657:, a nobleman of Persis, suspects that the king is not the brother of Cambyses, but rather the Smerdis whose ears Cyrus had commanded be cut off "for some grave reason" (3.69.6). To confirm his suspicion, Otanes asks his daughter Phaidyme – who is a member of the harem and thus has access to the king – to check whether the man has ears. Phaidyme does as asked, and one night while the king is asleep, confirms that the king does not in fact have ears. His suspicions confirmed, Otanes then gathers six noblemen and plots to get rid of the false Smerdis. A seventh nobleman, Darius, arrives at the capital shortly thereafter, and is then included in the group. The seven conspirators charge into the chambers of the king, and while five deal with the guards, Darius and
591:
607:
96:
713:
Tanyoxarces, is on his way with the body of
Cambyses. Upon arriving at the capital and finding Sphendadates on the throne, Izabates exposes the fraud. Then, seven noblemen (among them Darius) conspire against Sphendadates. The seven are admitted to the palace by a co-conspirator, where Sphendadates is then killed. The seven then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius gets his horse to be the first to neigh (F13.17: "the result of a cunning stratagem") and he ascends the throne.
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723:
646:. That steward has a brother who greatly resembles Smerdis in appearance, and whose name is also Smerdis (3.61.1). The steward then puts his brother on the throne, and has him pretend that he is the brother of Cambyses. The false Smerdis succeeds in the deception by not allowing anyone who knew the real Smerdis into his presence (3.61).
650:
later (3.63–3.66). On his death bed, Cambyses perceives
Smerdis as favouring a return to Median hegemony (3.65). The false Smerdis then continues to rule at Susa for some time, and gains support from everyone except the Persians when he grants a three-year military draft and tax exemption to the various peoples of the empire (3.67).
649:
Still in Egypt, Cambyses learns of the false
Smerdis, and knowing that the real Smerdis is dead, recognises the deception. Cambyses then readies his army to return to Susa, but while mounting his horse accidentally injures his thigh with the point of his sword. Cambyses dies from the wound a few days
734:
The key argument against a fabrication is that there is no evidence for it, and lacking further discoveries that view "must remain hypothetical". However, the idea that
Gaumata was a fabrication is nonetheless appealing because "it was vital for a man like Darius, who had no particular rights to the
664:
Five days later, after the tumult has died down, the seven meet again to discuss a suitable form of government (3.80–82). After some discussion over the merits of democracy (proposed by Otanes) and oligarchy (proposed by
Megabyzus) and monarchy (proposed by Darius), four of the seven vote in favour
540:
and all the other nations," acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a tax relief for three years. Cambyses began to march against him, but died in the spring of 522 BC in disputed circumstances. Before his death he confessed to the murder of his brother, and publicly explained the whole
712:
Five years later, while in
Babylon, Cambyses accidentally wounds himself in the thigh, and dies eleven days later. Upon hearing of Cambyses death, Sphendadates (alias Tanyoxarces) returns to the capital and succeeds Cambyses. Meanwhile, Izabates, a confidant of Cambyses who knew of the killing of
638:
While in Egypt, Cambyses wounds the thigh of the sacred bull worshipped as the god Apis, and when the sacred bull dies from the wound, Cambyses loses his already tenuous grasp on sanity (3.27–3.30). Jealous of his brother
Smerdis' skill with a particular bow brought from the king of Ethiopia,
704:
When
Tanyoxarces does not immediately accede to the summons, Cambyses begins to believe Sphendadates, who then begins to slander Tanyoxarces more freely. By the time Tanyoxarces finally arrives, Cambyses is determined to put him to death, but hesitates. Sphendadates suggests that, since he
466:
The traditional view is based on several ancient sources, including the
Behistun inscription as well as Herodotus, in Ctesias, and Justin, although there are minor differences among them. The three oldest surviving sources agree that Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates was overthrown by
471:
and others in a coup d'état, and that Darius then ascended the throne. Most sources (including Darius himself, Herodotus and
Ctesias) have Darius as part of a group of seven conspirators. In Greek and Latin sources, Darius subsequently gained kingship by cheating in a contest.
759:) rose against Darius in eastern Persia and met with great success, but he was finally defeated, taken prisoner and executed. Perhaps he is identical with the King Maraphis "the Maraphian," name of a Persian tribe, who occurs as successor in the list of Persian kings given by
730:
Most modern historians do not consider Darius' version of events convincing, and assume that the person who ruled for a few months was the real son of Cyrus, and that the story of his impersonation by a magus was an invention of Darius to justify his seizure of the throne.
598:, to check if King Smerdis has ears under his turban, as the suspected imposter was known to have had them cut off in punishment for a crime. She found that indeed the king did not have ears anymore, which proved that he was an imposter, and justified the coup in favour of
735:
throne, to invent a character (Gaumata) condemned for his acts against gods and men." There are some implausibilities in the official story, e.g. the impostor resembled the real Bardiya so closely that most of his wives did not spot the difference, except for queen
701:. Shortly after Cambyses ascends the throne, a certain Sphendadates who had been whipped by Tanyoxarces for some offence, informs Cambyses that his brother is plotting against him. As proof of this he declares that Tanyoxarces would refuse to come if summoned.
495:
out of envy, because "Bardiya alone could draw the bow brought from the Ethiopian king." Herodotus then states that "Cambyses had a dream in which he saw his brother sitting on the royal throne. As a result of this dream Cambyses sent his trusted counselor
579:, the prince and his imposter have the same name (Smerdis). For Ctesias, Sphendadates poses as 'Tanyoxarces'. Other Greek sources have various other names for the figure being impersonated, including 'Tanoxares', 'Mergis' and 'Mardos'.
552:
While the primary sources do not agree on the names and many other details, the three oldest surviving sources (Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) all portray Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates as an imposter who
639:
Cambyses sends Smerdis back to Persis. Cambyses then has a dream in which Smerdis would supplant him, so he sends a henchman to murder him secretly (3.30). The assassination succeeds and is meant to be kept secret.
823:. He is the only historical character that the protagonist is able to recognize when discovering the article on the fictitious nation of Uqbar, and it is stated that his name has been invoked mainly as a metaphor.
491:, killed Bardiya and kept this secret. However, according to Herodotus (who gives two detailed stories), Bardiya went to Egypt with Cambyses and was there for some time but later Cambyses sent him back to
541:
fraud, but this was not generally believed. Nobody had the courage to oppose the new king, who ruled for seven months over the whole empire. The new king transferred the seat of government to
781:. Darius says that Bardiya destroyed some temples, which Darius later restored. Bardiya also took away the herds and houses of the people, which Darius corrected once he gained the throne.
665:
of a monarchy. They then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius cheats and ascends the throne (3.84–3.87).
545:. A number of Persian nobles discovered that their new ruler was an impostor, and a group of seven nobles formed a plot to kill him. They surprised him at a castle in Nisa, home of the
503:
Bardiya's death was not known to the people, and so in the spring of 522 BC, a usurper pretended to be him and proclaimed himself king on a mountain near the Persian town of
5284:
1605:
5294:
4985:
705:(Sphendadates) looks very much like Tanyoxarces, he could take the prince's place. Cambyses agrees, and Tanyoxarces is killed by being forced to drink
685:
King Cyrus, as he lay dying, appointed his elder son, Cambyses, to the throne and appointed his younger son, Tanyoxarces, governor of the provinces of
487:(governor) of some of the far-eastern provinces. According to Darius the Great, Cambyses II, after becoming king of Persia but before setting out for
438:
In English-language histories he has traditionally been called Smerdis, following Herodotus' example, but recent histories tend to call him Bardiya.
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by Herodotus), who is said to have been the real promoter of the intrigue. According to Herodotus, the name of the Magian usurper was
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The despotic rule of Cambyses, coupled with his long absence in Egypt, contributed to the fact that "the whole people, Persians,
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784:
The death of the false Bardiya was annually celebrated in Persia by a feast called "the killing of the magian," (
549:, and stabbed him to death in September 522 BC. One of the seven, Darius, was proclaimed as ruler shortly after.
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4423:
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3362:
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2036:
590:
488:
31:
17:
561:. In Darius' trilingual Behistun inscription, the prince being impersonated is named "Pirtiya" in
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67:
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642:
One of the few that know of Smerdis' death is Patizeithes, the steward of Cambyses' palace at
634:, written c. 450 BC. That story there (3.1–38, 3.61–88) can be roughly summarized as follows:
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108:: he was either the legitimate Bardiya, or, as claimed by Darius, an imposter named Gaumāta.
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Some contracts dating from his reign have been found in Babylonia, where his name is spelt
752:
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the throne by posing as one of the sons of Cyrus the Great, i.e. as one of the brothers of
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105:
8:
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814:
810:. He takes the view that the person who ruled for a few months was the real Bardiya.
677:
Ctesias' version (c. 400 BC) runs as follows (XI/F9.8 and XII/F13.11-17, via Photius
446:
424:
306:
180:
118:
82:
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form of his name; the Persian name has been assimilated to the Greek (Asiatic) name
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227:
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57:
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1941:
1758:
751:
In the next year, another person claiming to be Bardiya, named Vahyazdāta (
546:
709:. Sphendadates then takes the place as governor of the eastern provinces.
5233:
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4829:
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4458:
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2071:
2041:
1921:
1733:
1541:
658:
566:
558:
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480:
298:
141:
739:. Darius often accused rebels and opponents of being impostors (such as
305:. There are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the
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2510:
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2378:
2341:
2216:
2128:
2113:
2051:
1976:
1911:
1888:
1881:
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459:
217:
62:
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1956:
1946:
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432:
372:
342:
284:
267:
173:
1399:(in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 115.
1353:"Historical Persian Queens, Empresses, Warriors, Generals of Persia"
1340:, vol. X, fasc. 3, New York: Routledge, Kegan Paul, pp. 333–335
500:
from Egypt to Susa with the order to kill Smerdis" (i.e., Bardiya).
359:
The prince's name is listed variously in the historical sources. In
5093:
4550:
4430:
3936:
3924:
3699:
3235:
3146:
3132:
3094:
3023:
2875:
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2623:
2399:
2302:
2270:
2235:
2195:
2081:
2021:
1936:
1753:
1669:
1664:
912:(in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 60.
843:(in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 59.
743:) and it could be straining credibility to say that they all were.
736:
599:
483:. According to Ctesias, on his deathbed Cyrus appointed Bardiya as
468:
412:
24:
4510:
1991:
1491:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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2026:
2016:
2011:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1743:
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1713:
1707:
1649:
813:"The impostor Magian Smerdis" is mentioned in the short story by
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554:
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290:
192:
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3018:
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1981:
1812:
indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.
1798:
1659:
789:
767:
654:
595:
484:
185:
4798:
1078:
https://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica.html#%A78
630:
A longer version of the story appears in Book 3 of Herodotus'
4700:
4251:
2778:
2615:
2360:
2291:
1046:
Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation
537:
1189:, University of Florida (PhD thesis), pp. 25, 90, 92–93
2798:
643:
512:
492:
310:
722:
2860:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
1075:
Persica: Book 11, Fragment 9, taken from Photius' excerpt
1394:
1141:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
907:
838:
1020:
1018:
507:. Darius claimed that the real name of the usurper was
1320:, vol. 3, fasc. 8, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 785–786
1157:
Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley
309:
for a few months in 522 BCE, or was impersonated by a
999:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 B.C.
1015:
415:, who takes the name from Ctesias, and he is called
1849:
515:priest from Media; this name has been preserved by
1441:For the chronology, see Parker & Dubberstein,
1026:Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Books 3–4
5276:
1367:The Middle East: Cradle of Civilisation Revealed
1613:
1154:
766:The real Bardiya had only one daughter, called
622:Bardiya / Smerdis in relation to his successor
1287:, London: The British Museum press, p. 42
1249:
23:"Gaumata" redirects here. For Hindu term, see
5285:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
4814:
4526:
2891:
1835:
1599:
1397:The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)
1184:
1043:
910:The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)
841:The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)
3863:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)
1510:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1199:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1169:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1058:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
100:Portrait of the Achaemenid ruler toppled by
5295:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt
1325:
1305:
1187:The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus
770:, who eventually married Darius the Great.
614:and the false Smerdis", 19th century print.
387:, a name which also occurs in the poems of
4821:
4807:
4533:
4519:
2898:
2884:
1842:
1828:
1606:
1592:
1311:
1264:
1262:
1185:Ctesias; Nicols, Andrew, ed., tr. (2008),
1115:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1094:
991:
989:
582:
375:calls him Smerdis, which is the prevalent
94:
1243:
1100:
1039:
1037:
1496:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1208:
862:
860:
721:
661:kill the false Smerdis and a companion.
617:
605:
589:
445:
272:; possibly died 522 BCE), also named as
4918:
1395:Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006).
1365:Bourke, Dr. Stephen (chief consultant)
1259:
1028:(Cambridge, MA 1921) pp. 38–41, 76–117
986:
908:Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006).
839:Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006).
37:Son of Cyrus the Great (died c. 522 BC)
5277:
2944:
1331:
1155:Herodotus; Godley, A. D., tr. (1931),
1138:
1132:
1034:
926:
669:
4802:
4514:
3860:
2879:
1823:
1587:
1282:
1276:
1044:Ctesias; Stronk, Jan P., tr. (2010),
1001:2nd edition (Oxford 2007) pp. 290–291
857:
795:
326:), whose name is given by Ctesias as
2905:
1300:Persians: The Age of the Great Kings
870:Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon
866:
4540:
1030:Commons:File:Smerdis(Herodotus).pdf
441:
354:
13:
4227:
3160:
1990:
1252:A History of the Ancient Near East
1011:livius.org/articles/place/behistun
982:Who's Who in the Ancient Near East
529:, but according to Ctesias it was
14:
5356:
3888:
3635:
519:but given to his brother (called
5310:6th-century BC murdered monarchs
5259:
5258:
4633:
4497:
4496:
3805:
1484:
1101:Dandamaev, M. (2001). "Bardia".
5300:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
4828:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1413:
1388:
1379:
1359:
1345:
1292:
1178:
1148:
1123:
1067:
1004:
594:Phaedyme is sent by her father
475:Bardiya was the younger son of
974:
961:
952:
939:
901:
877:
832:
800:This episode is dealt with by
717:
479:and a full or half-brother of
1:
5330:Persian masculine given names
1419:Behistun Inscription ~ 40 if.
1385:Behistun Inscription 4.1 (52)
1250:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2006),
1219:, University of Chicago Press
1217:History of the Persian Empire
826:
792:was allowed to show himself.
746:
403:, who also names Gaumāta as
343:
322:
285:
268:
253:
7:
1754:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)
1749:Darius the Great (Darius I)
371:name is Bardiya or Bardia.
347:), until he was toppled by
297:and the younger brother of
10:
5361:
5320:Deaths by stabbing in Iran
5164:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
1988:
1729:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)
1312:Dandamayev, M. A. (1988),
1048:, Wellem, pp. 323–325
885:"Bardiya | king of Persia"
820:Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius
756:
726:Medieval image of Bardiya.
626:in the Achaemenid lineage.
337:
331:
318:
281:
277:
262:
247:
29:
22:
15:
5315:Murdered Persian monarchs
5254:
5194:
5174:Massacre of the Innocents
5137:
5029:
4973:
4966:
4942:Lectio difficilior potior
4836:
4783:
4693:
4642:
4631:
4598:
4570:
4561:
4548:
4494:
4212:
4078:
4069:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
4037:
4022:
3873:
3869:
3856:
3790:
3620:
3518:
3500:
3472:
3444:
3376:
3361:
3145:
3067:
2999:
2984:
2935:
2931:
2911:
2858:
2759:
2725:
2696:
2662:
2613:
2576:
2511:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
2491:
2457:
2433:
2355:
2289:
2214:
2177:
2100:
2001:
1868:
1858:
1807:
1678:
1635:
1626:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1517:
1454:Behistun Inscription i.14
1254:(2nd ed.), Blackwell
223:
213:
203:
191:
179:
169:
161:
157:
147:
137:
129:
113:
93:
49:
42:
3363:Middle Babylonian period
2917:List of kings of Babylon
1236:Iran: Empire of the Mind
1215:Olmstead, A. T. (1959),
1105:. Vol. 3. New York.
867:Kent, Roland G. (1950).
32:Bardiya (disambiguation)
18:Gautama (disambiguation)
16:Not to be confused with
5290:6th-century BC pharaohs
4903:Comparative linguistics
3533:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
1549:King of Kings of Persia
1507:Encyclopædia Britannica
1332:Briant, Pierre (2000),
1298:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd
1283:Allen, Lindsay (2005),
1238:, New York: Basic Books
1139:Briant, Pierre (2002),
889:Encyclopedia Britannica
4926:Contextual credibility
4150:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
4143:Seleucus IV Philopator
4115:Seleucus II Callinicus
3487:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
2449:Alexander I of Macedon
1995:
727:
715:
667:
627:
615:
610:"The struggle between
603:
463:
104:, as appearing on the
5152:Sources and parallels
4259:Antiochus VII Sidetes
4122:Seleucus III Ceraunus
4055:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3792:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3694:Marduk-apla-iddina II
3689:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
3670:Marduk-apla-iddina II
2986:Old Babylonian Empire
2106:Hellespontine Phrygia
1994:
1977:Darius III Codomannus
1794:Darius III Codomannus
1443:Babylonian Chronology
1103:Encyclopaedia Iranica
725:
683:
636:
621:
609:
593:
449:
5245:Vaticinium ex eventu
4986:Acts of the Apostles
4948:Multiple attestation
4199:Demetrius II Nicator
3558:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
3538:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
3482:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
3386:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
3339:Marduk-apla-iddina I
2712:Hydarnes the Younger
2444:Amyntas I of Macedon
1967:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1962:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1863:- Achaemenid Kingdom
1784:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1779:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1338:Encyclopedia Iranica
1318:Encyclopedia Iranica
996:Van de Mieroop, Marc
456:Behistun Inscription
454:'s boot engraved at
395:. Bardiya is called
365:Behistun inscription
106:Behistun inscription
30:For other uses, see
5325:Impostor pretenders
4888:Cognitive philology
4757:Cyrus the Great Day
4164:Antiochus V Eupator
4129:Antiochus III Megas
3657:Tiglath-Pileser III
3622:Neo-Assyrian period
3563:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
3396:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
3304:Shagarakti-Shuriash
2862:Hellenistic satraps
2760:Other known satraps
2215:Greek Governors of
1982:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1972:Artaxerxes IV Arses
1799:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1789:Artaxerxes IV Arses
1159:, London: Heinemann
569:, and "Barziya" in
276:(Old Persian: *
5335:Achaemenid princes
5214:Hadith terminology
4849:Biblical criticism
4740:Cyrus in the Quran
4728:Cyrus in the Bible
4108:Antiochus II Theos
4089:Seleucus I Nicator
4024:Hellenistic period
3919:Nebuchadnezzar III
3510:Mar-biti-apla-usur
3492:Shirikti-shuqamuna
3416:Marduk-shapik-zeri
3391:Itti-Marduk-balatu
3344:Zababa-shuma-iddin
3319:Kadashman-Harbe II
3294:Kadashman-Enlil II
2868:from around 330 BC
2866:Hellenistic rulers
1996:
1524:Achaemenid dynasty
1285:The Persian Empire
1083:2016-11-23 at the
796:Bardiya in fiction
741:Nebuchadnezzar III
728:
628:
616:
604:
464:
5272:
5271:
5224:Religious studies
5190:
5189:
5179:Geography of the
5042:Bardiya / Smerdis
4962:
4961:
4898:Textual criticism
4873:Demythologization
4796:
4795:
4770:Ciro riconosciuto
4629:
4628:
4555:Achaemenid Empire
4508:
4507:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4219:(141 BC – AD 224)
4208:
4207:
4185:Demetrius I Soter
4171:Demetrius I Soter
4096:Antiochus I Soter
4018:
4017:
3931:Nebuchadnezzar IV
3864:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3820:Nebuchadnezzar II
3786:
3785:
3616:
3615:
3608:Nabu-suma-ukin II
3593:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
3548:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
3464:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
3426:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
3411:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
3357:
3356:
3324:Adad-shuma-iddina
3314:Enlil-nadin-shumi
3259:Kadashman-Enlil I
3249:Kadashman-Harbe I
3141:
3140:
2980:
2979:
2873:
2872:
2062:Cyrus the Younger
1873:Achaemenid Empire
1852:Achaemenid Empire
1817:
1816:
1582:
1581:
1556:Succeeded by
1375:978-0-500-25147-8
1232:Axworthy, Michael
1111:cite encyclopedia
980:Leick, Gwendolyn
815:Jorge Luis Borges
336:; Ancient Greek:
307:Achaemenid Empire
280:; Ancient Greek:
233:
232:
119:Achaemenid Empire
83:King of Countries
5352:
5262:
5261:
5239:Myth § Mythology
5159:Founding of Rome
5052:Caligula's horse
4971:
4970:
4916:
4915:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4637:
4580:Mandane of Media
4568:
4567:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4500:
4499:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3708:Aššur-nādin-šumi
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3583:Marduk-apla-usur
3553:Nabu-apla-iddina
3543:Shamash-mudammiq
3421:Adad-apla-iddina
3406:Enlil-nadin-apli
3401:Nebuchadnezzar I
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3264:Burna-Buriash II
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3086:Unknown king (?)
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2906:Kings of Babylon
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
1932:Darius the Great
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1774:Darius II Nothus
1686:
1685:
1643:
1642:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1568:Pharaoh of Egypt
1559:Darius the Great
1539:Preceded by
1534:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:Herodotus III.79
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1309:
1303:
1296:
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1257:
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1239:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:Herodotus III.68
1127:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1008:
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993:
984:
978:
972:
965:
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956:
950:
943:
937:
930:
924:
923:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
881:
875:
874:
864:
855:
854:
836:
758:
624:Darius the Great
573:. In Herodotus'
452:Darius the Great
442:Traditional view
361:Darius the Great
355:Name and sources
349:Darius the Great
346:
341:
335:
325:
320:
288:
283:
279:
271:
266:
256:
251:
152:Darius the Great
124:Pharaoh of Egypt
98:
78:Pharaoh of Egypt
40:
39:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5250:
5186:
5169:Kurukshetra War
5139:
5133:
5025:
4958:
4914:
4832:
4827:
4797:
4792:
4779:
4763:Cyrus the Great
4689:
4638:
4625:
4594:
4557:
4544:
4542:Cyrus the Great
4539:
4509:
4504:
4478:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:Parthian period
4204:
4192:Alexander Balas
4074:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4014:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3844:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3748:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
3720:Mushezib-Marduk
3651:Nabu-mukin-zeri
3644:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3603:Nabu-nadin-zeri
3578:Marduk-bel-zeri
3568:Baba-aha-iddina
3528:Nabû-mukin-apli
3514:
3496:
3468:
3440:
3436:Nabu-shum-libur
3367:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3349:Enlil-nadin-ahi
3329:Adad-shuma-usur
3289:Kadashman-Turgu
3231:Kashtiliash III
3151:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3113:Peshgaldaramesh
3063:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2907:
2904:
2874:
2869:
2854:
2809:Greater Phrygia
2755:
2721:
2692:
2658:
2609:
2572:
2487:
2453:
2429:
2351:
2285:
2210:
2173:
2164:Pharnabazus III
2096:
1997:
1986:
1917:Cyrus the Great
1870:
1864:
1854:
1848:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1612:
1577:
1571:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1500:, ed. (1911). "
1485:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1355:. January 2023.
1351:
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1192:
1191:
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1179:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1085:Wayback Machine
1072:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1005:
994:
987:
979:
975:
966:
962:
957:
953:
944:
940:
931:
927:
920:
906:
902:
893:
891:
883:
882:
878:
865:
858:
851:
837:
833:
829:
798:
749:
720:
675:
588:
565:, "Bardiya" in
477:Cyrus the Great
444:
407:; he is called
357:
295:Cyrus the Great
293:, was a son of
208:Cyrus the Great
122:
109:
87:
73:King of Babylon
44:
38:
35:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5358:
5348:
5347:
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5332:
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5248:
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5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5219:Historiography
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5207:Pseudepigrapha
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
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5176:
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5079:
5074:
5069:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5010:
5008:Book of Mormon
5005:
5003:Book of Joshua
5000:
4998:Book of Esther
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4977:
4975:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:Hadith studies
4846:
4844:Bayes' theorem
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4733:Edict of Cyrus
4725:
4720:
4713:
4711:Cyrus Cylinder
4708:
4703:
4701:"Cyrus" (name)
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Persian Border
4657:
4652:
4650:Persian Revolt
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4632:
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4627:
4626:
4624:
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4613:
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4483:
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4479:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4445:Parthamaspates
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4292:Mithridates II
4288:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4210:
4209:
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4195:
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4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4032:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3992:
3989:Artaxerxes III
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3875:Persian period
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:Labashi-Marduk
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3770:Sîn-šumu-līšir
3766:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3715:Nergal-ushezib
3712:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:Ninurta-apla-X
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
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3506:
3504:
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3428:
3423:
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3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
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3380:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Kashtiliash IV
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Nazi-Maruttash
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Burnaburiash I
3218:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Kashtiliash II
3190:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3152:(1729–1157 BC)
3147:Kassite period
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2991:(1894–1595 BC)
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Pherendates II
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:Abdashtart III
2567:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Baalshillem II
2544:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2493:Kings of Sidon
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Pharnabazus II
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Artaphernes II
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1869:Kings of Kings
1866:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:Rulers in the
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1498:Chisholm, Hugh
1479:
1478:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1412:
1405:
1387:
1378:
1358:
1344:
1324:
1304:
1291:
1275:
1258:
1242:
1223:
1207:
1177:
1147:
1131:
1122:
1093:
1066:
1033:
1014:
1003:
985:
973:
960:
951:
938:
925:
918:
900:
876:
856:
849:
830:
828:
825:
797:
794:
788:) at which no
757:𐎺𐏃𐎹𐏀𐎭𐎠𐎫
748:
745:
719:
716:
674:
668:
587:
583:In Herodotus'
581:
450:Gaumata under
443:
440:
356:
353:
330:(Old Persian:
317:(Old Persian:
231:
230:
228:Zoroastrianism
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
111:
110:
99:
91:
90:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
68:King of Persia
65:
60:
52:
47:
46:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5357:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:522 BC deaths
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:Embarrassment
4934:
4932:
4931:Dissimilarity
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:Vologases III
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:Artabanus III
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4238:Mithridates I
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:Alexander III
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:Artaxerxes IV
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3982:Artaxerxes II
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Shamash-eriba
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3855:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:Sinsharishkun
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:Shalmaneser V
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Ea-mukin-zeri
3457:
3455:
3454:Simbar-shipak
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:(1157–732 BC)
3364:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:Kadashman-Sah
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Kashtiliash I
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Melamkurkurra
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Ayadaragalama
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Itti-ili-nibi
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:foreign ruler
2953:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:Phrataphernes
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Syennesis III
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2566:Abdashtart II
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Baalshillem I
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Eshmunazar II
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:Kings of Tyre
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
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2249:
2247:
2244:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Mithrobuzanes
2199:
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2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
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2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Pharnabazus I
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Autophradates
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Artaphernes I
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
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1993:
1983:
1980:
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1975:
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1968:
1965:
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1616:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1574:XXVII Dynasty
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1493:public domain
1482:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1406:964-8499-05-5
1402:
1398:
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1382:
1376:
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1354:
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1233:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:, Eisenbrauns
1142:
1135:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1087:cf. Xenophon
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1024:A. D. Godley
1021:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
990:
983:
977:
970:
964:
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948:
942:
935:
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921:
919:964-8499-05-5
915:
911:
904:
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886:
880:
872:
871:
863:
861:
852:
850:964-8499-05-5
846:
842:
835:
831:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
809:
808:
804:in his novel
803:
793:
791:
787:
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547:Nisean horses
544:
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523:
518:
514:
510:
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505:Paishiyauvada
501:
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324:
316:
312:
308:
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303:Persian kings
300:
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287:
275:
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259:Ancient Greek
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115:King of Kings
112:
107:
103:
97:
92:
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84:
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61:
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58:King of Kings
56:
55:
54:
51:
48:
41:
33:
26:
19:
5243:
5180:
5129:William Tell
5109:Prester John
5041:
5014:
4951:
4950: /
4940:
4893:Decipherment
4878:Palaeography
4868:Bibliography
4860:Ilm al-rijāl
4859:
4851: /
4765:(screenplay)
4762:
4745:Dhul-Qarnayn
4715:
4610:
4473:Artabanus IV
4471:
4466:Vologases VI
4464:
4457:
4452:Vologases IV
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4382:Artabanus II
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:Phraates III
4328:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4067:
4062:Alexander IV
4060:
4053:
4046:
4029:(331–141 BC)
4007:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3954:Artaxerxes I
3952:
3948:Bel-shimanni
3935:
3923:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3880:(539–331 BC)
3815:Nabopolassar
3797:(626–539 BC)
3775:
3768:
3761:
3756:Ashurbanipal
3754:
3746:
3745:
3740:Ashurbanipal
3738:
3731:
3724:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3681:
3674:
3662:
3655:
3627:(732–626 BC)
3588:Eriba-Marduk
3431:Marduk-zer-X
3279:Kurigalzu II
3269:Kara-hardash
3217:Unknown king
3208:Harba-Shipak
3198:Urzigurumash
3184:Unknown king
3090:Damqi-ilishu
3059:Samsu-Ditana
3029:Sin-Muballit
2964:
2957:
2954:Kings
2922:Royal titles
2825:Ariobarzanes
2795:Satibarzanes
2552:Abdashtart I
2534:Tetramnestos
2501:Eshmunazar I
2405:Artemisia II
2315:Teththiweibi
2261:Themistocles
2206:Ariarathes I
2159:Artabazus II
2154:Ariobarzanes
2144:Pharnaces II
2092:Spithridates
2067:Tissaphernes
2057:Tissaphernes
1942:Artaxerxes I
1926:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1809:
1759:Artaxerxes I
1738:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:(550–330 BC)
1641:(728–550 BC)
1572:
1566:
1547:
1530:
1522:
1505:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1366:
1361:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1272:Persian Fire
1271:
1269:Holland, Tom
1251:
1245:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1186:
1180:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1074:
1069:
1045:
1025:
1006:
998:
981:
976:
969:The Persians
968:
963:
954:
946:
941:
933:
928:
909:
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:
879:
869:
840:
834:
818:
812:
805:
799:
785:
783:
778:
774:
772:
765:
750:
733:
729:
711:
707:bull's blood
703:
684:
678:
676:
671:
670:In Ctesias'
663:
652:
648:
641:
637:
631:
629:
584:
574:
551:
535:
531:Sphendadates
530:
526:
520:
508:
502:
474:
465:
437:
428:
420:
416:
408:
405:Sphendadates
404:
396:
384:
380:
358:
344:Sphendadátēs
333:*Spantadātah
328:Sphendadates
327:
314:
273:
239:
235:
234:
88:
53:
50:
5234:Linguistics
5084:King Arthur
5067:myth theory
4837:Methodology
4830:Historicity
4606:Cambyses II
4459:Vologases V
4410:Vologases I
4396:Gotarzes II
4354:Phraates IV
4285:Artabanus I
4278:Hyspaosines
4266:Phraates II
4245:Phraates II
3906:Cambyses II
3830:Neriglissar
3825:Amel-Marduk
3726:Sennacherib
3683:Sennacherib
3334:Meli-Shipak
3299:Kudur-Enlil
3274:Nazi-Bugash
3254:Kurigalzu I
3226:Ulamburiash
3213:Shipta'ulzi
3188:Abi-Rattash
3077:Ilum-ma-ili
3054:Ammi-Saduqa
3049:Ammi-Ditana
3039:Samsu-iluna
2965:vassal king
2726:Satraps of
2697:Satraps of
2663:Satraps of
2629:Pherendates
2614:Satraps of
2562:Evagoras II
2425:Orontobates
2384:Lygdamis II
2290:Dynasts of
2266:Archeptolis
2256:Aristagoras
2241:Eurysthenes
2134:Artabazus I
2072:Tithraustes
2002:Satraps of
1922:Cambyses II
1861:Family tree
1734:Cambyses II
1629:Family tree
1542:Cambyses II
1089:Cyrop. vin.
947:Cyrop. Vin.
753:Old Persian
718:Modern view
653:Meanwhile,
567:Old Persian
559:Cambyses II
522:Patizeithes
481:Cambyses II
397:Tanyoxarces
339:Σφενδαδάτης
299:Cambyses II
286:Tanuoxárkēs
282:Τανυοξάρκης
278:Tanūvazraka
274:Tanyoxarces
244:Old Persian
142:Cambyses II
138:Predecessor
5279:Categories
5147:The Exodus
5138:Events and
5114:Robin Hood
5089:King David
5047:The Buddha
4910:Provenance
4752:Kay Bahman
4717:Cyropaedia
4706:Pasargadae
4665:Pasargadae
4585:Cassandane
4575:Cambyses I
4417:Pacorus II
4403:Vonones II
4389:Vardanes I
4368:Orodes III
4361:Phraates V
4336:Piriustana
4323:Sinatruces
4305:Asi'abatar
4299:Gotarzes I
4009:Darius III
3733:Esarhaddon
3598:Nabonassar
3244:Karaindash
3014:Sumu-la-El
2634:Achaemenes
2605:Orontes II
2600:Darius III
2521:Bodashtart
2469:Boulomenus
2395:Hecatomnus
2379:Pisindelis
2369:Lygdamis I
2342:Mithrapata
2333:Artembares
2276:Amyntas II
2217:Asia Minor
2196:Ariamnes I
2183:Cappadocia
2129:Oebares II
2114:Mitrobates
2052:Pissuthnes
1912:Cambyses I
1889:Ariaramnes
1882:Achaemenes
1724:Cambyses I
1701:Ariaramnes
1694:Achaemenes
1680:Achaemenid
1619:Achaemenid
1428:Aeschylus
967:Aeschylus
958:Justin i.9
894:2020-08-14
827:References
802:Gore Vidal
786:Magiophani
460:Kermanshah
409:Tanooxares
319:𐎥𐎢𐎶𐎠𐎫
249:𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹
218:Cassandane
198:Achaemenid
63:Great King
45:𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹
5202:Apocrypha
4953:Mutawatir
4883:Philology
4775:Cyropolis
4621:Artystone
4375:Vonones I
4347:Orodes II
4341:Teleuniqe
4317:Ispubarza
4178:Timarchus
4157:Antiochus
4136:Antiochus
4002:Nidin-Bel
3975:Darius II
3968:Sogdianus
3961:Xerxes II
3840:Nabonidus
3763:Kandalanu
3676:Sargon II
3123:Akurduana
3105:Gulkishar
3100:Shushushi
3044:Abi-Eshuh
3034:Hammurabi
3009:Sumu-abum
2771:Abrocomas
2767:Megabyzus
2741:Camisares
2717:Atropates
2673:Hystaspes
2595:Orontes I
2590:Artasyrus
2526:Yatonmilk
2483:Azemilcus
2466:Mattan IV
2436:Macedonia
2434:Kings of
2420:Pixodarus
2374:Artemisia
2337:Artumpara
2281:Philiscus
2251:Histiaeus
2231:Demaratus
2226:Miltiades
2124:Megabates
2119:Megabazus
2077:Tiribazus
1957:Darius II
1952:Sogdianus
1947:Xerxes II
1769:Sogdianus
1764:Xerxes II
1655:Phraortes
1334:"Gaumāta"
1314:"Bardiya"
1302:pp 97-106
1073:Ctesias,
945:Xenophon
761:Aeschylus
747:Aftermath
691:Chorasmia
659:Megabyzus
632:Histories
585:Histories
576:Histories
527:Oropastes
498:Prexaspes
433:Aeschylus
373:Herodotus
174:Phaedymia
148:Successor
5345:Teispids
5264:Category
5119:Socrates
5104:Muhammad
5094:Lei Feng
4919:Criteria
4788:Category
4599:Children
4551:Teispids
4502:Category
4431:Osroes I
4311:Orodes I
4102:Seleucus
3937:Xerxes I
3925:Darius I
3899:Cyrus II
3700:Bel-ibni
3236:Agum III
3133:Ea-gamil
3109:DIŠ+U-EN
3095:Ishkibal
3024:Apil-Sin
2835:Abulites
2789:Hyrcania
2707:Hydarnes
2683:Masistes
2624:Aryandes
2478:Evagoras
2400:Mausolus
2391:(satrap)
2312:Harpagus
2303:Kybernis
2271:Aridolis
2236:Gongylos
2082:Struthas
2022:Harpagus
1937:Xerxes I
1670:Astyages
1665:Cyaxares
1519:Bardiya
1472:Ctesias
1369:p. 225,
1234:(2008),
1195:citation
1165:citation
1081:Archived
1054:citation
932:Ctesias
807:Creation
737:Phaidyme
699:Carmania
600:Darius I
571:Akkadian
413:Xenophon
393:Anacreon
385:Smerdies
224:Religion
25:Gau Mata
5229:Legends
5195:Related
5181:Odyssey
5124:Sun Tzu
5077:Sources
5037:Abraham
4991:Gospels
4694:Related
4675:Thymbra
4643:Battles
4611:Bardiya
3913:Bardiya
3203:Agum II
3170:Gandash
2971:female)
2946:Dynasty
2849:Babylon
2845:Mazaeus
2839:Susiana
2819:Parthia
2805:Atizyes
2775:Belesys
2751:Arsames
2746:Mazaeus
2728:Cilicia
2678:Dadarsi
2665:Bactria
2654:Mazaces
2649:Sabaces
2639:Arsames
2582:Armenia
2578:Satraps
2473:Abdemon
2410:Idrieus
2389:Adusius
2357:Dynasts
2347:Perikle
2329:Arbinas
2319:Kheriga
2308:Kuprlli
2299:Kheziga
2246:Prokles
2191:Datames
2179:Satraps
2169:Arsites
2102:Satraps
2032:Bagaeus
2027:Oroetus
2017:Mazares
2012:Tabalus
1927:Bardiya
1907:Cyrus I
1902:Teispes
1896:Arsames
1871:of the
1810:Italics
1744:Gaumata
1739:Smerdis
1719:Cyrus I
1714:Teispes
1708:Arsames
1650:Deioces
1578:522 BC
1553:522 BC
1502:Smerdis
1495::
934:Persica
779:Bardiya
775:Barziya
695:Parthia
687:Bactria
681:. 72):
672:Persica
612:Gobryas
563:Elamite
555:usurped
509:Gaumata
401:Ctesias
389:Alcaeus
381:Smerdis
369:Persian
323:Gaumāta
315:Gaumata
313:called
301:, both
291:Ctesias
269:Smérdis
264:Σμέρδις
254:Bardiya
240:Smerdis
236:Bardiya
193:Dynasty
117:of the
43:Bardiya
5140:places
5030:People
4967:Topics
4680:Sardis
4670:Pteria
4616:Atossa
4590:Amytis
4563:Family
4272:Ubulna
3175:Agum I
3019:Sabium
2937:Period
2829:Persis
2688:Bessus
2557:Tennes
2530:Anysos
2506:Tabnit
2324:Kherei
2219:cities
2037:Otanes
1660:Madyes
1637:Median
1615:Median
1533:522 BC
1529:
1489:
1403:
1373:
916:
847:
790:magian
768:Parmys
697:, and
655:Otanes
596:Otanes
517:Justin
513:Magian
485:satrap
469:Darius
429:Merdis
425:Justin
421:Merdis
417:Mergis
367:, his
214:Mother
204:Father
186:Parmys
170:Spouse
165:522 BC
162:Burial
133:522 BC
102:Darius
5099:Moses
5072:Quest
5062:Jesus
5057:Homer
5021:Quran
5015:Iliad
4981:Bible
4974:Texts
4655:Hyrba
4252:Rinnu
2785:Ochus
2779:Syria
2699:Media
2616:Egypt
2543:Baana
2361:Caria
2292:Lycia
2004:Lydia
1621:kings
1531:Died:
1474:Pers.
1430:Pers.
1091:7, if
543:Media
538:Medes
489:Egypt
377:Greek
311:magus
289:) by
181:Issue
130:Reign
5340:Magi
5013:The
4723:Tomb
4685:Opis
4080:XIII
3520:VIII
2864:and
2799:Aria
1617:and
1401:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1201:link
1171:link
1117:link
1060:link
949:7.ii
914:ISBN
845:ISBN
679:Bibl
644:Susa
511:, a
493:Susa
427:and
419:and
391:and
4229:XIV
4039:XII
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