Naval artillery - Knowledge

1121:, a Scottish ironworks, in 1778. Because of irregularities in the size of cannonballs and the difficulty of boring out gun barrels, there was usually a considerable gap between the ball and the bore—often as much as a quarter of an inch—with a consequent loss of efficiency. This gap was known as the "windage". The manufacturing practices introduced by the Carron Company reduced the windage considerably, enabling the ball to be fired with less powder and hence a smaller and lighter gun. The carronade was half the weight of an equivalent long gun, but could throw a heavy ball over a limited distance. The light weight of the carronade meant that the guns could be added to the forecastle and quarterdeck of frigates and ships of the line, increasing firepower without affecting the ship's sailing qualities. It became known as the "Smasher" and gave ships armed with carronades a great advantage at short range. The mounting, attached to the side of the ship on a pivot, took the recoil on a slider. The reduced recoil did not alter the alignment of the gun. The smaller gunpowder charge reduced the guns' heating in action. The pamphlet advocated the use of woollen cartridges, which, although more expensive, eliminated the need for 826:

and wedged between, with wooden bases to act as wadding when rammed down the muzzles, or in canvas sacks wrapped about with rope. The name "grapeshot" comes from the former's apparent resemblance to a bunch of grapes. When fired, the inertial forces would cause the bundle to disintegrate, and the shot would spread out to hit numerous targets. Grapeshot was a naval weapon, and existed for almost as long as naval artillery. The larger size of the grapeshot projectiles was desirable because it was more capable of cutting thick cordage and smashing equipment than the relatively smaller musket balls of a canister shot, although it could rarely penetrate a wooden hull. Although grapeshot won great popular fame as a weapon used against enemy crew on open decks (especially when massed in great numbers, such as for a boarding attempt), it was originally designed and carried primarily for cutting up enemy rigging.

550: 418: 316: 728:. The gun-captain could stand behind the gun, safely beyond its range of recoil, and sight along the barrel, firing when the roll of the ship lined the gun up with the enemy and so avoid the chance of the shot hitting the sea or flying high over the enemy's deck. Despite their advantages, gunlocks spread gradually as they could not be retrofitted to older guns. The British adopted them faster than the French, who had still not generally adopted them by the time of the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), placing them at a disadvantage as they were in general use by the Royal Navy at this time. After the introduction of gunlocks, linstocks were retained, but only as a backup means of firing. 907: 898:

red-hot shot aboard ship), heated shot was seldom used from ship-mounted cannon, as the danger to the vessel deploying it was almost as great as to the enemy; fire was the single greatest fear of all men sailing in wooden ships. Consequently, for men aboard these vessels, going up against shore artillery firing heated shot was a terrifying experience, and typically wooden fleets were not expected to brave such fire except in cases of great emergency, as a single heated shot could easily destroy the entire ship and crew, while the same ship could typically be expected to survive numerous hits from normal solid shot.

2107: 1468: 1884: 1401: 2014: 2263: 2607: 1582: 1095: 806:, which is spherical cast-iron shot used for smashing through the enemy's hull, holing his waterline, smashing gun carriages and breaking masts and yards, with a secondary effect of sending large wooden splinters flying about to maim and kill the enemy crew. At very close range, two round shots could be loaded in one gun and fired together. "Double-shotting", as it was called, lowered the effective range and accuracy of the gun, but could be devastating within pistol shot range. 699: 2068:, the dominant design of the 1890s. The quick-firing guns, while unable to penetrate thick armour, were intended to destroy the superstructure of an opposing battleship, start fires, and kill or distract the enemy's gun crews. The development of heavy guns and their increasing rate of fire meant that the quick-firer lost its status as the decisive weapon of naval combat in the early 1900s, though quick-firing guns were vital to defend battleships from attack by 2534: 2212: 1822: 1305: 2338: 78: 1747: 1173: 382:, like other ships of the time, was built during a period of rapid development of heavy artillery, and her armament was a mix of old designs and innovations. The heavy armament was a mix of older-type wrought iron and cast bronze guns, which differed considerably in size, range and design. The large iron guns were made up of staves or bars welded into cylinders and then reinforced by shrinking iron hoops and 36: 585:, with navies adapting their strategies and tactics in order to get the most broadside-on fire. Cannon were mounted on multiple decks to maximise broadside effectiveness. Numbers and calibre differed somewhat with preferred tactics. France and Spain attempted to immobilize ships by destroying rigging with long-range, accurate fire from their swifter and more maneuverable ships, while England and the 3038:"Cast-iron smooth bore guns firing solid shot with a theoretical maximum hitting range of 1,000 yards were still the rule". During the American civil war warships were considered relatively safe from enemy fire at a range of 1,200-1,300 yards. Theoretical ranges of American naval smoothbores as defined by the US Navy in 1866 ranged from 1,756 (32-pounder) to 2,100 yards (XV-inch shell). 1086:

to Marshall's equation after seeing the flash of a cannon and hearing the blast the gunner would count the seconds until impact. This way a trained ear would know the distance a cannonball traveled and might gain information or return fire. The book example, outlines a 9-second scenario where the distance the cannon was fired from the gunner was approximately 10,278 feet or 3,426 yards.

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faster to reload, but could take less powerful charges than cast bronze guns. Generally, the bronze guns used cast iron shot and were more suited to penetrate hull sides while the iron guns used stone shot that would shatter on impact and leave large, jagged holes, but both could also fire a variety of ammunition intended to destroy rigging and light structure or injure enemy personnel.

2665:. Finally, in the summer of 1918, monitors were equipped with Gyro Director Training gear, which effectively provided the Director with a gyro-stabilised Artificial Line of Sight, and thereby enabled a ship to carry out Indirect Bombardment while underway. This was a very significant advance, and established a firm foundation for naval bombardment as practiced by the Royal Navy and 2422: 2259:

an opposing ship. Scott was instrumental in encouraging the development and installation of director firing, a system whereby the guns were all pointed, elevated and fired from a single point, usually at the top of the foremast. By firing all the guns simultaneously it was possible to observe the simultaneous splashes produced and correct the aim visually.

713:—a wooden staff holding a length of smoldering match at the end—to the touch-hole of the gun. This was dangerous and made accurate shooting from a moving ship difficult, as the gun had to be fired from the side, to avoid its recoil, and there was a noticeable delay between the application of the linstock and the gun firing. In 1745, the British began using 655: 1994:. This "cap" increased penetration by cushioning some of the impact shock and preventing the armor-piercing point from being damaged before it struck the armor face, or the body of the shell from shattering. It could also help penetration from an oblique angle by keeping the point from deflecting away from the armor face. (See: 345:

century. This temporarily upended the strength of older seaside fortresses, which had to be rebuilt to cope with gunpowder weapons. The addition of guns also improved the amphibious abilities of galleys as they could make assaults supported with heavy firepower, and were even more effectively defended when beached stern-first.

1343:, and developed a delaying mechanism which, for the first time, allowed shells to be fired safely in high-powered flat-trajectory guns. The effect of explosive shells lodging into wooden hulls and then detonating was potentially devastating. This was first demonstrated by Henri-Joseph Paixhans in trials against the two-decker 2161:, widely regarded as Britain's leading scientist, first proposed using an analogue computer to solve the equations which arise from the relative motion of the ships engaged in the battle and the time delay in the flight of the shell to calculate the required trajectory and therefore the direction and elevation of the guns. 1606:. Firepower was provided by a large number of guns which could only be aimed in a limited arc from one side of the ship. Due to instability, fewer larger and heavier guns can be carried on a ship. Also, the casemates often sat near the waterline, which made them vulnerable to flooding and restricted their use to calm seas. 337:, but on floating wooden platforms rather than battlefields. Though the introduction of guns was a significant change, it only slowly changed the dynamics of ship-to-ship combat. As guns became heavier and able to take more powerful gunpowder charges, they needed to be placed lower in the ship, closer to the water line. 646:"running" the guns in and out—performing all the steps associated with firing but for the actual discharge. Some wealthy captains—those who had made money capturing prizes or from wealthy families—were known to purchase powder with their own funds to enable their crews to fire real discharges at real targets. 3154:

in the interwar period 15% was "realistic battle expectation" at 15,000 yards. US Navy practice with 3 battleships each firing 56 rounds at 12,800 range against a battleship-representative target led to conclusion that at this distance "opening salvos" should produce 7% accuracy. The US Navy table of

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in 1870 during a practice at 1,000 yards 3 British ironclads landed 1 hit out of 12 rounds against a ship-sized rock. In the 1870s the French naval planners considered protection armor against longest hits from a distance of 2,000 yards. "Ships were not expected to engage at more than 2,000 yards" in

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systems and sophisticated relay networks allowed forward observers to transmit targeting information and provide almost instant accuracy reports—once troops had landed. Battleships, cruisers and destroyers would pound shore installations, sometimes for days, in the hope of reducing fortifications and

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Scott noted that night time signalling between ships in the fleet was slow and inaccurate. He addressed this in two ways: he devised training aids and put his signallers under instruction and he devised a new more effective flashing lamp. The new efficiency of his ship's signalling was adopted by the

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The situation for naval fire control was highly complex, due to the need to control the firing of several guns at once. In naval engagements both the firing guns and target are moving, and the variables are compounded by the greater distances and times involved. Rudimentary naval fire control systems

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to open the canister and disperse the bullets it contained at some distance along the canister's trajectory from the gun. His shell was a hollow cast-iron sphere filled with a mixture of balls and powder, with a crude time fuze. If the fuze was set correctly then the shell would break open, either in

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in 1535, and could carry 366 bronze cannon (a possible exaggeration – or possibly not – of the various European chroniclers of the time, that reported this number; or also possibly counting the weapons in reserve). This ship had an exceptional capacity of fire for its time, illustrating the evolution

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first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension exerted

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The spindle was 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter, which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways. When not in use, the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal. In service, however, this proved to leak heavily,

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was used) tubes of successively larger diameter. The next tube would be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the tube would contract to a slightly smaller diameter, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward against the

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to reappear as a means of sinking armored warships. The rapidity of innovation through the last half of the 19th century caused some ships to be obsolete before they were launched. Maximum projectile velocity obtainable with gunpowder in cast cannon was approximately 480 m/s (1,600 ft/s).

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The linstock slow match, or the spark from the flintlock, ignited the priming powder, which in turn set off the main charge, which propelled the shot out of the barrel. When the gun discharged, the recoil sent it backwards until it was stopped by the breech rope—a sturdy rope made fast to ring bolts

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on the forecastle and quarterdeck. From the late sixteenth century it was routine for naval ships to carry a master gunner, responsible for overseeing the operation of the cannon on board. Originally a prestigious position, its status declined throughout the Age of Sail as responsibility for gunnery

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The development of the torpedo meant that it became necessary to engage an enemy at ranges outside torpedo range. This in turn meant that the old system whereby a gunlayer in each turret pointed and fired the turret guns independently could no longer be expected to achieve a significant hit rate on

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of the firing ship. Again this required substantial development of the, at the time, primitive gyroscope to provide continuous reliable correction. Trials were carried out in 1905 and 1906, which although completely unsuccessful showed promise. He was encouraged in his efforts by the rapidly rising

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rotated the turret through a set of gears; a full rotation was made in 22.5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862. Fine control of the turret proved to be difficult as the engine would have to be placed in reverse if the turret overshot its mark or another full rotation could be made. Including

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killing 11 and injuring a further 35, that the Royal Navy decisively changed to breech loading guns. Improved loading and handling procedures were also adopted, and Thunderer herself was re-equipped with long-calibre 10" breech-loaders. Breech loading artillery overcame barrel length limitations of

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in 1822. The book discusses the dimensions and apparatus necessary for the equipment of naval artillery. The book goes into further details regarding the distance of a shot on a ship based on the sound of the gun, which was found to fly at a rate of 1,142 feet or 381 yards in one second. According

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The resulting directions, known as a firing solution, would then be fed back out to the turrets for laying. If the rounds missed, an observer could work out how far they missed by and in which direction, and this information could be fed back into the computer along with any changes in the rest of

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The Admiralty accepted the principle of the turret gun as a useful innovation, and incorporated it into other new designs. Coles submitted a design for a ship having ten domed turrets each housing two large guns. The design was rejected as impractical, although the Admiralty remained interested in

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and worming. Simplifying gunnery for comparatively untrained merchant seamen in both aim and reloading was part of the rationale for the gun. The replacement of trunnions by a bolt underneath, to connect the gun to the mounting, reduced the width of the carriage enhancing the wide angle of fire. A

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exiles brought designs over to England and the United Provinces. The side-by-side, forward-pointing mortars were replaced in the British designs by mortars mounted on the centerline on revolving platforms. These platforms were supported by strong internal wooden framework to transmit the forces of

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destroying the land forts, and killing some 700 defenders. Two years later the French repeated their success at Genoa. The early French bomb vessels had two forward-pointing mortars fixed side-by-side on the foredeck. To aim these weapons, the entire ship was rotated by letting out or pulling in a

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was similar, except that it used a solid bar to join the two balls; the bar could sometimes also extend upon firing. Series of long chain links were also used in a similar way. Bags of junk, such as scrap metal, bolts, rocks, gravel, or old musket balls, were known as 'langrage', and were fired to

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was similar in that it also consisted of multiple (usually 9-12) projectiles that separated upon firing, except that the shot was larger (at least 1 inch in diameter, up to 3 inches or larger for heavier guns), and it either came in bundles held together by lengths of rope wrapped around the balls

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One unique naval gun was the long nine. It was a proportionately longer-barrelled 9-pounder. Its typical mounting as a bow or stern chaser, where it was not perpendicular to the keel, allowed room to operate this longer weapon. In a chase situation, the gun's greater range came into play. However,

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The muzzle-loading design and weight of the iron placed design constraints on the length and size of naval guns. Muzzle loading required the cannon muzzle to be positioned within the hull of the ship for loading. The hull is only so wide, with guns on both sides, and hatchways in the centre of the

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ship of the late 18th century could be fired 2-3 times in approximately 5 minutes, depending on the training of the crew, a well trained one being essential to the simple yet detailed process of preparing to fire. French and Spanish crews typically took twice as long to fire an aimed broadside. An

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By the 15th century, most Mediterranean powers were utilising heavy cannon mounted on the bow or stern of a vessel and designed to bombard fortresses on shore. By mid-century some vessels also carried smaller broadside cannon for bombarding other vessels immediately prior to an attempted boarding.

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Most late-19th-century warships mounted naval artillery of more than one caliber because of uncertainty about the relative destruction possible from a few large shells (which might miss) in comparison to the increased hit probability of a larger number of less damaging small-caliber shells fired

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were manufactured in 1841. The barrel of the guns weighed about 10,000 lbs. (4.5 metric tons), and proved accurate to about two miles. In the 1840s, Britain, Russia and the United States adopted the new naval guns. The effect of the guns in an operational context was decisively demonstrated

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was the only method of improving armor penetration with this velocity limitation. Some ironclads carried extremely heavy, slow-firing guns of calibres up to 16.25 inches (41.3 cm). These guns were the only weapons capable of piercing the ever-thicker iron armour on the later ironclads, but

993:, in part because bomb ketches typically had the masts stepped farther aft than would have been normal in other vessels of similar rig, in order to accommodate the mortars forward and provide a clear area for their forward fire. As a result, the 19th century British bomb vessels were designed as 390:

made from hollowed-out elm logs with only one pair of wheels, or without wheels entirely. The bronze guns were cast in one piece and rested on four-wheel carriages which were essentially the same as those used until the 19th century. The breech-loaders were cheaper to produce and both easier and

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red-hot in a special furnace before loading it (with water-soaked wads to prevent it from setting off the powder charge prematurely.) The hot shot lodging in a ship's dry timbers would set the ship afire. Because of the danger of fire aboard (and the difficulty of heating and transporting the

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was mounted in the bow, which aligned easily with the long-standing tactical tradition of attacking head on, bow first. The ordnance on galleys was heavy from its introduction in the 1480s, and capable of quickly demolishing the high, thin medieval stone walls that still prevailed in the 16th

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did not see fit to provide additional powder to captains to train their crews, generally only allowing 1/3 of the powder loaded onto the ship to be fired in the first six months of a typical voyage, barring hostile action. Instead of live fire practice, most captains exercised their crews by

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s guns used the standard propellant charge of 15 pounds (6.8 kg) specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets "distant", "near", and "ordinary", established by the gun's designer Dahlgren himself. They could fire a 136-pound (61.7 kg) round shot or shell up to a range of 3,650 yards

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designed by Edward James Reed, it was equipped with revolving turrets that used pioneering hydraulic turret machinery to maneouvre the guns. It was also the world's first mastless battleship, built with a central superstructure layout, and became the prototype for all subsequent warships.

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However, high trajectories were not practical for marine combat and naval combat essentially required flat-trajectory guns in order to have some decent odds of hitting the target. Therefore, naval warfare had consisted for centuries of encounters between flat-trajectory cannon using inert

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20-30 yards was typical or preferred range in the 18th century, effective range was 280 yards, and extreme range about a mile. In practice the gunners waited until the distance was 100 yards The English captains preferred to close at "pistol shot range" (some 20 yards) before opening

2948:, a long-barreled naval canon widely used in the 15th and 16th centuries, featured effective operating distance probably no more than 350 yards". Though single guns had a maximum theoretical range of 2,500 yards, in the mid-16th century most guns had the maximum range of 500 yards 1203:

Douglas also innovated a system that greatly increased the field of fire. By the simple expedient of attaching the gun ropes at a greater distance from the gunports, the range through which each cannon could be traversed was greatly improved. The new system was first tested at the

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deck also limit the room available. Weight is always a great concern in ship design as it affects speed, stability, and buoyancy. The desire for longer guns for greater range and accuracy, and greater weight of shot for more destructive power, led to some interesting gun designs.

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and mortars), but they were only fired at high angles and with relatively low velocities. Shells are inherently dangerous to handle, and no solution had been found to combine the explosive character of the shells with the high power and flatter trajectory of a high velocity gun.

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in 1913 the Home Fleet commander issued orders which envisaged opening fire at 15,000 weather permitting. During the Battle of Jutland of 1914 a 3% accuracy was achieved at a distance of 16,000 yards. In 1915 20,000 yards was considered extreme and basically theoretical range.

2199:. It was also able to co-ordinate the fire of the turrets so that their combined fire worked together. This improved aiming and larger optical rangefinders improved the estimate of the enemy's position at the time of firing. The system was eventually replaced by the improved " 437:

had a second tier of carriage-mounted long guns fitted. Records show how the configuration of guns changed as gun-making technology evolved and new classifications were invented. In 1514, the armament consisted mostly of anti-personnel guns like the larger breech-loading iron

2489:-shells) that would detonate when they came close to an enemy aircraft, and could also aim into the water to create waterspouts which could bring down low flying aircraft such as torpedo planes. The light anti-aircraft artillery typically consisted of autocannons such as the 768: 756:. One descriptive characteristic which was commonly used was to define guns by their 'pound' rating: theoretically, the weight of a single solid iron shot fired by that bore of cannon. Common sizes were 42-pounders, 36-pounders, 32-pounders, 24-pounders, 18-pounders, 2283:

guns would have to hold their fire to wait for the slower-firing heavies, losing the advantage of their faster rate of fire, or it would be uncertain whether a splash was due to a heavy or a light gun, making ranging and aiming unreliable. Italian naval architect

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hull planking, indicating a stand-off range of at least 90 m (295 ft). The port pieces proved particularly efficient at smashing large holes in wood when firing stone shot and were a devastating anti-personnel weapon when loaded with flakes or pebbles.

638:, and was entitled to the support of one or more gunner's mates. In the Royal Navy, the master gunner also directed the "quarter gunners" – able seamen with the added responsibility of managing the rate and direction of fire from any set of four gun crews. 690:

was hard up against the ship's bulwark, and the barrel protruding out of the gun port. This took the majority of the guncrew manpower as the total weight of a large cannon in its carriage could reach over two tons, and the ship would probably be rolling.

2127:, typically with various spotters and distance measures being sent to a central plotting station deep within the ship. There the fire direction teams fed in the location, speed and direction of the ship and its target, as well as various adjustments for 1195:

in place of the traditional matches. Flintlocks enabled a higher rate of fire and greater accuracy as the gun captain could choose the exact moment of firing. Prior to this the Royal Navy introduced the use of goose quills filled with powder during the

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and automatic plot of ranges and rates for use in centralised fire control. To obtain accurate data of the target's position and relative motion, Pollen developed a plotting unit (or plotter) to capture this data. He added a gyroscope to allow for the

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shells. At 16° elevation, the range was extended to 20,435 yd (18,686 m) using the more aerodynamic, but slightly heavier 4 crh AP shells. The rate of fire of these guns was one to two rounds per minute. The ships carried 80 rounds per gun.

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Meanwhile, a group led by Dreyer designed a similar system. Although both systems were ordered for new and existing ships of the Royal Navy, the Dreyer system eventually found most favour with the Navy in its definitive Mark IV* form. The addition of

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His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism couldn't withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in

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blast; it is commonly mistakenly called "grapeshot", both today and in historic accounts (typically those of landsmen). Although canister shot could be used aboard ship, it was more traditionally an army artillery projectile for clearing fields of

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Naval artillery calibers greater than 130 mm (5.1 in) were not installed on most new ships after World War II. With the progression of ship design away from heavy caliber guns, nearly all main gun armaments developed since then are of

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balls). The shrapnel balls would carry on with the "remaining velocity" of the shell. In addition to a denser pattern of musket balls, the retained velocity could be higher as well, since the shrapnel shell as a whole would likely have a higher

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long range: single hits inflicting some damage upon enemy ships were considered possible, though accuracy was expected to be very low, at 1–3%. It should not be confused with theoretical range of the gun or a range when hits produced almost no

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were devised to protect ships against both torpedo boats and aircraft, and for WWII they comprised the primary armament on frigates and destroyers, and the secondary armament on cruisers and battleships. Dual purpose guns such as the US Navy's

2445:. High-velocity naval artillery intended to puncture side armor at close range was theoretically capable of hitting targets miles away with the aid of fire control directors; but the maximum elevation of guns mounted within restrictive armored 3084:

out of 8,000 rounds fired by American warships against stationary targets at a distance of 0.5–3 miles during a battle of the Spanish–American War there were 129 hits (ca 1.5%). Other sources note 2% accuracy at 2,000 yards during the same

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Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he only produced smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for

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whole Mediterranean fleet. He devised a new sub-calibre gun which involved fitting a one-inch-calibre rifled barrel inside the barrel of the main armament but which used the main gun's controls. He also came up with new sights employing

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control facilitated a full, practicable fire control system for World War I ships, and most RN capital ships were so fitted by mid 1916. The director was high up over the ship where operators had a superior view over any gunlayer in the

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under favorable conditions centrally controlled accurate salvo was deemed possible at 8,000 yards and under very favorable ones at 10,000 yards. "Within a decade , the range of accurate naval gunnery had increased from 2,000 to 10,000

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that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the

406:, small muzzle-loaders with rectangular bores and fin-like protrusions that were used to support the guns against the railing and allow the ship structure to take the force of the recoil. Though the design is unknown, there were two 1933:

studs were installed into the outside of the projectile so as to engage the rifling grooves in the gun barrel. The base had a hollow pocket but was not filled with powder or explosive: the cavity was necessitated by difficulties in

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first argued for the concept of an all-big-gun battleship in 1903, proposing an "ideal" future British battleship of 17,000 long tons (17,000 t), with a main battery of a dozen 12-inch guns in eight turrets, 12 inches of

1053:, with computation of the velocities thereby communicated to projectiles. He compared the results of his theory with experimental determinations of the ranges of mortars and cannon, and gave practical maxims for the management of 630:. By the eighteenth century the master gunner had become responsible only for the maintenance of the guns and their carriages, and for overseeing supplies of gunpowder and shot. In status the master gunner remained equal to the 450:

and stone guns. Only a handful of guns in the first inventory were powerful enough to hole enemy ships, and most would have been supported by the ship's structure rather than resting on carriages. The inventories of both the

1929:, the head being chilled in casting to harden it, using composite molds with a metal, water cooled portion for the head. At times there were defects that led to cracking in the projectiles but these were overcome with time. 3344:

often carry 1-2 dual-purpose guns, as a backup to missile systems for anti-aircraft defense and capable of land fire support, ranging from 3 inch to 5.1 inch (76 to 130 mm) calibre. Many modern warships also carry a

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in 1896, where he was able to implement his new theories on gunnery, scoring the unprecedented success of 80% during the 1897 gunnery trials. This was totally unprecedented, as the average in the Royal Navy was just 28%.

1724:, was completed in August 1864. Its existing broadside guns were replaced with four turrets on a flat deck and the ship was fitted with 5.5 inches (140 mm) of armour in a belt around the waterline. Early ships like 694:

The touch hole in the rear ('breech') of the cannon was primed with finer gunpowder ('priming powder'), or a 'quill' (from a porcupine or such, or the skin-end of a feather) pre-filled with priming powder, then ignited.

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where there ended up being far fewer engagements between surface combatants, including only two "battleship-versus-battleship" meetings. Most of the decisive battles in the Pacific were carrier-versus-carrier, included

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Naval artillery and tactics stayed relatively constant during the period 1571-1862, with large, sail-powered wooden naval warships mounting a great variety of different types and sizes of cannon as their main armament.

1743:, the first seagoing warship to carry her guns in turrets. Laid down in 1866 and completed in June 1869, it carried two turrets, although the inclusion of a forecastle and poop prevented the guns firing fore and aft. 3057:

the 1880s. British naval expert and MP claimed that "the practice of naval guns in action at distances exceeding 1,000 yards" was uncertain and there was no sense adjusting powder capacity to go beyond that range.

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Naval gunfire could reach as far as 20 miles (32 km) inland, and was often used to supplement land-based artillery. The heavy-calibre guns of some eighteen battleships and cruisers were used to stop German

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Use of naval artillery expanded toward the end of the 15th century, with ships purpose-built to carry dozens of small bore breech-loading anti-personnel guns. English examples of these types include Henry VII's

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attriting defending forces. Obsolete battleships unfit for combat against other ships were often used as floating gun platforms expressly for this purpose. However, given the relatively primitive nature of the

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Although naval artillery had been designed to perform within the classical broadside tactics of the age of sail, World War I demonstrated the need for naval artillery mounts capable of greater elevation for

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the desire to reduce weight in the ends of the ship and the relative fragility of the bow and stern portions of the hull limited this role to a 9-pounder, rather than one which used a 12 or 24 pound shot.

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A typical firing procedure follows. A wet swab was used to mop out the interior of the barrel, extinguishing any embers from a previous firing which might set off the next charge of gunpowder prematurely.

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When gunnery ranges increased dramatically in the late 19th century, it was no longer a simple matter of calculating the proper aim point, given the flight times of the shells. Increasingly sophisticated

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large solid projectiles without their cracking when they cooled, because the nose and base of the projectiles cooled at different rates, and in fact a larger cavity facilitated a better quality casting.

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Various types of ammunition could be used for different purposes: plain spherical shot of stone or iron smashed hulls, spiked bar shot and shot linked with chains would tear sails or damage rigging, and

3164:

a table for battleship gunfire worked out by the US Navy envisioned that for 20,000 yards the hit ratio should be at 2.6%, for 22,000 yards at 1.5%, for 24,000 yards at 0.7% and at 26,000 yards at 0.1%

2274:

As battle ranges were pushed out to an unprecedented 6,000 yards (5,500 m), the distance was great enough to force gunners to wait for the shells to arrive before applying corrections for the next

3174:

4,000 was considered point-blank range. Modern battleships avoided distances shorter than 10,000 yards, as at such a short range their technological advantage over older battleships would be wiped out

3198:

achieved 5% at the same distance. However, during training exercises of 1930 US Navy battleships used to open fire at the extreme range of 35,000 yards; it is not clear what the hit ratio was.

1353:. The shells were equipped with a fuse which ignited automatically when the gun was fired. The shell would then lodge itself in the wooden hull of the target before exploding a moment later. 1110:

in 1793, a series of technical innovations over the course of the late 18th century combined to give the British fleet a distinct superiority over the ships of the French and Spanish navies.

678:

pierced by a metal 'pricker' through the touch hole, was placed in the barrel and followed by a cloth wad (typically made from canvas and old rope), then rammed home with a rammer. Next the

1796:

the guns, the turret weighed approximately 160 long tons (163 t); the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate.

1710:, which had four turrets and a low freeboard, intended only for coastal defence. Coles was allowed to design the turrets, but the ship was the responsibility of the chief Constructor 2306:

pushed through the Board of Admiralty a decision to arm the next battleship with 12-inch guns and that it would have a speed no less than 21 knots (39 km/h). The result was HMS

3364:

can fire 40 rounds a minute at a range of over 23 kilometres (25,153 yd), or up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) when using rocket-boosted, terminal guided "Vulcano GLR" rounds.

3075:"distances of up to 1,000 yards became possible" by the mid-1890s.. Until 1904 the British navy premier gunnery exercise, the Annual Prize Firings, were held at 1,400–1,600 yards. 2413:

battleships), but the number of guns carried remained similar. Smaller ships used smaller-calibre weapons which were also used on battleships as the defensive secondary armament.

1703:, who wrote to the first Lord of the Admiralty, the Duke of Somerset, supporting the construction of a turret ship. In January 1862, the Admiralty agreed to construct a ship, 938:

arc. Explosive shells or carcasses were employed rather than solid shot. Bomb vessels were specialized ships designed for bombarding (hence the name) fixed positions on land.

662:

Firing a naval cannon required a great amount of labour and manpower. The propellant was gunpowder, whose bulk had to be kept in a special storage area below deck for safety.

4388: 3291:

in 1944. Larger surface combatants (cruisers, battleships) thus employed their large caliber naval guns mostly for shore bombardment; an exception was the Japanese who fired

3266:

By the mid-20th century, aircraft began to replace naval artillery as more effective weapons against ships, especially during World War II. This was particularly true of the

1555:

cast cannon imposed by the necessity of retracting the cannon into the hull for reloading through the muzzle. Simultaneous availability of longer barrels and slower burning

4370:

p 84 J. Guillmartin "Ballistics in the Black Powder era" p 73–98 in ROYAL ARMOURIES CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS.; British naval armament 1600–1900; London, 1987; Nov, 1989,

1126:

carronade weighed a quarter as much and used a quarter to a third of the gunpowder charge for a long gun firing the same cannonball. Its invention is variously ascribed to

518:

In Portugal, the development of the heavy galleon removed even the necessity of bringing carrack firepower to bear in most circumstances. One of them became famous in the

1145:. A lightweight gun that needed only a small gun crew and was devastating at short range was a weapon well suited to defending merchant ships against French and American 1482:

What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "

3145:

In the early 1920s the US Navy produced a table which estimated average hit ratio for battleship gunfire; distances of 10,000 yards and below were not even considered.

6082: 2583:, the problems were not especially challenging, and enemy coastal defences (forts, shore-batteries etc.) were fairly unsophisticated; but along the Belgian Coast the 2080:

within the same time period. Quick-firing guns were initially breech-loading weapons firing ammunition small enough to be loaded by hand. Later substitution of brass

2657:

The Royal Navy continually advanced their technology and techniques necessary to conduct effective bombardments in the face of the German defenders—firstly refining

2356:, a new generation of more powerful "super-dreadnoughts" was being built. The arrival of the super-dreadnought is commonly believed to have started with the British 1427:, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. The necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was only available by the mid-19th century. The 3155:

the early 1920s estimated that for 18,000 yards the hit ratio was to be at 4.2%, for 16,000 yards at 6.2%, for 14,000 yards at 8.9% and for 12,000 yards at 12.3%.

2456:

was one of the first artillery pieces to be adapted as an anti-aircraft gun and mounted on ships for defence. It was first used in 1914 as a secondary armament on

1982:

steel armor became commonplace, initially only on the thicker armor of warships. To combat this, the projectile was formed of steel—forged or cast—containing both

1238:

was already in widespread use at the time; a tin or canvas container filled with small iron or lead balls burst open when fired, giving the effect of an oversized

1076: 3873:

It was not until the 1590s that the word "broadside" in English was commonly used to refer to gunfire from the side of a ship rather than the ship's side itself;

3126:

in 1913 the Home Fleet commander issued orders which envisaged "decisive range" of 8,000–10,000. German commanders were instructed to fight at 7,000-9,000 yards.

561:, and from the 17th century, by the other Europeans in general, beginning with the Dutch and the English, in the English Channel and the North Sea. Pictured, the 6034: 3249:, in both cases the distance was some 26,000 yards. The US Navy considered 28,000 yards "maximum effective range of battleship guns" if without aerial spotting. 2153:

independently developed the first such systems. Pollen began working on the problem after noting the poor accuracy of naval artillery at a gunnery practice near

1349:

in 1824, in which he successfully broke up the ship. Two prototype Paixhans guns had been cast in 1823 and 1824 for this test. Paixhans reported the results in

2279:. A related problem was that the shell splashes from the more numerous smaller weapons tended to obscure the splashes from the bigger guns. Either the smaller- 284:'s artillery have been recovered by archaeologists; all of the guns were small bore swivel guns firing composite lead/iron shot about the size of a golf ball. 2681:

and radar of the era combined with the high velocity of naval gunfire, accuracy was poor until troops landed and were able to radio back reports to the ship.

57: 3314:, the last active battleship with large-caliber guns (16 in (410 mm)) was decommissioned in 1992. Submarines shed their deck guns as a handicap in 1804:

by the crew. The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several

475:(a name that indicated they fired through ports), all of which required carriages, had longer range and were capable of doing serious damage to other ships. 3325:

were retrofitted to certain surface combatants. New classes of vessels were designed with guided missiles as the primary weaponry, notably the Royal Navy's

3047:

in 1882 a British naval expert and MP claimed in the Commons that "the effective fire of guns will be delivered within rather beyond a range of 500 yards".

2251:

achieved the same score of 80%, and Scott's gunnery practices were adopted by other ships in the fleet. Later, Scott taught at the naval gunnery school at

1443:

as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.

2470:

were capable of elevating to 70° for potential use against aircraft. The Japanese used their large caliber guns for anti-aircraft defense when employing

1788:

from firing her guns straight forward. One of Ericsson's prime goals in designing the ship was to present the smallest possible target to enemy gunfire.

812:

consisted of metallic canisters which broke open upon firing, each of which was filled with hundreds of lead musket balls for clearing decks like a giant

1559:

increased projectile velocities to 650 m/s (2,100 ft/s). Spin-stabilized elongated projectiles offered both reliable positioning of percussion

666:- sometimes called Powder Monkeys- typically 10–14 years old, were enlisted to run powder from the armoury up to the gun decks of a vessel as required. 956:

The first specialised bomb vessels were built towards the end of the 17th century, based on the designs of Bernard Renau d'Eliçagaray, and used by the

2321:. These could deliver a broadside of a maximum of eight guns and could be elevated up to +13.5°. They fired 850-pound (390 kg) projectiles at a 1068:

Robins argued for the use of larger bore cannon and the importance of tightly fitting cannonballs. His work on gunnery was translated into German by

6497: 5782: 5751: 4987: 5916: 4991: 3541: 3526: 1839:, but they were not ready in time and 11-inch (280 mm) guns were substituted. Each gun weighed approximately 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg). 2925:

medium range: considered typical for naval engagement. At this range accuracy was supposed to be at 15–20%, enabling a hit after some 4–5 salvos

374:

carried a mixture of cannon of different types and sizes, many designed for land use, and using incompatible ammunition at different ranges and

981:

firing the weapons to the hull. The interstices of the framework were used as storage areas for ammunition. Early bomb vessels were rigged as

274:, with 141 and 225 guns respectively. Elsewhere in late medieval Northern Europe, the Dutch-built flagship of the Danish-Norwegian King Hans, 258:. In 1489 he further contributed to the development of naval artillery by establishing the first standardized teams of trained naval gunners ( 1990:. Another change was the introduction of a soft metal cap over the point of the shell – so called "Makarov tips" invented by Russian admiral 881:-soaked canvas which took fire when the rocket was launched, which could either be from special launching racks or from a cannon barrel (see 5985: 4551:

Marshall J. Bastable (1992). "From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880".

3417:

Ericsson later admitted that this was a serious flaw in the ship's design and that the pilot house should have been placed atop the turret.

515:

for antipersonnel use at closer ranges, while the larger cannon might be loaded with a single heavy cannonball to cause structural damage.

118:(AAW) engagements. The term generally refers to powder-launched projectile-firing weapons and excludes self-propelled projectiles such as 394:

The majority of the guns were small iron guns with short range that could be aimed and fired by a single person. The two most common were

4676:

by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pages 863–870

329:

The 16th century was an era of transition in naval warfare. Since ancient times, war at sea had been fought much like that on land: with

4489: 4158: 764:, 24-pound and 12-pound calibres, augmented by smaller pieces. In general, larger ships carrying more guns carried larger ones as well. 581:

had developed as a tactic that could take advantage of the broadside armament. This method became the heart of naval warfare during the

4624: 4240: 4259: 1818:

in April 1863. Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle, which could also jam the turret.

44: 1620:

and with the capability of being aimed and fired in many directions as a rotating weapon platform. This platform can be mounted on a

3029:

in the early 19th century maximum effective range was some 400 yards. "few hundred yards" were "realistic ranges" during the 1860s.

421:

A cast bronze culverin (front) and a wrought iron port piece (back), modern reproductions of two of the guns that were on board the

4723: 4380: 2697:, although initially the surprise nature of the landings themselves precluded a drawn-out bombardment which could have reduced the 2110:

Accurate fire control systems were introduced in the early 20th century. Pictured, a cut-away view of a destroyer. The below decks

3216:

battle plans prepared in the late 1930s by the US Navy envisioned that a moderate range would be between 17,000 and 20,000 yards

3103:

in 1905 the Royal Navy introduced 5,000–7,000 yards as best practice distance when firing against stationary targets.; during the

2223:

Significant gunnery developments occurred in the late 1890s and the early 1900s, culminating with the launch of the revolutionary

1049:

Robins also made a number of important experiments on the resistance of the air to the motion of projectiles, and on the force of

5560: 5447: 1032:

into account. He also carried out an extensive series of experiments in gunnery, embodying his results in his famous treatise on

850:

injure enemy crews (although this was not common, and when it was used, it was generally aboard non-commissioned vessels such as

5195: 3360:

Modern naval artillery is nevertheless still capable of impressive performances. For example, the Italian 127 mm (~5 inch)

2916:

close range: at this distance almost every salvo was considered a probable hit. It should not be confused with point-blank range

5512: 2061:, launched 1891. Other navies followed suit; the French Navy installed quick-firing weapons on its ships completed in 1894–95. 1412: 487:

effect. Trials made with replicas of culverins and port pieces showed that they could penetrate wood the same thickness of the

239:

These small guns were anti-personnel weapons and were fired at point blank range to accompany engagement with muskets or bows.

6060: 6127: 5478: 5427: 5243: 5149: 5124: 5070: 5014: 4922: 4861: 4775: 4602: 4355: 4327: 4222: 4189: 4152: 4122: 4006: 3910: 3849: 3267: 1689: 1081: 6089: 5093: 4830: 3579: 893:.) The point stuck in sails, hulls or spars and set fire to the enemy ship. In Western naval warfare, shore forts sometimes 833:, which consisted of two iron balls joined together with a chain, and was particularly designed for cutting large swaths of 3606: 3303:. Ships who remained in service equipped with old large-caliber artillery were used only for naval gunfire support, as the 2382:

In comparison to the rapid advancement of the preceding half-century, naval artillery changed comparatively little through

1550:

in 1879 when the left muzzleloading 12-inch (305 mm) gun in the forward turret exploded during practice firing in the

367:, coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship, possible for the first time in history, at least in theory. 3207:

battle plans prepared in the late 1930s by the US Navy envisioned that a close range would be anything under 17,000 yards

2467: 2466:

Most naval artillery on ships built after World War I was capable of elevating to at least 45°, and some guns as large as

2001:

Increased armor penetration became possible when projectile velocities of 800 m/s (2,600 ft/s) were obtained as

1780:, also called the "raft". This extended well past the sides of the lower, more traditionally shaped hull. A small armored 2587:

constructed an extensive, well-equipped and well-coordinated system of gun-batteries to defend the coast. Ports, such as

1959:

These chilled iron shots proved very effective against wrought iron armor, but were not serviceable against compound and

242:

In the 1470s, the Portuguese and Venetian navies were experimenting with ship mounted cannons as anti-ship weapons. King

4687: 549: 6440: 6404: 6343: 6324: 6305: 6286: 6234: 6206: 6187: 6146: 6031: 4654: 4289: 1512: 300: 246:, while still a prince in 1474, is credited with pioneering the introduction of a reinforced deck on the old Henry-era 2330: 2035:

capable of sinking the largest warships. By the end of the 19th century, all warships required a defensive battery of

914:, bomb vessels in the left foreground fire over the British and Danish lines of battle into the city in the background 6481: 6459: 6253: 6014: 5949: 5881: 5860: 5839: 5736: 5712: 5691: 5670: 5649: 5612: 5281: 5173: 4824: 4483: 4446: 4071: 3780: 3551: 2158: 1815: 1522: 1269: 4024: 3284: 3245: 2183: 1435:

and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's bore and which engaged with the gun's

1415:

was awarded a contract by the British government in the 1850s to design a revolutionary new piece of artillery—the

414:(finished after the sinking) which was probably similar to a base, but placed in one or more of the fighting tops. 3011:

at 25-50 yards."before 1850 … the most effective and preferred distance was 100 yards – known as the half pistol".

2325:

of 2,725 ft/s (831 m/s); at 13.5°, this provided a maximum range of 16,450 m (17,990 yd) with

3292: 2490: 2471: 1344: 323: 3275:, the first battle in which the opposing ships neither sighted nor fired directly upon one another, followed by 1680:"proved a great success", and Coles patented his rotating turret after the war. Following Coles' patenting, the 686:

was depressed.) The gun in its carriage was then 'run out'—men heaved on the gun tackles until the front of the

6374:

Schleihauf, William (1998). "A Concentrated Effort: Royal Navy Gunnery Exercises at the End of the Great War".

6271: 3280: 2363:. What made them 'super' was the unprecedented 2,000-ton jump in displacement, the introduction of the heavier 2267: 2085: 2023:, an example of the intermediate battery principle with its forward 13-inch and forward port 8-inch gun turrets 2957:"most battles were fought at point-blank range, no further than a pistol shot and sometimes muzzle-to-muzzle". 315: 5716: 3444: 3227: 2596: 2457: 2326: 2303: 2175: 1878: 1711: 845:. It was far more effective than other projectiles in this use, but was of little use for any other purpose. 287:

By the early 16th century, the navies of the Mediterranean had universally adopted lighter and more accurate

5033:

Our Iron-clad Ships: Their Qualities, Performances, and Cost. With Chapters on Turret Ships, Iron-clad Rams

3722:"The Danish royal flagship gribshunden – Dendrochronology on a late medieval carvel sunk in the Baltic Sea" 3288: 2541: 2367:(343 mm) gun, and the placement of all the main armament on the centerline. In the four years between 2200: 1192: 906: 760:, 9-pounders, 8-pounders, 6-pounders, and various smaller calibres. French ships used standardized guns of 152: 17: 417: 5779: 5748: 2043: 1377:

used in torpedo warheads would detonate during the acceleration of firing from a gun. After brief use of

911: 732:

set into the bulwarks, and a turn taken about the gun's cascabel, the knob at the end of the gun barrel.

192: 4092: 2310:, which rendered all previous ships immediately obsolete on its launch in 1906. The ship mounted the 45- 2088:. Increasing mechanization ultimately enabled similar rates of fire from naval artillery calibers up to 1971:

by water took the place of the Palliser shot. At first, these forged-steel rounds were made of ordinary

1956:, with devastating results. It was the first time that such piercing shells were used in actual combat. 682:

was rammed in, followed by another wad (to prevent the cannonball from rolling out of the barrel if the

2403: 2364: 2065: 2055: 1718: 1440: 1150: 1142: 5913: 1699:

turret ships and instructed its own designers to create better designs. Coles enlisted the support of

740:

The types of artillery used varied from nation and time period. The more important types included the

6264:

Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century.

5009:. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 79–80. 3398: 3334: 2314: 1188: 1107: 399: 353:

Gunports cut in the hull of ships were introduced as early as 1501, about a decade before the famous

5853:

Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America

2089: 1732:

had little sea-keeping qualities, being limited to coastal waters. Coles, in collaboration with Sir

1242:. Shrapnel's innovation was to combine the multi-projectile shotgun effect of canister shot, with a 1020:

The art of gunnery was put on a scientific basis in the mid-18th century. British military engineer

6520: 4953: 3261: 2561: 2453: 2426: 1704: 1585: 1420: 519: 5037: 3361: 3272: 3003:"most naval battles were fought at musket shot (100 yards) or pistol shot (50 yards)" In 1812 US 2407: 2252: 2150: 2051: 961: 499:

threw a stone projectile three quarters of a mile (1.2 km), while a cannon threw a 32-pound

426: 196: 49: 3797: 3020:

At Trafalgar the French fire from 1,000 yards was marginally accurate and produced little damage

2106: 4277: 3368: 3346: 2501: 2357: 2342: 2224: 1968: 1935: 1863: 1700: 1540: 942: 799:(although that was more of a matter of improved training and discipline than of matched guns). 788: 291:, cast in bronze and capable of firing balls or stones weighing up to 60 lb (27 kg). 6162:"Our Big Guns": An Address Delivered in the Town Hall, Birmingham, on the 20th September, 1886 4767: 4473: 4142: 3094:

in the very early 20th century 4,000 yards was considered short distance in the British Navy.

1963:

armor, which was first introduced in the 1880s. A new departure therefore had to be made, and

1598:

Before the development of large-calibre, long-range guns in the mid-19th century, the classic

1467: 4965: 4214: 4207: 4079: 3520: 3330: 2678: 2658: 2560:. Under international law such bombardments are regulated by the general law of war and the " 2557: 2537: 2528: 2494: 1805: 1529: 1456: 1452: 1366: 1336: 1275: 1253: 1205: 946: 496: 251: 224: 223:

was armed with three cannons and one hand gun. In Asia naval artillery are recorded from the

216: 115: 111: 6120:

Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7

5581:

Donald M. Weller, "Salvo-Splash: The Development Of Naval Gunfire Support In World War II,"

5395: 5375: 4759: 4632: 4518: 4438: 4237: 4035:

dating from around 1592 with 12 matched guns was discovered, and guns were recovered in 2009

2482: 2421: 1951: 1525:

decided to revert to muzzle-loading artillery pieces on the grounds of cost and efficiency.

1369:

properties of exploding shells demonstrated the obsolescence of wooden warships in the 1853

1339:

in 1822–1823. He advocated using flat-trajectory shell guns against warships in 1822 in his

1141:

from 1769 to 1779. Carronades initially became popular on British merchant ships during the

4256: 4144:

Innovation and Empire in Turkey: Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy

3733: 3315: 3308: 2672:

The practice reached its zenith during World War II, when the availability of man-portable

2545: 2186:. Pollen continued his work, with tests carried out on Royal Navy warships intermittently. 2179: 2081: 1544: 1472: 1034: 675: 310: 306: 212: 1765:

in America, although his design was technologically inferior to Coles'. Ericsson designed

1296:

required steam powered machinery to assist loading cannonballs too heavy for men to lift.

1243: 934:

mounted forward near the bow and elevated to a high angle, and projecting their fire in a

227:

in 1363 and in considerable quantities at the Battle of Jinpo in 1380 with cannon made by

8: 5505:

Tony DiGiulian's webpage provides comprehensive information on this gun's Naval service.

5328: 4032: 3427: 2702: 2430: 2376: 2311: 2191: 2165: 2101: 1979: 1883: 1655: 1592: 1382: 1257: 1197: 1025: 935: 795:

to start using matched cannon firing standard ammunition, allowing firing of coordinated

761: 757: 718: 702: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 243: 5031: 4717: 3737: 250:

to allow the mounting of heavy guns for this purpose. These were initially wrought iron

6156: 5400: 5380: 5333: 4981: 4964:(reprint of the 1933 publication ed.). Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. p. 4576: 4568: 4309: 4278:"Muskets and Pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the Ballistics Revolution" 3702: 3501: 3393: 3104: 2694: 2666: 2572: 2553: 2402:. All ship types became larger as the calibre of heavy guns increased (to a maximum of 2285: 2017: 1737: 1373:; but detonation effectiveness was limited by use of gunpowder bursting charges. Early 1316: 1127: 1039: 627: 525: 5553:"Laws of War: Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War (Hague IX); October 18, 1907" 5552: 5443: 2966:

in the late 17th century "effective range for the heavy cannon" was perhaps 400 yards.

2416: 1400: 1200:

giving an almost instantaneous burn time compared with earlier methods of detonation.

562: 228: 6477: 6455: 6436: 6419: 6400: 6383: 6362: 6354: 6339: 6320: 6301: 6282: 6267: 6249: 6230: 6202: 6183: 6166: 6160: 6142: 6123: 6010: 5945: 5877: 5856: 5835: 5732: 5708: 5687: 5666: 5645: 5608: 5474: 5423: 5239: 5203: 5169: 5145: 5120: 5066: 5010: 4969: 4918: 4895: 4857: 4820: 4771: 4760: 4580: 4479: 4442: 4351: 4301: 4218: 4185: 4148: 4118: 4002: 3953: 3945: 3906: 3845: 3819: 3776: 3749: 3694: 3547: 3493: 3387: 3354: 3329:

whose Batch 1 and Batch 2 subclasses lacked a main gun while only carrying a pair of

3304: 3239: 2600: 2442: 2114:

is shown in the centre of the drawing and is labelled "Gunnery Calculating Position".

1943: 1906:

armor of considerable thickness. This armor was practically immune to both the round

1811: 1777: 1733: 1681: 1663: 1644: 1564: 1533: 1134: 874: 796: 683: 642: 557:

was used from the beginning of the 16th century by the Portuguese, especially in the

364: 255: 176: 5508: 4958: 3690: 802:

Different types of shot were employed for various situations. Standard fare was the

6052: 4672: 4560: 4431: 4293: 3809: 3741: 3686: 3647: 3643: 3440: 3337: 3300: 3276: 2985:"half a mile" (800 yards) was maximum effective range, "extreme range about a mile" 2477: 2036: 2002: 1947: 1918: 1899: 1855: 1423:. This marked the birth of modern artillery both on land and at sea. The piece was 1279: 994: 950: 598: 81: 4594: 4512: 2606: 2262: 589:

favoured rapid fire at close range to shatter a ship's hull and disable its crew.

6502: 6038: 5920: 5786: 5755: 5285: 5087: 5060: 4814: 4727: 4343: 4263: 4244: 4028: 3994: 3745: 3326: 2903: 2512: 2322: 2128: 2120: 2111: 1911: 1602:

design used rows of port-mounted guns on each side of the ship, often mounted in

1536: 1508: 1439:

grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of

1370: 1231: 1043: 1021: 1013: 931: 859: 792: 635: 334: 219:, was the first recorded European naval battle using artillery. The English ship 107: 5990:

Building a Doctrine: U. S. Naval Tactics and Battle Plans in the Interwar Period

3371:

is an example, armed with 2 turrets built by Mykolayiv Mechanical Repair Plant.

2013: 1072:

and was heavily influential on the development of naval weaponry across Europe.

455:

and the Tower had changed radically by 1540. There were now the new cast bronze

5315: 4886:

Thompson, Stephen C. (1990). "The Design and Construction of the USS Monitor".

3721: 2576: 2516: 2486: 2300: 1991: 1891: 1869:

of 1871 was another pivotal design, and led directly to the modern battleship.

1772:

in 1861. Its most prominent feature was a large cylindrical gun turret mounted

1636: 1551: 1374: 1227: 1223: 1177: 1162: 1138: 1130: 1118: 1069: 1029: 997:

with three masts, and two mortars, one between each neighboring pair of masts.

986: 586: 578: 566: 554: 3814: 2255:. a largely honorary role which he held until promotion to flag rank in 1905. 1784:

was fitted on the upper deck towards the bow, however, its position prevented

1688:

of Coles' design in 1859, which was installed in the floating battery vessel,

231:. 80 Koryo warships successfully repelled 500 Japanese pirates referred to as 6514: 6423: 6387: 6366: 5684:

British Naval Captains of the Seven Years' War: The View from the Quarterdeck

4973: 4899: 4695: 4305: 3957: 3823: 3753: 3698: 3497: 2698: 2662: 2661:

techniques, then experimenting with night-bombardment and moving on to adopt

2584: 2146: 1922: 1887: 1792: 1762: 1621: 1416: 1405: 1239: 1235: 878: 870: 809: 772: 749: 480: 383: 180: 147: 103: 6182:. Naval Policy and History. Vol. 32. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 6170: 4658: 1432: 1392:

became widely used in conventional naval artillery shells during the 1890s.

6180:

Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control

3941: 3350: 3233: 3066:

200–300 yards was considered point blank range at the turn of the century.

2509: 2387: 2069: 2032: 1972: 1903: 1836: 1632: 1613: 1581: 1556: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1378: 1332: 1308: 1075:

Another significant scientific gunnery book was written by Warrant Officer

838: 698: 687: 558: 411: 387: 375: 330: 288: 200: 131: 5422:(reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. pp. 180–82. 5278: 3634:

Rodger, N.A.M. (1996). "The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650".

2533: 4021: 2383: 2294: 2290: 2231: 2219:

greatly improved the accuracy of gunnery at the turn of the 20th century.

2216: 2140: 1858: 1781: 1766: 1751: 1651: 1389: 1362: 1357: 1328:

cannonballs, which could inflict only local damage even on wooden hulls.

1153:, the impact of a single carronade broadside fired at close range by the 1094: 957: 941:

The first recorded deployment of bomb vessels by the English was for the

894: 741: 582: 276: 188: 168: 3899:

Your Noblest Shippe: Anatomy of a Tudor Warship. The Archaeology of the

3505: 3367:

Smaller, multi-role vessels are also seeing a resurgence. The Ukrainian

523:

that was operating at the time, and for this reason, it became known as

150:

indicates the use of ship-borne catapults against Britons ashore in his

5166:

The Sail and Steam Navy List, all the ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889

4572: 4313: 3481: 2580: 2568: 2318: 2196: 2124: 1833: 1640: 1609: 1599: 1576: 1519: 1491: 1448: 990: 973: 923: 919: 866: 830: 803: 679: 623: 593: 508: 500: 161: 135: 87:

fires a broadside of nine 16"/50 and six 5"/38 guns during an exercise.

3706: 3674: 2337: 2211: 1950:

fired twenty 250-pound-Palliser gunshots against the Peruvian monitor

1821: 969:. The range was usually controlled by adjusting the gunpowder charge. 705:

at the ready. The pointing system and accessories can be seen clearly.

5663:

The Navy in the War of William III 1689-1697: Its State and Direction

5642:

Warfare on the Mediterranean in the Age of Sail: A History, 1571–1866

4385:

Age Of Sail · Life at sea during the age of wooden ships and iron men

2592: 2505: 2395: 2244: 2170: 2073: 1926: 1907: 1773: 1685: 1673: 1628: 1617: 1428: 1304: 1287: 1184: 1146: 1114: 1099: 1054: 1050: 883: 851: 822: 753: 671: 631: 512: 359: 354: 208: 95: 5144:. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. p. 90. 4564: 4297: 2567:

At the beginning of World War I, its principal practitioner was the

2005:

propellants replaced gunpowder around the turn of the 20th century.

1791:

The turret's rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot. A pair of

1746: 1218:, and perhaps other British ships, had adopted Douglas's new system. 1117:

was a short-barrelled gun which threw a heavy ball developed by the

77: 6246:

Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era

5942:

Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era

4067: 3580:"From River Pirate to Ming Emperor - June 2010 Volume 24, Number 3" 2945: 2446: 2417:

High-angle artillery (dual purpose, anti-aircraft and anti-surface)

1987: 1975:, but as armor improved in quality, the projectiles followed suit. 1801: 1669: 1624: 1603: 1320: 977: 976:

continued to refine the class over the next century or more, after

927: 818: 745: 710: 504: 2247:

optics and new training targets. In the Navy's 1901 prize firing,

1761:

The gun turret was independently invented by the Swedish inventor

183:

general Li Bao used huopao (a type of gunpowder weapons, possibly

146:

The idea of ship-borne artillery dates back to the classical era.

6468:

Garcia de Resende, Vida e feitos d' el-rey Dom João Segundo, 1545

3492:(1 (288)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 37–58. 3375: 3341: 3322: 2690: 2399: 2280: 2028: 1964: 1898:

During the late 1850s, the development and implementation of the

1832:

The turret was intended to mount a pair of 15-inch (380 mm)

1500: 1436: 1424: 1292: 1283: 1172: 1154: 1122: 1062: 1005: 889: 834: 813: 725: 484: 247: 204: 184: 127: 119: 99: 5089:

Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare From 1855 to 1895

4209:

To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails

2562:

Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War (Hague Convention IX)

1532:

naval artillery became practical with French development of the

1165:

caused a wounded French captain to capitulate and surrender the

215:, fought between England and France in 1338 at the start of the 35: 6452:

Portugal: o pioneiro da globalização: a Herança das descobertas

6399:(3 ed.). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgeselleschaft. 5830:

Tucker, Spencer, Pierpaoli, Paul G., White, William E. (2011),

3720:

Hansson, Anton; Linderson, Hans; Foley, Brendan (August 2021).

3430:, but these were non-operational as no ammunition was produced. 2686: 2588: 2485:

functioned as heavy anti-aircraft artillery, firing VT shells (

1983: 1930: 1461: 1248: 1247:

front or above the intended target, releasing its contents (of

1058: 966: 855: 341: 172: 157: 123: 4894:(3). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organization. 4348:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

1331:

The first naval gun designed to fire explosive shells was the

6334:

Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997).

5140:

Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997).

3999:

The Command of the Ocean:A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815

3842:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649

3798:"Interim Report on Gribshunden (1495) Excavations: 2019–2021" 2673: 2276: 2154: 1995: 1960: 982: 232: 3486:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

4057: 2084:

for silk powder bags allowed increased rates of fire using

1662:

with guns protected by a 'cupola' and used the raft, named

1659: 1560: 1431:

shell fired by the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a

1263: 1187:

firing mechanisms for cannon were suggested by Captain Sir

842: 767: 5729:

Constitution vs Guerriere: Frigates during the War of 1812

4433:

Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression

2906:

of naval artillery evolved over the course of its history.

2270:

for defence against torpedo boats are mounted on the roof.

1495:

outward forces that the gun firing exerted on the barrel.

6336:

The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon

5142:

The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon

791:

advances in manufacturing technology allowed the English

106:

and then subsequently used for more specialized roles in

6338:. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. 5236:

Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship, 1815–1905

4467: 4465: 3572: 3357:

or aircraft that got through the other defense systems.

2182:

and the Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes (DNO),

1854:

represented the culmination of this pioneering work. An

1028:

to calculate the projectile trajectory while taking the

6317:

The Ship of the Line: Design, Construction and Fittings

5062:

USS Monitor: A Historic Ship Completes Its Final Voyage

3844:. W.W. Norton & Company, New York. pp. 205–7. 3307:

has supplanted naval guns for ship-versus-ship combat.

1591:, a pioneering turret ship, designed by naval engineer 1543:

in 1872. It was only after a serious accident on board

4915:

War, Technology, and Experience Aboard the USS Monitor

3874: 3839: 1910:

cannonballs then in use and to the recently developed

654: 5705:

Nelson's Trafalgar: The Battle That Changed the World

5487: 5420:

Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905

5117:

Confederate Ironclad vs Union Ironclad: Hampton Roads

4462: 3905:. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth. pp. 297–344. 3719: 2131:, weather effects on the air, and other adjustments. 2039:

capable of hitting fast, maneuverable torpedo boats.

1286:

cannon. The inadequacy of naval artillery caused the

709:

The earlier method of firing a cannon was to apply a

5185:"Treatise on Ammunition" 4th Edition 1887, page 236. 4550: 4424: 4422: 3461: 3426:

The US Navy installed six 155 mm (6.1 in)

6319:. Vol. II. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. 5874:

Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

5820:

Innovation and Counter-Innovation at Sea, 1840-1890

4816:

Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

3543:

Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises

2571:. During the War RN ships fired against targets at 2076:, and formed the main armament of smaller vessels. 2064:Quick-firing guns were a key characteristic of the 1917:The first solution to this problem was effected by 1616:designed to protect the crew and mechanism of the 1395: 862:, and others who couldn't afford real ammunition). 5092:. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 30. 4957: 4430: 4206: 4182:Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation 3896: 3607:"Korean Naval Firepower Part 1 – When Wako Attack" 3473: 3107:the Japanese achieved 20% accuracy at 6,500 yards 507:a 17-pound ball a mile and a quarter (2 km). 6476:. Paris: éditions Robert Laffont. p. 1,508. 5585:(1954) 80#8 pp 839–849 and 80#9 pp 1011–1021 4721:, Volume II. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1882 4655:"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder" 4419: 4046:Bannerman 90th Anniversary Military Goods Catalog 3378:mounted on ships is under development and study. 3333:although the Batch 3 was redesigned to include a 1563:and improved armor penetration through increased 6512: 5234:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001). 5196:"Build a Free Website with Web Hosting - Tripod" 4856:. Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 171. 3897:Alexzandra Hildred (2009). Peter Marsden (ed.). 2693:. Naval gunfire was used extensively throughout 1814:, which used the same turret design, during the 829:A more specialized shot for similar use was the 483:packed with sharp flints produced a devastating 6361:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 6279:The Big Gun: Battleship Main Armament 1860–1945 5509:"British 4"/45 (10.2 cm) QF Mark V and Mark XV" 5233: 4812: 4757: 4475:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact 3952:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 3877:The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650 1518:However, despite the gun's advantages, an 1863 1079:, a Master Gunner in the United Navy. He wrote 1016:put the art of gunnery onto a scientific basis. 724:The gunlock was operated by pulling a cord, or 6397:Die Geschichte der deutschen Schiffsartillerie 5506: 4917:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 41. 4112: 3659: 3657: 2701:defences sufficiently, a process that fell to 2504:roles to include protection of the fleet from 1471:Diagram showing how the muzzle-loading gun on 1291:Increased projectile weight through increased 160:of the Byzantine Empire carried catapults and 5906:The Evolution of Naval Gunnery (1900 to 1945) 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5065:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 8. 4797: 4428: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 3546:. Presses de l'Université Laval. p. 21. 2398:, and ships of intermediate size were called 2031:encouraged development of small, inexpensive 1486:" method involved assembling the barrel with 1057:. He also made observations on the flight of 877:projectiles with barbed points, wrapped with 658:Firing of an 18-pounder aboard a French ship. 6498:1943 article on the history of naval cannons 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5814: 5238:. Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales. 4986:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4854:Blue & gray navies: the Civil War afloat 4179: 4140: 4136: 4134: 3940: 3775:] (in Danish). Marinehistorisk Selskab. 3353:as a last ditch short-range defence against 2135:the information and another shot attempted. 1038:(1742), which contains a description of his 130:and those simply dropped overboard such as 6418:(3 ed.). New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4751: 3654: 3525:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3439:A few museum ships with larger guns (e.g., 2556:since the late 19th century in the form of 1319:had long been in use in ground warfare (in 1102:was a small gun, devastating at short range 565:between an allied Danish-Dutch fleet under 6266:Cambridge University Press, London. 1974. 6139:Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905–1970 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5588: 4990:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4184:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 44. 4099: 4048:Francis Bannerman Sons, New York pp.90–107 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3835: 3833: 3672: 3225:the longest hits were recorded in 1940 by 2352:Within five years of the commissioning of 674:, either loose or in a cloth or parchment 511:and smaller cannon were often loaded with 5925: 4766:. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 4595:"William George Armstrong - Graces Guide" 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4204: 4198: 4131: 4058:Royal Artillery Institution, ed. (1894). 3989: 3987: 3985: 3813: 3642:(3). Society for Nautical Research: 302. 3629: 3627: 3390: – Defensive military service branch 2599:and were frequently bombarded by British 2375:, displacement had increased by 25%, and 2008: 402:, most likely placed in the castles, and 6296:Hodges, Peter; Friedman, Norman (1979). 6281:. Annapolis, US: Naval Institute Press. 6248:. Annapolis, US: Naval Institute Press. 6229:. Annapolis, US: Naval Institute Press. 6201:. Annapolis, US: Naval Institute Press. 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5791: 5473:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 5413: 5411: 5394: 5374: 5337:(Supplement). 2 January 1893. p. 2. 5327: 4960:The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship 4870: 4325: 4266:, Donald D. Baals and William R. Corliss 4173: 3190:achieved 3,5% accuracy at 20,000 yards; 2994:at Trafalgar 30 yards was "close range" 2605: 2532: 2420: 2336: 2266:Turret with twin 12-inch Mk X guns. Two 2261: 2210: 2139:were first developed around the time of 2105: 2012: 1882: 1847:(3,340 m) at an elevation of +15°. 1820: 1745: 1580: 1466: 1399: 1351:Experiences faites sur une arme nouvelle 1303: 1264:Industrial era and the Age of Steamships 1226:was developed in 1784, by Major General 1171: 1093: 1089: 1004: 905: 766: 697: 653: 548: 416: 314: 280:, carried 68 guns. Eleven gun beds from 76: 60:of all important aspects of the article. 6117: 5887: 5603:Bruce, Anthony, Cogar, William (2014), 4784: 4539:University of New Mexico NROTC Sun Line 4510: 4117:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 4–5. 4022:BBC: 'Superguns' of Elizabeth I's navy. 4015: 3919: 3883: 3830: 3766: 3604: 3467: 1872: 1513:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns 14: 6513: 6136: 5994:International Journal of Naval History 5493: 5444:"Britain 12"/45 (30.5 cm) Mark X" 4688:"The Gun - Rifled Ordnance: Whitworth" 4605:from the original on 22 September 2018 4471: 4429:O'Connell, Robert L. (19 April 1990). 4403: 4342: 4275: 4115:Handbook of 19th Century Naval Warfare 3993: 3982: 3633: 3624: 3539: 3482:"The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment" 2206: 1256:than the individual musket balls (see 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 6450:Rodriguez, J.N.; Devezas, T. (2009). 6053:"Italy 127 mm/54 (5") Compact and LW" 6050: 5966: 5625:The Guns of the Santíssimo Sacramento 5417: 5408: 4802:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 20–30. 4492:from the original on 31 December 2013 3795: 3533: 3374:In the early 21st century the use of 2027:Underwater hull damage possible with 1890:, the first armour-piercing shot for 1341:Nouvelle force maritime et artillerie 1000: 735: 5471:British Battleships of World War One 5468: 4800:Some ship disasters and their causes 4391:from the original on 22 October 2013 4161:from the original on 25 January 2014 3663:Rodrigues and Tevezes (2009: p. 193) 3560:from the original on 8 December 2016 3479: 2579:and along the Belgian Coast. In the 2552:Battleships were used in support of 2522: 2463:in a high-angle anti-aircraft role. 2042:The Royal Navy first introduced the 29: 6227:Principles of Naval Weapons Systems 5563:from the original on 10 August 2011 4685: 4437:. Oxford University Press. p. 4329:Marshall's Practical Marine Gunnery 3340:. Modern cruisers, destroyers, and 2708: 2508:, they were fitted with high-angle 2164:Pollen aimed to produce a combined 1503:made cast cannon obsolete by 1880. 1299: 1082:Marshall's Practical Marine Gunnery 24: 6063:from the original on 30 March 2018 5507:Tony DiGiulian (13 January 2008). 5450:from the original on 14 April 2012 5384:. 11 September 1903. p. 5665. 4938:McCordock, Robert Stanley (1938). 4332:. Norfolk VA: C. Hall. p. 63. 4290:The Johns Hopkins University Press 3796:Foley, Brendan (31 January 2024). 3605:Jackson, Matthew (29 March 2012). 2714:Naval artillery ranges (in yards) 2603:operating from Dover and Dunkirk. 2390:. Battleships remained similar to 1335:, developed by the French general 922:was developed as a wooden sailing 865:In China and other parts of Asia, 301:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail 199:introduced cannons, to be used in 25: 6532: 6491: 6472:Vergé-Franceschi, Michel (2002). 6300:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 6165:. London: Wm. Clowes & Sons. 5446:. navweaps.com. 30 January 2009. 5119:. Osprey Publishing. p. 33. 4213:. Naval Institute Press. p. 2449:prevented reaching those ranges. 1816:First Battle of Charleston Harbor 1270:Naval tactics in the Age of Steam 960:. Five such vessels were used to 503:a full mile (1.6 km), and a 171:onwards, warships began to carry 6474:Dictionnaire d'Histoire maritime 6298:Destroyer Weapons of World War 2 6075: 6044: 6020: 5999: 5954: 5866: 5845: 5832:The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia 5824: 5772: 5760: 5742: 5721: 5697: 5640:Blackmore, David S. T., (2011), 5623:Guilmartin John F., Jr. (1983), 5583:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 5164:Lyon, David & Winfield, Rif 4833:from the original on 29 May 2016 3447:) remain in honorary commission. 3433: 3420: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3177: 3168: 3158: 3148: 3139: 3129: 3120: 3110: 3097: 3088: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2969: 2595:were of major importance to the 2483:5-inch (127 mm) /38 caliber guns 1925:, approved in 1867, was made of 1396:Breech-loading, rifled artillery 1356:The first Paixhans guns for the 949:deployed single deck ships with 348: 34: 6111: 5676: 5655: 5634: 5617: 5575: 5545: 5536: 5527: 5515:from the original on 1 May 2010 5499: 5462: 5436: 5388: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5341: 5321: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5227: 5218: 5188: 5179: 5158: 5133: 5108: 5096:from the original on 3 May 2016 5079: 5058: 5052: 5030:Reed, Sir Edward James (1869). 5023: 4998: 4946: 4931: 4906: 4885: 4845: 4806: 4742: 4733: 4710: 4679: 4665: 4647: 4617: 4587: 4544: 4532: 4504: 4373: 4364: 4336: 4319: 4269: 4250: 4231: 4070:: Royal Artillery Institution: 4051: 4038: 3973: 3964: 3875:Rodger, Nicholas A. M. (1996). 3867: 3864:Guilmartin (1974), page 264–266 3858: 3840:Rodger, Nicholas A. M. (1997). 3789: 3760: 3411: 2960: 2951: 2938: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2610:Animated naval gun operations: 2491:Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns 2095: 1668:, to shell the Russian town of 1061:and wrote on the advantages of 634:and ship's carpenter as senior 324:Willem van de Velde the Younger 48:may be too short to adequately 6122:. Cambridge University Press. 5365:Scott (1919), pp. 157–158 5277:For a description of one, see 5036:. London: J. Murray. pp. 4937: 4472:Kinard, Jeff (28 March 2018). 4060:Journal of the Royal Artillery 4001:. Penguin Books. p. 420. 3713: 3666: 3648:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656604 3598: 2500:As destroyers began to assume 2203:" for ships built after 1927. 1776:above the low-freeboard upper 1736:, went on to design and build 1570: 1404:Screw breech system of 7-inch 294: 235:using long range cannon fire. 58:provide an accessible overview 27:Artillery mounted on a warship 13: 1: 6416:Complete Guide to Handloading 6199:Naval Weapons of World War II 6007:Naval Battles of World War II 5605:Encyclopedia of Naval History 5404:. 3 March 1905. p. 1575. 5139: 4851: 4528:– via Internet Archive. 4458:– via Internet Archive. 3691:10.1093/ehr/XXXIII.CXXXII.472 3679:The English Historical Review 3454: 2404:46 centimetres (18.1 in) 2394:, torpedo boats evolved into 2297:(44 km/h; 28 mph). 1946:(8 October 1879) the Chilean 1879:Armor-piercing shot and shell 901: 544: 425:when she sank, on display at 6454:. Lisbon: Centro Atlantico. 5356:Scott (1919), pp. 81–85 5059:Broadwater, John D. (2012). 4912: 4819:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 27–33. 4511:Douglas, Sir Howard (1855). 4276:Steele, Brett (April 1994), 3746:10.1016/j.dendro.2021.125861 3540:Castex, Jean-Claude (2004). 2703:specialist armoured vehicles 2201:Admiralty Fire Control Table 1193:American War of Independence 617:on an upper deck, with some 386:, and equipped with simpler 175:of various calibres. In the 153:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7: 6395:Schmalenbach, Paul (1993). 5279:US Naval Fire Control, 1918 5085: 5004: 4952: 4514:A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 4381:"Introducing the Carronade" 4147:. I.B.Tauris. p. 128. 4044:Bannerman, David B. (1954) 3381: 3295:for anti-aircraft defense. 2086:sliding wedge breech blocks 1717:Another of Coles' designs, 912:Battle of Copenhagen (1801) 433:During rebuilding in 1536, 203:naval general warfare (e.g. 102:, originally used only for 10: 6537: 6414:Sharpe, Philip B. (1953). 6262:Guilmartin, John Francis, 6088:. Leonardo. Archived from 6005:Bennett, Geoffrey (2003), 5851:Manucy, Albert C. (1994), 5114: 5005:Canney, Donald L. (1993). 4954:Baxter, James Phinney, 3rd 4913:Mindell, David A. (2000). 4762:The World's Worst Warships 3950:Sea power: a naval history 3675:"The Navy under Henry VII" 3673:Goldingham, C. S. (1918). 3293:San Shiki "beehive" shells 3259: 3255: 2526: 2515:(called Y-guns, K-guns or 2472:San Shiki "beehive" shells 2443:defending against aircraft 2425:Gunners with a high angle 2099: 2066:pre-dreadnought battleship 1876: 1574: 1267: 1191:and introduced during the 1151:Action of 4 September 1782 1143:American Revolutionary War 400:breech-loading swivel guns 304: 298: 141: 6433:Cruisers of World War Two 6244:Friedman, Norman (2008). 6216:Fairfield, A. P. (1921). 6137:Breyer, Sigfried (1973). 5940:Friedman, Norman (2008), 5904:Watson, Paul. F. (2017), 5872:Sandler, Stanley (2004), 5717:page 76, see Google Books 5029: 4500:– via Google Books. 4326:Marshall, George (1822). 3815:10.1163/16000390-09401052 3480:Wade, Geoff 1987 (2005). 3399:List of artillery by type 2234:was given command of HMS 2123:were employed for proper 2044:quick-firing 4.7-inch gun 1278:introduced steam-powered 1108:French Revolutionary Wars 1035:New Principles in Gunnery 1010:New Principles in Gunnery 991:awkward vessels to handle 649: 622:strategy was devolved to 592:A typical broadside of a 6118:Needham, Joseph (1987). 6037:16 February 2018 at the 6028:Guinness book of records 5919:16 February 2018 at the 5818:Breemer, Jan S. (2011), 5785:16 February 2018 at the 5754:16 February 2018 at the 5682:McLeod, A. B., (2012), 5418:Brown, David K. (2003). 4852:Tucker, Spencer (2006). 4813:Stanley Sandler (2004). 4758:Preston, Antony (2002). 4625:"The Dawn of Modern War" 4243:6 September 2010 at the 4031:The wreck of an English 4027:23 February 2009 at the 3767:Barford, Jørgen (1990). 3404: 3331:40 mm anti-aircraft guns 3262:Guided missile destroyer 2454:QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun 2052:quick-firing 6-inch MK 1 1978:From the 1890s onwards, 1455:capabilities during the 1421:Elswick Ordnance Company 1309:Paixhans naval shell gun 1282:seemingly impervious to 6431:Whitley, M. J. (1995). 6225:Frieden, David (1985). 6220:. Lord Baltimore Press. 6197:Campbell, John (1985). 5963:, Portsmouth 2014, p. 1 5780:Global Security Archive 5769:, Portsmouth 2014, p. 1 5542:Campbell pp. 91–93 5224:Sharpe pp. 146–149 4942:. Dorrance. p. 31. 4416:Breyer 1973, pp. 28–38. 4113:Spencer Tucker (2000). 3362:Otobreda 127/54 Compact 3349:such as the 20 mm 2253:Whale Island, Hampshire 2151:Frederic Charles Dreyer 1106:By the outbreak of the 541:in popular Portuguese. 363:, was built. This made 197:Mongol invasion of Java 6435:. Brockhampton Press. 6315:Lavery, Brian (1986). 6277:Hodges, Peter (1981). 5629:Technology and Culture 5306:Pollen 'Gunnery' p. 36 5297:Pollen 'Gunnery' p. 23 5086:Wilson, H. W. (1896). 4798:K. C. Barnaby (1968). 4553:Technology and Culture 4541:Vol.II No.3 March 1964 4282:Technology and Culture 4257:"Wind Tunnels of NASA" 4238:"Wind Tunnel, History" 3773:The Birth of the Fleet 3369:Gyurza M-Class Gunboat 3347:Close-in weapon system 2679:fire control computers 2654: 2549: 2437: 2349: 2271: 2220: 2121:mechanical calculators 2115: 2024: 2009:Quick-firing artillery 1895: 1829: 1758: 1631:such as an anti-naval 1595: 1541:Charles Ragon de Bange 1479: 1409: 1312: 1181: 1103: 1017: 915: 869:were thick, dartlike, 776: 706: 659: 609:on a lower deck, and 570: 430: 326: 252:breech-loading weapons 88: 6376:Warship International 6178:Brooks, John (2005). 6141:. London: Doubleday. 5727:Lardas, Mark (2012), 5661:Ehrman, John (2012), 5318:. Aim Straight (1968) 5284:27 April 2014 at the 5168:, pub Chatham, 2004, 4940:The Yankee Cheese Box 4888:Warship International 4599:www.gracesguide.co.uk 4517:. J. Murray. p. 4180:Stephen Bull (2004). 4141:Tuncay Zorlu (2008). 3338:dual-purpose main gun 3268:Pacific Ocean theater 2669:during World War II. 2659:aerial reconnaissance 2609: 2554:amphibious operations 2536: 2529:Naval gunfire support 2495:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon 2468:8 inches (20 cm) 2424: 2340: 2315:BL 12-inch Mark X gun 2265: 2214: 2109: 2090:8 inches (20 cm) 2016: 1919:Major Sir W. Palliser 1886: 1824: 1749: 1584: 1470: 1457:Industrial Revolution 1453:precision engineering 1403: 1337:Henri-Joseph Paixhans 1307: 1276:Industrial Revolution 1254:ballistic coefficient 1206:Battle of the Saintes 1175: 1169:after a short fight. 1097: 1090:Technical innovations 1008: 962:shell Algiers in 1682 953:and other artillery. 909: 770: 701: 657: 569:and the Swedish navy. 552: 471:and the wrought iron 420: 318: 225:Battle of Lake Poyang 116:anti-aircraft warfare 112:naval gunfire support 80: 5703:Adkins, Roy (2006), 5469:Burt, R. A. (1986). 5347:Scott (1919), p. 142 4726:6 March 2016 at the 4716:Sir Thomas Brassey, 4661:on 20 February 2002. 4387:. 22 February 2009. 3636:The Mariner's Mirror 3584:U.S. Naval Institute 3428:Advanced Gun Systems 3321:After World War II, 3316:modern naval tactics 2564:"; 18 October 1907. 2546:Imperial German Navy 2327:armour-piercing (AP) 2293:, and a speed of 24 2180:Arthur Knyvet Wilson 1873:Armour-piercing shot 910:In this view of the 719:flintlock mechanisms 607:36-pounder long guns 529:, meaning literally 311:Oared vessel tactics 307:Sailing ship tactics 213:Battle of Arnemuiden 6157:Bramwell, Frederick 5559:. 18 October 1907. 5268:Campbell pp.127–131 5200:members.lycos.co.uk 5115:Field, Ron (2011). 4698:on 13 February 2008 4671:Holley states that 4262:3 June 2014 at the 4033:full-rigged pinnace 3970:Breyer 1973, p. 18. 3738:2021Dendr..6825861H 3611:London Korean Links 3301:dual-purpose nature 2715: 2377:weight of broadside 2207:Big-gun battleships 2166:mechanical computer 2102:Fire-control system 1967:rounds with points 1656:Cowper Phipps Coles 1593:Cowper Phipps Coles 1258:external ballistics 1208:in 1782, where the 1026:Newtonian mechanics 721:fitted to cannon). 703:36-pounder long gun 340:Heavy artillery on 244:John II of Portugal 6030:online, available 5910:Navy General Board 5778:Adkins 2006 , see 5557:The Avalon Project 5401:The London Gazette 5381:The London Gazette 5334:The London Gazette 5007:The Old Steam Navy 4205:Leo Block (2003). 3979:Lavery 1986, p.147 3879:. pp. 301–24. 3802:Acta Archaeologica 3394:List of naval guns 3355:anti-ship missiles 3285:Santa Cruz Islands 3105:Battle of Tsushima 2713: 2667:United States Navy 2655: 2550: 2438: 2427:QF 4-inch MK V gun 2350: 2346:-class battleships 2286:Vittorio Cuniberti 2272: 2221: 2174:figure of Admiral 2116: 2025: 1896: 1830: 1759: 1596: 1480: 1410: 1313: 1214:Formidable',' and 1182: 1176:A 12-pounder U.S. 1128:Lieutenant General 1104: 1040:ballistic pendulum 1018: 1001:Scientific gunnery 916: 777: 736:Artillery and shot 707: 660: 601:typically mounted 577:By the 1650s, the 571: 431: 327: 217:Hundred Years' War 89: 6129:978-0-521-30358-3 6051:DiGiulian, Tony. 5480:978-0-87021-863-7 5429:978-1-84067-529-0 5245:978-0-7858-1413-9 5151:978-0-88855-012-5 5126:978-1-78096-141-5 5072:978-1-60344-473-6 5016:978-0-87021-586-5 4924:978-0-8018-6250-2 4863:978-1-59114-882-1 4777:978-0-85177-754-2 4357:978-0-14-028896-4 4350:. Penguin Books. 4224:978-1-55750-209-4 4191:978-1-57356-557-8 4154:978-1-84511-694-1 4124:978-0-7509-1972-2 4087:Missing or empty 4008:978-0-14-028896-4 3912:978-0-9544029-2-1 3851:978-0-393-04579-6 3726:Dendrochronologia 3388:Coastal artillery 3305:anti-ship missile 3287:in 1942; and the 2900: 2899: 2689:counterattack at 2558:naval bombardment 2538:Naval bombardment 2523:Naval bombardment 2478:Dual purpose guns 2050:in 1889, and the 2037:quick-firing guns 1948:ironclad warships 1944:Battle of Angamos 1750:Inboard plans of 1734:Edward James Reed 1682:British Admiralty 1645:military aircraft 1565:sectional density 1534:interrupted screw 1419:—produced at the 1413:William Armstrong 1280:ironclad warships 1137:, manager of the 1135:Charles Gascoigne 995:full-rigged ships 926:with its primary 643:British Admiralty 520:conquest of Tunis 177:Battle of Tangdao 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 6528: 6487: 6465: 6446: 6427: 6410: 6391: 6370: 6349: 6330: 6311: 6292: 6259: 6240: 6221: 6212: 6193: 6174: 6152: 6133: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6095:on 26 March 2017 6094: 6087: 6083:"Vulcano 127 mm" 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6048: 6042: 6024: 6018: 6003: 5997: 5983: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5938: 5923: 5902: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5849: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5789: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5746: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5701: 5695: 5680: 5674: 5659: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5621: 5615: 5601: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5289: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5206:on 20 March 2008 5202:. 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1912:explosive shell 1881: 1875: 1843: 1730:Royal Sovereign 1721:Royal Sovereign 1618:artillery piece 1579: 1573: 1509:horse artillery 1398: 1375:high explosives 1371:Battle of Sinop 1302: 1272: 1266: 1232:Royal Artillery 1189:Charles Douglas 1133:in 1759, or to 1131:Robert Melville 1092: 1077:George Marshall 1022:Benjamin Robins 1014:Benjamin Robins 1003: 943:Siege of Calais 904: 789:Queen Elizabeth 738: 652: 563:battle of Öland 547: 429:near Portsmouth 404:hailshot pieces 351: 335:bows and arrows 320:The cannon shot 313: 303: 297: 144: 108:surface warfare 92:Naval artillery 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6534: 6524: 6523: 6507: 6506: 6493: 6492:External links 6490: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6469: 6466: 6460: 6447: 6442:978-1860198748 6441: 6428: 6411: 6406:978-3782205771 6405: 6392: 6382:(2): 117–139. 6371: 6353:Potter, E.B.; 6350: 6345:978-0888550125 6344: 6331: 6326:978-0851772875 6325: 6312: 6307:978-0870219290 6306: 6293: 6288:978-0870219177 6287: 6274: 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132–145. 3788: 3781: 3769:Flådens fødsel 3759: 3712: 3665: 3653: 3623: 3597: 3571: 3552: 3532: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3432: 3419: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3289:Philippine Sea 3257: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3176: 3167: 3157: 3147: 3138: 3128: 3119: 3109: 3096: 3087: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2937: 2927: 2918: 2908: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789:mid-19th cent. 2786: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2710: 2707: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2577:Salonika front 2527:Main article: 2524: 2521: 2493:and 65 single 2418: 2415: 2301:First Sea Lord 2208: 2205: 2100:Main article: 2097: 2094: 2010: 2007: 1992:Stepan Makarov 1892:RML 7 inch gun 1877:Main article: 1874: 1871: 1825:Turret of USS 1793:donkey engines 1658:constructed a 1637:combat vehicle 1575:Main article: 1572: 1569: 1552:Sea of Marmora 1530:breech-loading 1528:Large-caliber 1478:burst in 1879. 1397: 1394: 1301: 1298: 1265: 1262: 1228:Henry Shrapnel 1224:shrapnel shell 1178:shrapnel shell 1163:Henry Trollope 1139:Carron Company 1119:Carron Company 1091: 1088: 1070:Leonhard Euler 1030:air resistance 1002: 999: 903: 900: 737: 734: 651: 648: 587:Dutch Republic 579:line of battle 567:Cornelis Tromp 555:line of battle 546: 543: 442:and the small 412:1546 inventory 370:Ships such as 350: 347: 322:(c. 1680), by 299:Main article: 296: 293: 143: 140: 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6533: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6483:9782221912850 6479: 6475: 6470: 6467: 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5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5767:Naval gunnery 5763: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5737:9781849080941 5734: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5713:9781440627293 5710: 5706: 5700: 5693: 5692:9781843837510 5689: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5671:9781107645110 5668: 5664: 5658: 5651: 5650:9780786457847 5647: 5643: 5637: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5613:9781135935344 5610: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5539: 5533:Whitley p.177 5530: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5250:, p. 161 5247: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5182: 5175: 5174:1-86176-032-9 5171: 5167: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4826:9781851094103 4822: 4818: 4817: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4739:Frieden p.461 4736: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4686:Ruffell, WL. 4682: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4629:www.au.af.mil 4626: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4491: 4487: 4485:9781851095568 4481: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4450: 4448:9780198022046 4444: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4201: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3870: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3782:9788787720083 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3586:. 1 June 2010 3585: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3553:9782763780610 3549: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3470:, p. 60. 3469: 3464: 3460: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3247: 3246:Giulio Cesare 3242: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3161: 3151: 3142: 3132: 3123: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3091: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699:Atlantic Wall 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2663:indirect fire 2660: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2614:Platform deck 2613: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2379:had doubled. 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317:in five twin 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230:in 1906. Sir 2229: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2184:John Jellicoe 2181: 2177: 2176:Jackie Fisher 2172: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Arthur Pollen 2144: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070:torpedo boats 2067: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033:torpedo boats 2030: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Palliser shot 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1888:Palliser shot 1885: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1837:Dahlgren guns 1835: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763:John Ericsson 1756: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1707:Prince Albert 1702: 1701:Prince Albert 1696: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:weapon mounts 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1588:Prince Albert 1583: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:Built-up guns 1493: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:Armstrong Gun 1414: 1407: 1406:Armstrong gun 1402: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1379:dynamite guns 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1240:shotgun shell 1237: 1236:Canister shot 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1065:gun barrels. 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1007: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 970: 968: 963: 959: 954: 952: 948: 945:in 1347 when 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 913: 908: 899: 896: 892: 891: 886: 885: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 848: 844: 840: 839:boarding nets 836: 832: 827: 824: 820: 815: 811: 810:Canister shot 807: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 774: 773:canister shot 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750:demi-culverin 747: 743: 733: 729: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 667: 665: 656: 647: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 597:18th-century 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 575: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 490: 486: 482: 481:canister shot 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 445: 441: 436: 428: 424: 419: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 389: 388:gun-carriages 385: 384:breech loaded 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 361: 356: 349:The broadside 346: 343: 338: 336: 332: 331:melee weapons 325: 321: 317: 312: 308: 302: 292: 290: 289:muzzleloaders 285: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:Southern Song 179:in 1161, the 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 154: 149: 148:Julius Caesar 139: 137: 133: 132:depth charges 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 104:naval warfare 101: 98:mounted on a 97: 93: 86: 85: 79: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6508: 6501: 6473: 6451: 6432: 6415: 6396: 6379: 6375: 6358: 6335: 6316: 6297: 6278: 6263: 6245: 6226: 6217: 6198: 6179: 6161: 6138: 6119: 6112:Bibliography 6097:. Retrieved 6090:the original 6077: 6065:. Retrieved 6056: 6046: 6027: 6022: 6006: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5960: 5956: 5941: 5909: 5905: 5873: 5868: 5852: 5847: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5744: 5728: 5723: 5704: 5699: 5683: 5678: 5662: 5657: 5641: 5636: 5631:24/4, p. 563 5628: 5624: 5619: 5604: 5582: 5577: 5565:. Retrieved 5556: 5547: 5538: 5529: 5517:. Retrieved 5501: 5489: 5470: 5464: 5452:. Retrieved 5438: 5419: 5399: 5390: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5332: 5323: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5235: 5229: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5204:the original 5199: 5190: 5181: 5165: 5160: 5141: 5135: 5116: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5088: 5081: 5061: 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5032: 5025: 5006: 5000: 4959: 4948: 4939: 4933: 4914: 4908: 4891: 4887: 4853: 4847: 4835:. Retrieved 4815: 4808: 4799: 4761: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4718: 4712: 4700:. Retrieved 4696:the original 4691: 4681: 4667: 4659:the original 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4633:the original 4628: 4619: 4607:. Retrieved 4598: 4589: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4522:. Retrieved 4513: 4506: 4494:. Retrieved 4478:. ABC-CLIO. 4474: 4452:. Retrieved 4432: 4393:. Retrieved 4384: 4375: 4366: 4347: 4338: 4328: 4321: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4252: 4233: 4208: 4200: 4181: 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4143: 4114: 4089:|title= 4080:cite journal 4063: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4040: 4017: 3998: 3975: 3966: 3949: 3942:Potter, E.B. 3902: 3898: 3876: 3869: 3860: 3841: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3639: 3635: 3614:. Retrieved 3610: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3583: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3542: 3535: 3521:cite journal 3509:. Retrieved 3489: 3485: 3475: 3468:Needham 1987 3463: 3435: 3422: 3413: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3351:Phalanx CIWS 3320: 3310: 3297: 3265: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3150: 3141: 3131: 3122: 3112: 3099: 3090: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3008: 3007:engaged HMS 3005:Constitution 3004: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2940: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2901: 2761:18th century 2747:17th century 2683: 2671: 2656: 2566: 2551: 2510:depth charge 2499: 2476: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2439: 2432: 2408: 2391: 2388:World War II 2381: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2307: 2299: 2273: 2257: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2188: 2163: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2117: 2096:Fire control 2078: 2063: 2057: 2048:Sharpshooter 2047: 2041: 2026: 2019: 2000: 1998:ammunition) 1977: 1973:carbon steel 1965:forged steel 1958: 1952: 1941: 1916: 1904:wrought iron 1897: 1865: 1851: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1826: 1806: 1798: 1790: 1785: 1768: 1760: 1753: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1691: 1677: 1664: 1649: 1633:land battery 1608: 1597: 1587: 1557:brown powder 1546: 1527: 1517: 1505: 1488:wrought-iron 1481: 1474: 1445: 1411: 1384: 1355: 1350: 1346:Pacificateur 1345: 1340: 1333:Paixhans gun 1330: 1326: 1314: 1273: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1183: 1166: 1158: 1112: 1105: 1080: 1074: 1067: 1048: 1033: 1019: 1009: 989:. They were 971: 955: 940: 917: 888: 882: 864: 856:pirate ships 846: 828: 808: 801: 786: 782: 778: 771:Examples of 739: 730: 723: 714: 708: 693: 688:gun carriage 668: 663: 661: 640: 591: 576: 572: 559:Indian Ocean 538: 534: 530: 524: 517: 494: 488: 477: 472: 468: 464: 461:demi-cannons 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 422: 407: 403: 395: 393: 379: 376:rate of fire 371: 369: 358: 352: 339: 328: 319: 286: 281: 275: 271: 267: 264: 260:bombardeiros 259: 241: 237: 229:Ch'oe Mu-sŏn 220: 201:Song Dynasty 195:fleets. The 191:against the 166: 151: 145: 91: 90: 83: 63: 47: 45:lead section 18:Naval cannon 5986:Hone, Trent 5494:Breyer 1973 5454:11 November 5396:"No. 27770" 5376:"No. 27596" 5329:"No. 26359" 4837:5 September 4292:: 348–382, 3564:5 September 3228:Scharnhorst 2644:Roller path 2626:Middle deck 2542:Scarborough 2392:Dreadnought 2384:World War I 2369:Dreadnought 2354:Dreadnought 2319:gun turrets 2308:Dreadnought 2291:belt armour 2232:Percy Scott 2227:Dreadnought 2217:Percy Scott 2159:Lord Kelvin 2141:World War I 1866:Devastation 1859:turret ship 1782:pilot house 1712:Isaac Watts 1652:Crimean War 1650:During the 1571:Gun turrets 1390:picric acid 1363:Crimean War 1361:during the 1358:French Navy 1044:chronograph 958:French Navy 873:-propelled 867:fire arrows 860:merchantmen 758:12-pounders 742:demi-cannon 664:Powder boys 628:lieutenants 619:12-pounders 615:24-pounders 583:Age of Sail 509:Swivel guns 489:Mary Rose's 473:port pieces 448:demi-slings 444:serpentines 427:Fort Nelson 295:Age of Sail 282:Gribshunden 277:Gribshunden 221:Christopher 193:Jin Dynasty 189:fire arrows 169:Middle Ages 136:naval mines 114:(NGFS) and 6272:0521202728 5912:available 5834:, vol. 1, 4702:6 February 4395:15 October 3903:, Volume 2 3732:: 125861. 3616:11 October 3455:References 3283:, and the 3260:See also: 3243:firing at 3231:firing at 3194:firing at 3186:firing at 2641:Upper deck 2620:Lower deck 2617:Shell room 2569:Royal Navy 2506:submarines 2431:HMAS 2396:destroyers 2178:, Admiral 2082:cartridges 2074:destroyers 1834:smoothbore 1684:ordered a 1678:Lady Nancy 1665:Lady Nancy 1654:, Captain 1641:naval ship 1635:, or on a 1600:battleship 1577:Gun turret 1492:mild steel 1449:metallurgy 1433:Minié ball 1367:incendiary 1315:Explosive 1268:See also: 1147:privateers 974:Royal Navy 947:Edward III 924:naval ship 920:bomb ketch 902:Bomb ketch 875:incendiary 852:privateers 837:, such as 831:chain-shot 804:round shot 797:broadsides 793:Navy Royal 752:, and the 624:midshipmen 603:32-pounder 594:Royal Navy 545:Maturation 531:fire maker 408:top pieces 365:broadsides 357:ship, the 305:See also: 162:Greek fire 6424:500118405 6388:0043-0374 6367:220797839 6359:Sea Power 6057:Nav weaps 5100:4 October 5044:4 October 4982:cite book 4974:695838727 4900:0043-0374 4581:112105821 4306:0040-165X 4165:4 October 3958:220797839 3901:Mary Rose 3824:0065-101X 3754:1125-7865 3699:0013-8266 3590:16 August 3511:18 August 3498:2180-4338 3273:Coral Sea 3009:Guerriere 2705:instead. 2632:Main deck 2593:Zeebrugge 2573:Gallipoli 2447:casemates 2365:13.5-inch 2245:telescope 2225:HMS 2157:in 1900. 2125:gunlaying 2056:HMS 2029:torpedoes 2018:USS 1927:cast iron 1908:cast-iron 1864:HMS 1852:Thunderer 1774:amidships 1767:USS 1752:USS 1738:HMS 1719:HMS 1705:HMS 1690:HMS 1686:prototype 1674:Black Sea 1629:structure 1622:fortified 1604:casemates 1586:HMS 1547:Thunderer 1545:HMS 1537:obturator 1475:Thunderer 1473:HMS 1429:cast iron 1383:USS 1321:howitzers 1288:naval ram 1244:time fuze 1185:Flintlock 1149:. In the 1115:carronade 1100:carronade 1055:artillery 1051:gunpowder 985:with two 951:Bombardes 936:ballistic 884:Chongtong 854:, actual 823:Grapeshot 754:carronade 676:cartridge 672:Gunpowder 632:boatswain 513:grapeshot 465:culverins 453:Mary Rose 440:murderers 435:Mary Rose 423:Mary Rose 380:Mary Rose 372:Mary Rose 360:Mary Rose 355:Tudor era 272:Sovereign 256:basilisks 254:known as 209:Majapahit 167:From the 120:torpedoes 96:artillery 82:USS 66:July 2023 50:summarize 6515:Category 6357:(1960). 6171:35597209 6159:(1886). 6099:25 March 6067:28 March 6061:Archived 6035:Archived 6026:compare 6017:, p. 129 5988:(2012), 5917:Archived 5842:, p. 107 5783:Archived 5752:Archived 5739:, p. 29. 5694:, p. 141 5561:Archived 5519:29 March 5513:Archived 5448:Archived 5282:Archived 5210:28 March 5094:Archived 4956:(1968). 4831:Archived 4724:Archived 4603:Archived 4524:28 March 4496:28 March 4490:Archived 4454:28 March 4389:Archived 4346:(2004). 4260:Archived 4241:Archived 4159:Archived 4068:Woolwich 4025:Archived 3997:(2004). 3948:(1960). 3558:Archived 3506:41493537 3382:See also 3376:railguns 3342:frigates 3311:Missouri 3240:Warspite 3234:Glorious 3192:Bismarck 3188:Bismarck 2946:culverin 2695:Normandy 2650:Gunhouse 2635:Barbette 2623:Magazine 2601:monitors 2548:in 1914. 2459:Arethusa 2436:c. 1940. 2433:Canberra 2400:cruisers 2249:Terrible 2215:Captain 2192:director 1988:chromium 1980:cemented 1969:hardened 1902:carried 1856:ironclad 1812:monitors 1802:caulking 1800:despite 1670:Taganrog 1625:building 1520:Ordnance 1484:built-up 1385:Vesuvius 1216:Arrogant 1180:ca. 1865 978:Huguenot 928:armament 847:Bar shot 819:infantry 762:36-pound 746:culverin 715:gunlocks 711:linstock 539:spitfire 526:Botafogo 505:culverin 128:missiles 110:such as 5863:, p. 52 5652:, p. 11 4692:The Gun 4639:12 June 4609:19 July 4573:3105857 4314:3106305 3734:Bibcode 3256:Decline 3237:and by 3117:yards." 2896:25,000 2882:20,000 2868:18,000 2854:15,000 2840:10,000 2691:Salerno 2585:Germans 2544:by the 2513:mortars 2406:in the 2348:in line 2312:calibre 2281:calibre 2197:turrets 2046:in HMS 2020:Indiana 1953:Huáscar 1942:At the 1936:casting 1894:, 1877. 1841:Monitor 1827:Monitor 1807:Passaic 1786:Monitor 1769:Monitor 1754:Monitor 1740:Monarch 1726:Monitor 1672:in the 1643:, or a 1610:Turrets 1501:rifling 1490:(later 1441:windage 1437:rifling 1381:aboard 1293:caliber 1230:of the 1159:Rainbow 1155:frigate 1123:wadding 1059:rockets 983:ketches 965:spring 932:mortars 890:Bō hiya 835:rigging 814:shotgun 726:lanyard 535:torcher 497:perrier 485:shotgun 457:cannons 342:galleys 248:caravel 211:). 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