6041:
5478:
4618:
3250:
4213:
7705:
3922:
7335:
5871:
3885:
3310:
4464:
8057:
6098:
4792:
358:
3660:
8047:
3285:
5063:
406:
3870:
185:
6919:
31:
6810:
3493:
426:, sixty kilometres north of Babylon. That Nebuchadnezzar would have been able to instigate a revolt as well as seize Sippar and be recognized there as king within four days after Bardiya's death seems unlikely. The final Babylonian document referring to Bardiya as king is dated to 20 September. Rather than a rebellion in the aftermath of the king's death, the Babylonians had probably prepared their uprising for some time. According to the ancient Greek author
3092:
5132:
6126:
7152:
4144:
330:), retaining some importance through not being relegated to just a provincial city, the Persian conquest introduced a ruling class which was not absorbed by the native Babylonian culture, instead maintaining their own additional political centers outside of Mesopotamia. Since the new rulers did not rely on Babylon's significance for their continued rule, the city's prestige had been irreversibly diminished.
5240:
349:
traditional form since the presence of the king was typically required) and rarely performed their traditional duties to the
Babylonian cults through the construction of temples and giving of cultic gifts to the city's gods. As such, the Babylonians might have interpreted them as failing in their duties as kings and thus not having the necessary divine endorsement to be considered true kings of Babylon.
4057:
3880:
5235:
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5352:
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3297:
558:
Babylonian kings were expected to establish peace and security, uphold justice, honour civil rights, refrain from unlawful taxation, respect religious traditions and maintain cultic order. Any foreigner sufficiently familiar with the royal customs of
Babylonia could become its king, though they might
489:
to
Babylon for their protection and notably dated his documents to his first regnal year instead of his accession year, signaling that his revolt was the continuation of Nebuchadnezzar III's uprising. Nearly two hundred years after Nebuchadnezzar III's defeat, in 336/335 BC, another Babylonian rebel,
348:
More important than a king's origin was whether they fulfilled their royal duties in line with established
Babylonian royal tradition. The Persian kings had capitals elsewhere in their empire, rarely partook in Babylon's traditional rituals (meaning that these rituals could not be celebrated in their
317:
would never again rise to become the single capital of an independent kingdom, much less a great empire. The city, owing to its prestigious and ancient history, continued to be an important site, however, with a large population, defensible walls and a functioning local cult for centuries. Though the
397:
The earliest record of
Nebuchadnezzar III's rule is a cuneiform letter from 3 October 522 BC, possibly the day of his inauguration to the throne, which mentions the letter being written in his first year as king. Nebuchadnezzar might have been old at the time of his accession to the throne, as he is
417:
Nebuchadnezzar sought to make himself the ruler of an autonomous
Babylonia and his revolt had probably originally been aimed at throwing off the rule of the unpopular Bardiya. Though Darius's inscriptions state that Nebuchadnezzar revolted in the aftermath of Bardiya's death, his revolt cannot have
445:
river, intending to cross it to enter
Babylonia. In order to halt the Persian advance, Nebuchadnezzar stationed his troops in the reed thickets of the river, hoping to guard the crossing and seize Darius's boats. On 13 December, the Persians outflanked the rebels by crossing the river on inflated
342:
the
Babylonians became less and less enthusiastic in regards to Persian rule as time went on. That the Persians were foreigners probably had very little to do with this resentment; none of the traditional duties and responsibilities of the Babylonian kings required them to be ethnically or even
381:
Babylon revolted several times against
Persian rule and the earliest revolt was that of Nebuchadnezzar III in 522 BC, seventeen years after the Persians conquered the city. All of the Babylonian revolts would see their greatest support come from families involved with the city's priesthood.
249:
The earliest record of
Nebuchadnezzar III is a document mentioning him as the king of Babylon on 3 October 522 BC, possibly the day of his accession to the throne. His revolt had probably originally been aimed at throwing off the rule of the unpopular Persian king
481:. Through taking the same name as his predecessor, Nebuchadnezzar IV intended to align his own rebellion against the Persians with that of Nebuchadnezzar III. He appealed to Babylon's religious authorities by summoning the statues of the gods of the cities of
382:
Nebuchadnezzar III was originally called Nidintu-Bêl and was from the local Zazakku family. His father's name was Mukīn-zēri or Kîn-Zêr. Upon revolting against the Persians, Nidintu-Bēl took the name Nebuchadnezzar and proclaimed himself to be the son of
386:, Babylon's final independent king before the Persian conquest. At the time of the revolt, the Achaemenid Empire was experiencing chaotic political upheaval, with numerous regions of the empire rebelling against the newly crowned
242:. A Babylonian noble of the Zazakku family and the son of a man by the name of Mukīn-zēri or Kîn-Zêr, Nidintu-Bêl took the regnal name Nebuchadnezzar upon his accession to the Babylonian throne and claimed to be a son of
6040:
477:) noble Arakha, son of a man by the name of Haldita, continued Babylonian resistance against the Persians, downplaying his Urartian origin and proclaiming himself as Babylon's king under the name
1011:
461:. Darius then quickly seized Babylon and Nebuchadnezzar was captured and executed. The earliest known Babylonian tablet which recognises Darius as king of Babylon is dated to 22 December.
270:. It is possible that he successfully gained control of all of Babylonia. On 13 December, Nebuchadnezzar III and his army failed to prevent the Persians from crossing the
1096:
Nielsen, John P. (2015). ""I Overwhelmed the King of Elam": Remembering Nebuchadnezzar I in Persian Babylonia". In Silverman, Jason M.; Waerzeggers, Caroline (eds.).
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258:
by the time the revolt began. Nebuchadnezzar III quickly established his rule in Babylonia, seizing control of not only Babylon itself but also the cities of
433:
Although Darius was quick to move against Nebuchadnezzar, his rule lasted uninterrupted for a few months, at least in Babylon itself and in the cities of
4702:
4578:
8271:
8266:
4995:
7334:
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river. After this defeat, Nebuchadnezzar III fled to Babylon which was quickly captured by Darius, whereafter Nebuchadnezzar III was executed.
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5094:
5005:
4694:
4409:
4351:
4347:
3119:
4651:
4647:
4355:
8060:
5098:
4905:
4476:
4439:
4405:
3980:
3976:
3309:
7704:
4263:
4107:
3972:
3968:
3249:
2729:
1491:
4991:
4987:
4901:
4698:
3455:
1181:
Poebel, Arno (1939). "The Duration of the Reign of Smerdis, the Magian, and the Reigns of Nebuchadnezzar III and Nebuchadnezzar IV".
8256:
5102:
4359:
3112:
1074:
441:. It is possible that Nebuchadnezzar's rule was accepted throughout Babylonia. In early December, Darius's army was nearing the
4505:
4259:
4239:
4212:
3921:
343:
culturally Babylonian; many foreign rulers had enjoyed Babylonian support in the past and many native kings had been despised.
8214:
8167:
8137:
1324:
6461:
3956:
3808:
3665:
7131:
4810:
1105:
1046:
1000:
942:
1086:
5477:
333:
Although the Persian kings continued to stress Babylon's importance through their titulature, using the royal title
7125:
8281:
7198:
6745:
6669:
2750:
1484:
990:
927:
8050:
8030:
7312:
7219:
7204:
7042:
6912:
6713:
6412:
6097:
3481:
494:, might have taken his regnal name as a tribute to Nebuchadnezzar III (after his original name Nidintu-Bêl).
8261:
7851:
7660:
7636:
7036:
6016:
7273:
6312:
6111:
5658:
5652:
3899:
3255:
2233:
8276:
7900:
7756:
7519:
7210:
7020:
6366:
6028:
5996:
5990:
4197:
2301:
512:
This is Nidintu-Bêl. He lied, saying "I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. I am king of Babylon."
390:. It is probable that many of the revolts had originally been intended towards Darius I's predecessor,
298:
empire to be ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia itself and the final and most spectacular era in
8037:
7645:
7531:
7513:
7363:
7025:
6889:
6590:
6405:
5302:
3095:
3038:
2885:
2662:
1984:
1477:
457:
river. In the aftermath of the second defeat, Nebuchadnezzar fled back to Babylon with his remaining
449:
On 18 December, the Babylonians suffered a decisive defeat in a second battle, which took place near
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3659:
3031:
3017:
2831:
2363:
1956:
1510:
1345:
5870:
7683:
7611:
7585:
7561:
7555:
7540:
7452:
7388:
7353:
7297:
7246:
6819:
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5077:
4822:
4130:
3588:
3066:
2975:
2722:
2655:
2126:
1515:
1243:
1219:
2341:
8251:
7846:
7836:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7576:
7567:
7510:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7475:
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7394:
7391:
7382:
7282:
7261:
6875:
6649:
6581:
6491:
6235:
6229:
5710:
5165:
5024:
4589:
4370:
3910:
3884:
3844:
3487:
3260:
3003:
2878:
2743:
2736:
2708:
2080:
2039:
1971:
8157:
4463:
3492:
8206:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
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2916:
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2715:
2648:
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2287:
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1662:
1579:
1079:
The Cambridge Ancient History: IV: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC
1036:
291:
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7457:
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5928:
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4603:
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2792:
2151:
2131:
2075:
1979:
1932:
529:, a prominent late Babylonian family, should not be confused with the Babylonian office of
410:
399:
179:
40:
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1128:
8:
7962:
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7522:
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5703:
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4173:
3384:
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2215:
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1989:
1897:
1385:
422:, several hundred kilometres away from Babylon. The letter from 3 October was written at
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2483:
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2009:
1937:
1912:
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1305:
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1206:
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1027:
977:
969:
474:
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1235:
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2004:
1917:
1907:
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1309:
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996:
981:
938:
478:
303:
235:
121:
82:
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7998:
7944:
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7862:
7841:
7806:
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7412:
7267:
7243:
7011:
7008:
7002:
6957:
6850:
6831:
6825:
6781:
6764:
6608:
6599:
6596:
6520:
6517:
6355:
6240:
5827:
4917:
4851:
4839:
4532:
4079:
3369:
2673:
2400:
2176:
2146:
2136:
2014:
1999:
1994:
1857:
1297:
1272:
1231:
1190:
1161:
1124:
1023:
961:
387:
362:
255:
146:
30:
3104:
559:
then have required the assistance of the native priesthood and the native scribes.
357:
8007:
7993:
7968:
7921:
7884:
7870:
7694:
7543:
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5674:
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4791:
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2822:
2807:
2785:
2589:
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2313:
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2196:
2171:
2161:
2095:
2029:
1942:
1922:
1882:
1824:
1755:
1706:
1594:
1443:
546:
310:
306:
227:
48:
8046:
3284:
1261:"Medes, Scythians and Persians. The Rise of Darius in a North-South Perspective"
7905:
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3703:
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3374:
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3243:
2632:
2582:
2428:
2308:
2166:
1927:
1902:
1877:
1814:
1806:
1786:
1058:"The Transition of Babylonia from the Neo-Babylonian Empire to Achaemenid Rule"
579:
577:
575:
419:
418:
begun later than 3 October, barely four days after Bardiya had been killed in
405:
8245:
8200:
8123:
8108:
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184:
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5896:
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5638:
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4227:
4207:
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3712:
3692:
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3604:
3391:
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3195:
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2349:
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2067:
2024:
1872:
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1801:
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1683:
1652:
1622:
1276:
904:
374:
1077:. In Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L.; Lewis, D. M.; Ostwald, M. (eds.).
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5431:
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5368:
5138:
5067:
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4894:
4888:
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3684:
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2319:
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1892:
1867:
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1781:
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1642:
1632:
1012:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem"
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239:
212:
196:
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7971:
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6381:
6317:
6279:
6256:
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5566:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5504:
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5402:
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4328:
4166:
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3379:
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3010:
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2982:
2954:
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2191:
1837:
1607:
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1173:
1136:
319:
63:
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1202:
973:
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6683:
6677:
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5908:
5890:
5812:
5803:
5773:
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5575:
5439:
5435:
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5207:
5085:
4945:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4642:
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4308:
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4087:
4071:
4043:
4006:
3875:
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3415:
2968:
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2771:
2595:
2568:
2561:
2554:
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1716:
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1627:
1602:
491:
454:
427:
383:
299:
279:
243:
231:
164:
1285:
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274:
river and on 18 December, he was decisively defeated in battle near
7933:
7759:
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7172:
7169:
7114:
7111:
7053:
6984:
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5981:
5955:
5902:
5884:
5794:
5669:
5560:
5551:
5539:
5507:
5471:
5447:
5397:
5365:
5341:
5313:
5283:
5271:
5264:
5250:
5244:
5179:
5089:
5071:
4983:
4961:
4957:
4842:
4768:
4597:
4551:
4528:
4523:
4454:
4449:
4418:
4235:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4026:
3947:
3792:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3536:
3519:
3290:
3237:
3024:
2530:
2518:
2293:
1829:
1740:
1726:
1688:
1617:
1469:
1453:
1260:
1194:
965:
434:
323:
318:
city did become one of the Achaemenid Empire's capitals (alongside
259:
94:
36:
8162:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
7151:
1057:
7986:
7814:
7795:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7102:
7047:
6940:
6937:
6885:
6736:
6478:
6417:
6338:
6332:
6073:
6067:
5839:
5809:
5664:
5554:
5519:
5310:
5253:
5154:
5123:
4827:
4376:
4319:
4248:
4143:
4135:
4000:
3935:
3742:
3739:
3724:
3720:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3388:
2506:
1796:
1763:
1428:
1323:
583:
458:
446:
skins and defeated the Babylonian forces stationed by the river.
391:
366:
314:
251:
141:
131:
114:
76:
5239:
2455:
1038:
Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West
402:, which recounts the defeat of Nebuchadnezzar and other rebels.
7777:
7771:
7729:
7640:
7108:
7059:
6634:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
6432:
6335:
6320:
6304:
6049:
6034:
5899:
5806:
5797:
5731:
5688:
5557:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5443:
5415:
5356:
5247:
5142:
4969:
4848:
4760:
4748:
4379:
4336:
4301:
4282:
4254:
4151:
4083:
4021:
3964:
3916:
3825:
3796:
3752:
3749:
3699:
3629:
3547:
3500:
3450:
3425:
3420:
3399:
3216:
3190:
3165:
1768:
1612:
1343:
1115:
Olmstead, A. T. (1938). "Darius and His Behistun Inscription".
910:
470:
450:
442:
423:
275:
271:
263:
5234:
4786:
4458:
4056:
4051:
3879:
3864:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
7977:
7959:
6474:
6080:
6061:
5127:
5038:
5009:
4936:
4668:
4332:
4219:
4138:
4066:
3943:
3939:
3821:
3759:
3755:
3716:
3503:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3403:
3185:
2845:
952:
Cameron, George G. (1941). "Darius and Xerxes in Babylonia".
632:
486:
5351:
4313:
719:
430:, they had been preparing throughout Bardiya's brief reign.
369:
during the revolt of Nebuchadnezzar III in 522 BC. From the
6931:
6695:
6622:
6466:
6222:
5333:
5188:
5110:
4951:
4879:
4708:
4594:
4425:
4400:
4288:
4269:
4038:
3996:
3951:
3891:
3829:
3776:
3745:
3674:
3574:
3516:
3513:
3460:
3304:
3296:
3266:
3226:
3210:
3200:
3170:
825:
823:
777:
775:
773:
589:
482:
438:
327:
267:
192:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
4928:
1286:"Going Native: Šamaš-šuma-ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon"
1183:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1117:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
954:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
855:
853:
8097:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
1220:"Akkadian Names in Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt"
894:
892:
840:
838:
820:
787:
770:
709:
707:
469:
Less than a year after Nebuchadnezzar III's defeat, the
4565:
3221:
799:
668:
8076:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
1152:
Peters, John P. (1896). "Notes on the Old Testament".
850:
736:
734:
398:
depicted as an old man with a short beard in Darius's
5597:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
1224:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
889:
877:
835:
704:
692:
4665:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
1218:
Porten, Bezalel; Zadok, Ran; Pearce, Laurie (2016).
865:
680:
656:
3134:
758:
731:
4468:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
620:
234:as an independent kingdom and end the rule of the
1217:
746:
638:
35:Nebuchadnezzar III and associated inscription in
8243:
1363:
1098:Political Memory in and After the Persian Empire
644:
614:
352:
3120:
1485:
8111:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
8085:
5589:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
4182:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2457:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)
1081:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
992:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
8121:
7338:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
3127:
3113:
1492:
1478:
925:
674:
29:
8038:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
4634:"King of the four quarters of the world"
1258:
988:
829:
793:
725:
8272:People executed by the Achaemenid Empire
8267:Rebellions against the Achaemenid Empire
8209:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
1114:
814:
404:
356:
230:in late 522 BC who attempted to restore
8054:
1095:
1034:
951:
898:
859:
844:
781:
713:
698:
8244:
8183:
8181:
8179:
7919:
7149:
6947:
4727:
4718:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
4622:
3546:
1538:
1180:
1151:
1009:
883:
686:
662:
8199:
8044:
8011:
8006:
7997:
7949:
7888:
7883:
7874:
7869:
7860:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7826:
7692:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7644:
7635:
7625:
7620:
7609:
7600:
7494:
7229:
7136:
7034:
7024:
6910:
6758:
6667:
6489:
6482:
6440:
6364:
6342:
6310:
6296:
6265:
6249:
6123:
6095:
6071:
6026:
5987:
5932:
5868:
5701:
5686:
5663:
5650:
5613:
5463:
5420:
5294:
5270:
5262:
5225:
5163:
5152:
5122:
5106:
5075:
5042:
5022:
5000:
4967:
4876:
4808:
4796:
4755:
4667:
4659:
4587:
4368:
4122:
4115:
4077:
4004:
3986:
3955:
3908:
3874:
3859:
3851:
3838:
3819:
3807:
3790:
3774:
3737:
3690:
3664:
3586:
3551:
3479:
3303:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3235:
3108:
2454:
1473:
1383:
1129:10.1086/amerjsemilanglit.55.4.3088120
1072:
1055:
919:
871:
650:
626:
584:Livius – Behistun, minor inscriptions
521:
519:
394:, who had been overthrown by Darius.
335:King of Babylon and King of the Lands
254:, but Bardiya had been overthrown by
8152:
1499:
1317:
1283:
764:
752:
740:
207:and also known by his original name
8176:
911:Livius – Arakha (Nebuchadnezzar IV)
409:Captured Nebuchadnezzar III in the
246:, Babylon's last independent king.
58:September/October – December 522 BC
13:
8132:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
8051:Chronology of the Neolithic period
7703:
7333:
7150:
7132:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
6917:
6808:
6124:
6096:
6039:
5869:
5476:
5130:
3491:
2821:
1754:
1062:Proceedings of the British Academy
1028:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x
516:
14:
8293:
7708:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
6044:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
3855:("made the land of Elam submit")
2482:
2229:
1244:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.375.0001
1236:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.375.0001
8129:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
8055:
8045:
5350:
5238:
5233:
5061:
4790:
4785:
4616:
4462:
4457:
4312:
4211:
4142:
4055:
4050:
3920:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3658:
3308:
3295:
3283:
3248:
3091:
3090:
2399:
1075:"Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes"
183:
8257:6th-century BC monarchs in Asia
8193:
8146:
8115:
8101:
8079:
8070:
7126:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
989:Dandamaev, Muhammad A. (1989).
639:Porten, Zadok & Pearce 2016
552:
536:
313:in 539 BC. After its conquest,
302:history, was ended through the
8061:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
7199:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
6746:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
6670:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
5232:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
1325:"Behistun, minor inscriptions"
1154:Journal of Biblical Literature
504:
1:
8031:Muslim conquest of the Levant
7277:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
7220:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
7205:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
7043:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
6913:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
6714:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
6413:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
1016:Digest of Middle East Studies
566:
285:
16:King of Babylon during 522 BC
6580:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
3314:(Uruk influence or control)
1346:"Arakha (Nebuchadnezzar IV)"
933:. In Hetzron, Robert (ed.).
926:Buccellati, Giorgio (1997).
7:
7274:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
6313:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6112:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5659:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5653:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
4913:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
3900:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3301:(Anonymous "King-priests")
3256:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
1384:Saggs, Henry W. F. (1998).
371:History of Darius the Great
353:Revolt against the Persians
10:
8298:
8066:
7901:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
7328:
7211:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
7095:
7069:
7021:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
6367:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
6132:Third Babylonian dynasty (
6029:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5991:Second Intermediate Period
4801:(vassal of the Akkadians)
4189:
3334:Early or legendary kings:
1259:Vogelsang, Willem (1998).
8035:
8028:
8021:
7992:
7942:
7939:
7898:
7857:
7823:
7804:
7646:Parthamaspates of Parthia
7632:
7597:
7456:
7424:
7217:
7196:
7123:
7120:
7026:Assyrian conquest of Elam
7019:
6907:
6873:
6807:
6768:
6632:
6621:
6578:
6406:Third Intermediate Period
6221:
6092:
5936:Second Babylonian dynasty
5881:("Old Babylonian Period")
5647:
5599:
5363:
5331:
5303:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
5275:
5259:
5206:
5203:
5186:
5108:
5093:
5052:
5019:
4965:
4949:
4923:
4915:
4886:
4811:First Intermediate Period
4805:
4781:
4737:
4722:
4706:
4681:
4672:
4646:
4641:
4453:
4432:
4413:
4404:
4365:
4340:
4323:
4299:
4286:
4281:
4267:
4252:
4243:
4195:
4171:
4096:
4036:
4019:
3984:
3963:
3957:Early Dynastic Period III
3905:
3889:
3817:
3815:
3804:
3731:
3682:
3672:
3583:
3560:
3476:
3407:
3338:
3321:
3318:
3259:
3232:
3159:
3143:
3088:
2806:
2672:
2663:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2631:
2616:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2384:
2214:
2112:
2094:
2066:
2038:
1970:
1955:
1739:
1661:
1593:
1578:
1529:
1525:
1505:
1450:
1441:
1425:
1406:
464:
236:Persian Achaemenid Empire
203:), alternatively spelled
155:
140:
130:
120:
108:
104:
90:
72:
62:
54:
47:
28:
23:
8024:Muslim conquest of Egypt
7488:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
7319:Cleopatra VII Philopator
6816:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
5878:First Babylonian dynasty
5616:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
5120:(vassal of the Gutians)
4817:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
3809:Early Dynastic Period II
1957:Middle Babylonian period
1511:List of kings of Babylon
1390:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1364:Lendering, Jona (2001).
1344:Lendering, Jona (1998).
1041:. Random House Digital.
497:
8109:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
7852:Province of Mesopotamia
7661:Province of Mesopotamia
7637:Province of Mesopotamia
7612:Roman conquest of Egypt
7453:Antigonus II Mattathias
7247:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
6820:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
5297:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
4823:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
4131:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
3666:Early Dynastic Period I
3589:Second Dynasty of Egypt
2127:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
1056:Jursa, Michael (2007).
510:The inscription reads:
195:, watch over my heir",
7709:
7491:Philip II Philoromaeus
7485:Antiochus XII Dionysus
7479:Demetrius III Eucaerus
7476:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
7467:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
7339:
7307:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
7262:Arsinoe III Philopator
7155:
6923:
6813:
6650:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
6582:Second Dynasty of Isin
6129:
6102:
6045:
5874:
5757:(Non-dynastic usurpers
5481:
5166:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
5135:
5025:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
4590:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
4371:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
4198:Second kingdom of Mari
3911:Third Dynasty of Egypt
3845:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
3497:
3488:First Dynasty of Egypt
2744:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2737:Seleucus IV Philopator
2709:Seleucus II Callinicus
2081:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
1277:10.2143/IA.33.0.519206
1073:Kuhrt, Amélie (1988).
414:
378:
159:Mukīn-zēri or Kîn-Zêr
8282:6th-century BC rebels
8095:The Ancient Near East
8013:Byzantine Mesopotamia
7927:Province of Asoristan
7890:Byzantine Mesopotamia
7707:
7700:Province of Asoristan
7482:Philip I Philadelphus
7470:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
7464:Antiochus VIII Grypus
7461:Seleucus V Philometor
7416:Antiochus VII Sidetes
7410:Antiochus VI Dionysus
7337:
7310:Berenice IV Epiphanea
7271:Ptolemy VI Philometor
7259:Ptolemy IV Philopator
7256:Berenice II Euergetis
7253:Ptolemy III Euergetes
7154:
7072:Neo-Babylonian Empire
6982:Marduk-apla-iddina II
6979:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
6970:Marduk-apla-iddina II
6921:
6876:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
6812:
6533:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
6223:Middle Elamite period
6128:
6100:
6043:
5873:
5480:
5134:
4889:Third kingdom of Mari
4610:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
3685:First kingdom of Mari
3495:
3482:Early Dynastic Period
3324:Proto-Dynastic period
2853:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2716:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2649:Philip III Arrhidaeus
2386:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2288:Marduk-apla-iddina II
2283:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
2264:Marduk-apla-iddina II
1580:Old Babylonian Empire
1035:Holland, Tom (2007).
1010:Hanish, Shak (2008).
935:The Semitic Languages
408:
360:
292:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7458:Alexander II Zabinas
7322:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
7298:Ptolemy XI Alexander
7280:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
6835:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
6823:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
6647:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
6588:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
6212:Marduk-apla-iddina I
6106:New Kingdom of Egypt
5929:Early Kassite rulers
5223:(Vassals of Ur III)
5204:(Vassals of UR III)
4604:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
4574:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
4125:Old Kingdom of Egypt
2793:Demetrius II Nicator
2152:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
2132:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
2076:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
1980:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
1933:Marduk-apla-iddina I
1284:Zaia, Shana (2019).
615:Livius – Nidintu-Bêl
411:Behistun inscription
400:Behistun Inscription
180:Babylonian cuneiform
68:3 October 522 BC (?)
41:Behistun Inscription
8262:Impostor pretenders
7963:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
7473:Antiochus X Eusebes
7301:Ptolemy XII Auletes
7292:Ptolemy X Alexander
7286:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
7265:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
6950:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6838:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
6771:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6594:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
6485:Syro-Hittite states
6191:Shagarakti-Shuriash
5864:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
4858:Neferkare Pepiseneb
4757:Akkadian Governors:
3261:Pre-Dynastic period
2758:Antiochus V Eupator
2723:Antiochus III Megas
2251:Tiglath-Pileser III
2216:Neo-Assyrian period
2157:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
1990:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
1898:Shagarakti-Shuriash
1408:Nebuchadnezzar III
1386:"Nebuchadnezzar II"
728:, pp. 185–186.
307:conquest of Babylon
99:(Achaemenid Empire)
8189:Sumerian King List
8003:Palaestina Secunda
7880:Palaestina Secunda
7710:
7441:Alexander Jannaeus
7340:
7330:Hellenistic Period
7156:
6924:
6902:Humban-haltash III
6866:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
6814:
6779:Tukulti-Ninurta II
6760:Kingdom of Samaria
6656:Mar-biti-apla-usur
6653:Shirikti-shuqamuna
6623:Neo-Elamite period
6606:Marduk-shapik-zeri
6591:Itti-Marduk-balatu
6572:Tiglath-Pileser II
6569:Ashur-resh-ishi II
6524:Enlil-kudurri-usur
6215:Zababa-shuma-iddin
6200:Kadashman-Harbe II
6185:Kadashman-Enlil II
6130:
6103:
6046:
5875:
5861:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
5858:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
5849:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
5608:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
5482:
5136:
4511:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
3892:Old Elamite period
3784:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
3637:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
3554:Jemdet Nasr period
3498:
2702:Antiochus II Theos
2683:Seleucus I Nicator
2618:Hellenistic period
2513:Nebuchadnezzar III
2104:Mar-biti-apla-usur
2086:Shirikti-shuqamuna
2010:Marduk-shapik-zeri
1985:Itti-Marduk-balatu
1938:Zababa-shuma-iddin
1913:Kadashman-Harbe II
1888:Kadashman-Enlil II
1302:10.1017/irq.2019.1
920:Cited bibliography
415:
379:
304:Persian Achaemenid
205:Nebuchadrezzar III
176:Nebuchadnezzar III
24:Nebuchadnezzar III
8277:Executed monarchs
8239:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8216:978-1-62564-606-4
8201:Unger, Merrill F.
8169:978-0-14-193825-7
8139:978-1-60606-649-2
7906:Province of Egypt
7837:Province of Egypt
7617:Province of Egypt
7359:Antigonid dynasty
7159:Achaemenid Empire
7080:Nebuchadnezzar II
6988:Ashur-nadin-shumi
6857:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
6829:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
6644:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
6612:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
6603:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
6545:Asharid-apal-Ekur
6542:Tiglath-Pileser I
6539:Ashur-resh-ishi I
6527:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
6515:Tukulti-Ninurta I
6462:Kingdom of Israel
6430:Osorkon the Elder
6351:Shutrukid dynasty
6236:Igehalkid dynasty
6203:Adad-shuma-iddina
6197:Enlil-nadin-shumi
6164:Kadashman-Enlil I
6158:Kadashman-harbe I
5602:Sukkalmah dynasty
5466:Isin-Larsa period
5288:Shimashki Dynasty
5014:Puzur-Inshushinak
4613:Netjerkare Siptah
4383:Neferirkare Kakai
3928:Egyptian pyramids
3137:Ancient Near East
3102:
3101:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
2813:(141 BC – AD 224)
2802:
2801:
2779:Demetrius I Soter
2765:Demetrius I Soter
2690:Antiochus I Soter
2612:
2611:
2525:Nebuchadnezzar IV
2458:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2414:Nebuchadnezzar II
2380:
2379:
2210:
2209:
2202:Nabu-suma-ukin II
2187:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
2142:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
2058:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
2020:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
2005:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
1951:
1950:
1918:Adad-shuma-iddina
1908:Enlil-nadin-shumi
1853:Kadashman-Enlil I
1843:Kadashman-Harbe I
1735:
1734:
1574:
1573:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:Achaemenid Empire
1451:Succeeded by
1438:
1435:Achaemenid Empire
1318:Cited web sources
784:, pp. 55–57.
479:Nebuchadnezzar IV
294:, the last great
189:Nabû-kudurri-uṣur
173:
172:
169:
162:
151:
126:Nabû-kudurri-uṣur
100:
86:
83:Achaemenid Empire
8289:
8221:
8220:
8197:
8191:
8185:
8174:
8173:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8122:Thomas, Ariane;
8119:
8113:
8112:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8059:
8049:
7999:Palaestina Prima
7945:Byzantine Empire
7876:Palaestina Prima
7863:Byzantine Empire
7842:Syria Palaestina
7807:Palmyrene Empire
7793:Bahram VI Chobin
7656:Syria Palaestina
7444:Salome Alexandra
7427:Kingdom of Judea
7413:Diodotus Tryphon
7268:Cleopatra I Syra
7244:Ptolemy Keraunos
7012:Ashur-uballit II
7009:Sin-shumu-lishir
7003:Ashur-etil-ilani
6958:Sargonid dynasty
6851:Marduk-apla-usur
6832:Nabu-apla-iddina
6826:Shamash-mudammiq
6782:Ashurnasirpal II
6765:Kingdom of Judah
6609:Adad-apla-iddina
6600:Enlil-nadin-apli
6597:Nebuchadnezzar I
6521:Ashur-nirari III
6518:Ashur-nadin-apli
6356:Shutruk-Nakhunte
6241:Untash-Napirisha
6230:Kidinuid dynasty
5828:Shamshi-Adad III
5536:Dynasty of Larsa
5354:
5242:
5237:
5065:
4918:Shar-Kali-Sharri
4852:Neferkare Tereru
4840:Neferkare Khendu
4794:
4789:
4620:
4579:Kiku-siwe-tempti
4466:
4461:
4316:
4245:Kish III dynasty
4215:
4146:
4059:
4054:
3959:(2600–2340 BCE)
3924:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3811:(2700–2600 BCE)
3668:(2900–2700 BCE)
3662:
3579:(3100–2700 BCE)
3558:(3100–2900 BCE)
3312:
3299:
3287:
3263:(4000–2900 BCE)
3252:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3093:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2302:Aššur-nādin-šumi
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2177:Marduk-apla-usur
2147:Nabu-apla-iddina
2137:Shamash-mudammiq
2015:Adad-apla-iddina
2000:Enlil-nadin-apli
1995:Nebuchadnezzar I
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1858:Burna-Buriash II
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1680:Unknown king (?)
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1500:Kings of Babylon
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1457:
1432:
1426:Preceded by
1421:
1412:House of Zazakku
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1313:
1280:
1255:
1214:
1177:
1160:(1/2): 106–117.
1148:
1111:
1092:
1069:
1052:
1031:
1006:
985:
948:
932:
914:
908:
902:
896:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
848:
842:
833:
827:
818:
812:
797:
791:
785:
779:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
729:
723:
717:
711:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
587:
581:
560:
556:
550:
540:
534:
523:
514:
508:
361:Illustration of
187:
167:
160:
149:
147:Chaldean dynasty
98:
80:
33:
21:
20:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8234:
8225:
8224:
8217:
8198:
8194:
8186:
8177:
8170:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8120:
8116:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8008:Byzantine Syria
7994:Byzantine Egypt
7969:Farrukh Hormizd
7929:
7925:
7922:Sasanian Empire
7908:
7904:
7885:Byzantine Syria
7871:Byzantine Egypt
7810:
7702:
7698:
7695:Sasanian Empire
7615:
7520:Mithridates III
7500:
7497:Parthian Empire
7430:
7369:Seleucid Empire
7366:
7356:
7332:
7241:Ptolemy I Soter
7239:
7236:Ptolemaic Egypt
7208:
7202:
7162:
7144:
7140:
7138:Kings of Byblos
7129:
7101:
7075:
7046:
7040:
7014:
6994:Mushezib-Marduk
6964:Tiglath-Pileser
6962:
6953:
6930:
6916:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6871:
6869:Nabu-mukin-zeri
6863:Nabu-nadin-zeri
6848:Marduk-bel-zeri
6841:Baba-aha-iddina
6818:
6795:Adad-nirari III
6785:Shalmaneser III
6774:
6763:
6762:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:Menkheperre Ini
6717:
6710:
6709:
6673:
6659:Nabû-mukin-apli
6636:
6625:(1100–540 BCE)
6618:Nabu-shum-libur
6586:
6563:Ashur-nirari IV
6557:Ashurnasirpal I
6554:Shamshi-Adad IV
6500:Ashur-uballit I
6495:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6448:Kings of Byblos
6446:
6416:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6371:
6370:
6354:
6348:
6316:
6303:
6302:
6284:Neferneferuaten
6244:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6226:(1500–1100 BCE)
6218:Enlil-nadin-ahi
6206:Adad-shuma-usur
6194:Kashtiliashu IV
6182:Kadashman-Turgu
6167:Burnaburiash II
6146:Kashtiliash III
6138:
6115:
6109:
6079:
6078:(1600–1260 BCE)
6077:
6047:
6038:
6032:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5974:
5969:Peshgaldaramesh
5964:
5954:
5944:
5940:Sealand Dynasty
5937:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5889:
5882:
5880:
5855:Ashur-nirari II
5834:Puzur-Ashur III
5822:Shamshi-Adad II
5793:
5791:
5789:Adaside dynasty
5786:
5785:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5707:
5698:
5692:
5681:
5677:
5675:Kings of Byblos
5673:
5667:
5656:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5587:Uruk VI dynasty
5585:
5534:
5485:Dynasty of Isin
5475:
5469:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5401:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5306:
5300:
5282:
5243:
5231:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5193:
5183:
5169:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5101:
5097:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5047:(2150–2000 BCE)
5028:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4960:
4956:
4944:
4940:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4837:Djedkare Shemai
4826:
4820:
4814:
4800:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4746:Sargon of Akkad
4744:
4743:
4740:Akkadian Empire
4732:(2340–2150 BCE)
4730:Akkadian Period
4717:
4713:
4701:
4697:
4676:
4664:
4654:
4650:
4633:
4629:
4615:
4593:
4572:
4570:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4499:
4495:
4483:
4479:
4467:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4417:
4408:
4375:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4277:
4274:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4193:(2500-539 BCE)
4181:
4177:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3898:
3897:
3896:(2700–1500 BCE)
3895:
3843:
3832:
3795:("conqueror of
3781:
3765:
3758:
3748:
3734:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3657:
3593:
3592:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3499:
3485:
3472:
3413:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3280:(4000–3100 BCE)
3279:
3273:
3247:
3241:
3213:
3194:
3184:
3157:
3155:
3139:
3133:
3103:
3098:
3072:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:Parthian period
2798:
2786:Alexander Balas
2668:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2438:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2342:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
2314:Mushezib-Marduk
2245:Nabu-mukin-zeri
2238:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2197:Nabu-nadin-zeri
2172:Marduk-bel-zeri
2162:Baba-aha-iddina
2122:Nabû-mukin-apli
2108:
2090:
2062:
2034:
2030:Nabu-shum-libur
1961:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1943:Enlil-nadin-ahi
1923:Adad-shuma-usur
1883:Kadashman-Turgu
1825:Kashtiliash III
1745:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1707:Peshgaldaramesh
1657:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1501:
1498:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1444:King of Babylon
1439:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1394:
1392:
1374:
1372:
1354:
1352:
1334:
1332:
1320:
1265:Iranica Antiqua
1166:10.2307/3268834
1108:
1089:
1049:
1003:
945:
930:
922:
917:
909:
905:
897:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
851:
843:
836:
828:
821:
813:
800:
792:
788:
780:
771:
767:, pp. 6–7.
763:
759:
751:
747:
743:, pp. 3–4.
739:
732:
724:
720:
712:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
675:Buccellati 1997
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
645:
637:
633:
625:
621:
613:
590:
582:
573:
569:
564:
563:
557:
553:
545:means "gift of
541:
537:
533:(royal scribe).
524:
517:
509:
505:
500:
467:
355:
311:Cyrus the Great
288:
228:king of Babylon
163:
113:
112:December 522 BC
97:
79:
49:King of Babylon
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8295:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8215:
8192:
8175:
8168:
8145:
8138:
8124:Potts, Timothy
8114:
8100:
8078:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8053:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8005:
7996:
7990:
7989:
7948:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7918:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7643:
7634:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7607:
7606:
7599:
7598:30 BCE–116 CE
7595:
7594:
7532:Mithridates IV
7514:Mithridates II
7493:
7455:
7450:Aristobulus II
7423:
7419:
7418:
7343:Argead dynasty
7327:
7232:Argead dynasty
7228:
7224:
7223:
7215:
7214:
7194:
7193:
7185:Artaxerxes III
7148:
7146:Kings of Sidon
7135:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7094:
7089:Labashi-Marduk
7068:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7016:
6991:Nergal-ushezib
6946:
6927:Black Pharaohs
6909:
6905:
6904:
6872:
6845:Ninurta-apla-X
6806:
6804:Ashur-nirari V
6798:Shalmaneser IV
6788:Shamshi-Adad V
6776:Adad-nirari II
6767:
6757:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6577:
6560:Shalmaneser II
6548:Ashur-bel-kala
6536:Mutakkil-Nusku
6492:Middle Assyria
6488:
6481:
6456:Kings of Sidon
6439:
6363:
6362:1155–1025 BCE
6359:
6358:
6345:Elamite Empire
6341:
6308:
6307:
6299:Hittite Empire
6295:
6263:
6262:
6247:
6246:
6220:
6209:Meli-Shipak II
6179:Nazi-Maruttash
6143:Burnaburiash I
6122:
6094:
6093:1531–1155 BCE
6090:
6089:
6070:
6025:
5985:
5984:
5931:
5867:
5852:Enlil-Nasir II
5831:Ashur-nirari I
5825:Ishme-Dagan II
5816:Sharma-Adad II
5768:Ashur-apla-idi
5759:1735–1701 BCE)
5738:Ashur-apla-idi
5720:Shamshi-Adad I
5715:1808–1736 BCE)
5700:
5695:Yamhad dynasty
5685:
5683:Kings of Sidon
5662:
5649:
5648:1800–1595 BCE
5645:
5644:
5611:
5610:
5598:
5462:
5452:Puzur-Ashur II
5419:
5362:
5329:
5328:
5323:Mentuhotep III
5292:
5291:
5274:
5269:
5261:
5260:2025-1763 BCE
5257:
5256:
5228:Ur III dynasty
5224:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5174:Neferkare VIII
5162:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5121:
5107:
5105:
5092:
5078:Gutian dynasty
5074:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5036:Nebkaure Khety
5030:Meryibre Khety
5021:
5017:
5016:
4999:
4966:
4964:
4948:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4885:
4875:
4861:Neferkamin Anu
4834:Neferkare Neby
4807:
4803:
4802:
4798:Lugal-ushumgal
4795:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4754:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4705:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4631:Lugalannemundu
4621:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4562:
4545:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4503:
4487:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4398:Djedkare Isesi
4395:Menkauhor Kaiu
4367:
4363:
4362:
4339:
4322:
4298:
4296:Pabilgagaltuku
4285:
4280:
4266:
4255:Akshak dynasty
4251:
4242:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4170:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4095:
4080:Enun-dara-anna
4075:
4074:
4035:
4018:
4003:
3985:
3983:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3888:
3873:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3837:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3773:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3704:Kullassina-bel
3689:
3681:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3559:
3550:
3545:
3496:Narmer Palette
3478:
3477:3100–2900 BCE
3474:
3473:
3406:
3336:
3335:
3320:
3319:3200–3100 BCE
3316:
3315:
3302:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3253:
3234:
3233:4000–3200 BCE
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3135:Rulers of the
3132:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3039:Parthamaspates
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2886:Mithridates II
2882:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2583:Artaxerxes III
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2469:Persian period
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2429:Labashi-Marduk
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2364:Sîn-šumu-līšir
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2309:Nergal-ushezib
2306:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Ninurta-apla-X
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Kashtiliash IV
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Nazi-Maruttash
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Burnaburiash I
1812:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Kashtiliash II
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1746:(1729–1157 BC)
1741:Kassite period
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1585:(1894–1595 BC)
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1361:
1341:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1281:
1256:
1215:
1195:10.1086/370532
1189:(2): 106–117.
1178:
1149:
1123:(4): 392–416.
1112:
1107:978-0884140894
1106:
1093:
1087:
1070:
1053:
1048:978-0307279484
1047:
1032:
1007:
1002:978-9004091726
1001:
986:
966:10.1086/370613
960:(3): 314–325.
949:
944:978-0415057677
943:
921:
918:
916:
915:
903:
888:
886:, p. 132.
876:
874:, p. 129.
864:
862:, p. 318.
849:
834:
832:, p. 200.
830:Vogelsang 1998
819:
817:, p. 401.
798:
796:, p. 198.
794:Vogelsang 1998
786:
769:
757:
745:
730:
726:Dandamaev 1989
718:
703:
691:
679:
667:
665:, p. 113.
655:
643:
631:
619:
588:
570:
568:
565:
562:
561:
551:
535:
527:Zazakku family
515:
502:
501:
499:
496:
466:
463:
354:
351:
287:
284:
171:
170:
157:
153:
152:
144:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
45:
44:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8294:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8252:522 BC deaths
8250:
8249:
8247:
8218:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8171:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8155:
8154:Roux, Georges
8149:
8141:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8118:
8110:
8104:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8048:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8018:
8017:
8014:
8009:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7981:Yazdegerd III
7979:
7976:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7947:
7946:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7917:
7914:
7913:Sahralanyozan
7911:
7907:
7902:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7856:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7809:
7808:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7706:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7669:Mithridates V
7667:
7666:Sinatruces II
7662:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7589:Artabanus III
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7559:Tiridates III
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7502:Mithridates I
7499:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7438:Aristobulus I
7436:
7435:John Hyrcanus
7433:
7429:
7428:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7404:Alexander III
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7389:Antiochus III
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7348:Alexander III
7345:
7344:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7283:Cleopatra III
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7188:Artaxerxes IV
7186:
7183:
7182:Artaxerxes II
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7142:Kings of Tyre
7139:
7133:
7128:
7127:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7098:Median Empire
7093:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7006:Sinsharishkun
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6952:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6928:
6920:
6915:
6914:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:(five kings)
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6801:Ashur-Dan III
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6641:Ea-mukin-zeri
6639:
6638:Simbar-shipak
6635:
6630:1025–934 BCE
6629:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6566:Ashur-rabi II
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6551:Eriba-Adad II
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6512:Shalmaneser I
6510:
6509:Adad-nirari I
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6452:Kings of Tyre
6449:
6445:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6391:Ramesses VIII
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6273:Amenhotep III
6271:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6042:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5979:Melamkurkurra
5977:
5973:
5972:Ayadaragalama
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5949:Itti-ili-nibi
5947:
5943:
5941:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5843:Ashur-shaduni
5841:
5838:
5837:Enlil-nasir I
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5801:Sharma-Adad I
5799:
5796:
5792:1700–722 BCE)
5790:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5723:Ishme-Dagan I
5721:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5679:Kings of Tyre
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5636:Amenemhat III
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5428:Puzur-Ashur I
5425:
5424:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5335:
5334:Third Eblaite
5330:
5327:
5326:Mentuhotep IV
5324:
5321:
5320:Mentuhotep II
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5177:Wahkare Khety
5175:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Ur III period
5040:
5037:
5034:
5033:Neferkare VII
5031:
5027:
5026:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4980:Ur-Ningirsu I
4977:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Lugal-kisalsi
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3708:Nangishlishma
3705:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3675:First Eblaite
3671:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:Seth-Peribsen
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3595:Hotepsekhemwy
3591:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:Proto-Elamite
3556:
3555:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:Double Falcon
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:Vologases III
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:Artabanus III
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:Mithridates I
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:Alexander III
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:Artaxerxes IV
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:Artaxerxes II
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Shamash-eriba
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2372:
2371:Sinsharishkun
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:Shalmaneser V
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Ea-mukin-zeri
2051:
2049:
2048:Simbar-shipak
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:(1157–732 BC)
1958:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:Kadashman-Sah
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Kashtiliash I
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Melamkurkurra
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Ayadaragalama
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Itti-ili-nibi
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:foreign ruler
1547:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1366:"Nidintu-Bêl"
1362:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:(375): 1–12.
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:. SBL Press.
1099:
1094:
1090:
1088:0-521-22804-2
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
993:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
940:
937:. Routledge.
936:
929:
924:
923:
912:
907:
901:, p. 56.
900:
895:
893:
885:
880:
873:
868:
861:
856:
854:
847:, p. 46.
846:
841:
839:
831:
826:
824:
816:
815:Olmstead 1938
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
795:
790:
783:
778:
776:
774:
766:
761:
754:
749:
742:
737:
735:
727:
722:
716:, p. 54.
715:
710:
708:
701:, p. 53.
700:
695:
689:, p. 32.
688:
683:
677:, p. 80.
676:
671:
664:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
629:, p. 81.
628:
623:
616:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
585:
580:
578:
576:
571:
555:
548:
544:
539:
532:
528:
522:
520:
513:
507:
503:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
444:
440:
437:, Sippar and
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
412:
407:
403:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
350:
347:
346:
341:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Nabukudracara
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
166:
158:
154:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
107:
103:
96:
93:
89:
84:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
8205:
8195:
8159:Ancient Iraq
8158:
8148:
8128:
8117:
8103:
8094:
8081:
8072:
8036:
8029:
8022:
7951:Ardashir III
7943:
7920:
7861:
7829:Roman Empire
7827:
7805:
7763:Yazdegerd II
7693:
7684:Artabanus IV
7681:Vologases VI
7672:Vologases IV
7603:Roman Empire
7601:
7586:Vologases II
7562:Artabanus II
7556:Artabanus II
7541:Tiridates II
7529:Phraates III
7495:
7432:Simon Thassi
7425:
7407:Demetrius II
7395:Antiochus IV
7386:Seleucus III
7380:Antiochus II
7367:
7357:
7354:Alexander IV
7341:
7329:
7313:Ptolemy XIII
7295:Berenice III
7289:Cleopatra IV
7230:
7227:331–141 BCE
7218:
7209:
7203:
7197:
7176:Artaxerxes I
7157:
7124:
7121:539–331 BCE
7096:
7077:Nabopolassar
7070:
7041:
7035:
7032:626–539 BCE
7000:Ashurbanipal
6955:
6954:
6948:
6911:
6908:745–609 BCE
6874:
6854:Eriba-Marduk
6815:
6769:
6744:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6690:Shoshenq III
6668:
6665:911–745 BCE
6633:
6615:Marduk-zer-X
6579:
6575:Ashur-dan II
6506:Arik-den-ili
6503:Enlil-nirari
6497:Eriba-Adad I
6490:
6483:
6460:
6441:
6436:Psusennes II
6411:
6410:
6404:
6388:Ramesses VII
6376:Ramesses III
6365:
6349:
6343:
6311:
6297:
6278:
6267:Amenhotep II
6260:Thutmose III
6234:
6228:
6225:
6176:Kurigalzu II
6170:Kara-hardash
6140:Agum-Kakrime
6131:
6110:
6104:
6072:
6055:'Aper-'Anati
6053:
6048:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5952:Damqi-ilishu
5935:
5924:Samsu-Ditana
5906:Sin-muballit
5897:Sin-muballit
5876:
5846:Ashur-rabi I
5711:Shamshi-Adad
5708:
5702:
5687:
5657:
5651:
5639:Amenemhat IV
5633:Senusret III
5627:Amenemhat II
5614:
5600:
5586:
5535:
5532:Damiq-ilishu
5502:Lipit-Eshtar
5483:
5464:
5421:
5389:
5385:
5369:Shakkanakkus
5332:
5308:Mentuhotep I
5301:
5295:
5276:
5263:
5226:
5220:Puzur-Ishtar
5187:
5182:
5164:
5117:Lugalannatum
5109:
5076:
5043:
5023:
5002:Hishep-Ratep
4968:
4950:
4887:
4877:
4831:Neferkare II
4821:
4815:
4809:
4756:
4738:
4728:
4707:
4660:Invasion by
4623:
4588:
4564:
4556:Enannatum II
4520:E-iginimpa'e
4489:
4481:Igrish-Halam
4392:Nyuserre Ini
4369:
4343:Awan dynasty
4341:
4300:
4287:
4268:
4253:
4244:
4228:Ishtup-Ishar
4208:Iku-Shamagan
4204:Ikun-Shamash
4196:
4174:Ur I dynasty
4172:
4165:
4154:
4129:
4123:
4097:
4078:
4037:
4020:
4005:
3987:
3946:
3938:
3909:
3890:
3853:Enmebaragesi
3839:
3820:
3791:
3782:
3775:
3738:
3733:
3713:En-tarah-ana
3698:
3691:
3683:
3673:
3649:
3646:Neferkasokar
3644:
3639:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3587:
3567:
3561:
3552:
3540:
3535:
3486:
3480:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3394:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3347:Finger Snail
3345:
3339:
3322:
3291:Anu Ziggurat
3274:
3242:
3236:
3154:Territories/
3067:Artabanus IV
3065:
3060:Vologases VI
3058:
3051:
3046:Vologases IV
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2976:Artabanus II
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:Phraates III
2922:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2661:
2656:Alexander IV
2654:
2647:
2640:
2623:(331–141 BC)
2601:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2548:Artaxerxes I
2546:
2542:Bel-shimanni
2529:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2474:(539–331 BC)
2409:Nabopolassar
2391:(626–539 BC)
2369:
2362:
2355:
2350:Ashurbanipal
2348:
2340:
2339:
2334:Ashurbanipal
2332:
2325:
2318:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2275:
2268:
2256:
2249:
2221:(732–626 BC)
2182:Eriba-Marduk
2025:Marduk-zer-X
1873:Kurigalzu II
1863:Kara-hardash
1811:Unknown king
1802:Harba-Shipak
1792:Urzigurumash
1778:Unknown king
1684:Damqi-ilishu
1653:Samsu-Ditana
1623:Sin-Muballit
1558:
1551:
1548:Kings
1516:Royal titles
1442:
1417:
1411:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1333:. Retrieved
1328:
1293:
1289:
1268:
1264:
1227:
1223:
1186:
1182:
1157:
1153:
1120:
1116:
1097:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1037:
1022:(1): 32–47.
1019:
1015:
991:
957:
953:
934:
906:
899:Nielsen 2015
879:
867:
860:Cameron 1941
845:Holland 2007
789:
782:Nielsen 2015
760:
755:, p. 7.
748:
721:
714:Nielsen 2015
699:Nielsen 2015
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
641:, p. 4.
634:
622:
554:
542:
538:
530:
526:
511:
506:
468:
448:
432:
416:
396:
380:
375:Jacob Abbott
370:
345:
344:
339:
338:
334:
332:
296:Mesopotamian
289:
248:
226:was a rebel
224:
220:
216:
208:
204:
200:
188:
175:
174:
18:
8091:Simpson, W.
8019:639–651 CE
7966:Azarmidokht
7957:Khosrow III
7940:628–641 CE
7896:618–628 CE
7858:395–618 CE
7824:273–395 CE
7812:Vaballathus
7802:270–273 CE
7766:Hormizd III
7751:Yazdegerd I
7742:Ardashir II
7736:Adur Narseh
7690:224–270 CE
7678:Vologases V
7652:117–224 CE
7633:116–117 CE
7580:Vardanes II
7577:Vologases I
7568:Gotarzes II
7538:Phraates IV
7508:Hyspaosines
7447:Hyrcanus II
7422:141–30 BCE
7401:Demetrius I
7398:Antiochus V
7392:Seleucus IV
7383:Seleucus II
7377:Antiochus I
7364:Antigonus I
7316:Ptolemy XIV
7304:Cleopatra V
7086:Neriglissar
7083:Amel-Marduk
7066:Psamtik III
7037:Late Period
6976:Sennacherib
6967:Shalmaneser
6894:Tammaritu I
6791:Shammuramat
6734:Takelot III
6731:Osorkon III
6728:Shoshenq VI
6703:Pedubast II
6693:Shoshenq IV
6681:Shoshenq II
6530:Ashur-dan I
6471:Ish-bosheth
6424:Psusennes I
6400:Ramesses XI
6394:Ramesses IX
6385:Ramesses VI
6379:Ramesses IV
6324:Ramesses II
6287:Tutankhamun
6270:Thutmose IV
6254:Thutmose II
6188:Kudur-Enlil
6173:Nazi-Bugash
6161:Kurigalzu I
6149:Ulamburiash
6120:Amenhotep I
6101:Tutankhamun
6087:Parshatatar
6084:Shuttarna I
6017:Seventeenth
5946:Ilum-ma-ili
5921:Ammi-saduqa
5918:Ammi-ditana
5912:Samsu-iluna
5819:Erishum III
5780:Adad-salulu
5777:Ipqi-Ishtar
5765:Ashur-dugul
5750:Adad-salulu
5747:Ipqi-Ishtar
5735:Ashur-dugul
5704:Old Assyria
5699:(Amorites)
5642:Sobekneferu
5630:Senusret II
5621:Amenemhat I
5593:Sîn-iribam
5570:Sin-Iqisham
5564:Sin-Iddinam
5514:Erra-imitti
5511:Lipit-Enlil
5499:Ishme-Dagan
5496:Iddin-Dagan
5432:Shalim-ahum
5423:Old Assyria
5409:Yasmah-Adad
5386:Lim Dynasty
5378:Hanun-Dagan
5374:Hitial-Erra
5139:Ur-Ningirsu
5095:Kuda (Uruk)
5068:Ishgum-Addu
5058:Ishtup-Ilum
4910:Ishma-Dagan
4895:Shakkanakku
4873:Neferirkare
4870:Neferkauhor
4773:Ili-ishmani
4752:Manishtushu
4715:Lugalzagesi
4711:III dynasty
4695:Puzur-Nirah
4410:Ishar-Malik
4389:Shepseskare
4179:Mesannepada
4104:Nin-kisalsi
4092:Lugal-kitun
4062:Meskalamdug
4048:Ur-Pabilsag
3861:Aga of Kish
3770:Barsal-nuna
3655:Khasekhemwy
3641:Neferkara I
3620:Weneg-Nebty
3598:Nebra/Raneb
3410:Lower Egypt
3396:Scorpion II
3341:Upper Egypt
3293:, 4000 BCE)
3276:Uruk period
3053:Vologases V
3004:Vologases I
2990:Gotarzes II
2948:Phraates IV
2879:Artabanus I
2872:Hyspaosines
2860:Phraates II
2839:Phraates II
2500:Cambyses II
2424:Neriglissar
2419:Amel-Marduk
2320:Sennacherib
2277:Sennacherib
1928:Meli-Shipak
1893:Kudur-Enlil
1868:Nazi-Bugash
1848:Kurigalzu I
1820:Ulamburiash
1807:Shipta'ulzi
1782:Abi-Rattash
1671:Ilum-ma-ili
1648:Ammi-Saduqa
1643:Ammi-Ditana
1633:Samsu-iluna
1559:vassal king
1395:27 February
1296:: 247–268.
1271:: 195–224.
884:Poebel 1939
687:Hanish 2008
663:Peters 1896
543:Nidintu-Bêl
240:Mesopotamia
217:Naditabaira
213:Old Persian
209:Nidintu-Bêl
197:Old Persian
191:, meaning "
73:Predecessor
8246:Categories
7975:Khosrow IV
7972:Hormizd VI
7954:Shahrbaraz
7931:Khosrow II
7916:Shahrbaraz
7910:Shahrbaraz
7790:Khosrow II
7787:Hormizd IV
7745:Shapur III
7733:Hormizd II
7727:Bahram III
7712:Ardashir I
7583:Pacorus II
7574:Vonones II
7571:Meherdates
7565:Vardanes I
7550:Orodes III
7547:Phraates V
7526:Sinatruces
7374:Seleucus I
7351:Philip III
7325:Arsinoe IV
7250:Arsinoe II
7191:Darius III
7057:Psamtik II
6997:Esarhaddon
6890:Ummanigash
6860:Nabonassar
6754:Bakenranef
6725:Pedubast I
6722:Takelot II
6719:Harsiese A
6707:Osorkon IV
6699:Shoshenq V
6687:Osorkon II
6675:Shoshenq I
6421:Amenemnisu
6397:Ramesses X
6382:Ramesses V
6330:Amenmesses
6318:Ramesses I
6280:Smenkhkare
6257:Hatshepsut
6251:Thutmose I
6155:Karaindash
5894:Sumu-la-El
5726:Mut-Ashkur
5717:(Amorites)
5624:Senusret I
5583:Rim-Sin II
5573:Silli-Adad
5567:Sin-Eribam
5529:Suen-magir
5526:Ur-du-kuga
5523:Iter-pisha
5517:Enlil-bani
5505:Ur-Ninurta
5493:Shu-Ilishu
5490:Ishbi-Erra
5460:Erishum II
5406:Yahdun-Lim
5403:Yaggid-Lim
5216:Tura-Dagan
5195:Utu-hengal
5171:Meryhathor
5147:Nam-mahani
5113:II dynasty
5082:(21 kings)
4976:Puzer-Mama
4972:II dynasty
4954:IV dynasty
4867:Neferkaure
4864:Qakare Ibi
4855:Neferkahor
4846:Neferkamin
4765:Ilshu-rabi
4656:Ishqi-Mari
4652:Ikun-Ishar
4648:Enna-Dagan
4568:II dynasty
4542:Bara-irnun
4497:Puzur-Suen
4493:IV dynasty
4485:Irkab-Damu
4430:(3 kings)
4356:Ukkutahesh
4329:Meskiagnun
4325:A'annepada
4272:II dynasty
4167:Thamphthis
4163:Shepseskaf
4112:Lugal-dalu
4011:Udulkalama
3991:II dynasty
3933:Sekhemkhet
3841:Lugalbanda
3767:Melem-Kish
3763:En-me-nuna
3548:Canaanites
3542:Horus Bird
3507:Neithhotep
3380:Scorpion I
3330:Naqada III
3011:Pacorus II
2997:Vonones II
2983:Vardanes I
2962:Orodes III
2955:Phraates V
2930:Piriustana
2917:Sinatruces
2899:Asi'abatar
2893:Gotarzes I
2603:Darius III
2327:Esarhaddon
2192:Nabonassar
1838:Karaindash
1608:Sumu-la-El
928:"Akkadian"
872:Kuhrt 1988
651:Saggs 1998
627:Jursa 2007
567:References
373:(1900) by
365:besieging
320:Pasargadae
300:Babylonian
286:Background
221:Naditabira
64:Coronation
8087:Hallo, W.
7984:Peroz III
7818:Antiochus
7784:Khosrow I
7754:Shapur IV
7748:Bahram IV
7739:Shapur II
7724:Bahram II
7718:Hormizd I
7675:Osroes II
7553:Vonones I
7535:Orodes II
7511:Artabanus
7179:Darius II
7106:Phraortes
7092:Nabonidus
7063:Ahmose II
7051:Psamtik I
6944:Tanutamun
6793:(regent)
6684:Takelot I
6678:Osorkon I
6443:Phoenicia
6427:Amenemope
6373:Setnakhte
6327:Merneptah
6276:Akhenaten
6059:Sakir-Har
5997:Sixteenth
5976:Akurduana
5962:Gulkishar
5959:Shushushi
5915:Abi-eshuh
5909:Hammurabi
5891:Sumu-abum
5813:Shu-Ninua
5804:Iptar-Sin
5774:Sin-namir
5771:Nasir-Sin
5762:Puzur-Sin
5744:Sin-namir
5741:Nasir-Sin
5595:Sîn-gāmil
5591:Sîn-kāšid
5579:Rim-Sin I
5576:Warad-Sin
5456:Naram-Sin
5440:Erishum I
5436:Ilu-shuma
5412:Zimri-Lim
5360:Indilimma
5347:Ibbit-Lim
5317:Intef III
5280:invasions
5267:invasions
5212:Ili-Ishar
5208:Iddi-ilum
5201:2100 BCE
5191:V dynasty
5161:2125 BCE
5099:Puzur-ili
5086:La-erabum
5020:2150 BCE
4946:Shu-turul
4939:(3 years)
4906:Shu-Dagan
4806:2200 BCE
4783:Naram-Sin
4779:2250 BCE
4723:2340 BCE
4689:2350 BCE
4683:Luh-ishan
4678:Urukagina
4674:Lugalanda
4643:Isar-Damu
4639:2370 BCE
4585:2380 BCE
4560:Enentarzi
4548:Enannatum
4537:Gishakidu
4501:Ur-Zababa
4477:Adub-Damu
4473:2400 BCE
4446:2425 BCE
4440:Napilhush
4428:invasions
4406:Enar-Damu
4386:Neferefre
4366:2450 BCE
4309:Ur-Nanshe
4304:I dynasty
4291:I dynasty
4232:Ikun-Mari
4191:Phoenicia
4187:2500 BCE
4120:2575 BCE
4088:Melamanna
4072:Akalamdug
4044:A-Imdugud
4007:Ur-Nungal
3994:(5 kings)
3981:Baba-Damu
3977:Ibbi-Damu
3906:2600 BCE
3876:Gilgamesh
3834:Iltasadum
3805:2700 BCE
3779:I dynasty
3732:2800 BCE
3695:I dynasty
3651:Hudjefa I
3584:2900 BCE
3530:Semerkhet
3522:(regent)
3509:(regent)
3416:Hedju Hor
3244:Naqada II
2969:Vonones I
2941:Orodes II
2935:Teleuniqe
2911:Ispubarza
2772:Timarchus
2751:Antiochus
2730:Antiochus
2596:Nidin-Bel
2569:Darius II
2562:Sogdianus
2555:Xerxes II
2434:Nabonidus
2357:Kandalanu
2270:Sargon II
1717:Akurduana
1699:Gulkishar
1694:Shushushi
1638:Abi-Eshuh
1628:Hammurabi
1603:Sumu-abum
1375:11 August
1355:11 August
1335:11 August
1310:200251092
1252:163575000
1211:170164990
1145:170646918
995:. BRILL.
982:170216981
765:Zaia 2019
753:Zaia 2019
741:Zaia 2019
492:Nidin-Bel
455:Euphrates
428:Herodotus
384:Nabonidus
280:Euphrates
244:Nabonidus
232:Babylonia
168:(claimed)
165:Nabonidus
150:(claimed)
91:Successor
8203:(2014).
8156:(1992).
8126:(2020).
8093:(1971).
7934:Kavad II
7760:Bahram V
7721:Bahram I
7715:Shapur I
7592:Osroes I
7523:Orodes I
7517:Gotarzes
7505:Phraates
7170:Darius I
7167:Cambyses
7115:Astyages
7112:Cyaxares
7054:Necho II
6985:Bel-ibni
6935:Shebitku
6898:Indabibi
6751:Tefnakht
6293:Horemheb
6152:Agum III
6134:Kassites
6117:Ahmose I
5982:Ea-gamil
5966:DIŠ+U-EN
5956:Ishkibal
5903:Apil-Sin
5885:Amorites
5795:Bel-bani
5670:Biblical
5561:Nur-Adad
5552:Gungunum
5540:Naplanum
5508:Bur-Suen
5472:Amorites
5448:Sargon I
5398:Amorites
5342:Amorites
5314:Intef II
5284:Kindattu
5272:Ibbi-Sin
5251:Amar-Sin
5245:Ur-Nammu
5180:Merykare
5072:Apil-kin
4984:Pirig-me
4962:Ur-gigir
4958:Ur-nigin
4898:dynasty)
4843:Merenhor
4769:Epirmupi
4598:Userkare
4552:Entemena
4529:Ur-Lumma
4524:Meskigal
4455:Eannatum
4450:Kun-Damu
4434:Shushun-
4419:Enakalle
4278:kushanna
4264:Undalulu
4236:Iblul-Il
4160:Menkaure
4156:Bikheris
4149:Djedefre
4108:Me-durba
4033:shaengur
4027:En-hegal
4015:Labashum
3973:Agur-lim
3969:Abur-lim
3948:Qahedjet
3793:Enmerkar
3625:Wadjenes
3615:Horus Sa
3610:Nubnefer
3601:Nynetjer
3575:Susa III
3537:Sneferka
3520:Merneith
3238:Naqada I
3096:Category
3025:Osroes I
2905:Orodes I
2696:Seleucus
2531:Xerxes I
2519:Darius I
2493:Cyrus II
2294:Bel-ibni
1830:Agum III
1727:Ea-gamil
1703:DIŠ+U-EN
1689:Ishkibal
1618:Apil-Sin
1454:Darius I
1068:: 73–94.
475:Armenian
471:Urartian
435:Borsippa
388:Darius I
363:Darius I
324:Ecbatana
260:Borsippa
256:Darius I
161:(actual)
122:Akkadian
95:Darius I
37:Darius I
7987:Narsieh
7815:Zenobia
7796:Vistahm
7781:Kavad I
7775:Kavad I
7769:Peroz I
7757:Khosrow
7103:Deioces
7060:Wahibre
7048:Necho I
6941:Taharqa
6938:Shabaka
6922:Taharqa
6886:Teumman
6737:Rudamun
6479:Solomon
6418:Smendes
6339:Twosret
6333:Seti II
6074:Mitanni
6068:Khamudi
6022:Dynasty
6012:Dynasty
6002:Dynasty
5840:Nur-ili
5810:Lullaya
5713:dynasty
5665:Abraham
5555:Abisare
5520:Zambiya
5414:(Queen
5366:Amorite
5337:Kingdom
5311:Intef I
5278:Elamite
5265:Amorite
5254:Shu-Sin
5155:Tirigan
5124:Ur-Baba
5054:Nûr-Mêr
4992:Lu-gula
4988:Lu-Baba
4902:Ididish
4883:Kingdom
4880:Eblaite
4878:Second
4828:Menkare
4703:Shu-Sin
4699:Ishu-Il
4627:dynasty
4607:Pepi II
4540:(Queen
4426:Elamite
4377:Userkaf
4320:Akurgal
4249:Ku-Baba
4065:(Queen
4001:Mesilim
3936:Sanakht
3926:(First
3743:Zuqaqip
3740:Kalumum
3725:Kalibum
3721:Puannum
3678:Kingdom
3527:Anedjib
3511:Hor-Aha
3456:Nat-Hor
3389:Iry-Hor
3385:Shendjw
3357:Pen-Abu
3305:Susa II
2507:Bardiya
1797:Agum II
1764:Gandash
1565:female)
1540:Dynasty
1448:522 BC
1429:Bardiya
1174:3268834
1137:3088120
531:zazakku
459:cavalry
453:by the
392:Bardiya
367:Babylon
315:Babylon
278:by the
252:Bardiya
142:Dynasty
136:Zazakku
115:Babylon
77:Bardiya
8213:
8166:
8136:
7778:Jamasp
7772:Balash
7730:Narseh
7641:Trajan
7639:under
7173:Xerxes
7109:Madyes
6973:Sargon
6433:Siamun
6336:Siptah
6321:Seti I
6305:Ugarit
6050:Semqen
6035:Hyksos
6007:Abydos
5900:Sabium
5807:Bazaya
5798:Libaya
5732:Asinum
5729:Rimush
5689:Yamhad
5581:(...)
5558:Sumuel
5549:Zabaia
5546:Samium
5543:Emisum
5444:Ikunum
5416:Shibtu
5357:Immeya
5248:Shulgi
5143:Ur-gar
5103:Ur-Utu
4970:Lagash
4849:Nikare
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