43:
1268:
623:
957:
991:
1252:
176:
1224:
1019:
549:
2334:
925:
1047:
1212:
1067:
441:
206:
1284:
1236:
801:
702:
457:
615:
3629:
2373:
537:
3539:
1585:
correctly "Bahistûn," was borrowed by the late Major-General Sir Henry
Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., G.C. B., from the Arabic geographer Yakût, who mentions the village and its spring, and describes the Rock as being of great height, and refers to the sculptures upon it. The earliest known name of the Rock is that given by Diodorus Siculus, who calls it τό Βαγίστανον ορος, whence, no doubt, are derived the modern forms of the name.
477:
213:
183:
485:
345:. The inscription states in detail that the rebellions were orchestrated by several impostors and their co-conspirators in various cities throughout the empire, each of whom falsely proclaimed himself king during the upheaval following Cambyses II's death. Darius the Great proclaimed himself victorious in all battles during the period of upheaval, attributing his success to the "grace of
650:, obtained photographs, casts and more accurate transcriptions of the texts, including passages that were not copied by Rawlinson. It also became apparent that rainwater had dissolved some areas of the limestone in which the text was inscribed, while leaving new deposits of limestone over other areas, covering the text.
1332:, is very similar to the reliefs at Behistun. The attitude of the ruler, the trampling of an enemy, the lines of prisoners are all very similar, to such extent that it was said that the sculptors of the Behistun Inscription had probably seen the Anubanini relief beforehand and were inspired by it. The
1584:
The name of the Rock is derived from that of the small village of Bîsitûn or Bîsutûn, which lies near its foot. The form of the name "Behistûn" is not used by the modern inhabitants of the country, although it is that by which the Rock is best known among
European scholars. The name "Behistûn," more
605:
of Iran, began studying the inscription in earnest. As the town of
Bisotun's name was anglicized as "Behistun" at this time, the monument became known as the "Behistun Inscription". Despite its relative inaccessibility, Rawlinson was able to scale the cliff with the help of a local boy and copy the
1090:
The site covers an area of 116 hectares. Archeological evidence indicates that this region became a human shelter 40,000 years ago. There are 18 historical monuments other than the inscription of Darius the Great in the
Behistun complex that have been registered in the Iranian national list of
376:
text contains 414 lines in five columns; the
Elamite text includes 260 lines in eight columns, and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines. A copy of the text in Aramaic, written during the reign of Darius II, was found in Egypt. The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized
336:
in the summer of 522 BC and his death in autumn of 486 BC, the inscription begins with a brief autobiography of Darius, including his ancestry and lineage. Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy sequence of events following the death of
956:
990:
589:
script. Grotefend had deciphered ten of the 37 symbols of Old
Persian by 1802, after realizing that unlike the Semitic cuneiform scripts, Old Persian text is alphabetic and each word is separated by a vertical slanted symbol.
917:
Later in the inscription, Darius provides an eye-witness account of battles he successfully fought over a one-year period to put down rebellions which had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus the Great, and his son
Cambyses II:
1018:
606:
Old
Persian inscription. The Elamite was across a chasm, and the Babylonian four meters above; both were beyond easy reach and were left for later. In 1847, he was able to send a full and accurate copy to Europe.
397:
floats above, giving its blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was Darius's beard, which is a separate block of stone attached with iron pins and
488:
Context of the inscription (centre) in 2010. A person is visible in the lower left; reaching the inscription requires climbing the steep cliff face in front of them, then traversing a narrow ledge.
1566:
Tavernier, Jan, "An
Achaemenid Royal Inscription: The Text of Paragraph 13 of the Aramaic Version of the Bisitun Inscription", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 161–76, 2001
1235:
1726:
W. King and R. C. Thompson, The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia: a new collation of the
Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts, Longmans, 1907
924:
2184:
The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia : a new collation of the Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts, with English translations, etc
393:. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and nine one-meter figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. A
1267:
1046:
3460:
3467:
1838:
3258:
2032:
An Attempt at an Outline of the Early Medo-Persian History, founded on the Rock-Inscriptions of Behistun taken in combination with the Accounts of Herodotus and Ctesias
473:
and its successors, and the lapse of Old Persian cuneiform writing into disuse, the nature of the inscription was forgotten, and fanciful explanations became the norm.
3385:
1881:
1753:
W. C. Benedict and Elizabeth von Voigtlander, Darius' Bisitun Inscription, Babylonian Version, Lines 1–29, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 1956
1614:
Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c. : during the years 1817, 1818, 1819, and 1820, volume 2, Longman, 1821
4133:
2205:, livius.org article by Jona Lendering, including Persian text (in cuneiform and transliteration), King and Thompson's English translation, and additional materials
1223:
4166:
1523:
The rock inscription itself contains no less than 414 lines of Old Persian, 112 lines of Babylonian and 260 lines of Elamite (in an older and a younger version).
3115:
2128:(ed. Seth Sanders. 2nd printing with postscripts and corrections. Oriental Institute Seminars, 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 33–70.
42:
3314:
1403:
504:, and brought it to the attention of Western European scholars. His party incorrectly came to the conclusion that it was Christian in origin. French General
175:
2300:
1066:
3327:
675:
In 1999, Iranian archeologists began the documentation and assessment of damages to the site incurred during the 20th century. Malieh Mehdiabadi, who was
4191:
3434:
2214:
The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock
1251:
3474:
3406:
3300:
3293:
3399:
3447:
3427:
3392:
560:
3885:
3420:
1767:
389:
as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying supine before him. The supine figure is reputed to be the pretender
3594:
3378:
3413:
3072:
2105:, A New Hypothesis: The Behistun Inscription as Imperial Calendar, Iran - Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, August 2018
4181:
3187:
2322:
2225:
2130:
2111:, Darius and His Behistun Inscription, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 392–416, 1938
2078:
1995:
1555:
This tri-lingual inscription has 414 lines in Old Persian cuneiform, 260 in Elamite cuneiform, and 112 in Akkadian cuneiform (Bae: 2008)
3108:
341:
in which he fought nineteen battles in a period of one year (ending in December 521 BC) to put down multiple rebellions throughout the
2254:
1535:
1453:
2198:
2633:
2241:
1788:
1744:
George G. Cameron, The Elamite Version of the Bisitun Inscriptions, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 59–68, 1960
1842:
1735:
George G. Cameron, The Old Persian Text of the Bisitun Inscription, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 47–54, 1951
772:
says: That is why we are called Achaemenids; from antiquity we have been noble; from antiquity has our dynasty been royal. King
2362:
1211:
683:
process by which two-dimensional photos were taken of the inscriptions using two cameras and later transmuted into 3-D images.
1711:
A. V. Williams Jackson, "The Great Behistun Rock and Some Results of a Re-Examination of the Old Persian Inscriptions on It",
352:
The inscription is approximately 15 m (49 ft) high by 25 m (82 ft) wide and 100 m (330 ft) up a
4186:
4176:
3101:
2330:
2167:
1696:
1479:
2099:, Notes on the Old Persian Inscriptions of Behistun, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 23, pp. 56–64, 1902
1919:
1875:
137:
4080:
3337:
3138:
1957:
1664:
205:
1817:
3153:
2789:
1724:
1428:
622:
2946:
2941:
2638:
3587:
2357:
2054:
1989:
1951:
1913:
1635:
1601:
581:, publishing a copy of the inscription in the account of his journeys in 1778. Niebuhr's transcriptions were used by
4161:
2703:
2555:
2114:
594:
419:
3561:
2315:
1612:
1433:
1413:
65:
3523:
2387:
1120:
737:
733:
693:
In 2012, the Bisotun Cultural Heritage Center organized an international effort to re-examine the inscription.
505:
4156:
4007:
2643:
2245:
669:
267:
686:
In recent years, Iranian archaeologists have been undertaking conservation works. The site became a UNESCO
82:
3580:
2594:
2062:
130:
1596:
E. Denison Ross, The Broadway Travellers: Sir Anthony Sherley and his Persian Adventure, Routledge, 2004,
4171:
3496:
2794:
2732:
1650:
Carsten Niebuhr, Reisebeschreibung von Arabien und anderen umliegenden Ländern, 2 volumes, 1774 and 1778
2849:
2491:
2308:
2069:
776:
says: Eight of my dynasty were kings before me; I am the ninth. Nine in succession we have been kings.
643:
32:
2031:
4196:
3371:
2737:
1242:
1157:
582:
568:
306:
1763:
1469:
59:. His image was added after the inscription was completed, requiring some of the text to be removed.
3673:
3528:
3166:
2784:
2620:
2466:
1172:
106:
3918:
3231:
2835:
2743:
2661:
2430:
1418:
548:
4032:
3641:
3226:
3159:
3056:
2828:
2814:
2800:
2352:
1163:
719:
661:
647:
631:
578:
1903:
4117:
4063:
3941:
3518:
3020:
2689:
2540:
2264:
2218:
2134:
2082:
2019:
1979:
1941:
1423:
1310:
1304:
1288:
1186:
724:
In the first section of the inscription, Darius the Great declares his ancestry and lineage:
586:
541:
517:
4027:
3849:
3696:
3236:
3082:
2696:
2486:
2124:
Rubio, Gonzalo. "Writing in another tongue: Alloglottography in the Ancient Near East". In
2076:. Edited by Sir J. A. Hammerton. Vol. II. New York: Wise and Co., 1937. (pp. 760–767)
1496:
639:
501:
2251:
410:
The name Behistun is derived from usage in Ancient Greek and Arabic sources, particularly
8:
3603:
3124:
3000:
2878:
2842:
2451:
2212:
2182:
2149:
687:
318:
279:
74:
3352:
2195:
1543:
51:
lies under the boot of Darius the Great. The last person in line, wearing a traditional
4096:
3481:
3364:
3332:
3173:
3048:
3014:
2990:
2933:
2682:
2648:
2397:
2289:
2108:
2096:
1382:
1377:
1103:
970:
813:
780:
773:
769:
729:
598:
525:
470:
2160:
Die altpersischen Inschriften der Achaimeniden. Editio minor mit deutscher Übersetzung
2155:
1792:
3778:
3681:
3453:
3006:
2995:
2757:
2751:
2717:
2710:
2613:
2338:
2333:
2293:
2163:
2050:
1985:
1947:
1909:
1692:
1631:
1597:
1579:
The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great: On the Rock of Behistûn in Persia
1508:
1475:
1031:
513:
440:
333:
322:
3538:
1245:
and bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia and Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh text endowment
3637:
3510:
3347:
3180:
3077:
3028:
2873:
2807:
2776:
2765:
2724:
2675:
2606:
2535:
2496:
2281:
1337:
706:
556:
552:
411:
382:
329:
314:
295:
251:
2912:
2267:
1283:
4058:
3872:
3760:
3742:
3322:
3307:
3252:
3221:
3216:
3042:
2868:
2821:
2587:
2509:
2258:
2202:
1905:
The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State
1686:
1625:
1577:
1397:
1372:
1135:
676:
574:
509:
1660:
4012:
3949:
3658:
3286:
3093:
2770:
2668:
2628:
2581:
2565:
2516:
2481:
2476:
2272:
Hyland, John O. (2014). "The Casualty Figures in Darius' Bisitun Inscription".
2188:
2102:
2042:
1813:
1329:
997:
905:
873:
800:
680:
635:
493:
342:
275:
70:
964:
932:
701:
4150:
3992:
3959:
3895:
3857:
3791:
3719:
3704:
3650:
3358:
3265:
3208:
2957:
2654:
2471:
2403:
2392:
1512:
1408:
816:
says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of
521:
152:
139:
3572:
2285:
614:
456:
4002:
3811:
3556:
1387:
1181:
1148:
665:
657:, although research plans were cancelled due to the onset of World War II.
497:
386:
3195:
653:
In 1938, the inscription became of interest to the Nazi German think tank
309:, as it is the longest known trilingual cuneiform inscription, written in
3972:
3862:
3503:
3279:
2545:
1356:
1343:
The inscriptional tradition of the Achaemenids, starting especially with
1258:
373:
346:
338:
310:
271:
259:
1854:
Intl. experts to reread Bisotun inscriptions, Tehran Times, May 27, 2012
4107:
4053:
4037:
4022:
3908:
3786:
3618:
3272:
3246:
3241:
2951:
2898:
2502:
2438:
2024:
Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon
1393:
1194:
1139:
1003:
897:
861:
817:
788:
784:
765:
753:
749:
528:
visited the inscription and made preliminary drawings of the monument.
415:
378:
287:
2232:
1466:"Behistun Inscription is a cuneiform text in three ancient languages."
95:
48:
3926:
3834:
3628:
2560:
1318:
1296:
1145:
1085:
1035:
974:
901:
877:
869:
829:
654:
394:
357:
353:
2372:
2150:
A New Edition of the Elamite Version of the Behistun Inscription (I)
536:
4112:
4088:
3880:
3829:
3824:
3768:
3750:
3663:
3489:
2964:
2905:
1814:"Iran's Bisotoon Historical Site Registered in World Heritage List"
1344:
1055:
1007:
889:
369:
52:
4017:
3931:
3796:
3732:
3709:
2971:
2458:
2444:
1360:
1352:
1333:
1314:
1299:, is very similar in content to the Behistun reliefs (woodprint).
1292:
1229:
Herakles at Behistun, sculpted for a Seleucis Governor in 148 BC.
1178:
1125:
1114:
1073:
978:
881:
865:
857:
833:
761:
757:
745:
741:
447:
390:
365:
56:
20:
476:
4047:
4042:
3967:
3903:
3839:
3727:
3686:
2927:
2410:
2236:
1685:
Harari, Y.N. (2015). "15. The Marriage of Science and Empire".
1025:
893:
885:
837:
821:
3819:
3801:
3034:
2417:
2131:"Oriental Institute | Oriental Institute Seminars (OIS)"
1839:"Intl. Experts to reread Bisotun inscriptions - Tehran Times"
1108:
853:
849:
845:
841:
484:
361:
2060:
Cameron, George G. "Darius Carved History on Ageless Rock".
1328:, and which is located not far from the Behistun reliefs at
3442:
3342:
3128:
2919:
1981:
Viewing Inscriptions in the Late Antique and Medieval World
1348:
1077:
944:
825:
602:
399:
291:
283:
4134:
List of cities, towns and villages in Kermanshah Province
1497:"A list of the Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions by language"
559:
translation of the Behistun inscription's text, known as
191:
Location of Behistun Inscription in West and Central Asia
2066:. Vol. XCVIII, Num. 6, December 1950. (pp. 825–844)
1789:"Documentation of Behistun Inscription Nearly Complete"
1569:
356:
cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of
2047:
Die Chronologie des Darius-Denkmals am Behistun-Felse
634:
in 1903. Later expeditions, in 1904 sponsored by the
418:, transliterated into English in the 19th century by
2226:
Tolman's English translation of the inscription text
1877:
Behistun, minor inscriptions DBb inscription- Livius
1347:, is thought to have derived from the traditions of
19:"Bisitun" redirects here. For the city in Iran, see
1336:reliefs were the model for the Behistun reliefs of
496:saw the inscription during a diplomatic mission to
47:Punishment of captured impostors and conspirators:
1576:King, L.W.; Thompson, R.C.; Budge, E.A.W. (1907).
1278:
1086:Other historical monuments in the Behistun complex
808:Darius also lists the territories under his rule:
2242:"Bisotun receives its World Heritage certificate"
1575:
1052:Relief of Frâda: "This is Frâda. He lied, saying
4148:
3448:Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region
3123:
1291:, dated to 2300 BC, and made by the pre-Iranian
266:, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual
4167:Buildings and structures in Kermanshah province
2049:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1982,
1404:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
332:sometime between his coronation as king of the
2152:, Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin 2017:003.
630:The site was visited by the American linguist
626:The Behistun Inscription photographed in 2019
609:
422:. The modern Persian version name is Bisotun.
16:Ancient multilingual stone inscription in Iran
3602:
3588:
3109:
2316:
2133:. Oi.uchicago.edu. 2009-06-18. Archived from
1536:"The Bīsitūn Inscription [CDLI Wiki]"
660:The monument later suffered some damage from
3073:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
2180:
585:and others in their efforts to decipher the
212:
182:
2181:King, L. W.; Thompson, R. Campbell (1907).
1908:. Cambridge University Press. p. 318.
1000:: "This is Tritantaechmes. He lied, saying
4192:Tourist attractions in Kermanshah province
3595:
3581:
3116:
3102:
2323:
2309:
1984:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
1939:
1678:
1781:
664:soldiers using it for target practice in
4068:Dokan Davood Inscription,Sar Pol-e-Zahab
2081:. Members.ozemail.com.au. Archived from
1977:
1713:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1467:
1390:(Rock reliefs of various Sassanid kings)
1282:
967:: "This is Nidintu-Bêl. He lied, saying
912:
804:Achaemenid empire at its greatest extent
799:
700:
646:and in 1948 by George G. Cameron of the
621:
613:
547:
535:
483:
475:
2274:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
2126:Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures
2037:Proceedings of the Philological Society
2035:. (Trinity College, Cambridge,) in the
1460:
469:After the fall of the Persian Empire's
4149:
4089:Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex
2271:
2210:
1684:
1627:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology
1623:
1217:Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex
709:according to the Behistun inscription.
531:
446:Full figure of Darius trampling rival
3576:
3097:
2304:
2026:, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2003.
1901:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1688:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
1313:, also called Sarpol-i Zohab, of the
462:Head of Darius with crenellated crown
4113:Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia
3338:Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
3139:List of World Heritage Sites in Iran
1094:
1091:historical sites. Some of them are:
1028:: "This is Arakha. He lied, saying:
480:Route to inscription at upper right.
1429:List of colossal sculptures in situ
941:: "This is ššina. He lied, saying
601:army assigned to the forces of the
255:
13:
4182:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East
3537:
2947:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1857:
1667:from the original on 18 April 2010
1474:. NJ Berkeley Heights. p. 6.
508:thought it showed "Christ and his
55:hat and costume, is identified as
14:
4208:
2174:
195:Show map of West and Central Asia
3627:
3188:Church of the Holy Mother of God
2371:
2332:
2211:Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1908).
1266:
1250:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1065:
1045:
1017:
989:
955:
923:
540:Column 1 (DB I 1–15), sketch by
455:
439:
211:
204:
181:
174:
41:
3154:The Armenian Monastic Ensembles
2121:, 1853, vol. xxxiv, p. 74.
1998:from the original on 2020-05-18
1971:
1960:from the original on 2012-05-02
1933:
1922:from the original on 2017-10-12
1895:
1884:from the original on 2020-03-10
1831:
1820:from the original on 2018-12-15
1806:
1770:from the original on 2012-02-03
1764:"BEHISTUN Inscription - Persia"
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1718:
1705:
1653:
1644:
1434:World Heritage Sites by country
1414:Cities of the Ancient Near East
1279:Similar reliefs and inspiration
300:
3524:Cultural Landscape of Uramanat
2388:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
2263:Rüdiger Schmitt, "Bisotun i",
1791:. Chnpress.com. Archived from
1617:
1606:
1590:
1582:. British museum. p. xi.
1560:
1528:
1488:
1446:
1273:Vologases's relief in Behistun
1121:Statue of Hercules in Behistun
1076:. Label: "This is Skunkha the
795:
1:
4101:Hunters cave,Behistun_complex
4013:The Stone cave Hossein Kuhkan
2644:Scythian campaign of Darius I
2556:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
2246:Cultural Heritage News Agency
2162:, Reichert, Wiesbaden, 2023,
2013:
1322:
1257:Damaged equestrian relief of
935:
844:, the countries by the Sea ,
670:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4187:World Heritage Sites in Iran
4177:Archaeological sites in Iran
2634:Conquest of the Indus Valley
2595:Battle of the Persian Border
2233:Brief description of Bisotun
2063:National Geographic Magazine
1624:Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2013).
1542:. 2015-09-06. Archived from
908:; twenty-three lands in all.
679:for the effort, described a
618:Close-up of the inscription.
524:. In 1604, Italian explorer
268:Achaemenid royal inscription
7:
3497:Colossal Statue of Shapur I
3461:Ardashir Investiture Relief
2795:Wars of Alexander the Great
2252:Other monuments of Behistun
1816:. Payvand.com. 2006-07-13.
1366:
791:has granted me the kingdom.
610:Later research and activity
577:visited in around 1764 for
516:thought it represented the
305:). It was important to the
220:Behistun Inscription (Iran)
10:
4213:
3468:Victory Relief of Ardashir
3199:and its cultural landscape
2850:Battle of the Persian Gate
2492:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
2072:. "The Rock of Behistun".
1946:. I.B.Tauris. p. 13.
1940:Wiesehofer, Josef (2001).
1715:, vol. 24, pp. 77–95, 1903
1468:Bramwell, Neil D. (1932).
1302:
717:
713:
696:
644:Reginald Campbell Thompson
599:British East India Company
566:
425:
34:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
4126:
4104:Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah
3985:
3958:
3940:
3917:
3894:
3871:
3848:
3810:
3777:
3759:
3741:
3718:
3695:
3672:
3649:
3636:
3625:
3611:
3549:
3535:
3146:
3135:
3065:
2983:
2887:
2861:
2738:Wars of the Delian League
2574:
2528:
2429:
2380:
2369:
2345:
1978:Eastmond, Antony (2015).
1243:Mithridates II of Parthia
1158:Mithridates II of Parthia
583:Georg Friedrich Grotefend
569:Decipherment of cuneiform
307:decipherment of cuneiform
168:
129:
121:
113:
101:
91:
81:
64:
40:
31:
3674:Eslamabad-e Gharb County
3529:The Persian Caravanserai
2790:Second conquest of Egypt
2621:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
2467:Palace of Darius in Susa
2196:The Behistun Inscription
1439:
1173:Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh
1038:. I am king in Babylon."
4162:Achaemenid inscriptions
4071:Tagh e gara,Patagh pass
3919:Salas-e Babajani County
3232:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
2942:Districts of the Empire
2744:Battle of the Eurymedon
2662:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
2639:First conquest of Egypt
2286:10.1515/janeh-2013-0001
1495:Tavernier, Jan (2021).
1419:Gaumata (False Smerdis)
1191:Carved Sassanian stones
820:I became king of them:
405:
4050:dakhmeh(Darbad,Sahneh)
4033:Sorkh Deh chamber tomb
3543:
3167:St. Stepanos Monastery
3160:St. Thaddeus Monastery
3057:Seven Achaemenid clans
2829:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
2815:Siege of Halicarnassus
2801:Battle of the Granicus
2248:, Tehran, July 3, 2008
1300:
1164:Gotarzes II of Parthia
1138:(said to be Palace of
910:
805:
793:
783:says: By the grace of
720:Achaemenid family tree
710:
648:University of Michigan
632:A. V. Williams Jackson
627:
619:
579:Frederick V of Denmark
564:
545:
522:Shalmaneser of Assyria
489:
481:
303: 522–486 BC
4118:Anubanini rock relief
4081:Khaja Barookh's House
4064:Tekyeh Moaven al-molk
3942:Sarpol-e Zahab County
3541:
3519:Trans-Iranian Railway
3443:Historic city of Yazd
3214:Cultural landscape of
2785:Great Satraps' Revolt
2704:Destruction of Athens
2690:Battle of Thermopylae
2541:Old Persian cuneiform
2265:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2219:Vanderbilt University
2070:Thompson, R. Campbell
1902:Potts, D. T. (1999).
1424:Anubanini rock relief
1311:Anubanini rock relief
1305:Anubanini rock relief
1289:Anubanini rock relief
1286:
1006:, from the family of
913:Conflicts and revolts
810:
803:
726:
704:
625:
617:
587:Old Persian cuneiform
551:
542:Friedrich von Spiegel
539:
518:Lost Tribes of Israel
514:Sir Robert Ker Porter
487:
479:
372:, respectively). The
153:34.39056°N 47.43583°E
4157:Behistun Inscription
4093:Emad al doleh Mosque
4028:Essaqwand Rock Tombs
3998:Behistun Inscription
3850:Qasr-e Shirin County
3697:Gilan-e Gharb County
3237:Naqsh-e Jahan Square
3125:World Heritage Sites
3083:Cappadocian calendar
2697:Battle of Artemisium
2602:Lydian-Persian Wars
2551:Behistun Inscription
2363:History of democracy
2148:Saber Amiri Parian,
1396:(Tomb of Pasargadae
640:Leonard William King
597:, an officer of the
492:In 1598, Englishman
236:Behistun Inscription
3604:Kermanshah Province
2879:Peace of Antalcidas
2843:Battle of Gaugamela
2452:Gate of All Nations
2085:on January 13, 2010
2074:Wonders of the Past
1663:. Ancient Scripts.
1072:Behistun relief of
732:says: My father is
688:World Heritage Site
595:Sir Henry Rawlinson
532:Translation efforts
383:Darius I, the Great
286:, near the city of
280:Kermanshah Province
149: /
75:Kermanshah Province
28:
4172:Multilingual texts
4097:Tekyeh Biglarbeygi
3544:
3482:Palace of Ardashir
3386:Hassan Abad Moshir
3333:Dome of Soltaniyeh
3328:Sheikh Safi's Tomb
3174:Chapel of Dzordzor
2733:Babylonian revolts
2683:Battle of Marathon
2649:Greco-Persian Wars
2398:Achaemenid coinage
2257:2016-11-07 at the
2201:2016-03-03 at the
2170:, pp. 9 and 36–96.
1454:"The Arya in Iran"
1378:Darius I of Persia
1301:
1187:Vologases's relief
806:
711:
628:
620:
565:
546:
526:Pietro della Valle
490:
482:
471:Achaemenid Dynasty
433:Darius at Behistun
158:34.39056; 47.43583
26:
4144:
4143:
4077:Ghoori Ghale Cave
4008:Temple of Anahita
3981:
3980:
3779:Kermanshah County
3682:Eslamabad-e Gharb
3570:
3569:
3562:Hyrcanian Forests
3091:
3090:
2758:Battle of Cyzicus
2752:Peloponnesian War
2718:Battle of Plataea
2711:Battle of Salamis
2614:Battle of Thymbra
2487:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2339:Achaemenid Empire
2168:978-3-7520-0716-9
2029:Blakesley, J. W.
1698:978-0-06-231610-3
1691:. HarperCollins.
1481:978-0-7660-5251-2
1383:Achaemenid empire
1205:
1204:
668:, and during the
294:, established by
232:
231:
87:Cultural: ii, iii
4204:
4197:Darius the Great
4127:populated places
3647:
3646:
3631:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3513:
3511:Sarvestan Palace
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3477:
3475:Ardashir Khurreh
3470:
3463:
3456:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3353:Takht-e Soleymān
3348:Bazaar of Tabriz
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3215:
3200:
3190:
3183:
3181:Chapel of Chupan
3176:
3169:
3162:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3078:Xanthian Obelisk
3051:
3037:
3023:
3009:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2936:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2874:Peace of Callias
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2808:Siege of Miletus
2803:
2779:
2777:Battle of Cnidus
2766:Battle of Cunaxa
2760:
2746:
2727:
2725:Battle of Mycale
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2676:Siege of Eretria
2671:
2664:
2657:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2607:Battle of Pteria
2597:
2590:
2536:Achaemenid music
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:Tombs at Xanthos
2461:
2454:
2447:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2375:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2222:
2192:
2156:Schmitt, Rüdiger
2145:
2143:
2142:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1872:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1841:. Archived from
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1338:Darius the Great
1327:
1324:
1270:
1254:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1095:
1069:
1049:
1021:
993:
959:
940:
937:
927:
760:; the father of
752:; the father of
744:; the father of
736:; the father of
707:Darius the Great
573:German surveyor
553:Behistun papyrus
459:
443:
412:Diodorus Siculus
330:Darius the Great
304:
302:
296:Darius the Great
257:
224:
223:Show map of Iran
215:
214:
208:
196:
185:
184:
178:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
122:Buffer zone
45:
35:
29:
25:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4122:
4085:Chiyajani Tappe
4059:Do-Ashkaft Cave
3977:
3954:
3936:
3913:
3890:
3873:Ravansar County
3867:
3844:
3806:
3773:
3761:Kangavar County
3755:
3743:Javanrud County
3737:
3714:
3691:
3668:
3632:
3623:
3607:
3601:
3571:
3566:
3545:
3533:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3323:Shahr-e Sukhteh
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3253:Persian gardens
3222:Golestan Palace
3213:
3198:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3142:
3131:
3122:
3092:
3087:
3061:
3047:
3033:
3019:
3005:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2932:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2883:
2869:Earth and water
2857:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2822:Battle of Issus
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2775:
2756:
2742:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2593:
2588:Battle of Hyrba
2586:
2570:
2524:
2515:
2510:Nereid Monument
2508:
2501:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2425:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2376:
2367:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2259:Wayback Machine
2203:Wayback Machine
2177:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2115:Rawlinson, H.C.
2088:
2086:
2077:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:. Springer US.
1622:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1595:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1515:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1398:Cyrus the Great
1373:Behistun palace
1369:
1325:
1307:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1136:Behistun Palace
1128:site of worship
1088:
1081:
1070:
1061:
1050:
1041:
1022:
1013:
994:
985:
984:
977:. I am king of
960:
951:
950:
938:
928:
915:
798:
722:
716:
699:
681:photogrammetric
677:project manager
612:
575:Carsten Niebuhr
571:
534:
510:twelve apostles
467:
466:
465:
464:
463:
460:
452:
451:
444:
435:
434:
428:
420:Henry Rawlinson
408:
299:
228:
227:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
60:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4074:Sarab Niloufar
4072:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3950:Sarpol-e Zahab
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3659:Kerend-e Gharb
3655:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3454:Qal'eh Dokhtar
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Gonbad-e Qabus
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2888:Administration
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2771:Corinthian War
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2669:Battle of Lade
2665:
2658:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Battle of Opis
2626:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2582:Persian Revolt
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2566:Cyrus Cylinder
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:Tomb of Payava
2513:
2506:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Naqsh-e Rostam
2479:
2477:Persian column
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2280:(2): 173–199.
2269:
2261:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2189:British Museum
2176:
2175:External links
2173:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2146:
2122:
2112:
2109:A. T. Olmstead
2106:
2103:Paul J. Kosmin
2100:
2094:
2067:
2058:
2040:
2027:
2020:Adkins, Lesley
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1970:
1952:
1943:Ancient Persia
1932:
1914:
1894:
1856:
1830:
1805:
1780:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1717:
1704:
1697:
1677:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1616:
1605:
1589:
1568:
1559:
1527:
1487:
1480:
1471:Ancient Persia
1459:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1330:Sarpol-e Zahab
1326: 2300 BC
1303:Main article:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1241:Bas relief of
1240:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1175:text endowment
1168:
1167:
1166:
1162:Bas relief of
1160:
1156:Bas relief of
1154:
1151:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1054:"I am king of
1051:
1044:
1042:
1032:Nebuchadnezzar
1023:
1016:
1014:
1002:"I am king of
998:Tritantaechmes
995:
988:
986:
971:Nebuchadnezzar
962:
961:
954:
952:
943:"I am king of
930:
929:
922:
914:
911:
797:
794:
715:
712:
698:
695:
636:British Museum
611:
608:
533:
530:
498:Safavid Persia
494:Robert Sherley
461:
454:
453:
445:
438:
437:
436:
432:
431:
430:
429:
427:
424:
407:
404:
343:Persian Empire
334:Persian Empire
321:(a variety of
276:Mount Behistun
274:on a cliff at
230:
229:
219:
210:
209:
203:
202:
201:
200:
190:
189:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
133:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
71:Mount Behistun
68:
62:
61:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4209:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Kohneh Bridge
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3960:Sonqor County
3957:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3896:Sahneh County
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Qasr-e Shirin
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3720:Harsin County
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Gilan-e Gharb
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3651:Dalahu County
3648:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:Persian Qanat
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:Chehel Sotoun
3263:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3209:Chogha Zanbil
3207:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:Chapar Khaneh
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:Siege of Gaza
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:Ionian Revolt
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Tomb of Cyrus
2470:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:Apadana hoard
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Oxus Treasure
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2137:on 2014-06-04
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:Louis H. Gray
2095:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2055:3-525-85116-2
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:Borger, Rykle
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1993:
1991:9781107092419
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1953:9781860646751
1949:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1915:9780521564960
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1845:on 2012-05-29
1844:
1840:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1795:on 2011-09-18
1794:
1790:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1666:
1662:
1661:"Old Persian"
1656:
1647:
1639:
1637:9781475751338
1633:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1602:0-415-34486-7
1599:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1546:on 2023-03-25
1545:
1541:
1540:cdli.ox.ac.uk
1537:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:(in French).
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Naqsh-e Rajab
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:Median temple
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Farhād Tarāsh
1102:
1100:Hunters' cave
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:, the son of
1033:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
992:
987:
982:
980:
976:
973:, the son of
972:
966:
958:
953:
948:
946:
939: 519 BC
934:
926:
921:
920:
919:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
721:
708:
703:
694:
691:
689:
684:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
624:
616:
607:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
538:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:on behalf of
499:
495:
486:
478:
474:
472:
458:
449:
442:
423:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
207:
177:
167:
162:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
30:
22:
4003:Taq-e Bostan
3997:
3812:Paveh County
3542:Flag of Iran
3315:Pahlevanpour
3203:
3137:
2550:
2431:Architecture
2277:
2273:
2213:
2183:
2159:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2125:
2119:Archaeologia
2118:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2073:
2061:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2000:. Retrieved
1980:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1942:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1904:
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1876:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1687:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1626:
1619:
1608:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1539:
1530:
1522:
1516:. Retrieved
1504:
1500:
1490:
1470:
1462:
1448:
1388:Taq-e Bostan
1342:
1308:
1199:
1182:caravanserai
1149:caravanserai
1089:
1053:
1029:
1001:
968:
942:
916:
811:
807:
778:
727:
723:
692:
685:
674:
666:World War II
659:
652:
629:
592:
572:
491:
468:
409:
385:, holding a
351:
328:Authored by
327:
263:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
3504:Shapur cave
3435:Ebrahimabad
3001:Mithridatic
2546:Old Persian
2353:Family tree
1357:Babylonians
1321:, dated to
1261:at Behistun
1259:Gotarzes II
965:Nidintu-Bêl
796:Territories
787:am I king;
705:Lineage of
638:and led by
374:Old Persian
347:Ahura Mazda
339:Cambyses II
311:Old Persian
290:in western
272:rock relief
260:Old Persian
156: /
131:Coordinates
105:2006 (30th
102:Inscription
4151:Categories
4108:Godin Tepe
4054:Ghar Parau
4038:Malek Tomb
4023:Ganj Dareh
3909:Mian Rahan
3787:Kermanshah
3619:Kermanshah
3557:Lut Desert
3407:Ghasemabad
3259:Pasargadae
3247:Persepolis
3242:Pasargadae
3021:Cappadocia
3015:Ariarathid
2991:Achaemenid
2952:Royal Road
2899:Pasargadae
2503:Harpy Tomb
2439:Persepolis
2141:2010-04-23
2089:2010-04-23
2079:"Behistun"
2014:References
2002:2019-03-16
1964:2019-03-17
1926:2019-03-15
1888:2020-03-26
1849:2012-04-14
1824:2010-04-23
1799:2010-04-23
1774:2011-07-20
1671:2010-04-23
1550:2023-03-25
1518:2023-03-25
1507:(2): 1–4.
1394:Pasargadae
1195:Royal Road
1140:Khosrau II
1024:Relief of
996:Relief of
963:Relief of
931:Relief of
898:Sattagydia
862:Cappadocia
850:the Greeks
818:Ahuramazda
789:Ahuramazda
785:Ahuramazda
766:Achaemenes
754:Ariaramnes
750:Ariaramnes
718:See also:
567:See also:
379:bas-relief
319:Babylonian
288:Kermanshah
270:and large
141:34°23′26″N
3927:Tazehabad
3835:Nowdeshah
3400:Akbarabad
3301:Abbasabad
3294:Dolatabad
2996:Pharnacid
2984:Dynasties
2928:Satrapies
2894:Capitals
2862:Diplomacy
2561:Ganjnameh
2294:180763595
1513:0031-8329
1361:Assyrians
1334:Lullubian
1319:Anubanini
1297:Anubanini
1036:Nabonidus
975:Nabonidus
902:Arachosia
878:Chorasmia
870:Drangiana
830:Babylonia
738:Hystaspes
734:Hystaspes
690:in 2006.
655:Ahnenerbe
593:In 1835,
395:Faravahar
358:Babylonia
354:limestone
264:Bagastana
144:47°26′9″E
92:Reference
3881:Ravansar
3830:Bayangan
3825:Banevreh
3769:Kangavar
3751:Javanrud
3664:Gahvareh
3638:Counties
3490:Bishapur
3488:City of
3428:Mozdabad
3393:Goharriz
3365:Ghasabeh
3308:Akbarieh
3204:Behistun
3147:Cultural
3029:Lygdamid
2965:Angarium
2906:Ecbatana
2358:Timeline
2255:Archived
2199:Archived
1996:Archived
1958:Archived
1920:Archived
1882:Archived
1818:Archived
1768:Archived
1665:Archived
1367:See also
1359:and the
1345:Darius I
1146:Ilkhanid
1126:Parthian
1115:Parthian
1111:fortress
1056:Margiana
1008:Cyaxares
1004:Sagartia
890:Gandhara
555:with an
506:Gardanne
370:Ecbatana
323:Akkadian
83:Criteria
66:Location
53:Scythian
4018:Dinavar
3932:Ezgeleh
3797:Kuzaran
3792:Halashi
3733:Bisotun
3710:Sarmast
3612:Capital
3550:Natural
3372:Baladeh
3287:Shazdeh
3217:Maymand
3066:Related
3049:Armenia
3043:Orontid
2972:Angarum
2934:Armenia
2913:Babylon
2575:Warfare
2529:Culture
2459:Tachara
2445:Apadana
2346:History
1501:Phoenix
1353:Lullubi
1315:Lullubi
1293:Lullubi
1179:Safavid
1074:Skunkha
979:Babylon
894:Scythia
882:Bactria
866:Parthia
858:Armenia
834:Assyria
768:. King
762:Teispes
758:Teispes
746:Arsames
742:Arsames
714:Lineage
697:Content
557:Aramaic
544:(1881).
512:", and
502:Austria
448:Gaumata
426:History
416:Ya'qubi
391:Gaumata
366:Babylon
315:Elamite
278:in the
252:Persian
248:Bisutun
244:Bisitun
240:Bisotun
107:Session
57:Skunkha
49:Gaumāta
21:Bisotun
4048:Median
4043:Hulwan
3986:Sights
3968:Sonqor
3904:Sahneh
3840:Nowsud
3728:Harsin
3687:Homeyl
3642:cities
3606:, Iran
3421:Vazvan
3007:Pontus
2411:Danake
2292:
2237:UNESCO
2166:
2053:
1988:
1950:
1912:
1695:
1634:
1600:
1511:
1478:
1355:, the
1295:ruler
1200:
1109:Median
1030:"I am
1026:Arakha
969:"I am
933:ššina
886:Sogdia
838:Arabia
822:Persia
814:Darius
781:Darius
774:Darius
770:Darius
730:Darius
662:Allied
317:, and
256:بیستون
238:(also
125:361 ha
117:187 ha
77:, Iran
27:Bistun
3973:Satar
3886:Shaho
3863:Sumar
3820:Paveh
3802:Robat
3379:Zarch
3035:Caria
2418:Daric
2290:S2CID
2235:from
1440:Notes
1317:king
1078:Sacan
854:Media
846:Lydia
842:Egypt
812:King
779:King
728:King
563:C2.1.
362:Media
3640:and
3414:Moun
3357:The
3343:Susa
3280:Eram
3251:The
3129:Iran
2920:Susa
2164:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1509:ISSN
1476:ISBN
1349:Elam
1309:The
1287:The
1117:town
945:Elam
906:Maka
904:and
874:Aria
826:Elam
764:was
756:was
748:was
740:was
642:and
603:Shah
520:and
414:and
406:Name
400:lead
368:and
360:and
325:).
292:Iran
284:Iran
234:The
114:Area
96:1222
3273:Fin
3196:Bam
3127:in
2381:Art
2282:doi
561:TAD
387:bow
381:of
349:".
282:of
246:or
4153::
2288:.
2276:.
2244:,
2217:.
2187:.
2158:.
2117:,
2045:.
2022:,
1994:.
1956:.
1918:.
1880:.
1859:^
1766:.
1553:.
1538:.
1521:.
1505:67
1499:.
1363:.
1351:,
1340:.
1323:c.
1080:."
1058:."
1010:."
981:."
947:."
936:c.
900:,
896:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
856:,
852:,
848:,
840:,
836:,
832:,
828:,
824:,
672:.
402:.
313:,
301:r.
262::
258:,
254::
250:;
242:,
73:,
3596:e
3589:t
3582:v
3117:e
3110:t
3103:v
2324:e
2317:t
2310:v
2296:.
2284::
2278:1
2221:.
2191:.
2144:.
2092:.
2057:.
2039:.
2005:.
1967:.
1929:.
1891:.
1852:.
1827:.
1802:.
1777:.
1701:.
1674:.
1640:.
1484:.
1456:.
1400:)
1142:)
1060:"
1040:"
1012:"
983:"
949:"
450:.
364:(
298:(
109:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
