1167:, except shrimp, mussels should be checked to ensure they are still alive just before they are cooked; enzymes quickly break down the meat and make them unpalatable or poisonous after dying or uncooked. Some mussels might contain toxins. A simple criterion is that live mussels, when in the air, will shut tightly when disturbed. Open, unresponsive mussels are dead, and must be discarded. Unusually heavy, wild-caught, closed mussels may be discarded as they may contain only mud or sand. (They can be tested by slightly opening the shell halves.) A thorough rinse in water and removal of "the beard" is suggested. Mussel shells usually open when cooked, revealing the cooked soft parts. Historically, it has been believed that after cooking all the mussels should have opened and those that have not are not safe to eat and should be discarded. However, according to marine biologist Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were "both adequately cooked and safe to eat."
907:
661:
been nursed in upwellers for 3-6 additional weeks and is 2-3mm. The seed is then typically reared in a nursery environment, where it is transferred to a material with a suitable surface for later relocation to the growing area. After about three months in the nursery, mussel seed is "socked" (placed in a tube-like mesh material) and hung on longlines or rafts for grow-out. Within a few days, the mussels migrate to the outside of the sock for better access food sources in the water column. Mussels grow quickly and are usually ready for harvest in less than two years. Unlike other cultured bivalves, mussels use byssus threads (beard) to attach themselves to any firm substrate, which makes them suitable for a number of culture methods.
585:
720:
283:
1124:
899:
42:
74:
701:
1132:
3514:
3507:
373:
345:. In freshwater mussels, the foot is large, muscular, and generally hatchet-shaped. It is used to pull the animal through the substrate (typically sand, gravel, or silt) in which it lies partially buried. It does this by repeatedly advancing the foot through the substrate, expanding the end so it serves as an anchor, and then pulling the rest of the animal with its shell forward. It also serves as a fleshy anchor when the animal is stationary.
650:
1148:
775:
1316:
846:
mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation tool is still in its infancy in most parts of the world. Ongoing efforts in the Baltic Sea (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland) and Long Island Sound and Puget Sound in the U.S. are currently examining nutrient uptake, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impacts of mussel farming as a means to mitigate excess nutrients and complement traditional wastewater treatment programs.
542:
3500:
400:
267:
2617:
1330:
1140:
474:(plural glochidia), which temporarily parasitizes fish, attaching themselves to the fish's fins or gills. Prior to their release, the glochidia grow in the gills of the host fish where they are constantly flushed with oxygen-rich water. In some species, release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel's mantle flaps, which are shaped like minnows or other prey, an example of
285:
290:
288:
284:
289:
459:, with separate male and female individuals. In marine mussels, fertilization occurs outside the body, with a larval stage that drifts for three weeks to six months, before settling on a hard surface as a young mussel. There, it is capable of moving slowly by means of attaching and detaching byssal threads to attain a better life position.
287:
743:
791:
powered system. For raft and longline culture, a platform is typically lowered under the mussel lines, which are then cut from the system and brought to the surface and dumped into containers on a nearby vessel. After harvest, mussels are typically placed in seawater tanks to rid them of impurities before marketing.
845:
provided by mussels are of particular interest to those hoping to mitigate excess anthropogenic marine nutrients, particularly in eutrophic marine systems. While mussel aquaculture is actually promoted in some countries such as Sweden as a water management strategy to address coastal eutrophication,
348:
In marine mussels, the foot is smaller, tongue-like in shape, with a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit. In this pit, a viscous secretion is exuded, entering the groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water. This forms extremely tough, strong, elastic,
803:
for industrial and surgical applications. Further, mussel adhesive proteins inspired the design of peptide mimics that were well studied for surface bioengineering of medical implants. Self-assembling mussel-inspired peptides were also shown to form functional nanostructures. Also, a peptide derived
692:
Mussels are cultivated extensively in New
Zealand, where the most common method is to attach mussels to ropes which are hung from a rope back-bone supported by large plastic floats. The most common species cultivated in New Zealand is the New Zealand green-lipped mussel. Longline culture is the most
318:
The mussel's external shell is composed of two hinged halves or "valves". The valves are joined on the outside by a ligament, and are closed when necessary by strong internal muscles (anterior and posterior adductor muscles). Mussel shells carry out a variety of functions, including support for soft
1014:
In Italy, mussels are mixed with other seafood; they are most commonly eaten steamed, sometimes with white wine, herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. In Spain, they are consumed mostly steamed, sometimes boiling white wine, onion and herbs, and served with the remaining water
866:
There are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa in the United States and Canada, which are home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world, especially in the southeastern United States. Of the 297 known species, 213 (71.7%) taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern.
660:
In some areas of the world, mussel farmers collect naturally occurring marine mussel seed for transfer to more appropriate growing areas, however, most North
American mussel farmers rely on hatchery-produced seed. Growers typically purchase seed after it has set (about 1mm in size) or after it has
678:
On-bottom culture is based on the principle of transferring mussel seed (spat) from areas where they have settled naturally to areas where they can be placed in lower densities to increase growth rates, facilitate harvest, and control predation (Mussel farmers must remove predators and macroalgae
790:
In roughly 12–15 months, mussels reach marketable size (40mm) and are ready for harvest. Harvesting methods depend on the grow-out area and the rearing method being used. Dredges are currently used for on-bottom culture. Mussels grown on wooden poles can be harvested by hand or with a hydraulic
878:
There are approximately 85 known species in Africa, 102 in
Central America, 74 in South America, 228 in Asia (with the highest species diversity in Southeast Asia), and 33 in Australasia. The species in these areas are not as well researched as in North America and Europe. Approximately 61% of
815:
Mussels are widely used as bio-indicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. They are particularly useful since they are distributed worldwide and they are sessile. These characteristics ensure that they are representative of the
1170:
Although mussels are valued as food, mussel poisoning due to toxic planktonic organisms can be a danger along some coastlines. For instance, mussels should be avoided during the warmer months along the west coast of the United States. This poisoning is usually due to a bloom of
693:
recent development for mussel culture and are often used as an alternative to raft culture in areas that are more exposed to high wave energy. A long-line is suspended by a series of small anchored floats and ropes or socks of mussels are then suspended vertically from the line.
841:(P). On average, one live mussel is 1.0% N and 0.1% P. When the mussels are harvested and removed, these nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the form of seafood or mussel biomass, which can be used as an organic fertilizer or animal feed-additive. These
575:
Freshwater mussels inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
671:
Intertidal growth technique, or bouchot technique: pilings, known in French as bouchots, are planted at sea; ropes, on which the mussels grow, are tied in a spiral on the pilings; some mesh netting prevents the mussels from falling away. This method needs an extended tidal
446:
together on wave-washed rocks, each attached to the rock by its byssus. The clumping habit helps hold the mussels firm against the force of the waves. At low tide mussels in the middle of a clump will undergo less water loss because of water capture by the other mussels.
746:
804:
from mussel foot protein-5, a key protein in mussel adhesion, displayed antibacterial properties and served as inspiration for the design of a new class of peptide-based antibacterial adhesive hydrogels, which are active against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.
745:
750:
749:
744:
1068:
In Brazil, it is common to see mussels being cooked and served with olive oil, usually accompanied by onion, garlic and other herbs. The plate is very popular among tourists and low classes, probably because of the hot climate that favours mussels reproduction.
599:
study. Within Europe, where mussels have been cultivated for centuries, Spain remained the industry leader. Aquaculture of mussels in North
America began in the 1970s. In the US, the northeast and northwest have significant mussel aquaculture operations, where
751:
1175:(red tides), which contain toxins. The dinoflagellates and their toxin are harmless to mussels, even when concentrated by the mussel's filter feeding, but the concentrated toxins cause serious illness if the mussels are consumed by humans, including
748:
1596:
Bilic, Grozdana; Brubaker, Carrie; Messersmith, Phillip B.; Mallik, Ajit S.; Quinn, Thomas M.; Haller, Claudia; Done, Elisa; Gucciardo, Leonardo; Zeisberger, Steffen M.; Zimmermann, Roland; Deprest, Jan; Zisch, Andreas H. (2010).
286:
1023:
using the mussel meat, shrimps and other pieces of fish in a thick bechamel then breaded and fried in the clean mussel shell. They are used in other sort of dishes such as rices or soups or commonly eaten canned in a
685:
Raft culture is a commonly used method throughout the world. Lines of rope mesh socks are seeded with young mussels and suspended vertically from a raft. The specific length of the socks depends on depth and food
564:
Marine mussels are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
988:
where mussels are customarily served in restaurants with a side of dark bread in "months containing an R", that is between
September and April. In the Netherlands, mussels are sometimes served fried in batter or
223:
In most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. The external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat
2062:
Lindahl O, Hernroth R, Kollberg S, Loo LO, Olrog L, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Svensson J, Svensson S, Syversen U (2005). "Improving marine water quality by mussel farming: A profitable solution for
Swedish society".
572:. The South African white mussel exceptionally does not bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
870:
Out of 16 recognized freshwater mussel species in Europe, 12 are considered threatened, with varying statuses from Near
Threatened to Critically Endangered. 8 species are protected by the European Union
820:
or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the status of the ecosystem. Transplanted caged mussel were used in a study to monitor heavy metal contamination in coastal waters.
2447:
481:
Glochidia are generally species-specific, and will only live if they find the correct fish host. Once the larval mussels attach to the fish, the fish body reacts to cover them with cells forming a
568:
Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near
2212:
Williams, James D.; Warren, Melvin L. Jr.; Cummings, Kevin S.; Harris, John L.; Neves, Richard J. (1993-09-01). "Conservation Status of
Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada".
886:
The main factors contributing to the decline of freshwater mussels include destruction by dams, increased siltation, channel alteration and the introduction of invasive species such as the
338:, and its function is to protect the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids (especially important in freshwater forms where the decay of leaf materials produces acids).
747:
485:, where the glochidia remain for two to five weeks (depending on temperature). They grow, break free from the host, and drop to the bottom of the water to begin an independent life.
618:(the New Zealand green-lipped mussel), industry produces over 140,000 metric tons (150,000 short tons) annually and in 2009 was valued in excess of NZ$ 250 million.
879:
freshwater mussels in Asia had not been assessed and conservation efforts were almost non-existent. No Asian mussels were protected internationally under legislation such as
278:, showing some of the inner anatomy. The white posterior adductor muscle is visible in the upper image, and has been cut in the lower image to allow the valves to open fully.
2057:
2055:
199:
habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval.
2052:
1496:
719:
944:. Although freshwater mussels are edible, today they are widely considered unpalatable and are rarely consumed. Freshwater mussels were once eaten extensively by
2514:
2338:
1774:
Fichman, Galit; Adler-Abramovich, Lihi; Manohar, Suresh; Mironi-Harpaz, Iris; Guterman, Tom; Seliktar, Dror; Messersmith, Phillip B.; Gazit, Ehud (2014-07-22).
439:
for ciliary-mucus feeding. The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon. The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth, where digestion begins.
330:, which is continuously secreted by the mantle; the prismatic layer, a middle layer of chalky white crystals of calcium carbonate in a protein matrix; and the
1163:
Mussels can be smoked, boiled, steamed, roasted, barbecued or fried in butter or vegetable oil. They can be used in soups, salads and sauces. As with all
1776:"Seamless Metallic Coating and Surface Adhesion of Self-Assembled Bioinspired Nanostructures Based on Di-(3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine) Peptide Motif"
906:
3002:
829:
Marine nutrient bioextraction is the practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of reducing
604:(blue mussel) is most commonly grown. While the mussel industry in the US has increased, in North America, 80% of cultured mussels are produced in
1403:
Vaccaro, Eleonora; Waite, J. Herbert (2001-09-01). "Yield and Post-Yield
Behavior of Mussel Byssal Thread: A Self-Healing Biomolecular Material".
2541:
2299:
Alexandra
Zieritz (2017). "Diversity, biogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) in East and Southeast Asia".
799:
Byssal threads, used to anchor mussels to substrates, are now recognized as superior bonding agents. A number of studies have investigated
1033:
2020:
3652:
353:
in areas of high flow. The byssal thread is also sometimes used by mussels as a defensive measure, to tether predatory molluscs, such as
254:
species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner, using a byssus. They are classified with the
959:
and shortages of red meat, such as beef and pork. Mussels became a popular substitute for most meats (with the exception of poultry).
3695:
976:) or bread. In Belgium, mussels are sometimes served with fresh herbs and flavorful vegetables in a stock of butter and white wine.
1998:
1057:, mussels are cooked in a broth of garlic and fermented black bean. In New Zealand, they are served in a chilli or garlic-based
385:
2509:
945:
700:
2995:
924:
Humans have used mussels as food for thousands of years. About 17 species are edible, of which the most commonly eaten are
758:
2124:
1100:
or other vegetables, or filled with rice and coconut paste with spices and served hot. Fried mussels ('Kadukka' കടുക്ക in
1050:
They are used in Ireland boiled and seasoned with vinegar, with the "bray" or boiling water as a supplementary hot drink.
2272:
Daniel Graf (2007). "Review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionoida)".
2157:
Manuel Lopes-Lima (2017). "Conservation status of freshwater mussels in Europe: state of the art and future challenges".
466:
is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon. After fertilization, the
364:
of the mussel is known as the "beard" and is removed during preparation, often after cooking when the mussel has opened.
2247:
2346:
3657:
2971:
2534:
2196:
1304:. Foods that are a "good source" of a particular nutrient provide between 10 and 20% of the recommended daily value.
584:
2431:
2037:
817:
3449:
3373:
2988:
639:
235:. Freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in a different
2248:"Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora"
2233:
2038:"Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Straits of Johore by Using Transplanted Caged Mussel, Perna viridis"
1554:
2418:
612:, an estimated 2.9 million pounds of mussels were harvested in 2010, valued at roughly $ 4.3M. In New Zealand,
1115:
prepare special rice balls stuffed with spicy fried mussels and steamed, locally known as "pachilede pindi".
4650:
3688:
1833:"The Use of the Calcitonin Minimal Recognition Module for the Design of DOPA-Containing Fibrillar Assemblies"
1176:
427:
and other microscopic sea creatures which are free-floating in seawater. A mussel draws water in through its
998:
4645:
3421:
2527:
1727:"Mussel-inspired peptide mimicking: An emerging strategy for surface bioengineering of medical implants"
4491:
2485:
The MUSSEL Project - Hosted by The University of Alabama and Funded by The National Science Foundation
4280:
4255:
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2499:
1044:
930:
73:
2085:
4635:
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3681:
3567:
3328:
2717:
2468:
4573:
4476:
4151:
4062:
3874:
3816:
3727:
2871:
2759:
1640:
1301:
800:
232:
206:, most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong
17:
2396:
816:
environment where they are sampled or placed. Their population status or structure, physiology,
4640:
4566:
4212:
4179:
3779:
3629:
3562:
2816:
2080:
2017:
1582:
807:
Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into the construction of artificial tendons.
334:, an outer pigmented layer resembling a skin. The periostracum is composed of a protein called
2980:
2490:
molluSCAN-eye - Online biomonitoring project hosted by the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS
2324:
Past and future patterns of freshwater mussel extinctions in North America during the Holocene
1528:
4526:
4502:
4486:
4057:
4045:
3932:
3647:
3624:
3587:
3513:
3083:
3073:
2752:
955:, mussels were commonly served in diners and restaurants across the country. This was due to
1458:
Wendell R. Haag (2008). "Adaptations to Host Infection and Larval Parasitism in Unionoida".
4207:
4110:
4035:
3907:
3869:
3806:
3742:
3078:
2822:
2710:
2221:
2072:
1968:
1903:
1673:
605:
350:
258:, the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams".
8:
4521:
4307:
3614:
2790:
1685:
1300:
Foods that are an "excellent source" of a particular nutrient provide 20% or more of the
833:. Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consume phytoplankton containing nutrients such as
443:
408:
299:
2225:
2076:
1972:
1907:
1892:"Antibacterial Gel Coatings Inspired by the Cryptic Function of a Mussel Byssal Peptide"
1677:
1599:"Injectable candidate sealants for fetal membrane repair: bonding and toxicity in vitro"
322:
The shell has three layers. In the pearly mussels there is an inner iridescent layer of
4227:
4130:
4120:
4105:
4100:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3864:
3784:
3774:
3732:
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3642:
2797:
2766:
2739:
2106:
1932:
1867:
1832:
1808:
1756:
1702:
1661:
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1513:
1363:
1321:
872:
842:
830:
609:
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475:
236:
196:
68:
2504:
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sometimes are accompaniments. A similar style of preparation is commonly found in the
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4339:
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4250:
3986:
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3912:
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2804:
2773:
2605:
2598:
2573:
2427:
2192:
2138:
2098:
1986:
1937:
1919:
1890:
Fichman, Galit; Andrews, Caroline; Patel, Nimit L.; Schneider, Joel P. (2021-08-22).
1872:
1854:
1831:
Fichman, Galit; Guterman, Tom; Adler-Abramovich, Lihi; Gazit, Ehud (September 2014).
1813:
1795:
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1707:
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1628:
1428:
1420:
1358:
1353:
1054:
956:
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917:
613:
554:
327:
303:
217:
133:
3499:
2110:
1123:
4448:
4400:
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4344:
4285:
4222:
4115:
4051:
3851:
3758:
2779:
2703:
2653:
2591:
2584:
2304:
2281:
2229:
2166:
2090:
1976:
1957:"Impact tolerance in mussel thread networks by heterogeneous material distribution"
1927:
1911:
1862:
1844:
1803:
1787:
1738:
1697:
1681:
1618:
1610:
1555:"The Economic Impact of Shellfish Aquaculture in Washington, Oregon and California"
1467:
1412:
1093:
952:
627:
428:
158:
2494:
2384:
231:
The common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the
4232:
4217:
4202:
4197:
3801:
3790:
3619:
3592:
3572:
3480:
3277:
2854:
2744:
2024:
1660:
Lee, Bruce P.; Messersmith, P.b.; Israelachvili, J.n.; Waite, J.h. (2011-08-04).
1038:
898:
546:
56:
3506:
1743:
1726:
4600:
4590:
4531:
4481:
4471:
4375:
4146:
4125:
4040:
3976:
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3607:
3582:
3485:
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3093:
3021:
2935:
2930:
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2639:
2094:
1614:
1172:
729:
589:
420:
342:
250:
are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many
202:
The word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family
51:
2308:
859:
Out of 511 species assessed globally, 44% of freshwater mussels listed on the
357:, that invade mussel beds, immobilising them and thus starving them to death.
4629:
4595:
4496:
4389:
4382:
4302:
4174:
4169:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3927:
3879:
3859:
3597:
3475:
3465:
3247:
3242:
3170:
3143:
3088:
2940:
2915:
2690:
2632:
2189:
North American Freshwater Mussels: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation
1923:
1858:
1799:
1752:
1693:
1424:
1255:
1234:
1008:
972:
912:
860:
431:. The water is then brought into the branchial chamber by the actions of the
389:
349:
byssal threads that secure the mussel to its substrate allowing it to remain
243:
212:
128:
2448:"Calories in Mussel, raw | Nutrition, Carbohydrate and Calorie Counter"
2285:
4605:
4242:
3764:
3545:
3535:
3439:
3262:
3188:
3030:
2950:
2945:
2925:
2848:
2660:
2646:
2102:
1990:
1941:
1915:
1876:
1817:
1773:
1711:
1632:
1432:
1385:
1224:
1152:
981:
977:
963:
887:
779:
707:
656:
are marine pilings for growing mussels, here shown at an agricultural fair.
595:
In 2005, China accounted for 40% of the global mussel catch according to a
331:
295:
247:
142:
4408:
4135:
4015:
3991:
3922:
3902:
3884:
3821:
3796:
3602:
3555:
3540:
3522:
3225:
3193:
3105:
3068:
2881:
2379:
1891:
1335:
1282:
1204:
1189:
1077:
1058:
926:
867:
Approximately 37 North American species were considered extinct in 2004.
762:
733:
631:
456:
271:
255:
185:
138:
1849:
4440:
4366:
4083:
3752:
3550:
3530:
3444:
3431:
3338:
2955:
2899:
2560:
1981:
1956:
1343:
1156:
1105:
1097:
1031:
In Turkey, mussels are either covered with flour and fried on skewers (
838:
783:
711:
471:
393:
319:
tissues, protection from predators and protection against desiccation.
239:
of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance.
2519:
2170:
1791:
1416:
372:
4413:
4356:
4331:
3937:
3826:
3747:
3323:
3310:
3267:
3053:
2345:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from
1471:
1164:
1109:
1101:
1081:
1020:
985:
510:
506:
502:
498:
354:
307:
203:
85:
2484:
1830:
1775:
649:
3710:
3290:
3257:
3210:
3205:
3133:
3063:
3038:
2960:
2666:
2551:
1278:
1147:
1025:
994:
990:
962:
In Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, mussels are consumed with
834:
774:
626:
Freshwater mussels are used as host animals for the cultivation of
494:
467:
424:
404:
115:
105:
60:
3673:
541:
4463:
4431:
4092:
4027:
3840:
3737:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3383:
3356:
3295:
3252:
3237:
3215:
3178:
3138:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3012:
2889:
2784:
2685:
2677:
2568:
1214:
1131:
1085:
1062:
1028:
brine made of oil, vinegar, peppercorns, bay leaves and paprika.
526:
518:
399:
335:
266:
192:
189:
41:
4140:
1725:
Chen, Xu; Gao, Yiqiu; Wang, Yunlong; Pan, Guoqing (2021-01-01).
1659:
1583:"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme, Mytilus edulis"
4550:
4189:
3948:
3811:
3406:
3361:
3230:
3220:
3043:
3010:
2838:
2810:
2616:
2489:
1348:
1293:
1265:
1073:
1061:, processed into fritters and fried, or used as the base for a
725:
550:
530:
381:
361:
207:
95:
2420:
Improving post harvest handling to add value to farmed mussels
1595:
1139:
1007:, is a mussel bake that can be found along the beaches of the
4513:
4322:
4272:
4161:
3832:
3416:
3366:
3351:
3300:
3153:
3128:
3048:
2894:
2578:
2125:"Ribbed Mussel Pilot Study in the Bronx River, New York City"
1112:
880:
558:
522:
463:
432:
323:
311:
225:
2211:
1889:
1329:
3719:
3346:
3285:
3148:
3058:
2734:
2234:
10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0006:CSOFMO>2.0.CO;2
1289:
482:
436:
210:("beard") to a firm substrate. A few species (in the genus
173:
2061:
3318:
3183:
2036:
Eugene Ng, Y. J.; Yap, C. K.; Zakaria, M. P.; Tan, S. G.
1245:
1089:
596:
167:
341:
Like most bivalves, mussels have a large organ called a
664:
There are a variety of techniques for growing mussels.
2469:"Full Nutrition Info and calories in Raw Blue Mussels"
170:
1552:
1478:
1439:
1311:
176:
1460:
Journal of the North American Benthological Society
164:
161:
2035:
1641:"Mussel-inspired 'glue' for fetal membrane repair"
997:food outlets or informal settings. In France, the
824:
310:(barnacles). Resolution of the scan is 29 μm/
2298:
2156:
1043:) and are usually consumed after alcohol (mostly
4627:
2321:
1457:
1143:A mussel dish with cherry tomatoes and croutons
728:raft used for mussel breeding and propagation (
630:. Some species of marine mussel, including the
1999:"Mussels Could Help Create Artificial Tendons"
1724:
3689:
2996:
2535:
2042:Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology
1603:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1497:China catches 0.77m tonnes of mussels in 2005
810:
2326:. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–128.
1402:
863:are classified at some level of threatened.
794:
2271:
646:), are also cultivated as a source of food.
536:
3696:
3682:
3003:
2989:
2542:
2528:
2426:. Seafood Services Australia. p. 13.
1954:
1577:
1575:
1560:. Prepared for Pacific Shellfish Institute
1151:Simple mussels roasting in a mussel farm (
1108:are a spicy, favored delicacy. In coastal
1015:and some lemon. They can also be eaten as
948:of North America and some still do today.
40:
2339:"Eat this! Mussels, mighty fine mollusks"
2084:
1980:
1931:
1866:
1848:
1807:
1742:
1701:
1622:
545:Mussels completely covering rocks in the
2152:
2150:
2148:
1662:"Mussel-Inspired Adhesives and Coatings"
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1037:), or filled with rice and served cold (
905:
897:
773:
648:
583:
540:
398:
371:
281:
265:
188:used for members of several families of
2549:
1572:
1182:
497:, seabirds, and by numerous species of
462:Freshwater mussels reproduce sexually.
455:Both marine and freshwater mussels are
419:Both marine and freshwater mussels are
306:that is almost completely covered with
14:
4628:
2416:
2336:
2330:
1955:Qin, Zhao; Buehler, Markus J. (2013).
3677:
2984:
2523:
2182:
2180:
2145:
1526:
854:
470:develop into a larval stage called a
2186:
1686:10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100429
1527:Calta, Marialisa (August 28, 2005).
1514:"Mussel Culture in British Columbia"
1508:
1506:
1504:
1484:
1445:
1380:
1378:
493:Marine mussels are eaten by humans,
3703:
2397:"Mussel myth an open and shut case"
1666:Annual Review of Materials Research
1516:. BC Shellfish Growers Association.
1451:
778:Cleaning mussels in a mussel farm (
220:associated with deep ocean ridges.
24:
2240:
2177:
1647:(Press release). January 23, 2010.
621:
517:. Freshwater mussels are eaten by
261:
246:and their relatives in the family
25:
4662:
2972:List of fishing topics by subject
2478:
1529:"Mussels on Prince Edward Island"
1501:
1375:
1072:In India, mussels are popular in
442:Marine mussels are usually found
3577:
3512:
3505:
3498:
2615:
1328:
1314:
1104:) of north Kerala especially in
1092:. They are either prepared with
951:In the United States during the
741:
718:
699:
690:Longline culture (rope culture):
157:
72:
2461:
2440:
2410:
2389:
2372:
2360:
2315:
2292:
2265:
2205:
2141:. Puget Sound Restoration Fund.
2131:
2117:
2029:
2011:
1948:
1883:
1824:
1767:
1718:
1653:
1589:
849:
825:Mussels and nutrient mitigation
761:to inspect mussel longlines in
640:New Zealand green-lipped mussel
450:
2625:Land and freshwater gastropods
2385:Poisoning - fish and shellfish
2337:Zeldes, Leah A. (2010-10-13).
2191:. Cambridge University Press.
1546:
1520:
1490:
1396:
1118:
579:
367:
326:(mother-of-pearl) composed of
13:
1:
1369:
1177:paralytic shellfish poisoning
759:remotely-operated submersible
2274:Journal of Molluscan Studies
488:
7:
2515:Nutrition Facts for Mussels
1744:10.1016/j.smaim.2020.10.005
1731:Smart Materials in Medicine
1307:
10:
4667:
2127:. Long Island Sound Study.
2095:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131
1615:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.051
893:
811:Environmental applications
769:
414:
4614:
4583:
4549:
4512:
4462:
4439:
4430:
4399:
4365:
4330:
4321:
4271:
4241:
4198:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
4188:
4160:
4091:
4082:
4026:
3947:
3893:
3850:
3718:
3709:
3638:
3521:
3496:
3458:
3430:
3382:
3337:
3309:
3276:
3169:
3104:
3029:
3020:
2969:
2908:
2880:
2864:
2831:
2727:
2675:
2624:
2613:
2558:
2505:Mississippi River Mussels
2500:Methods of mussel farming
2399:. ABC Science. 2008-10-29
2309:10.1007/s10750-017-3104-8
1553:Northern Economics, Inc.
902:Mussel farm, New Zealand.
795:Mussel-inspired materials
679:during the growth cycle).
126:
121:
69:Scientific classification
67:
48:
39:
34:
4069:Placopecten magellanicus
3913:New Zealand green-lipped
2718:Placopecten magellanicus
2495:Freshwater Mussel Genera
2380:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2322:Wendell R. Haag (2009).
910:The Asian green mussel,
706:Longline mussel farm in
537:Distribution and habitat
233:freshwater pearl mussels
4574:Acanthopleura granulata
4143:(group of four species)
2872:Freshwater pearl mussel
2760:Austrovenus stutchburyi
1390:Encyclopædia Britannica
1302:recommended daily value
49:A bed of blue mussels,
27:Type of bivalve mollusc
4567:Acanthopleura echinata
4477:Atlantic white-spotted
3928:Asian/Philippine green
2817:Ruditapes largillierti
2510:Marine Ecology Station
2187:Haag, Wendell (2012).
2018:Mussel Watch Programme
1916:10.1002/adma.202103677
1160:
1144:
1136:
1128:
921:
903:
787:
657:
592:
561:
411:
407:consuming a mussel in
396:
315:
279:
4503:Amphioctopus fangsiao
4147:South African abalone
4019:("true oyster" genus)
3785:California butterclam
3648:World fish production
3011:Principal commercial
2753:Mercenaria mercenaria
2676:Free-swimming marine
2417:Ruello, Nick (2004).
2286:10.1093/mollus/eym029
2139:"Nutrient Mitigation"
1961:Nature Communications
1277:Excellent source of:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
909:
901:
777:
652:
587:
544:
533:, humans, and geese.
402:
375:
293:
269:
195:, from saltwater and
4651:Mollusc common names
4228:Ribbed Mediterranean
3743:Grooved carpet shell
2823:Grooved carpet shell
2711:Argopecten irradians
1281:(44.8 μg), and
1183:Nutrition highlights
931:M. galloprovincialis
875:across all annexes.
606:Prince Edward Island
384:clearly showing, at
136:(freshwater mussels)
4646:Commercial molluscs
4223:Rayed Mediterranean
3817:Japanese littleneck
2865:Freshwater bivalves
2791:Spisula solidissima
2349:on 30 December 2010
2226:1993Fish...18i...6W
2077:2005Ambio..34..131L
1973:2013NatCo...4.2187Q
1908:2021AdM....3303677F
1850:10.3390/nano4030726
1678:2011AnRMS..41...99L
1292:(1.6 mg), and
1192:
409:Northern California
294:Flight around a 3D-
4596:Land snail farming
4010:Gillardeau oysters
3728:Atlantic jackknife
3663:Fisheries glossary
3653:Commercial species
3643:Commercial fishing
3031:Large pelagic fish
2798:Paphies ventricosa
2767:Saxidomus nuttalli
2740:Atlantic surf clam
2159:Biological Reviews
2023:2015-09-07 at the
1982:10.1038/ncomms3187
1896:Advanced Materials
1533:The New York Times
1364:Water purification
1322:Marine life portal
1187:
1161:
1145:
1137:
1129:
993:, particularly at
968:mosselen met friet
922:
904:
873:Habitats Directive
855:Freshwater mussels
843:ecosystem services
831:nutrient pollution
788:
676:On-bottom culture:
658:
593:
570:hydrothermal vents
562:
476:aggressive mimicry
412:
397:
316:
280:
218:hydrothermal vents
4623:
4622:
4601:Gastropod anatomy
4560:Chiton magnificus
4545:
4544:
4522:New Zealand arrow
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4297:Kelletia lischkei
4262:Littorina sitkana
4208:Yellow-foot opihi
4078:
4077:
3972:Colchester native
3671:
3670:
3568:Freshwater prawns
3494:
3493:
2978:
2977:
2921:Gathering by hand
2805:Paphies australis
2774:Arctica islandica
2728:Infaunal bivalves
2606:Kelletia lischkei
2599:Kelletia kelletii
2450:. Calorieking.com
2171:10.1111/brv.12244
1792:10.1021/nn502240r
1487:, pp. 41–42.
1448:, pp. 26–28.
1417:10.1021/bm0100514
1405:Biomacromolecules
1359:Dwarf wedgemussel
1354:California mussel
1274:
1273:
1055:Cantonese cuisine
1000:Éclade des Moules
957:wartime rationing
941:Perna canaliculus
918:Chonburi Province
752:
644:Perna canaliculus
628:freshwater pearls
615:Perna canaliculus
555:Liaoning Province
328:calcium carbonate
302:-scan of a young
291:
216:) have colonised
150:
149:
134:Palaeoheterodonta
16:(Redirected from
4658:
4437:
4436:
4351:Chorus giganteus
4328:
4327:
4089:
4088:
4052:Pecten jacobaeus
3759:Mactra stultorum
3716:
3715:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3084:southern bluefin
3074:Atlantic bluefin
3027:
3026:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2832:Sessile bivalves
2704:Pecten jacobaeus
2654:Cepaea nemoralis
2619:
2592:Bullacta exarata
2585:Buccinum undatum
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2088:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2033:
2027:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2005:. July 24, 2013.
1994:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1852:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1786:(7): 7220–7228.
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1636:
1626:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:10.1899/07-093.1
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1288:Good source of:
1199:3 ounces (85 g)
1193:
1186:
1135:Scottish mussels
953:Second World War
754:
753:
722:
703:
669:Bouchot culture:
610:Washington state
515:Nucella lapillus
429:incurrent siphon
360:In cooking, the
292:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
131:(marine mussels)
77:
76:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4636:Belgian cuisine
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4610:
4606:Bivalve anatomy
4579:
4541:
4527:Japanese flying
4508:
4458:
4418:
4395:
4361:
4317:
4267:
4237:
4218:Common European
4184:
4156:
4074:
4058:Peruvian calico
4022:
3943:
3940:(mussel family)
3889:
3846:
3791:Senilia senilis
3705:
3704:Edible mollusks
3702:
3672:
3667:
3634:
3573:Gilt-head bream
3517:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3490:
3481:Lobster fishing
3454:
3426:
3378:
3333:
3311:Other wild fish
3305:
3278:Freshwater fish
3272:
3165:
3100:
3079:Pacific bluefin
3016:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2965:
2904:
2876:
2860:
2855:Pinctada maxima
2827:
2745:Soft-shell clam
2723:
2671:
2620:
2611:
2554:
2548:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2297:
2293:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2185:
2178:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2086:10.1.1.589.3995
2060:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2025:Wayback Machine
2016:
2012:
1997:
1953:
1949:
1902:(40): 2103677.
1888:
1884:
1829:
1825:
1772:
1768:
1723:
1719:
1658:
1654:
1639:
1594:
1590:
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1535:
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1511:
1502:
1495:
1491:
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1479:
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1452:
1444:
1440:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1185:
1173:dinoflagellates
1121:
1005:Terré de Moules
1003:, or, locally,
896:
857:
852:
827:
813:
797:
772:
765:
755:
742:
737:
723:
714:
704:
624:
622:Culture methods
582:
547:intertidal zone
539:
491:
453:
435:located on the
423:; they feed on
417:
370:
282:
264:
262:General anatomy
160:
156:
137:
132:
71:
57:intertidal zone
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4664:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Oyster farming
4587:
4585:
4584:Related topics
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
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4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
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4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4376:Cornu aspersum
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
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4265:
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4253:
4247:
4245:
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4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
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4200:
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4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4007:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3885:Giant Atlantic
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Triangle shell
3804:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3658:Fishing topics
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3486:Shrimp fishery
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Crab fisheries
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3263:Smelt-whitings
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3199:Alaska pollock
3196:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:species groups
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:Oyster farming
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2697:Pecten maximus
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2640:Cornu aspersum
2636:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2479:External links
2477:
2475:
2474:
2460:
2439:
2432:
2409:
2388:
2371:
2359:
2343:Dining Chicago
2329:
2314:
2291:
2264:
2239:
2204:
2197:
2176:
2144:
2130:
2116:
2071:(2): 131–138.
2051:
2028:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1947:
1882:
1843:(3): 726–740.
1823:
1766:
1717:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1609:(1): 85.e1–9.
1588:
1571:
1545:
1519:
1500:
1489:
1477:
1450:
1438:
1411:(3): 906–911.
1395:
1392:. 22 May 2009.
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1325:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1184:
1181:
1120:
1117:
946:native peoples
927:Mytilus edulis
916:, gathered in
895:
892:
856:
853:
851:
848:
826:
823:
812:
809:
801:mussel "glues"
796:
793:
771:
768:
767:
766:
756:
740:
738:
730:Abucay, Bataan
724:
717:
715:
705:
698:
695:
694:
687:
680:
673:
636:Mytilus edulis
623:
620:
608:in Canada. In
602:Mytilus edulis
581:
578:
538:
535:
509:, such as the
505:in the family
490:
487:
452:
449:
421:filter feeders
416:
413:
369:
366:
276:Mytilus edulis
263:
260:
208:byssal threads
148:
147:
124:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
52:Mytilus edulis
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4663:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:Greek cuisine
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Pacific giant
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4390:Helix pomatia
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:Helix lucorum
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4003:Ostra chilena
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Mediterranean
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:(razor genus)
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Pacific razor
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Atlantic surf
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Krill fishery
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Cod fisheries
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Sea cucumbers
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Orange roughy
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:Demersal fish
3168:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Pearl farming
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Heliciculture
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:Queen scallop
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:Helix pomatia
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2366:Alton Brown,
2363:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:Hydrobiologia
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2198:9780521199384
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:Nanomaterials
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:(1): 99–132.
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1556:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:Saturated fat
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1127:Moules-frites
1125:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1009:Bay of Biscay
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
973:moules-frites
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:
937:
936:
932:
928:
919:
915:
914:
913:Perna viridis
908:
900:
891:
889:
884:
882:
876:
874:
868:
864:
862:
861:IUCN Red List
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
822:
819:
808:
805:
802:
792:
785:
781:
776:
764:
760:
739:
735:
731:
727:
721:
716:
713:
709:
702:
697:
696:
691:
688:
686:availability.
684:
683:Raft culture:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
619:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
591:
586:
577:
573:
571:
566:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
457:gonochoristic
448:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
410:
406:
401:
395:
391:
390:San Francisco
387:
383:
379:
374:
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
346:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
277:
273:
268:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:zebra mussels
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
221:
219:
215:
214:
213:Bathymodiolus
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
191:
187:
181:
154:
146:
144:
143:zebra mussels
140:
135:
130:
129:Pteriomorphia
125:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4501:
4492:Southern red
4388:
4381:
4374:
4349:
4323:Other snails
4295:
4260:
4067:
4050:
4036:Atlantic bay
4014:
4002:
3967:Southern mud
3894:
3839:
3831:
3789:
3770:Ocean quahog
3757:
3598:salmon trout
3396:
2951:Pearl diving
2941:Oyster boats
2926:Clam digging
2853:
2849:Pearl oyster
2843:
2815:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2661:Otala lactea
2659:
2652:
2647:Helix aperta
2645:
2638:
2631:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2463:
2452:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:0-9577695-12
2419:
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2391:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:the original
2342:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2300:
2294:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2188:
2162:
2158:
2133:
2119:
2068:
2064:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2013:
2002:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1645:ScienceDaily
1644:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1564:November 30,
1562:. Retrieved
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1522:
1492:
1480:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1441:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1299:
1296:(42 μg)
1285:(12 μg)
1270:243 mg
1225:Carbohydrate
1196:Serving size
1190:blue mussels
1169:
1162:
1153:Bay of Kotor
1071:
1067:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1019:, a sort of
1016:
1013:
1004:
999:
982:Belgian beer
971:
967:
964:French fries
961:
950:
939:
935:M. trossulus
925:
923:
911:
888:zebra mussel
885:
877:
869:
865:
858:
850:Conservation
828:
814:
806:
798:
789:
780:Bay of Kotor
708:Bay of Kotor
689:
682:
675:
668:
663:
659:
653:
643:
635:
625:
614:
601:
594:
574:
567:
563:
514:
492:
480:
461:
454:
451:Reproduction
441:
418:
377:
359:
347:
340:
332:periostracum
321:
317:
275:
251:
248:Dreissenidae
241:
230:
222:
211:
201:
152:
151:
127:
50:
29:
4537:Neon flying
4243:Periwinkles
4203:Turtle/talc
4136:Green ormer
4046:New Zealand
4016:Crassostrea
3997:Sydney rock
3875:New Zealand
3797:Smooth clam
3765:Blunt gaper
3432:Echinoderms
3339:Crustaceans
3106:Forage fish
2882:Cephalopods
2550:Commercial
2220:(9): 6–22.
2165:: 572–607.
2048:(1): 75–96.
1466:: 370–394.
1336:Food portal
1283:vitamin B12
1119:Preparation
1078:Maharashtra
1059:vinaigrette
1040:midye dolma
991:breadcrumbs
763:New Zealand
734:Philippines
632:blue mussel
580:Aquaculture
386:Ocean Beach
368:Life habits
272:blue mussel
256:Heterodonta
242:Freshwater
186:common name
139:Heterodonta
122:Subclasses
4630:Categories
4454:Bottletail
4441:Cuttlefish
4401:Freshwater
4345:Korean mud
4308:Pear whelk
4084:Gastropods
4041:Great/king
3987:Windowpane
3982:Portuguese
3918:California
3822:Razor clam
3802:Soft-shell
3445:Sea urchin
2956:Ama divers
2909:Techniques
2900:Cuttlefish
2574:Periwinkle
2561:gastropods
2454:2012-08-27
2403:2015-08-04
2368:Good Eats,
2353:2010-11-17
1370:References
1344:Brachiopod
1157:Montenegro
1106:Thalassery
1098:breadfruit
1094:drumsticks
1047:or beer).
1034:midye tava
920:, Thailand
839:phosphorus
784:Montenegro
712:Montenegro
638:) and the
503:gastropods
472:glochidium
394:California
355:dog whelks
197:freshwater
63:, England
4449:Spineless
4313:Lightning
4281:Channeled
3938:Mytilidae
3827:Pod razor
3748:Hard clam
3459:Fisheries
3324:Whitebait
3268:Toothfish
3094:yellowfin
3054:Swordfish
2214:Fisheries
2081:CiteSeerX
1924:0935-9648
1859:2079-4991
1800:1936-0851
1761:228908442
1753:2590-1834
1737:: 26–37.
1694:1531-7331
1538:April 26,
1485:Haag 2012
1446:Haag 2012
1425:1525-7797
1165:shellfish
1110:Karnataka
1102:Malayalam
1082:Karnataka
1021:croquette
986:Rhineland
818:behaviour
529:, ducks,
511:dog whelk
507:Muricidae
499:predatory
489:Predators
380:with its
308:Balanidae
296:rendering
204:Mytilidae
184:) is the
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
55:, in the
4617:Category
4532:Humboldt
4482:Big blue
4340:Mud-flat
4291:Kellet's
4131:Greenlip
4126:Blacklip
4028:Scallops
3711:Bivalves
3615:Scallops
3593:Atlantic
3412:Scallops
3384:Molluscs
3291:Sturgeon
3258:Rockfish
3211:flounder
3206:Flatfish
3189:Atlantic
3159:european
3139:Sardines
3134:Menhaden
3089:skipjack
3064:albacore
3039:Mackerel
2961:Trawling
2931:Dredging
2678:bivalves
2667:Escargot
2552:mollusks
2111:25371433
2103:15865310
2021:Archived
2003:redOrbit
1991:23880603
1967:: 2187.
1942:34423482
1877:28344244
1818:24936704
1780:ACS Nano
1712:22058660
1633:20096254
1433:11710048
1386:"Mussel"
1308:See also
1279:selenium
1205:Calories
1026:pickling
995:take-out
837:(N) and
835:nitrogen
757:Using a
654:Bouchots
590:dredgers
527:raccoons
519:muskrats
495:starfish
444:clumping
425:plankton
405:sea star
237:subclass
226:nacreous
193:molluscs
116:Bivalvia
106:Mollusca
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
61:Cornwall
4551:Chitons
4464:Octopus
4432:Inkfish
4414:Nerites
4303:Knobbed
4190:Limpets
4175:Elegant
4162:Conches
4152:Chilean
4093:Abalone
3977:Pacific
3962:Olympia
3957:Eastern
3949:Oysters
3895:Mussels
3852:Cockles
3841:Paphies
3738:Geoduck
3630:Tilapia
3620:Seaweed
3608:chinook
3583:Oysters
3578:Mussels
3563:Catfish
3546:crucian
3536:bighead
3450:more...
3422:more...
3407:Oysters
3402:Octopus
3397:Mussels
3392:Abalone
3374:more...
3357:Lobster
3329:more...
3296:Tilapia
3253:Pollock
3238:Haddock
3216:halibut
3194:Pacific
3179:Catfish
3124:Herring
3119:Capelin
3114:Anchovy
3013:fishery
2890:Octopus
2785:Geoduck
2686:Scallop
2569:Abalone
2559:Marine
2257:9 March
2252:Eur-Lex
2222:Bibcode
2073:Bibcode
1969:Bibcode
1933:8492546
1904:Bibcode
1868:5304689
1809:4108209
1703:3207216
1674:Bibcode
1624:2837921
1219:10.1 g
1215:Protein
1086:Bhatkal
1063:chowder
894:As food
770:Harvest
588:Mussel
531:baboons
501:marine
415:Feeding
378:Mytilus
351:sessile
336:conchin
304:Mytilus
270:Marine
252:Mytilus
190:bivalve
112:Class:
35:Mussel
18:Mussels
4472:Common
4357:Bailer
4286:Common
4273:Whelks
4256:Banded
4251:Common
4233:Rustic
4005:/Bluff
3880:Sydney
3870:Goolwa
3860:Common
3812:Tuatua
3625:Shrimp
3588:Salmon
3556:silver
3541:common
3523:Farmed
3367:Prawns
3362:Shrimp
3243:Mullet
3231:turbot
3221:plaice
3069:bigeye
3044:Salmon
2844:Mussel
2839:Oyster
2811:Tuatua
2780:Cockle
2430:
2195:
2109:
2101:
2083:
1989:
1940:
1930:
1922:
1875:
1865:
1857:
1816:
1806:
1798:
1759:
1751:
1710:
1700:
1692:
1631:
1621:
1585:. FAO.
1431:
1423:
1349:Oyster
1294:folate
1266:Sodium
1260:0.4 g
1250:1.9 g
1244:Total
1239:0.0 g
1229:3.1 g
1113:Bearys
1088:, and
1074:Kerala
1017:tigres
726:Bamboo
551:Dalian
523:otters
382:byssus
362:byssus
153:Mussel
4514:Squid
4497:Mimic
4409:Apple
4213:China
4170:Queen
4116:Green
4111:Black
4101:White
4063:Yesso
3923:Brown
3865:Blood
3833:Ensis
3780:Venus
3753:Horse
3720:Clams
3551:grass
3417:Squid
3352:Krill
3301:Trout
3154:Sprat
3144:Saury
3129:Ilish
3049:Shark
2895:Squid
2579:Whelk
2424:(PDF)
2107:S2CID
2065:Ambio
1757:S2CID
1558:(PDF)
1235:Fiber
978:Fries
881:CITES
672:zone.
559:China
549:, in
464:Sperm
437:gills
433:cilia
324:nacre
312:Voxel
298:of a
4367:Land
4141:Pāua
4121:Pink
3992:Rock
3933:Date
3903:Blue
3603:coho
3531:Carp
3347:Crab
3286:Carp
3226:sole
3149:Shad
3059:Tuna
3022:Wild
2735:Clam
2428:ISBN
2259:2020
2193:ISBN
2099:PMID
1987:PMID
1938:PMID
1920:ISSN
1873:PMID
1855:ISSN
1814:PMID
1796:ISSN
1749:ISSN
1708:PMID
1690:ISSN
1629:PMID
1566:2018
1540:2009
1429:PMID
1421:ISSN
1290:zinc
1188:Raw
1045:raki
980:and
938:and
483:cyst
468:eggs
343:foot
4332:Sea
4180:Dog
4106:Red
3319:Eel
3184:Cod
2305:doi
2282:doi
2230:doi
2167:doi
2091:doi
1977:doi
1928:PMC
1912:doi
1863:PMC
1845:doi
1804:PMC
1788:doi
1739:doi
1698:PMC
1682:doi
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1607:202
1468:doi
1413:doi
1246:fat
1209:70
1090:Goa
1053:In
970:or
597:FAO
300:μCT
59:in
4632::
2383::
2341:.
2303:.
2280:.
2278:73
2276:.
2250:.
2228:.
2218:18
2216:.
2179:^
2163:92
2161:.
2147:^
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2097:.
2089:.
2079:.
2069:34
2067:.
2054:^
2046:21
2044:.
2040:.
2001:.
1985:.
1975:.
1963:.
1959:.
1936:.
1926:.
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1910:.
1900:33
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1871:.
1861:.
1853:.
1839:.
1835:.
1812:.
1802:.
1794:.
1782:.
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1755:.
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1627:.
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1601:.
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2471:.
2457:.
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2311:.
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1993:.
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1965:4
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1914::
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1784:8
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1741::
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