355:(rudimentary grenades) and to concentrate the fire of their incendiary arrows and rockets at the rigging of the enemy ships. The Jin officers were taken by surprise by the impetuosity of the Chinese attack. The crimson sails of their ships made of oiled silk caught fire, and as the ships began to burn, the panic-stricken crew and soldiers leaped into the sea. While many Jin ships surrendered when the Chinese vessels closed in on them, others which were moored farther away hurriedly raised anchor and hoisted sail to flee.
37:
814:
311:
Zheng Jia did not know the sea routes (among the islands) well, nor much about the management of ships, and he did not believe (that the enemy, the Song, was near). But all of a sudden they appeared, and finding us quite unready they hurled incendiary gunpowder projectiles on to our ships. So seeing
334:." They were further reinforced by the aid of seafaring Chinese merchants. The technological gains of the Song navy ensured its access and dominance of the East China Sea for centuries in competition with the military forces of Jurchen and Mongol rivals. By 1129, the Song navy had invented
346:
ships, operated with treadmills, went on for several decades between 1132 and 1183. The engineer Gao Xuan devised a paddle-wheel ship outfitted with up to eleven paddle-wheels on each side. Iron plating for armoring the ships was designed in 1203 by the engineer Qin Shifu.
303:, suffering heavy losses. For this battle, the commander of the Song dynasty squadron, Li Bao, faced the opposing commander Zheng Jia, the admiral of the Jin dynasty. On the fate of Zheng Jia, the historical text of the
291:, and was fought near Tangdao Island. It was an attempt by the Jin to invade and conquer the Southern Song dynasty, yet resulted in failure and defeat for the Jurchens. The Jin dynasty navy was set on fire by
845:
187:
114:
633:
1059:
110:
1663:
1387:
1326:
1218:
833:
1734:
180:
1515:
1053:
1749:
60:
127:
322:(采石之战) taking place in 1161. The battle is significant in the technological history of the Song navy. The 20th-century historian
694:
1744:
1627:
288:
173:
1528:
570:
551:
532:
955:
940:
927:
892:
857:
828:
386:
36:
960:
724:
626:
396:
1602:
950:
840:
1759:
682:
582:
406:
1488:
786:
677:
986:
655:
619:
312:
all his ships going up in flames, and having no means of escape, Zheng Jia jumped into the sea and drowned.
326:
has called the era "one of continual innovation" when the size of the Song fleet grew "from a total of 11
1447:
978:
974:
900:
872:
651:
401:
276:
93:
813:
1764:
1739:
862:
672:
734:
251:
1310:
1065:
719:
687:
1572:
1341:
916:
749:
330:
and 3,000 men rose in one century to 20 squadrons totalling 52,000 men, with its main base near
218:
1166:
714:
381:
1754:
1696:
935:
280:
98:
544:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7
1582:
1071:
791:
8:
1621:
1461:
850:
796:
1597:
1557:
764:
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256:
228:
64:
1636:
1476:
1471:
1408:
945:
754:
744:
739:
699:
566:
547:
528:
411:
391:
342:. The weapon was made mandatory for all ships in the Song fleet. The construction of
223:
213:
197:
28:
1547:
1481:
1028:
996:
779:
774:
376:
327:
318:
243:
238:
118:
1214:
801:
704:
664:
525:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Civil Engineering and Nautics, Volume 4 Part 3
1534:
1184:
905:
867:
563:
Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and
Southeast Asia 202 BC - AD 1419 14194
343:
323:
273:
90:
1728:
1613:
1607:
1592:
1414:
1402:
882:
877:
597:
584:
371:
1708:
1587:
1562:
1396:
1347:
1196:
1088:
1043:
1038:
910:
642:
1702:
1659:
1552:
1542:
1504:
1493:
1383:
1359:
1233:
1202:
1106:
1033:
991:
300:
1498:
1455:
1353:
1316:
1286:
1280:
1257:
1239:
1148:
1136:
1112:
611:
1523:
1432:
1377:
1371:
1292:
1160:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1124:
1048:
1011:
1001:
339:
335:
1684:
1672:
1653:
1577:
1466:
1426:
1298:
1274:
1251:
1208:
1190:
1016:
331:
272:(唐岛之战) was a naval engagement that took place in 1161 between the
1690:
1678:
1567:
1322:
1100:
1094:
1021:
1006:
729:
709:
416:
296:
165:
1304:
1245:
1227:
1178:
1172:
1118:
1365:
1335:
316:
This battle was followed by another naval confrontation, the
284:
1420:
492:
480:
468:
287:
on the East China Sea. The conflict was part of the
446:
444:
1726:
456:
441:
429:
627:
181:
1060:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
634:
620:
188:
174:
1646:
560:
641:
541:
522:
498:
486:
474:
1727:
1628:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
1553:Endless power transmitting chain drive
295:(a type of gunpowder weapon, possibly
615:
351:Li Bao ordered his men to hurl their
169:
387:Military history of China (pre-1911)
13:
1735:Battles involving the Song dynasty
514:
462:
450:
435:
14:
1776:
195:
1750:Naval battles of the Middle Ages
812:
141:20,000 Jurchen and Balhae troops
35:
16:Battle during the Jin-Song wars
1054:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
546:. Cambridge University Press.
527:. Cambridge University Press.
517:China as a Sea Power 1127-1368
407:Technology of the Song dynasty
1:
1745:Naval battles involving China
1489:Southern Song dynasty coinage
508:
397:Timeline of the Jin–Song wars
148:120 warships and 3000 troops
7:
901:Department of State Affairs
402:History of the Song dynasty
365:
10:
1781:
863:Bureau of Military Affairs
561:Turnbull, Stephen (2002).
1514:
1446:
1267:
1081:
973:
926:
891:
821:
810:
735:Alliance Conducted at Sea
725:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
650:
205:
157:
152:
133:
104:
84:
43:
34:
26:
21:
1066:Four Great Books of Song
542:Needham, Joseph (1987).
523:Needham, Joseph (1971).
422:
917:Secretariat-Chancellery
143:10,000 Northern Chinese
1548:Early Bessemer process
1516:Science and technology
715:Nong Zhigao rebellions
515:Lo, Jung-pang (2012),
382:Naval history of China
363:
314:
105:Commanders and leaders
1760:12th century in China
936:Ministry of Personnel
841:Imperial examinations
565:. Osprey Publishing.
349:
309:
281:Southern Song dynasty
153:Casualties and losses
67:at the East China Sea
1072:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
846:Administrative units
720:Song–Tibet relations
695:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1622:Forensic entomology
1583:Watertight bulkhead
1462:Joint-stock company
956:Ministry of Justice
941:Ministry of Revenue
851:Sixteen Prefectures
594: /
1558:Astronomical clock
765:Treaty of Shaoxing
338:bombs for warship
257:Treaty of Shaoxing
65:Shandong Peninsula
1765:Conflicts in 1161
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1637:Dream Pool Essays
1529:Gunpowder weapons
1442:
1441:
969:
968:
961:Ministry of Works
946:Ministry of Rites
893:Three Departments
730:Fang La rebellion
710:Wang Ze rebellion
572:978-1-78200-017-4
553:978-0-521-30358-3
534:978-0-521-07060-7
412:Gunpowder warfare
270:Battle of Tangdao
265:
264:
164:
163:
115:Wanyan Zhengjianu
80:
79:
63:, an island near
22:Battle of Tangdao
1772:
1668:
1665:
1644:
1643:
1392:
1391: 1174–1189
1389:
1331:
1330: 1050–1080
1328:
1223:
1222: 1111–1117
1220:
1079:
1078:
1029:Longquan celadon
997:Five Great Kilns
889:
888:
816:
636:
629:
622:
613:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
604:
599:
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557:
538:
519:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
439:
433:
377:Maritime history
361:
319:Battle of Caishi
200:
190:
183:
176:
167:
166:
123:
51:16 November 1161
45:
44:
39:
19:
18:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1666:
1642:
1598:Horner's method
1510:
1438:
1390:
1342:Emperor Huizong
1329:
1263:
1221:
1077:
965:
951:Ministry of War
922:
887:
817:
808:
787:Mongol conquest
705:Chanyuan Treaty
665:Chenqiao mutiny
646:
640:
602:
600:
596:
593:
588:
585:
583:
581:
580:
573:
554:
535:
511:
506:
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481:
473:
469:
461:
457:
449:
442:
434:
430:
425:
368:
362:
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266:
261:
246:
201:
196:
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159:
144:
142:
140:
119:
113:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1778:
1768:
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1762:
1757:
1752:
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1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1667: 10th c.
1657:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1600:
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1565:
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1535:Wujing Zongyao
1531:
1520:
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1509:
1508:
1501:
1496:
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1375:
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1249:
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1237:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1185:Huang Tingjian
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1056:
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1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
983:
981:
971:
970:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
928:Six Ministries
924:
923:
921:
920:
913:
908:
903:
897:
895:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Qingli Reforms
865:
860:
855:
854:
853:
843:
838:
837:
836:
825:
823:
819:
818:
811:
809:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
784:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
691:
690:
688:Gaoliang River
685:
680:
675:
667:
661:
659:
648:
647:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
578:
577:
571:
558:
552:
539:
533:
520:
510:
507:
504:
503:
501:, p. 476.
491:
489:, p. 157.
479:
467:
465:, p. 163.
455:
453:, p. 161.
440:
438:, p. 162.
427:
426:
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421:
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419:
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409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
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374:
367:
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324:Joseph Needham
263:
262:
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241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
206:
203:
202:
193:
192:
185:
178:
170:
162:
161:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:40,000 sailors
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
107:
106:
102:
101:
96:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1777:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Jin–Song Wars
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
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1639:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:Yingzao Fashi
1611:
1609:
1608:Liaodi Pagoda
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Tianchi basin
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
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1453:
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1449:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:Zhao Mengjian
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:Wuzhun Shifan
1401:
1398:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
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1229:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
929:
925:
918:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
894:
890:
884:
883:Three Bureaus
881:
879:
878:Baojia system
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
826:
824:
820:
815:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Huangtiandang
748:
746:
743:
742:
741:
740:Jin–Song Wars
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:Song–Xia wars
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
683:Southern Tang
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
657:
653:
649:
644:
637:
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630:
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623:
618:
617:
614:
610:
607:
574:
568:
564:
559:
555:
549:
545:
540:
536:
530:
526:
521:
518:
513:
512:
500:
495:
488:
483:
477:, p. 60.
476:
471:
464:
459:
452:
447:
445:
437:
432:
428:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Jin–Song Wars
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Naval warfare
370:
369:
356:
354:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Jin-Song wars
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Huangtiandang
217:
215:
211:
208:
207:
204:
199:
198:Jin–Song Wars
191:
186:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
168:
156:
151:
147:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
124:
122:
116:
112:
109:
108:
103:
100:
99:Southern Song
97:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
29:Jin–Song Wars
25:
20:
1755:1161 in Asia
1709:Guo Shoujing
1635:
1626:
1612:
1603:Architecture
1588:Fishing reel
1563:Movable type
1533:
1503:
1397:Zhou Jichang
1348:Zhang Zeduan
1197:Zhou Bangyan
1089:Fan Zhongyan
1070:
1058:
1044:Yaozhou ware
1039:Qingbai ware
873:New Policies
769:
678:Southern Han
669:Unification
643:Song dynasty
579:
562:
543:
524:
516:
499:Needham 1971
494:
487:Needham 1987
482:
475:Needham 1987
470:
458:
431:
360:Jung-pang Lo
352:
350:
344:paddle-wheel
317:
315:
310:
304:
292:
269:
267:
252:Sea Alliance
247:
233:
209:
160:300 warships
139:600 warships
120:
85:Belligerents
76:Song victory
27:Part of the
1711:(1231–1316)
1705:(1202–1261)
1703:Qin Jiushao
1699:(1192-1279)
1693:(1186–1249)
1687:(1031–1095)
1681:(1020–1101)
1675:(1010–1070)
1660:Zhang Sixun
1505:Zhu Fan Zhi
1494:Champa rice
1458:(1021–1086)
1435:(1235–1305)
1429:(1222–1307)
1423:(1210–1269)
1417:(1199–1295)
1411:(1190–1230)
1405:(1178–1249)
1384:Lin Tinggui
1380:(1140–1210)
1374:(1120–1182)
1368:(1100–1197)
1362:(1096–1119)
1360:Wang Ximeng
1356:(1094-1172)
1350:(1085–1145)
1344:(1082–1135)
1338:(1051–1107)
1319:(1049–1106)
1313:(1036–1093)
1307:(1020–1090)
1301:(1019–1079)
1295:(1000–1064)
1260:(1170–1231)
1254:(1140–1207)
1248:(1130–1200)
1242:(1127–1206)
1236:(1126–1193)
1234:Fan Chengda
1230:(1125–1209)
1211:(1085–1144)
1205:(1084–1155)
1203:Li Qingzhao
1199:(1056–1121)
1193:(1047–1126)
1187:(1045–1105)
1181:(1039–1112)
1175:(1037–1101)
1169:(1033–1107)
1163:(1032–1085)
1157:(1022–1077)
1151:(1019–1086)
1145:(1019–1083)
1139:(1017–1073)
1133:(1012–1067)
1127:(1011–1077)
1121:(1009–1066)
1115:(1007–1072)
1109:(1002–1060)
1107:Mei Yaochen
1034:Cizhou ware
911:Chancellery
906:Secretariat
834:Family tree
792:Diaoyucheng
601: /
301:fire arrows
1729:Categories
1656:(972–1051)
1573:Pound lock
1499:Nanhai One
1456:Wang Anshi
1354:Su Hanchen
1317:Li Gonglin
1287:Zhao Chang
1283:(970–1053)
1281:Xu Daoning
1277:(960–1030)
1258:Zhao Rukuo
1240:Yang Wanli
1149:Sima Guang
1137:Zhou Dunyi
1113:Ouyang Xiu
1103:(998–1061)
1097:(991–1055)
1091:(989–1052)
822:Government
598:37°N 121°E
509:References
340:trebuchets
111:Su Baoheng
1647:Inventors
1524:Gunpowder
1433:Qian Xuan
1399:(12th c.)
1378:Liang Kai
1372:Zhao Boju
1311:Wang Shen
1293:Yi Yuanji
1289:(10th c.)
1161:Cheng Hao
1155:Zhang Zai
1143:Zeng Gong
1131:Cai Xiang
1125:Shao Yong
1049:Jian ware
1012:Guan ware
1002:Ding ware
797:Xiangyang
673:Later Shu
336:gunpowder
328:squadrons
1685:Shen Kuo
1673:Jia Xian
1654:Bi Sheng
1578:Dry dock
1467:Banknote
1427:Gong Kai
1299:Wen Tong
1275:Fan Kuan
1268:Painters
1252:Xin Qiji
1209:Zhu Bian
1191:Cai Jing
1167:Cheng Yi
1017:Jun ware
987:Religion
858:Military
829:Emperors
760:Yancheng
745:Jingkang
656:Timeline
366:See also
358:—
332:Shanghai
307:states:
279:and the
248:Treaties
229:Yancheng
214:Jingkang
134:Strength
56:Location
1691:Song Ci
1679:Su Song
1568:Compass
1448:Economy
1409:Li Song
1323:Cui Bai
1101:Song Qi
1095:Yan Shu
1082:Writers
1022:Ru ware
1007:Ge ware
979:Society
975:Culture
780:Caizhou
770:Tangdao
652:History
603:37; 121
463:Lo 2012
451:Lo 2012
436:Lo 2012
417:Jiao Yu
305:Jin Shi
297:cannons
274:Jurchen
244:Caizhou
234:Tangdao
210:Battles
121:†
91:Jurchen
61:Tangdao
1477:Guanzi
1472:Jiaozi
1305:Guo Xi
1246:Zhu Xi
1228:Lu You
1215:Zhu Yu
1179:Su Zhe
1173:Su Shi
1119:Su Xun
992:Poetry
775:Caishi
645:topics
569:
550:
531:
353:huopao
299:) and
293:huopao
239:Caishi
158:10,000
128:Li Bao
117:
73:Result
1697:Li Ye
1482:Huizi
1366:Li Di
1336:Mi Fu
802:Yamen
755:De'an
589:121°E
423:Notes
285:China
224:De'an
1543:Coke
1421:Muqi
977:and
586:37°N
567:ISBN
548:ISBN
529:ISBN
268:The
48:Date
1664:fl.
1388:fl.
1327:fl.
1219:fl.
283:of
277:Jin
94:Jin
1731::
443:^
250::
212::
1669:)
1662:(
1393:)
1386:(
1332:)
1325:(
1224:)
1217:(
919:)
915:(
658:)
654:(
635:e
628:t
621:v
575:.
556:.
537:.
189:e
182:t
175:v
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