317:
assault towers called "sky bridges" that could be wheeled to the walls for soldiers to make a frontal assault on the ramparts. In response, the prefect of De'an, Chen Gui (陳規) ordered the garrisons to construct defensive structures atop the walls to hide their movements and protect against enemy arrows and trebuchet projectiles. These were constantly damaged by enemy fire, but were repaired in kind. After defensive structures had been completed, trebuchets were deployed to return fire against enemy siege weapons, damaging them to great effect. The protracted siege forced enemy troops to scour the countryside for food while De'an's moat prevented a direct attack on the city itself. Eventually rebels resorted to using children, women, and the elderly to gather material, including their own bodies, to fill the moat, but this was ultimately unsuccessful as Chen retaliated by firing gunpowder arrows into the moat, burning the wood and straw filling. Siege forces tried again, this time with mud and brick caked filling, and once they deemed the moat sufficiently filled, started their assault. Sky bridges rolled up to the walls under cover of archers and trebuchet fire, but Chen's defenders used long beams to keep them from getting any closer than ten feet from the walls.
334:
could imply the use of a new more potent formula, or simply an acknowledgement of the specialized military application of gunpowder. Peter Lorge suggests that this "bomb powder" may have been corned, making it distinct from normal gunpowder. Evidence of gunpowder firecrackers also points to their appearance at roughly around the same time fire potion was making its transition in the literary imagination. Fire lances continued to be used as anti-personnel weapons into the 12th century, and were even attached to battle carts in one situation in 1163. Song commander Wei Sheng constructed several hundred of these carts known as "at-your-desire-war-carts" (如意戰車), which contained fire lances protruding from protective covering on the sides. They were used to defend mobile trebuchets that hurled fire bombs.
325:
would send him a maiden. Chen, realizing that the enemy forces were also in a dire situation by proposing such an odd offer, refused despite the entreaties of his commanders. Seizing the critical moment, Chen released a drove of oxen enraged by setting fire to their tails, and personally led a group of 60 fire lancers out from the west gate to make a direct attack on the sky bridge soldiers. Defenders on the walls threw bricks and shot arrows in conjunction with trebuchets hurling bombs and rocks. The sky bridges were burned with incendiary bundles of grass and firewood and their destruction caused the complete collapse of rebel morale. The commander Li Heng decided to lift the siege and retreat with severe casualties.
321:
people holding one together, and which were made in such a way that when the sky bridges approached the wall, emerge from above and below their defense structures and deploy them." Fire lancers used their weapons to attack the sky bridge porters: "As the sky bridges became stuck fast, more than ten feet from the walls and unable to get any closer, were ready. From below and above the defensive structures they emerged and attacked with fire lances, striking lances, and hooked sickles, each in turn. The people at the base of the sky bridges were repulsed. Pulling their bamboo ropes, they ended up drawing the sky bridge back in an anxious and urgent rush, going about fifty paces before stopping."
699:
296:
282:
320:
While soldiers were stuck on their assault platforms, De'an defenders unleashed the fire lances: "Using fire-bomb potion (火砲藥), long bamboo lances were made ready. More than twenty of them, as well as good numbers of striking spears and hook-blade staves (鉤鐮), all of which would be deployed, with two
333:
The siege of De'an marks an important transition and landmark in the history of gunpowder weapons as the "fire potion" (火藥, which has passed down as the
Chinese word for gunpowder) of the fire lances were described using a new word: "fire bomb potion" (火炮藥), rather than simply "fire potion". This
316:
in eastern Hubei) with a force of 10,000, established around 70 stockades, and set up watch towers to observe enemy movements within the city and relay their positions by fire at night and bright flags by day. Carpenters, smiths, and leatherworkers from nearby areas were forced to construct mobile
324:
During the siege, Chen was wounded in the foot by a trebuchet and supplies became scarce in the city. Chen maintained troop morale by using his personal funds to supply the troops. Seventy days into the siege, Li Heng sent a messenger into the city indicating that he would lift the siege if Chen
265:
who capitulated to the
Jurchens, was appointed as Great Qi's emperor. Liu Yu's regime was unpopular to the people, which led to several rebellions. One of the rebel leaders, Sang Chong (桑冲), pledged allegiance to the
270:
emperor. However, Huo Ming, a Song general, suspecting Sang Chong to be a
Jurchen spy, ordered to kill him. Li Heng, Sang Chong's subordinate, then led the rebel forces against the Southern Song.
237:. The battle between the besiegers, a group of rebels led by Li Heng and the Song Chinese defenders is important in global history as the first recorded instance of the
730:
140:
518:
944:
1548:
1272:
1211:
1103:
718:
1619:
133:
1400:
938:
579:
1512:
126:
1413:
487:
468:
449:
840:
825:
812:
777:
742:
713:
845:
609:
511:
1487:
835:
725:
567:
1373:
671:
562:
871:
540:
504:
1332:
863:
859:
785:
757:
536:
698:
1629:
1624:
747:
557:
619:
204:
1195:
950:
604:
572:
1457:
1226:
801:
634:
171:
1051:
599:
1581:
820:
480:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7
1467:
956:
676:
8:
1506:
1346:
735:
681:
442:
The
Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
1482:
1442:
649:
644:
209:
181:
1521:
1361:
1356:
1293:
830:
654:
629:
624:
584:
483:
464:
445:
261:
called Great Qi to govern the newly acquired land. Liu Yu, a former Song governor of
257:, the Song capital Kaifeng fell to the Jurchens. In 1130, the Jurchens established a
254:
186:
166:
150:
28:
1432:
1366:
913:
881:
664:
659:
196:
191:
1099:
686:
589:
549:
1419:
1069:
790:
752:
281:
1613:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1299:
1287:
767:
762:
437:
267:
226:
85:
1593:
1472:
1447:
1281:
1232:
1081:
973:
928:
923:
795:
527:
258:
273:
De'an was successfully defended by Chen Gui against a Jin attack in 1127.
1587:
1544:
1437:
1427:
1389:
1378:
1268:
1244:
1118:
1087:
991:
918:
876:
287:
1383:
1340:
1238:
1201:
1171:
1165:
1142:
1124:
1033:
1021:
997:
238:
496:
1408:
1317:
1262:
1256:
1177:
1045:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1009:
933:
896:
886:
1569:
1557:
1538:
1462:
1351:
1311:
1183:
1159:
1136:
1093:
1075:
901:
242:
1575:
1563:
1452:
1207:
985:
979:
906:
891:
614:
594:
234:
118:
1189:
1130:
1112:
1063:
1057:
1003:
295:
306:
Rebel forces led by Li Heng (李橫) encircled the city of De'an (
1250:
1220:
262:
230:
56:
1305:
313:
52:
461:
The Asian
Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb
369:
367:
365:
363:
391:
348:
415:
379:
360:
403:
1611:
512:
307:
229:of China in 1132, during the Jin invasion of
134:
945:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
519:
505:
141:
127:
1531:
294:
280:
526:
477:
436:
421:
385:
373:
354:
1612:
1513:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
1438:Endless power transmitting chain drive
500:
458:
409:
397:
122:
13:
1620:Battles involving the Song dynasty
14:
1641:
308:
225:(德安之戰) was fought as part of the
148:
697:
285:A fire lance as depicted in the
939:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
482:. Cambridge University Press.
463:. Cambridge University Press.
444:, Princeton University Press,
1:
1374:Southern Song dynasty coinage
430:
337:
276:
248:
7:
786:Department of State Affairs
10:
1646:
748:Bureau of Military Affairs
1399:
1331:
1152:
966:
858:
811:
776:
706:
695:
620:Alliance Conducted at Sea
610:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
535:
328:
158:
104:
91:
76:
34:
26:
21:
951:Four Great Books of Song
478:Needham, Joseph (1987).
342:
245:, being used in battle.
802:Secretariat-Chancellery
241:, an early ancestor of
1433:Early Bessemer process
1401:Science and technology
600:Nong Zhigao rebellions
303:
292:
92:Commanders and leaders
16:Siege in China in 1132
821:Ministry of Personnel
726:Imperial examinations
459:Lorge, Peter (2008).
298:
284:
957:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
731:Administrative units
605:Song–Tibet relations
580:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1507:Forensic entomology
1468:Watertight bulkhead
1347:Joint-stock company
841:Ministry of Justice
826:Ministry of Revenue
736:Sixteen Prefectures
299:A fire ox from the
1443:Astronomical clock
650:Treaty of Shaoxing
304:
293:
210:Treaty of Shaoxing
1625:Conflicts in 1132
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1522:Dream Pool Essays
1414:Gunpowder weapons
1327:
1326:
854:
853:
846:Ministry of Works
831:Ministry of Rites
778:Three Departments
615:Fang La rebellion
595:Wang Ze rebellion
489:978-0-521-30358-3
470:978-0-521-84682-0
451:978-0-691-13597-7
400:, pp. 35–36.
218:
217:
117:
116:
72:
71:
1637:
1553:
1550:
1529:
1528:
1277:
1276: 1174–1189
1274:
1216:
1215: 1050–1080
1213:
1108:
1107: 1111–1117
1105:
964:
963:
914:Longquan celadon
882:Five Great Kilns
774:
773:
701:
521:
514:
507:
498:
497:
493:
474:
454:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
358:
352:
311:
310:
153:
143:
136:
129:
120:
119:
36:
35:
19:
18:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1551:
1527:
1483:Horner's method
1395:
1323:
1275:
1227:Emperor Huizong
1214:
1148:
1106:
962:
850:
836:Ministry of War
807:
772:
702:
693:
672:Mongol conquest
590:Chanyuan Treaty
550:Chenqiao mutiny
531:
525:
490:
471:
452:
433:
428:
420:
416:
408:
404:
396:
392:
384:
380:
372:
361:
353:
349:
345:
340:
331:
279:
255:Jingkang crisis
251:
219:
214:
199:
154:
149:
147:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1552: 10th c.
1542:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:Wujing Zongyao
1416:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1070:Huang Tingjian
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
970:
968:
961:
960:
953:
948:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
879:
874:
868:
866:
856:
855:
852:
851:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
813:Six Ministries
809:
808:
806:
805:
798:
793:
788:
782:
780:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
753:Qingli Reforms
750:
745:
740:
739:
738:
728:
723:
722:
721:
710:
708:
704:
703:
696:
694:
692:
691:
690:
689:
684:
679:
669:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
573:Gaoliang River
570:
565:
560:
552:
546:
544:
533:
532:
524:
523:
516:
509:
501:
495:
494:
488:
475:
469:
456:
450:
438:Andrade, Tonio
432:
429:
427:
426:
414:
402:
390:
378:
359:
357:, p. 156.
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
330:
327:
278:
275:
250:
247:
223:siege of De'an
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
159:
156:
155:
146:
145:
138:
131:
123:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
51:De'an (modern
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
22:Siege of De'an
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1642:
1631:
1630:Jin–Song Wars
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:Yingzao Fashi
1496:
1494:
1493:Liaodi Pagoda
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Tianchi basin
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:Zhao Mengjian
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:Wuzhun Shifan
1286:
1283:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
969:
965:
959:
958:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
814:
810:
803:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
779:
775:
769:
768:Three Bureaus
766:
764:
763:Baojia system
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
727:
724:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
711:
709:
705:
700:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Huangtiandang
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:Jin–Song Wars
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Song–Xia wars
583:
581:
578:
574:
571:
569:
568:Southern Tang
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
553:
551:
548:
547:
545:
542:
538:
534:
529:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
502:
499:
491:
485:
481:
476:
472:
466:
462:
457:
453:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
424:, p. 39.
423:
418:
412:, p. 19.
411:
406:
399:
394:
388:, p. 37.
387:
382:
376:, p. 38.
375:
370:
368:
366:
364:
356:
351:
347:
335:
326:
322:
318:
315:
302:
297:
290:
289:
283:
274:
271:
269:
268:Southern Song
264:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Jin-Song Wars
224:
211:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Huangtiandang
170:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:Jin–Song Wars
144:
139:
137:
132:
130:
125:
124:
121:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
90:
87:
86:Southern Song
84:
81:
80:
75:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
29:Jin–Song Wars
25:
20:
1594:Guo Shoujing
1520:
1511:
1497:
1488:Architecture
1473:Fishing reel
1448:Movable type
1418:
1388:
1282:Zhou Jichang
1233:Zhang Zeduan
1082:Zhou Bangyan
974:Fan Zhongyan
955:
943:
929:Yaozhou ware
924:Qingbai ware
758:New Policies
639:
563:Southern Han
554:Unification
528:Song dynasty
479:
460:
441:
422:Andrade 2016
417:
405:
393:
386:Andrade 2016
381:
374:Andrade 2016
355:Needham 1987
350:
332:
323:
319:
305:
300:
286:
272:
259:puppet state
252:
222:
220:
205:Sea Alliance
200:
176:
162:
77:Belligerents
68:Song victory
27:Part of the
1596:(1231–1316)
1590:(1202–1261)
1588:Qin Jiushao
1584:(1192-1279)
1578:(1186–1249)
1572:(1031–1095)
1566:(1020–1101)
1560:(1010–1070)
1545:Zhang Sixun
1390:Zhu Fan Zhi
1379:Champa rice
1343:(1021–1086)
1320:(1235–1305)
1314:(1222–1307)
1308:(1210–1269)
1302:(1199–1295)
1296:(1190–1230)
1290:(1178–1249)
1269:Lin Tinggui
1265:(1140–1210)
1259:(1120–1182)
1253:(1100–1197)
1247:(1096–1119)
1245:Wang Ximeng
1241:(1094-1172)
1235:(1085–1145)
1229:(1082–1135)
1223:(1051–1107)
1204:(1049–1106)
1198:(1036–1093)
1192:(1020–1090)
1186:(1019–1079)
1180:(1000–1064)
1145:(1170–1231)
1139:(1140–1207)
1133:(1130–1200)
1127:(1127–1206)
1121:(1126–1193)
1119:Fan Chengda
1115:(1125–1209)
1096:(1085–1144)
1090:(1084–1155)
1088:Li Qingzhao
1084:(1056–1121)
1078:(1047–1126)
1072:(1045–1105)
1066:(1039–1112)
1060:(1037–1101)
1054:(1033–1107)
1048:(1032–1085)
1042:(1022–1077)
1036:(1019–1086)
1030:(1019–1083)
1024:(1017–1073)
1018:(1012–1067)
1012:(1011–1077)
1006:(1009–1066)
1000:(1007–1072)
994:(1002–1060)
992:Mei Yaochen
919:Cizhou ware
796:Chancellery
791:Secretariat
719:Family tree
677:Diaoyucheng
301:Huolongjing
288:Huolongjing
55:in eastern
1614:Categories
1541:(972–1051)
1458:Pound lock
1384:Nanhai One
1341:Wang Anshi
1239:Su Hanchen
1202:Li Gonglin
1172:Zhao Chang
1168:(970–1053)
1166:Xu Daoning
1162:(960–1030)
1143:Zhao Rukuo
1125:Yang Wanli
1034:Sima Guang
1022:Zhou Dunyi
998:Ouyang Xiu
988:(998–1061)
982:(991–1055)
976:(989–1052)
707:Government
431:Work cited
410:Lorge 2008
398:Lorge 2008
338:References
277:The battle
253:After the
249:Background
239:fire lance
1532:Inventors
1409:Gunpowder
1318:Qian Xuan
1284:(12th c.)
1263:Liang Kai
1257:Zhao Boju
1196:Wang Shen
1178:Yi Yuanji
1174:(10th c.)
1046:Cheng Hao
1040:Zhang Zai
1028:Zeng Gong
1016:Cai Xiang
1010:Shao Yong
934:Jian ware
897:Guan ware
887:Ding ware
682:Xiangyang
558:Later Shu
312:; modern
1570:Shen Kuo
1558:Jia Xian
1539:Bi Sheng
1463:Dry dock
1352:Banknote
1312:Gong Kai
1184:Wen Tong
1160:Fan Kuan
1153:Painters
1137:Xin Qiji
1094:Zhu Bian
1076:Cai Jing
1052:Cheng Yi
902:Jun ware
872:Religion
743:Military
714:Emperors
645:Yancheng
630:Jingkang
541:Timeline
440:(2016),
243:firearms
201:Treaties
182:Yancheng
167:Jingkang
105:Strength
100:Chen Gui
59:), China
47:Location
1576:Song Ci
1564:Su Song
1453:Compass
1333:Economy
1294:Li Song
1208:Cui Bai
986:Song Qi
980:Yan Shu
967:Writers
907:Ru ware
892:Ge ware
864:Society
860:Culture
665:Caizhou
655:Tangdao
537:History
235:Shaanxi
197:Caizhou
187:Tangdao
163:Battles
97:Li Heng
1362:Guanzi
1357:Jiaozi
1190:Guo Xi
1131:Zhu Xi
1113:Lu You
1100:Zhu Yu
1064:Su Zhe
1058:Su Shi
1004:Su Xun
877:Poetry
660:Caishi
530:topics
486:
467:
448:
329:Legacy
192:Caishi
110:10,000
82:Rebels
65:Result
1582:Li Ye
1367:Huizi
1251:Li Di
1221:Mi Fu
687:Yamen
640:De'an
343:Notes
263:Jinan
231:Hubei
177:De'an
57:Hubei
1428:Coke
1306:Muqi
862:and
484:ISBN
465:ISBN
446:ISBN
314:Anlu
233:and
221:The
53:Anlu
42:1132
39:Date
1549:fl.
1273:fl.
1212:fl.
1104:fl.
1616::
362:^
309:德安
203::
165::
1554:)
1547:(
1278:)
1271:(
1217:)
1210:(
1109:)
1102:(
804:)
800:(
543:)
539:(
520:e
513:t
506:v
492:.
473:.
455:.
291:.
142:e
135:t
128:v
113:?
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
