293: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5224: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5189: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5149: 5138: 5137: 5125: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5080: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5050: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5022: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4968: 4926:Verizon Wireless 4909:In August 2007, 4780:(FTC) published 4575: 4568: 4561: 4498:Social privilege 4483:Social exclusion 4411:Police brutality 4334:Multiculturalism 4304:Amatonormativity 4119:Social exclusion 3955:Age of candidacy 3749:Homeless dumping 3655:Ethnic cleansing 2605: 2582: 2581: 2431:Internet traffic 2373:P2P file sharing 2303:streaming videos 2178: 2171: 2164: 2101:Social privilege 2086:Social exclusion 2014:Police brutality 1937:Multiculturalism 1907:Amatonormativity 1722:Social exclusion 1558:Age of candidacy 1352:Homeless dumping 1258:Ethnic cleansing 208: 185: 184: 175: 168: 161: 148: 30: 19: 18: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9557: 9531: 9396: 9271: 9252:Turkey illusion 9020:Compassion fade 8917: 8908: 8903: 8873: 8868: 8840: 8715:Polyculturalism 8611:Civil liberties 8579: 8560:Reappropriation 8461:Countermeasures 8456: 8385:Racial steering 8351:Numerus clausus 8255: 8249: 7974:Ethnic conflict 7909:Corrective rape 7860: 7500: 7347: 7239:HIV/AIDS stigma 7107: 7056:Mental disorder 6994: 6963: 6958: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6837: 6833: 6829:August 17, 2007 6824: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6749: 6745: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6715: 6705: 6701: 6686: 6682: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6550: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6445: 6434: 6430: 6415: 6411: 6388: 6384: 6372: 6370: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6255: 6251: 6232: 6228: 6179: 6175: 6164: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6007: 6003: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5973:Wayback Machine 5965: 5961: 5956:Wayback Machine 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5927:. Testimony of 5924: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5900:Financial Times 5892: 5888: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5785:Financial Times 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5756:Leiner, Barry. 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5737:on 13 July 2012 5727: 5723: 5716: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5676: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5451: 5447: 5432: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5384: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5310: 5297: 5282: 5275: 5263: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5222: 5216: 5205: 5190: 5179: 5150: 5141: 5126: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5061: 5051: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5025:Bagwell, Dana. 5023: 5012: 4969: 4958: 4953: 4888:America On Line 4882:In April 2006, 4848:Worldwide, the 4846: 4832:As Anti-Piracy 4811: 4795: 4757: 4678: 4652: 4643: 4630:consumer choice 4626:tiered services 4614:tiered services 4592: 4579: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4421:Polyculturalism 4319:Civil liberties 4291: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4260:Reappropriation 4160: 4159:Countermeasures 4152: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4077:Racial steering 4043:Numerus clausus 3947: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3660:Ethnic conflict 3595:Corrective rape 3550: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3023: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3009: 2901:HIV/AIDS stigma 2773: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2710:Mental disorder 2652: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2613: 2580: 2518:The concept of 2516: 2510: 2492:common carriers 2483: 2460: 2447: 2427:Packet analysis 2422: 2398: 2358: 2324: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2182: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2024:Polyculturalism 1922:Civil liberties 1894: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1863:Reappropriation 1763: 1762:Countermeasures 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1680:Racial steering 1646:Numerus clausus 1550: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1263:Ethnic conflict 1198:Corrective rape 1153: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 788: 777: 776: 775: 774: 773: 626: 616: 615: 614: 613: 612: 504:HIV/AIDS stigma 376: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 313:Mental disorder 255: 247: 246: 245: 244: 243: 216: 179: 139: 84:Tiered Internet 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9611: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9593:Net neutrality 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9536:Bias reduction 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9512:Political bias 9509: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9440:Infrastructure 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9357:Self-selection 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9192:Pro-innovation 9189: 9184: 9179: 9177:Overton window 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9047: 9045:Dunning–Kruger 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8959:Correspondence 8956: 8954:Actor–observer 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8879: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8760:Reverse racism 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8730:Prisoner abuse 8727: 8722: 8720:Power distance 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8638:Ethnic penalty 8635: 8634: 8633: 8631:Neurodiversity 8628: 8618: 8616:Dehumanization 8613: 8608: 8606:Cisnormativity 8603: 8598: 8593: 8587: 8585: 8584:Related topics 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8442:State religion 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8378:Nuremberg Laws 8375: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8320:Ghetto benches 8317: 8315:Gerrymandering 8312: 8307: 8302: 8300:Gender pay gap 8297: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8254:Discriminatory 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8083:Lavender scare 8080: 8078:Kill Haole Day 8075: 8073:Indian rolling 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7959:Eliminationism 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7894:Cancel culture 7891: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7868: 7866: 7865:Manifestations 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7761:Middle Eastern 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7496:Zoroastrianism 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7423:Untouchability 7420: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7249:Leprosy stigma 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6961:Discrimination 6957: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6926: 6925: 6899: 6878: 6867:New York Times 6853: 6844: 6831: 6825:TorrentFreak. 6818: 6804: 6779: 6758: 6743: 6724: 6699: 6694:New York Times 6680: 6663: 6652: 6629: 6608: 6601: 6581: 6560: 6551:|journal= 6507: 6498:|journal= 6454: 6428: 6409: 6398:(8): 545–558. 6382: 6373:|journal= 6350: 6324: 6299: 6275: 6249: 6226: 6183:Intereconomics 6173: 6153: 6127: 6102: 6084: 6073: 6041: 6027: 6001: 5976: 5959: 5942: 5912: 5886: 5845: 5823: 5797: 5771: 5748: 5729:Madden, Mary. 5721: 5714: 5696: 5663: 5632: 5606: 5580: 5554: 5528: 5502: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5397: 5373: 5344: 5335:|journal= 5295: 5273: 5264:|journal= 5203: 5177: 5139: 5101: 5070: 5040: 5010: 4974:Intereconomics 4955: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4907: 4891: 4880: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4794: 4791: 4756: 4753: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4674: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4618:digital divide 4601:network effect 4591: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4466:Reverse racism 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4436:Prisoner abuse 4433: 4428: 4426:Power distance 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4346:Ethnic penalty 4343: 4342: 4341: 4339:Neurodiversity 4336: 4326: 4324:Dehumanization 4321: 4316: 4314:Cisnormativity 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4290:Related topics 4289: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4134:State religion 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4070:Nuremberg Laws 4067: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4012:Ghetto benches 4009: 4007:Gerrymandering 4004: 3999: 3994: 3992:Gender pay gap 3989: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3769:Lavender scare 3766: 3764:Kill Haole Day 3761: 3759:Indian rolling 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3645:Eliminationism 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3580:Cancel culture 3577: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3549:Manifestations 3548: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3439:Middle Eastern 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166:Zoroastrianism 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3093:Untouchability 3090: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2911:Leprosy stigma 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2595:Discrimination 2591: 2590: 2579: 2576: 2512:Main article: 2509: 2506: 2482: 2479: 2459: 2456: 2452:net neutrality 2446: 2443: 2421: 2418: 2397: 2394: 2357: 2354: 2323: 2320: 2279:Tiered service 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2260:Net neutrality 2258:Main article: 2255: 2254:Net neutrality 2252: 2220:tiered service 2197:net neutrality 2184: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2069:Reverse racism 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2039:Prisoner abuse 2036: 2031: 2029:Power distance 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1949:Ethnic penalty 1946: 1945: 1944: 1942:Neurodiversity 1939: 1929: 1927:Dehumanization 1924: 1919: 1917:Cisnormativity 1914: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1893:Related topics 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1737:State religion 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1673:Nuremberg Laws 1670: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1615:Ghetto benches 1612: 1610:Gerrymandering 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595:Gender pay gap 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372:Lavender scare 1369: 1367:Kill Haole Day 1364: 1362:Indian rolling 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248:Eliminationism 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1183:Cancel culture 1180: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1152:Manifestations 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1042:Middle Eastern 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 997: 992: 987: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 855: 850: 845: 844: 843: 838: 833: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 792: 791: 790: 789: 783: 782: 779: 778: 772: 771: 769:Zoroastrianism 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 745: 744: 734: 733: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 700: 699: 698: 696:Untouchability 693: 683: 678: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 646: 641: 636: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 611: 610: 605: 600: 599: 598: 593: 588: 578: 577: 576: 571: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 514:Leprosy stigma 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 331: 330: 325: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 258: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 201: 200: 198:Discrimination 194: 193: 181: 180: 178: 177: 170: 163: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 115:European Union 112: 107: 102: 94: 93: 89: 88: 87: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 38: 37: 33: 32: 29:Net neutrality 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9610: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9490:United States 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9465:False balance 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9337:Participation 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9305:Psychological 9303: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9072:Fading affect 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8900: 8895: 8893: 8888: 8886: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8865: 8857: 8855: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8814:Social stigma 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8437:State atheism 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373:Jim Crow laws 8371: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8358:One-drop rule 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8273:Blood quantum 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220:Victimisation 8218: 8216: 8215:Trans bashing 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185:Religious war 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8165:Racialization 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8036:Glass ceiling 8034: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7979:Ethnic hatred 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7914:Counter-jihad 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7697:United States 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7560:United States 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481:Protestantism 7479: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:LDS or Mormon 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326:Transmisogyny 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:Gerontophobia 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7159:Anti-intersex 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Anti-albinism 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6975:Institutional 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6888: 6882: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6841: 6835: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6794:on 2006-06-17 6793: 6789: 6783: 6768: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6656: 6640: 6633: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6570: 6564: 6556: 6543: 6529:on 2012-01-28 6525: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6490: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6365: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6309: 6303: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6141: 6134: 6132: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6017:on 2008-05-16 6016: 6012: 6005: 5991:on 2015-03-18 5990: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5833: 5827: 5808: 5801: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5759: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5595: 5594:HUFFPOST Tech 5591: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5543: 5542:Mashable Tech 5539: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4956: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904:Craig Newmark 4900: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610:port blocking 4606: 4602: 4597: 4587: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4520:Social stigma 4518: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:State atheism 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4065:Jim Crow laws 4063: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:One-drop rule 4048: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3965:Blood quantum 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Victimisation 3904: 3902: 3901:Trans bashing 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Religious war 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3851:Racialization 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3722:Glass ceiling 3720: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:Ethnic hatred 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3600:Counter-jihad 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3375:United States 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3238:United States 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151:Protestantism 3149: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3066:LDS or Mormon 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2988:Transmisogyny 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2891:Gerontophobia 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2821:Anti-intersex 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2796:Anti-albinism 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2621:Institutional 2619: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537:For example, 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2401:Port blocking 2393: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2266: 2261: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228:port blocking 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2123:Social stigma 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1732:State atheism 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668:Jim Crow laws 1666: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653:One-drop rule 1651: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568:Blood quantum 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1509:Victimisation 1507: 1505: 1504:Trans bashing 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1474:Religious war 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1454:Racialization 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1325:Glass ceiling 1323: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1268:Ethnic hatred 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1203:Counter-jihad 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1148: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 979: 978:United States 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 842: 841:United States 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 787: 781: 780: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754:Protestantism 752: 750: 747: 743: 740: 739: 738: 735: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 684: 682: 679: 675: 672: 670: 669:LDS or Mormon 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 625: 620: 619: 609: 606: 604: 601: 597: 594: 592: 591:Transmisogyny 589: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 494:Gerontophobia 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 424:Anti-intersex 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Anti-albinism 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 372: 371: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 251: 250: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 224:Institutional 222: 221: 212: 211: 207: 203: 202: 199: 196: 195: 191: 187: 186: 176: 171: 169: 164: 162: 157: 156: 154: 153: 146: 142: 141:United States 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 95: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 50: 47: 45: 42: 41: 40: 39: 35: 34: 31: 26: 25: 21: 20: 9506: 9450:In education 9417: 9401:Other biases 9387:Verification 9372:Survivorship 9322:Non-response 9295:Healthy user 9237:Substitution 9212:Self-serving 9008:Confirmation 8976:Availability 8924:Acquiescence 8689: 8648:Gender-blind 8535:Human rights 8363:Racial quota 8350: 8330:Jewish quota 8310:Gerontocracy 8305:Gender roles 8283:Disabilities 8268:Blood purity 8240:Wife selling 8230:White flight 8210:Slut-shaming 8190:Scapegoating 8108:Murder music 7781:Palestinians 7724:Anti-Zionism 7592:South Africa 7577:Black people 7555:South Africa 7376:Christianity 7366:Baháʼí Faith 7294:Sectarianism 7234:Heterosexism 7199:Ephebiphobia 7169:Anti-Masonry 7036:Hair texture 6916:. Retrieved 6912: 6902: 6891:. Retrieved 6881: 6870:. Retrieved 6866: 6856: 6847: 6834: 6821: 6807: 6796:. Retrieved 6792:the original 6782: 6771:. Retrieved 6761: 6746: 6737: 6727: 6716:. Retrieved 6712: 6702: 6693: 6683: 6672: 6666: 6655: 6643:. Retrieved 6632: 6621:. Retrieved 6611: 6591: 6584: 6573:. Retrieved 6571:. April 2010 6563: 6542:cite journal 6531:. Retrieved 6524:the original 6510: 6489:cite journal 6478:. Retrieved 6471:the original 6457: 6446:. Retrieved 6442:the original 6431: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6364:cite journal 6353: 6341:. Retrieved 6337:the original 6327: 6315:. Retrieved 6302: 6291:. Retrieved 6287: 6278: 6266:. Retrieved 6262: 6252: 6235: 6229: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6167: 6144:. Retrieved 6138:Free Press. 6118:. Retrieved 6105: 6096: 6076: 6066:November 28, 6064:. Retrieved 6057:the original 6044: 6030: 6019:. Retrieved 6015:the original 6004: 5993:. Retrieved 5989:the original 5979: 5962: 5945: 5933:. Retrieved 5915: 5903:. Retrieved 5899: 5889: 5865:(3): 61–67. 5862: 5858: 5848: 5836:. Retrieved 5826: 5814:. Retrieved 5800: 5788:. Retrieved 5784: 5774: 5762:. Retrieved 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5735:the original 5724: 5705: 5699: 5687:. Retrieved 5683: 5654:. Retrieved 5650:the original 5645: 5635: 5623:. Retrieved 5619: 5609: 5597:. Retrieved 5593: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5567: 5557: 5545:. Retrieved 5541: 5531: 5519:. Retrieved 5515: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489:the original 5484: 5474: 5462:. Retrieved 5458: 5448: 5439: 5435: 5410:. Retrieved 5400: 5391: 5387: 5364:. Retrieved 5360:the original 5326:cite journal 5289: 5285: 5255:cite journal 5197: 5193: 5164:(3): 61–67. 5161: 5157: 5133: 5092:. Retrieved 5088:the original 5062:. Retrieved 5058: 5031:. Retrieved 4981:(43): 4–15. 4978: 4972: 4862: 4858:white-listed 4847: 4831: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4745: 4726: 4722: 4697:enforcement. 4679: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4593: 4584: 4356:Gender-blind 4235:Human rights 4055:Racial quota 4042: 4022:Jewish quota 4002:Gerontocracy 3997:Gender roles 3975:Disabilities 3960:Blood purity 3926:Wife selling 3916:White flight 3896:Slut-shaming 3876:Scapegoating 3794:Murder music 3459:Palestinians 3402:Anti-Zionism 3270:South Africa 3255:Black people 3233:South Africa 3046:Christianity 3036:Baháʼí Faith 2956:Sectarianism 2896:Heterosexism 2861:Ephebiphobia 2831:Anti-Masonry 2690:Hair texture 2561:as of 2006, 2543:Saudi Arabia 2536: 2517: 2484: 2461: 2448: 2423: 2399: 2359: 2325: 2277: 2263: 2236: 2216: 2204: 2193:network bias 2192: 2188: 2187: 1959:Gender-blind 1838:Human rights 1658:Racial quota 1645: 1625:Jewish quota 1605:Gerontocracy 1600:Gender roles 1578:Disabilities 1563:Blood purity 1529:Wife selling 1519:White flight 1499:Slut-shaming 1479:Scapegoating 1397:Murder music 1062:Palestinians 1005:Anti-Zionism 873:South Africa 858:Black people 836:South Africa 649:Christianity 639:Baháʼí Faith 559:Sectarianism 499:Heterosexism 464:Ephebiphobia 434:Anti-Masonry 293:Hair texture 68: 9517:Publication 9470:Vietnam War 9317:Length time 9300:Information 9242:Time-saving 9102:Horn effect 9092:Halo effect 9040:Distinction 8949:Attribution 8944:Attentional 8550:Nonviolence 8545:LGBT rights 8510:Empowerment 8478:Anti-racism 8400:Segregation 8345:No kid zone 8145:Persecution 8058:Hate speech 8009:Gay bashing 7984:Ethnic joke 7939:Dog whistle 7884:Blood libel 7572:Azerbaijani 7476:Neopaganism 7469:Persecution 7435:Persecution 7418:Persecution 7381:Catholicism 7316:Transphobia 7299:Supremacism 7254:Lesbophobia 7174:Aporophobia 7139:Anti-autism 6990:Taste-based 6985:Statistical 6204:10419/42050 5408:. 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