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236:
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34:
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1707:
228:
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1123:, where it starts as tiny particles (~50–80 nm) grouping together inside a natural material. These particles line up in a way that resembles fibers, and they continue to multiply. When there are enough particles, they come together to form early stages of nacre. The growth of nacre is regulated by organic substances that determine how and when the nacre crystals start and develop.
1146:, noting that in each case the initial layers of nacre laid down by the organism contained spiral defects. Defects that spiralled in opposite directions created distortions in the material that drew them towards each other as the layers built up until they merged and cancelled each other out. Later layers of nacre were found to be uniform and ordered in structure.
1619:, as well as his elder brother Annada Munshi, were among the patrons of his works of art. "Indira Gandhi" was one of his famous mother of pearl works of art. He is credited with portraying Tagore in various creative stances that were skillfully carved into metallic plates. His cousin Pratip Munshi was also a famed mother of pearl artist.
1487:. The result is a lightweight material that offers a seamless installation and there is no limit to the sheet size. Nacre sheets may be used on interior floors, exterior and interior walls, countertops, doors and ceilings. Insertion into architectural elements, such as columns or furniture is easily accomplished.
46:
1103:
The statistical variation of the platelets has a negative effect on the mechanical performance (stiffness, strength, and energy absorption) because statistical variation precipitates localization of deformation. However, the negative effects of statistical variations can be offset by interfaces with
1126:
Each crystal, which can be thought of as a "brick", is thought to rapidly grow to match the full height of the layer of nacre. They continue to grow until they meet the surrounding bricks. This produces the hexagonal close-packing characteristic of nacre. The growth of these bricks can be initiated
1797:
In 2014, researchers used lasers to create an analogue of nacre by engraving networks of wavy 3D "micro-cracks" in glass. When the slides were subjected to an impact, the micro-cracks absorbed and dispersed the energy, keeping the glass from shattering. Altogether, treated glass was reportedly 200
1108:
of nacre increases with moderate statistical variations which creates tough regions where the crack gets pinned. But, higher statistical variations generates very weak regions which allows the crack to propagate without much resistance causing the fracture toughness to decrease. Studies have shown
1084:
of the material because they can transfer stress in the material. Developing synthetic composites that exhibit similar mechanical properties as nacre is of interest to scientists working on developing stronger materials. To achieve these effects, researchers take inspiration from nacre and use
957:
axis points approximately perpendicular to the shell wall, but the direction of the other axes varies between groups. Adjacent tablets have been shown to have dramatically different c-axis orientation, generally randomly oriented within ~20° of vertical. In bivalves and cephalopods, the
986:
and a yield stress of roughly 70 MPa (when dry). Strength and resilience are also likely to be due to adhesion by the "brickwork" arrangement of the platelets, which inhibits transverse crack propagation. This structure, spanning multiple length sizes, greatly increases its
1079:
may break, creating small asperities that roughen the aragonite-protein interface. The additional friction generated by the asperities helps the material withstand shear stresses. In nacre-like composites, the mineral bridges have also been shown to increase the
908:, the tablets are rectangular, with symmetric sectors more or less soluble. Whatever the shape of the tablets, the smallest units they contain are irregular rounded granules. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix (interfaces) composed of
1011:, and other techniques have all been used to probe the mechanical properties of nacre. Theoretical and computational methods have also been developed to explain the experimental observations of nacre's mechanical behavior. Nacre is stronger under
1130:
What sets nacre apart from fibrous aragonite, a similarly formed but brittle mineral, is the speed at which it grows in a certain direction (roughly perpendicular to the shell). This growth is slow in nacre, but fast in fibrous aragonite.
1474:
base. The tesserae are hand-placed and closely sandwiched together, creating an irregular mosaic or pattern (such as a weave). The laminated material is typically about 2 millimetres (0.079 in) thick. The tesserae are then
1038:
energy and fracture strength are both larger than those values characteristic of the hard material only. Specifically, this structure facilitates crack deflection, since it is easier for the crack to continue into the
995:. The mineral–organic interface results in enhanced resilience and strength of the organic interlayers. The interlocking of bricks of nacre has large impact on both the deformation mechanism as well as its toughness.
1286:
1774:. The company is applying for regulatory approval in Australia and several other countries, and is expecting it to be approved for clinical use around 2024–5. It is intended to build a factory in the
1067:, contributes to this phenomenon. Unlike in traditional synthetic composites, the aragonite in nacre forms bridges between individual tablets, so the structure is not only held together by the strong
1859:
Nudelman, Fabio; Gotliv, Bat Ami; Addadi, Lia; Weiner, Steve (2006). "Mollusk shell formation: Mapping the distribution of organic matrix components underlying a single aragonitic tablet in nacre".
1127:
in various ways such as from randomly scattered elements within the organic layer, well-defined arrangements of proteins, or they may expand from mineral bridges coming from the layer underneath.
2016:
Checa, Antonio G.; Ramírez-Rico, Joaquín; González-Segura, Alicia; Sánchez-Navas, Antonio (2008). "Nacre and false nacre (foliated aragonite) in extant monoplacophorans (=Tryblidiida: Mollusca)".
1092:
When dehydrated, nacre loses much of its strength and acts as a brittle material, like pure aragonite. The hardness of this material is also negatively impacted by dehydration. Water acts as a
3399:
Abid, N.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F. (2018). "Discrete-element modeling of nacre-like materials: Effects of random microstructures on strain localization and mechanical performance".
2660:
Abid, N.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F. (2018). "Discrete-element modeling of nacre-like materials: effects of random microstructures on strain localization and mechanical performance".
2930:
Schäffer, Tilman; Ionescu-Zanetti, Cristian; Proksch, Roger; Fritz, Monika; Walters, Deron; Almquist, Nils; Zaremba, Charlotte; Belcher, Angela; Smith, Bettye; Stucky, Galen (1997).
3073:
2698:
Abid, N.; Pro, J. W.; Barthelat, F. (2019). "Fracture mechanics of nacre-like materials using discrete-element models: Effects of microstructure, interfaces and randomness".
3051:
Fossil nautiloid shell with original iridescent nacre in fossiliferous asphaltic limestone (Buckhorn
Asphalt, Middle Pennsylvanian; Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA) 1
2744:
Beliaev, N.; Zöllner, D.; Pacureanu, A.; Zaslansky, P.; Zlotnikov, I. (2021). "Dynamics of topological defects and structural synchronization in a forming periodic tissue".
3148:
2247:
Ghosh, Pijush; Katti, Dinesh R.; Katti, Kalpana S. (2007). "Mineral
Proximity Influences Mechanical Response of Proteins in Biological Mineral−Protein Hybrid Systems".
2895:
Addadi, Lia; Joester, Derk; Nudelman, Fabio; Weiner, Steve (2006). "Mollusk Shell
Formation: A Source of New Concepts for Understanding Biomineralization Processes".
3600:
1974:
Olson, Ian; Kozdon, Reinhard; Valley, John; Gilbert, PUPA (2012). "Mollusk shell nacre ultrastructure correlates with environmental temperature and pressure".
1655:
2282:
Katti, Kalpana S.; Katti, Dinesh R.; Pradhan, Shashindra M.; Bhosle, Arundhati (2005). "Platelet interlocks are the key to toughness and strength in nacre".
4351:
1732:
2220:
Mohanty, Bedabibhas; Katti, Kalpana S.; Katti, Dinesh R. (2008). "Experimental investigation of nanomechanics of the mineral-protein interface in nacre".
873:
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1778:, where pearl shells are plentiful, which would grind the nacre into a product fit for use in biomedical products. Future applications could include
1076:
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needed to separate the proteinaceous and the aragonite phases is high, indicating that there are molecular interactions between the components. In
604:
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was one of the finest mother of pearl artists in the middle of 20th century. As the best example of "Charu and Karu art of Bengal," the former
1154:
2189:"Mineral and Protein-Bound Water and Latching Action Control Mechanical Behavior at Protein-Mineral Interfaces in Biological Nanocomposites"
3874:
4483:
3501:"Crystallographic texture of Late Triassic gastropod nacre: evidence of long-term stability of the mechanism controlling its formation"
1428:
825:
3627:
3083:
2854:
Jackson, D. J.; McDougall, C.; Woodcroft, B.; Moase, P.; Rose, R. A.; Kube, M.; Reinhardt, R.; Rokhsar, D. S.; et al. (2009).
2551:
Grossman, Madeleine; Pivovarov, Dmitriy; Bouville, Florian; Dransfeld, Clemens; Masania, Kunal; Studart, André R. (February 2019).
1706:
866:
3317:
Finnemore, Alexander; Cunha, Pedro; Shean, Tamaryn; Vignolini, Silvia; Guldin, Stefan; Oyen, Michelle; Steiner, Ullrich (2012).
1096:
for the organic matrix, improving its toughness and reducing its shear modulus. Hydrating the protein layer also decreases its
196:
shells are made of nacre. Other mollusc families that have a nacreous inner shell layer include marine gastropods such as the
978:
This mixture of brittle platelets and the thin layers of elastic biopolymers makes the material strong and resilient, with a
5167:
3288:
2600:
Magrini, Tommaso; Moser, Simon; Fellner, Madeleine; Lauria, Alessandro; Bouville, Florian; Studart, André R. (2020-05-20).
1766:
pearling business, is as of 2021 developing a product nacre to create "PearlBone", which could be used on patients needing
4921:
4159:
3296:
859:
177:, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as
1100:, which is expected to improve the fracture energy and strength of a composite with alternating hard and soft layers.
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1903:
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ones when the force is applied parallel or perpendicular to the platelets. As an oriented structure, nacre is highly
122:
82:
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20:
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creating a durable and glossy surface. Instead of using a marble or tile base, the nacre tesserae can be glued to
4476:
1759:
1567:
At the end of 19th century, Anukul Munsi was the first accomplished artist who successfully carved the shells of
943:
4103:
4777:
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3023:
1421:
3620:
2789:"Nanoscale assembly processes revealed in the nacroprismatic transition zone of Pinna nobilis mollusc shells"
1812:
1753:
1588:
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to give a shape of human being which led to the invention of new horizon in Indian contemporary art. For the
1185:
of various molluscs. The nacre is continuously deposited onto the inner surface of the shell, the iridescent
736:
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In 2012, researchers created calcium-based nacre in the laboratory by mimicking its natural growth process.
946:
constructively and destructively with different wavelengths of light at different viewing angles, creating
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that this weak structural defects act as dissipative topological defects coupled by an elastic distortion.
4873:
3860:
2449:"Why is nacre strong? Elastic theory and fracture mechanics for biocomposites with stratified structures"
559:
1931:; Gilbert, PUPA (2007). "Architecture of columnar nacre, and implications for its formation mechanism".
1927:
Metzler, Rebecca; Abrecht, Mike; Olabisi, Ronke; Ariosa, Daniel; Johnson, Christopher; Frazer, Bradley;
1201:
attached to the interior of the shell, or a free pearl within the mantle tissues. The process is called
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and compliant organic matrix than going straight into another aragonite platelet. This results in the
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27:
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Hovden, Robert; Wolf, Stephan; Marin, Frédéric; Holtz, Meganc; Muller, David; Estroff, Lara (2015).
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structures with hard and soft layers, a model system that can be applied to understand nacre, the
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441:
193:
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3601:
Objects with mother-of-pearl in the Staten Island
Historical Society Online Collections Database
3001:
1170:, which makes it by far the oldest deposit in the world with aragonitic nacreous shelly fossils.
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1817:
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1224:
1055:, it is hypothesized that the compliant matrix needs to have a larger fracture energy than the
758:
583:
1270:
Widely used for pearl buttons especially during the 1900s, were the shells of the great green
1197:
and damaging debris by entombing them in successive layers of nacre, forming either a blister
5745:
4650:
4529:
4448:
3430:"Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc
3429:
3078:
2932:"Does abalone nacre form by heteroepitaxial nucleation or by growth through mineral bridges?"
947:
321:
235:
222:
3289:"Kimberley mother-of-pearl could become synthetic bone in world-first medical collaboration"
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2025:
1940:
1004:
909:
353:
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2067:
Jackson, A. P.; Vincent, J. F. V; Turner, R. M. (1988). "The mechanical design of nacre".
8:
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1944:
1193:. The layers of nacre smooth the shell surface and help defend the soft tissues against
1026:
A variety of toughening mechanisms are responsible for nacre's mechanical behavior. The
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because the thickness of the aragonite platelets is close to the wavelength of visible
808:
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It is sometimes used in the decorative grips of firearms, and in other gun furniture.
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1991:
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Urban
History Documentation Archive, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
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The process of how nacre is formed is not completely clear. It has been observed in
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Bruet, B.; Qi, H.J.; Boyce, M.C.; Panas, R.; Tai, K.; Frick, L.; Ortiz, C. (2005).
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2416:
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2299:
2256:
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2200:
2159:
2149:
2120:"Nanoscale deformation mechanics reveal resilience in nacre of Pinna nobilis shell"
2084:
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1983:
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purposes. The natural nacre may be artificially tinted to almost any color. Nacre
1267:, popular for their sturdiness and beauty in the latter half of the 19th century.
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4029:
3947:
3728:
3549:
Mayer, G. (2005). "Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites".
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1527:
family) typically feature nacre decorations, as does the related Middle
Eastern
1104:
large strain at failure accompanied by strain hardening. On the other hand, the
5791:
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5723:
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4149:
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3723:
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3485:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3420:
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2719:
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2626:
2420:
2154:
1841:
1783:
1779:
1616:
1397:
1287:
Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
1178:
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protein phase deforming such that the crack changes directions and avoids the
227:
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5796:
5755:
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5177:
5162:
5111:
4883:
4402:
3952:
3703:
3693:
3645:
3528:
Lin, A.; Meyers, M.A. (2005-01-15). "Growth and structure in abalone shell".
3519:
3500:
3481:"The Key Role of the Surface Membrane in Why Gastropod Nacre Grows in Towers"
2635:
2578:
2534:
2480:
2428:
2381:
2015:
1913:
1758:
The biotech company Marine
Biomedical, formed by a collaboration between the
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1119:
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414:
372:
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170:
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1023:
and as such, its mechanical properties are also dependent on the direction.
5891:
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5229:
5189:
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4019:
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1995:
1960:
1880:
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shell with original iridescent nacre in fossiliferous asphaltic limestone,
1000:
818:
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290:
189:
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often have mother of pearl inlay at the frog. It is traditionally used on
1456:
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5828:
5718:
5557:
5507:
5502:
5418:
5260:
5136:
5086:
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4817:
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1649:(i.e. caviar servers) so as to not spoil the taste with metallic spoons.
1556:
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1236:
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377:
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899:
259:
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4407:
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3883:
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3658:
3345:
3105:"Anukul Charan Munshi, the Maverick of Indian Mother-of-Pearl Artistry"
2372:
2347:
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1631:
are used in clothing either for functional or decorative purposes. The
1584:
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3229:
Santanu Ghosh. "Munshianay
Chollis Purush" Publisher: Dey's Publishing
3074:"Contraband Chic: Mother-of-Pearl Items Sell With Export Restrictions"
2947:
2507:
Feng, Q. L.; Cui, F. Z.; Pu, G.; Wang, R. Z.; Li, H. D. (2000-06-30).
2260:
1987:
1071:
of the ceramic phase to the organic one, but also by these connecting
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4858:
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4382:
4080:
3929:
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3708:
2602:"Transparent Nacre‐like Composites Toughened through Mineral Bridges"
2348:"Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of nacre: a review"
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in the form of Indian advertising. Anukul Charan Munshi's third son
1313:
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38:
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1239:, they are pseudohexagonal monocrystals, which are often twinned.
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2509:"Crystal orientation, toughening mechanisms and a mimic of nacre"
1893:
1511:
have fingerboard or headstock inlays made of nacre (or imitation
1476:
1464:
1264:
1016:
992:
928:
902:. Depending on the species, the shape of the tablets differs; in
674:
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520:
409:
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2743:
2397:"Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials"
1285:. The international trade in mother of pearl is governed by the
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5413:
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5324:
5275:
5265:
4981:
4946:
4701:
4686:
4660:
4320:
3754:
1646:
1628:
1568:
1540:
1508:
1471:
1247:
1089:" structure, mineral bridges, and other hierarchical features.
916:
703:
3186:"Artist Manu Munshi, Renowned Mother of Pearl Artist of India"
3166:
2853:
1854:
1852:
74:
16:
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
5750:
5730:
5713:
5708:
5698:
5657:
5487:
5467:
5403:
5335:
5076:
5051:
4996:
4706:
4655:
3759:
3479:, Marc-Georg Willinger and Steven M. Stanley (Jan. 6, 2009),
1712:
1642:
1595:, sent Manu's artwork, "Gandhiji's Noakhali Abhiyan", to the
1544:
1255:
The main commercial sources of mother of pearl have been the
1198:
962:
axis points in the direction of shell growth, whereas in the
939:
898:
wide and 0.5 μm thick arranged in a continuous parallel
182:
147:
4899:
3316:
2965:; Willinger, Marc-Georg (2011). "Mineral bridges in nacre".
2856:"Parallel Evolution of Nacre Building Gene Sets in Molluscs"
895:
5622:
5597:
5592:
5542:
5304:
2999:
2894:
2187:
Ghosh, Pijush; Katti, Dinesh R.; Katti, Kalpana S. (2008).
1926:
1849:
1524:
1467:
924:
537:
476:
188:
The outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of
114:
68:
1858:
2599:
1528:
1499:
and other decorative motifs on musical instruments. Many
239:
Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre
105:
3319:"Biomimetic layer-by-layer assembly of artificial nacre"
2960:
1973:
2281:
2069:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1051:
ceramic phase. Based on experiments done on nacre-like
157:
Nacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of
3398:
2659:
231:
Schematic of the microscopic structure of nacre layers
19:"Mother of pearl" redirects here. For other uses, see
123:
108:
102:
83:
71:
65:
3119:
2786:
2066:
1559:(darbuka) is commonly decorated by mother of pearl.
1223:, the nacre layer is formed of single crystals in a
169:. However, the inner layer in the great majority of
111:
99:
62:
3498:
3178:
2553:"Hierarchical Toughening of Nacre‐Like Composites"
1575:in 1924, he received a gold medal. His eldest son
1289:, an agreement signed by more than 170 countries.
3427:
2219:
2117:
1507:bodies are completely covered in nacre, and some
1219:The form of nacre varies from group to group. In
5904:
3188:. Calcutta, India: Wixsite.com. February 5, 2005
3107:. Calcutta, India: Wixsite.com. February 5, 2005
2697:
2446:
1555:and other brass instruments. The Middle Eastern
3527:
2246:
2186:
1205:and it continues as long as the mollusc lives.
3401:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
2739:
2737:
2700:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
2662:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
2401:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
1208:
1085:synthetic ceramics and polymers to mimic the "
49:Nacreous shell worked into a decorative object
4915:
4477:
3868:
3621:
3071:
3009:Origin of Hard Parts — Early Skeletal Fossils
2506:
1562:
1422:
1075:features. As plastic deformation starts, the
867:
3172:Anandabazar Patrika. "Munshiana" Publisher:
3129:. Calcutta, India: Arthive. February 5, 2005
3024:"How Mollusks Make Tough, Shimmering Shells"
2923:
2447:Okumura, K.; de Gennes, P.-G. (2001-01-01).
1551:keytouches, as well as the valve buttons of
886:Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of
3499:Frýda, J.; Bandel, K.; Frýdová, B. (2009).
3376:"Super-tough glass based on mollusk shells"
2847:
2734:
2693:
2691:
2655:
2653:
2118:Gim, J; Schnitzer, N; Otter, Laura (2019).
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
216:
211:
150:are composed. It is strong, resilient, and
4922:
4908:
4484:
4470:
3875:
3861:
3628:
3614:
2780:
2345:
2060:
1920:
1894:Cuif J.P. Dauphin Y., Sorauf J.E. (2011).
1641:Mother of pearl is sometimes used to make
1429:
1415:
874:
860:
3518:
3206:
3149:"Poster by Annada Munshi for ITMEB, 1947"
2954:
2871:
2830:
2804:
2625:
2568:
2524:
2371:
2346:Sun, Jiyu; Bhushan, Bharat (2012-08-14).
2204:
2163:
2153:
2135:
2075:(1277) (published 22 Sep 1988): 415–440.
1898:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1523:(Greek plucked string instruments of the
2688:
2650:
2002:
1976:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1967:
1599:. Numerous illustrious figures, such as
1451:Both black and white nacre are used for
1246:
1153:
973:
234:
226:
146:layer. It is also the material of which
44:
32:
2395:Ji, Baohua; Gao, Huajian (2004-09-01).
5905:
3882:
3286:
3022:Meyers, Catherine (January 11, 2021).
3021:
2341:
2111:
1490:
4903:
4491:
4465:
3856:
3609:
3548:
2546:
2544:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2394:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
1789:
1242:
4155:Flotation devices ("secondary fins")
3287:Fowler, Courtney (28 October 2021).
3047:
2513:Materials Science and Engineering: C
1896:Biominerals and fossils through time
1798:times tougher than untreated glass.
1671:, with extensive use of carved nacre
1539:of stringed instruments such as the
1535:and on the back of the instrument).
1495:Nacre inlay is often used for music
1263:mussels, and to a lesser extent the
3635:
3530:Materials Science and Engineering A
3297:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
13:
4447:) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult •
3392:
3072:Jessica Hodin (October 19, 2010).
2993:
2888:
2541:
2495:
2435:
2318:
2275:
2240:
2213:
1635:are an elaborate example of this.
14:
5934:
4833:Reproductive system of gastropods
3594:
3000:Bruce Runnegar & S Bengtson.
2222:Mechanics Research Communications
2180:
1747:
970:-axis that is this way inclined.
4838:Respiratory system of gastropods
4753:Circulatory system of gastropods
4191:Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)
4114:
4108:
4102:
2234:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2007.09.006
1731:
1705:
1676:
1654:
1607:, Barrister Subodh Chandra Roy,
1312:
1063:, which occurs in other ceramic
991:, making it almost as strong as
841:
840:
258:
95:
58:
21:Mother of pearl (disambiguation)
4160:Funnel–mantle locking apparatus
3368:
3310:
3280:
3256:
3232:
3141:
3065:
3041:
3015:
2860:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2593:
2453:The European Physical Journal E
2388:
1760:University of Western Australia
1446:
1059:at fracture of the hard phase.
605:microbial calcite precipitation
4778:Excretory system of gastropods
4768:Digestive system of gastropods
4347:Nuchal folds (occipital folds)
4342:Nuchal crest (occipital crest)
1887:
1829:
1215:Mollusc shell § Evolution
37:The iridescent nacre inside a
1:
4929:
3378:. Gizmag.com. 30 January 2014
3209:"Binodane Paikpara Belgachia"
3048:John, James St (2007-07-31).
2967:Journal of Structural Biology
2606:Advanced Functional Materials
2557:Advanced Functional Materials
2526:10.1016/S0928-4931(00)00138-7
2284:Journal of Materials Research
1953:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.268102
1861:Journal of Structural Biology
1823:
1813:Pearling in Western Australia
1754:Pearling in Western Australia
1688:
1665:
1589:Chief Minister of West Bengal
1441:
565:marine biogenic calcification
26:For the cloud formation, see
4843:Sensory organs of gastropods
4808:Nervous system of gastropods
4453:Protoconch (embryonic shell)
1112:
7:
4874:Circumesophageal nerve ring
1801:
1459:may be cut into shapes and
1209:In different mollusc groups
1149:
794:Biomineralising polychaetes
560:amorphous calcium carbonate
246:Part of a series related to
10:
5939:
3542:10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072
3421:10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.003
2766:10.1038/s41567-020-01069-z
2720:10.1016/j.jmps.2018.10.012
2682:10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.003
2421:10.1016/j.jmps.2004.03.006
2155:10.1038/s41467-019-12743-z
1751:
1563:Indian mother of pearl art
1212:
826:Burgess Shale preservation
220:
134:, is an organic–inorganic
25:
18:
5859:
5821:
5764:
5686:
5457:
5394:
5333:
5295:
5288:
5248:
5150:
5104:
5097:
4937:
4851:
4745:
4669:
4633:
4500:
4431:
4395:
4370:
4334:
4298:
4248:
4237:
4173:
4137:
4123:
4100:
4048:
3992:
3985:
3940:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3814:
3773:
3747:
3644:
3240:"Ceto the Shrimp - Plate"
3162:– via Researchgate.
2979:10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.011
2038:10.1007/s00114-008-0461-1
1873:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.009
1842:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1579:is credited with drawing
1573:British Empire Exhibition
1279:and the large top snail,
1174:Nacre is secreted by the
1168:late Middle Pennsylvanian
1003:, and compression tests,
788:Cupriavidus metallidurans
28:polar stratospheric cloud
3520:10.3140/bull.geosci.1169
2193:Journal of Nanomaterials
1738:Engraved nacre pendant,
1622:
509:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
217:Structure and appearance
212:Physical characteristics
5424:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3571:10.1126/science.1116994
3506:Bulletin of Geosciences
3493:10.1073/pnas.0808796106
3477:Julyan H. E. Cartwright
1933:Physical Review Letters
1633:Pearly Kings and Queens
1581:Indian Swadesi Movement
1292:
1225:hexagonal close packing
570:calcareous nannofossils
366:Choanoflagellate lorica
194:freshwater pearl mussel
3127:"Anukul Charan Munshi"
2936:Chemistry of Materials
2909:10.1002/chin.200616269
2618:10.1002/adfm.202002149
2570:10.1002/adfm.201806800
2089:10.1098/rspb.1988.0056
1772:reconstructive surgery
1531:(typically around the
1252:
1171:
759:Magnetotactic bacteria
584:oolitic aragonite sand
442:scaly-foot snail shell
240:
232:
50:
42:
5765:Other natural objects
4434:Developmental stages:
4326:Spadix and antispadix
4210:Nephridia ("kidneys")
3461:10.1557/JMR.2005.0273
3326:Nature Communications
3079:The New York Observer
2873:10.1093/molbev/msp278
2793:Nature Communications
2473:10.1007/s101890170150
2304:10.1557/JMR.2005.0171
2124:Nature Communications
1762:Medical School and a
1752:Further information:
1515:plastic inlays). The
1250:
1213:Further information:
1157:
974:Mechanical properties
953:The crystallographic
238:
230:
223:Structural coloration
221:Further information:
48:
36:
5240:Wire wrapped jewelry
5220:Repoussé and chasing
3264:"Crab Caviar Server"
1354:About mollusc shells
1189:, commonly known as
1140:examined nacre from
5782:Ebonite (vulcanite)
4798:Hypobranchial gland
4746:Internal soft parts
4670:External soft parts
4421:Squid giant synapse
3563:2005Sci...310.1144M
3557:(5751): 1144–1147.
3487:, Vol. 106, No. 1.
3475:Checa, Antonio G.;
3453:2005JMatR..20.2400B
3413:2018JMPSo.112..385A
3338:2012NatCo...3..966F
3174:Anandabazar Patrika
3061:– via Flickr.
2823:10.1038/ncomms10097
2815:2015NatCo...610097H
2758:2021NatPh..17..410B
2712:2019JMPSo.124..350A
2674:2018JMPSo.112..385A
2627:20.500.11850/417234
2465:2001EPJE....4..121O
2413:2004JMPSo..52.1963J
2364:2012RSCAd...2.7617S
2296:2005JMatR..20.1097K
2206:10.1155/2008/582973
2146:2019NatCo..10.4822G
2081:1988RSPSB.234..415J
2030:2009NW.....96..111C
2018:Naturwissenschaften
1945:2007PhRvL..98z8102M
1645:-like utensils for
1491:Musical instruments
1300:Part of a series on
1065:composite materials
1053:synthetic materials
942:. These structures
486:Vertebrate skeleton
276:Mineralized tissues
5127:Jewellery designer
4352:Occipital membrane
4225:Pericardial glands
3920:Argonautid eggcase
3346:10.1038/ncomms1970
3211:. Dey's Publishing
2963:Cartwright, Julyan
2373:10.1039/C2RA20218B
1929:Coppersmith, Susan
1790:Manufactured nacre
1605:Bidhan Chandra Roy
1593:Bidhan Chandra Roy
1253:
1243:Commercial sources
1172:
1106:fracture toughness
948:structural colours
650:diatomaceous earth
616:Great Calcite Belt
533:Scale microfossils
526:otolithic membrane
437:small shelly fauna
410:echinoderm stereom
286:Biocrystallization
241:
233:
136:composite material
51:
43:
5900:
5899:
5817:
5816:
5687:Organic gemstones
5284:
5283:
4897:
4896:
4823:Oesophageal pouch
4682:Caudal mucous pit
4459:
4458:
4391:
4390:
4290:Suckers and hooks
4233:
4232:
4215:Nidamental glands
4145:Dermal structures
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
3981:
3980:
3850:
3849:
3432:Trochus niloticus
2948:10.1021/cm960429i
2358:(20): 7617–7632.
2261:10.1021/bm060942h
2249:Biomacromolecules
1988:10.1021/ja210808s
1982:(17): 7351–7358.
1694:, mostly made of
1439:
1438:
1393:Crustacean shells
1388:Brachiopod shells
1082:flexural strength
892:calcium carbonate
884:
883:
814:permineralization
799:Mineral nutrients
724:Mineral evolution
393:foraminifera test
252:Biomineralization
138:produced by some
130:), also known as
5930:
5913:Mollusc products
5344:Britannia silver
5293:
5292:
5102:
5101:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4813:Nidamental gland
4737:Suprapedal gland
4634:Other hard parts
4486:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4445:Doratopsis stage
4416:Squid giant axon
4335:Occipital region
4246:
4245:
4186:Ctenidia (gills)
4181:Branchial hearts
4174:Internal anatomy
4138:External anatomy
4135:
4134:
4118:
4112:
4106:
3990:
3989:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3781:Adductor muscles
3748:Other hard parts
3630:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3590:
3545:
3524:
3522:
3472:
3438:
3424:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3323:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3082:. Archived from
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2961:Checa, Antonio;
2958:
2952:
2951:
2942:(8): 1731–1740.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2808:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2504:
2493:
2492:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2407:(9): 1963–1990.
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2343:
2316:
2315:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1776:Kimberley region
1735:
1709:
1697:Turbo marmoratus
1693:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1658:
1627:Mother of pearl
1431:
1424:
1417:
1403:Sea urchin tests
1316:
1297:
1296:
1282:Tectus niloticus
1276:Turbo marmoratus
1261:freshwater pearl
1134:A 2021 paper in
1087:brick-and-mortar
876:
869:
862:
849:
844:
843:
764:Magnetoreception
744:Ballast minerals
339:Cephalopod shell
334:Brachiopod shell
281:Remineralisation
262:
243:
242:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
94:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5923:Mollusc anatomy
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5855:
5813:
5802:Spondylus shell
5760:
5682:
5453:
5439:Stainless steel
5390:
5374:Sterling silver
5334:Precious metal
5329:
5297:Precious metals
5280:
5244:
5146:
5093:
4933:
4928:
4898:
4893:
4847:
4788:Hancock's organ
4741:
4665:
4629:
4600:Stromboid notch
4496:
4490:
4460:
4455:
4427:
4412:Nervous system
4387:
4366:
4357:Olfactory organ
4330:
4294:
4239:
4229:
4169:
4128:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4090:
4044:
3977:
3948:Belemnoid guard
3936:
3925:Nautiloid shell
3887:
3881:
3851:
3846:
3810:
3769:
3743:
3640:
3634:
3597:
3436:
3395:
3393:Further reading
3390:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3207:Santanu Ghosh.
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2959:
2955:
2928:
2924:
2893:
2889:
2852:
2848:
2785:
2781:
2742:
2735:
2696:
2689:
2658:
2651:
2612:(27): 2002149.
2598:
2594:
2549:
2542:
2505:
2496:
2445:
2436:
2393:
2389:
2344:
2319:
2280:
2276:
2245:
2241:
2218:
2214:
2185:
2181:
2116:
2112:
2065:
2061:
2014:
2003:
1972:
1968:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1804:
1792:
1780:dental fillings
1756:
1750:
1743:
1740:Solomon Islands
1736:
1727:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1685:gunpowder flask
1681:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1625:
1565:
1493:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1398:Horseshoe crabs
1380:Other seashells
1295:
1245:
1231:, crystals are
1217:
1211:
1191:mother of pearl
1166:. Dated to the
1152:
1115:
1098:Young's modulus
1077:mineral bridges
1009:nanoindentation
980:Young's modulus
976:
880:
839:
832:
831:
830:
718:
710:
709:
708:
664:
656:
655:
654:
640:biogenic silica
634:
624:
623:
622:
607:
595:
574:
554:
544:
543:
542:
510:
502:
501:
500:
480:
465:
464:
463:
430:gastropod shell
398:testate amoebae
388:diatom frustule
313:
302:
301:
300:
270:
225:
219:
214:
181:as is found in
179:flame structure
132:mother of pearl
124:
98:
92:
91:
84:
61:
57:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5936:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5863:Related topics
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5235:Wire sculpture
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4793:Hepatopancreas
4790:
4785:
4783:Gastric shield
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Semper's organ
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Caryophyllidia
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Siphonal notch
4587:
4585:Siphonal canal
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4403:Chromatophores
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4249:Brachial crown
4243:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4121:
4120:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3917:
3915:Ammonoid shell
3911:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Gastric shield
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:External links
3593:
3592:
3591:
3546:
3536:(1–2): 27–41.
3525:
3513:(4): 745–754.
3496:
3473:
3425:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3367:
3309:
3279:
3255:
3231:
3222:
3199:
3177:
3165:
3140:
3118:
3096:
3064:
3040:
3028:Inside Science
3014:
2992:
2973:(3): 330–339.
2953:
2922:
2887:
2866:(3): 591–608.
2846:
2779:
2752:(3): 350–365.
2746:Nature Physics
2733:
2687:
2649:
2592:
2563:(9): 1806800.
2540:
2494:
2459:(1): 121–127.
2434:
2387:
2317:
2274:
2239:
2212:
2179:
2110:
2059:
2001:
1966:
1939:(26): 268102.
1919:
1904:
1886:
1848:
1845:(Online). n.d.
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1784:spinal surgery
1749:
1748:Biomedical use
1746:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1721:Topkapı Palace
1711:
1704:
1702:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1660:
1653:
1624:
1621:
1617:Jehangir Kabir
1564:
1561:
1492:
1489:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1322:Mollusc shells
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1251:Nacre bracelet
1244:
1241:
1210:
1207:
1187:nacreous layer
1151:
1148:
1137:Nature Physics
1114:
1111:
1061:Fiber pull-out
1057:elastic energy
1028:adhesive force
975:
972:
964:monoplacophora
934:Nacre appears
882:
881:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
834:
833:
829:
828:
823:
822:
821:
816:
806:
801:
796:
791:
784:
779:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
740:
739:
737:immobilization
734:
732:mineralization
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
707:
706:
701:
700:
699:
689:
688:
687:
682:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
647:
645:siliceous ooze
642:
636:
635:
632:Silicification
630:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
596:
594:
593:
592:
591:
586:
575:
573:
572:
567:
562:
556:
555:
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
493:
488:
482:
481:
471:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:
456:
454:Sponge spicule
451:
450:
449:
447:estuary shells
444:
439:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
412:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
370:
369:
368:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
336:
331:
330:
329:
324:
315:
314:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
255:
254:
248:
247:
218:
215:
213:
210:
171:mollusc shells
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5935:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Body piercing
5865:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5756:Tortoiseshell
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Bench jeweler
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Tyrian purple
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:Buccal region
4297:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Needham's sac
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Spirula shell
3966:
3964:
3963:Gladius (pen)
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Cirrate shell
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Prodissoconch
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Pallial sinus
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:J. Mater. Res
3435:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3226:
3210:
3203:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3122:
3106:
3100:
3086:on 2010-10-24
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:(16): 980–7.
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:(1): 111–22.
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:9780521874731
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:(2): 176–87.
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:bone grafting
1765:
1761:
1755:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:Humayun Kabir
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:United States
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:Annada Munshi
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:architectural
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Chiton shells
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:mantle tissue
1180:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:Unio pictorum
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1120:Pinna nobilis
1110:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
907:
906:
901:
897:
894:) 10–20
893:
889:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
855:
854:
848:
838:
837:
836:
835:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
809:Fossilization
807:
805:
804:Microbial mat
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
778:
776:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Magnetofossil
747:
745:
742:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
727:
725:
722:
721:
714:
713:
705:
702:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
660:
659:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
628:
627:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
597:
590:
589:aragonite sea
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:Calcification
548:
547:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
506:
505:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
478:
474:
473:Endoskeletons
469:
468:
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:mollusc shell
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:Protist shell
371:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:cirrate shell
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
332:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
317:
316:
311:
306:
305:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
266:
265:
261:
257:
256:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
237:
229:
224:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:porcellaneous
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
119:
89:
88:
79:
55:
47:
40:
35:
29:
22:
5892:Wearable art
5887:Phaleristics
5882:Metalworking
5787:Gutta-percha
5740:
5563:Lapis lazuli
5349:Colored gold
5230:Stonesetting
4550:Periostracum
4544:
4433:
4362:Nuchal organ
4261:Hectocotylus
4150:Fins (wings)
4065:
4056:Body chamber
4020:Periostracum
3699:Periostracum
3689:Pallial line
3683:
3554:
3550:
3533:
3529:
3510:
3504:
3484:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3404:
3400:
3380:. Retrieved
3370:
3329:
3325:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3292:
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:
3234:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3180:
3168:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3099:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3077:
3067:
3056:. Retrieved
3050:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
3008:
2995:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2749:
2745:
2703:
2699:
2665:
2661:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2560:
2556:
2519:(1): 19–25.
2516:
2512:
2456:
2452:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2355:
2352:RSC Advances
2351:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2255:(3): 851–6.
2252:
2248:
2242:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2021:
2017:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1895:
1889:
1864:
1860:
1840:
1831:
1796:
1793:
1757:
1695:
1640:
1637:
1626:
1609:Subho Tagore
1601:Satyajit Ray
1580:
1566:
1494:
1450:
1447:Architecture
1366:
1341:Snail shells
1280:
1274:
1272:turban snail
1269:
1257:pearl oyster
1254:
1218:
1202:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1091:
1041:viscoelastic
1025:
977:
967:
959:
954:
952:
933:
903:
885:
819:petrifaction
786:
774:
769:Microfossils
516:Limpet teeth
496:Ossification
491:Bone mineral
425:chiton shell
419:
310:Exoskeletons
291:Biointerface
190:pearl oyster
187:
178:
156:
142:as an inner
131:
53:
52:
5829:Art jewelry
5653:Tiger's eye
5558:Labradorite
5508:Chrysocolla
5503:Chrysoberyl
5419:Mokume-gane
5396:Base metals
5168:centrifugal
5137:Silversmith
5012:Ferronnière
4962:Belt buckle
4957:Belly chain
4879:Trochophore
4864:Pseudofeces
4818:Odontophore
4773:Diverticula
4717:Pneumostome
4560:Planispiral
4449:Egg fossils
4408:Photophores
4371:Other parts
4316:Odontophore
4238:Head &
4071:Phragmocone
3837:Trochophore
3832:Pseudofeces
3664:Hinge teeth
3447:(9): 2400.
3407:: 385–402.
3302:29 December
3215:24 December
3158:24 December
2706:: 350–365.
2668:: 385–402.
2290:(5): 1097.
2228:(1–2): 17.
2130:(1): 4822.
1715:with nacre
1692: 1750
1669: 1520
1585:Manu Munshi
1557:goblet drum
1533:sound holes
1346:Tusk shells
1331:Clam shells
1237:cephalopods
1203:encystation
1094:plasticizer
1021:anisotropic
1015:loads than
1013:compressive
982:of 70
913:biopolymers
890:(a form of
754:Magnetosome
697:phosphorite
663:Other forms
611:calcite sea
378:coccosphere
322:exoskeleton
167:cephalopods
5907:Categories
5663:Tourmaline
5608:Prasiolite
5483:Aventurine
5354:Crown gold
5256:Draw plate
5205:Metal clay
5142:Watchmaker
5132:Lapidarist
5117:Clockmaker
4992:Collar pin
4987:Chatelaine
4828:Osphradium
4803:Nephridium
4722:Rhinophore
4712:Parapodium
4641:Clausilium
4580:Selenizone
4570:Protoconch
4520:Body whorl
4383:Statocysts
4220:Osphradium
3958:Cuttlebone
3884:Cephalopod
3827:Glochidium
3801:Nephridium
3774:Soft parts
3659:Hinge line
3382:2014-02-13
3273:2021-07-14
3268:Objet Luxe
3249:2021-07-14
3244:Objet Luxe
3090:2023-01-09
3058:2023-01-09
2897:ChemInform
2806:1512.02879
2137:1910.11264
1824:References
1662:Altarpiece
1505:concertina
1485:fiberglass
1442:Decorative
1362:Conchology
1229:gastropods
1176:epithelial
1007:analysis,
966:it is the
936:iridescent
349:cuttlebone
318:Arthropod
206:Turbinidae
198:Haliotidae
163:gastropods
152:iridescent
5809:Toadstone
5746:Operculum
5673:Variscite
5668:Turquoise
5648:Tanzanite
5583:Moonstone
5578:Marcasite
5573:Malachite
5498:Carnelian
5473:Amazonite
5460:gemstones
5434:Pinchbeck
5379:Argentium
5369:Shibuichi
5310:Palladium
5289:Materials
5225:Soldering
5215:Polishing
5190:Engraving
5185:Enameling
5151:Processes
5122:Goldsmith
5057:Tie chain
5032:Neck ring
5022:Lapel pin
4931:Jewellery
4859:Epiphragm
4763:Ctenidium
4651:Operculum
4646:Love dart
4610:Umbilicus
4575:Sculpture
4555:Peristome
4530:Columella
4493:Gastropod
4441:Paralarva
4268:Tentacles
4081:Siphuncle
4040:Umbilicus
4025:Sculpture
3930:Orthocone
3786:Ctenidium
3719:Sculpture
3709:Resilifer
2799:: 10097.
2774:230508602
2728:139839008
2644:219464365
2636:1616-301X
2587:139307131
2579:1616-301X
2535:0928-4931
2481:1292-8941
2429:0022-5096
2382:2046-2069
2312:135681723
2105:135544277
1914:664839176
1549:saxophone
1501:accordion
1477:lacquered
1461:laminated
1306:Seashells
1235:, and in
1195:parasites
1160:nautiloid
1113:Formation
1073:nanoscale
1032:laminated
989:toughness
944:interfere
915:(such as
888:aragonite
775:engrailed
692:Phosphate
685:oil shale
579:Aragonite
383:coccolith
202:Trochidae
5877:Gemology
5851:Fineness
5842:(purity)
5777:Bog-wood
5724:Precious
5704:Ammolite
5643:Sunstone
5633:Sodalite
5628:Sapphire
5588:Obsidian
5528:Fluorite
5518:Diopside
5478:Amethyst
5458:Mineral
5449:Tungsten
5444:Titanium
5359:Electrum
5315:Platinum
5200:Kazaziye
5195:Filigree
5173:lost-wax
5072:Toe ring
5062:Tie clip
5037:Pectoral
5027:Necklace
5002:Cufflink
4977:Bracelet
4972:Bolo tie
4952:Barrette
4692:Cnidosac
4510:Aperture
4306:Aptychus
4278:Dactylus
4049:Internal
4000:Aperture
3993:External
3986:Features
3941:Internal
3908:External
3822:Abductin
3765:Sea silk
3714:Resilium
3669:Ligament
3587:19079526
3579:16293751
3354:22828626
3293:ABC News
2987:21982842
2917:16315200
2882:19915030
2841:26631940
2489:55616061
2269:17315945
2174:31645557
2054:10214928
2046:18843476
1996:22313180
1961:17678131
1881:16413789
1808:Ammolite
1802:See also
1725:Istanbul
1717:tesserae
1553:trumpets
1521:baglamas
1517:bouzouki
1513:pearloid
1481:polished
1457:tesserae
1221:bivalves
1164:Oklahoma
1150:Function
1069:adhesion
1036:fracture
929:proteins
847:Category
728:In soil
680:alginite
670:Bone bed
405:Seashell
312:(shells)
204:and the
185:pearls.
159:bivalves
140:molluscs
39:nautilus
5872:Fashion
5846:Finding
5694:Abalone
5603:Peridot
5568:Larimar
5553:Kyanite
5538:Howlite
5523:Emerald
5513:Diamond
5386:Tumbaga
5364:Shakudō
5320:Rhodium
5271:Mandrel
5210:Plating
5163:Casting
5158:Carving
5067:Tie pin
5042:Pendant
5017:Genital
5007:Earring
4889:Veliger
4869:Torsion
4495:anatomy
4396:General
4196:Ink sac
4061:Camerae
4035:Sutures
3886:anatomy
3842:Veliger
3639:anatomy
3637:Bivalve
3559:Bibcode
3551:Science
3449:Bibcode
3409:Bibcode
3362:9004843
3334:Bibcode
3332:: 966.
3192:Sep 22,
3133:Sep 22,
3111:Sep 22,
3054:(photo)
3033:June 9,
2832:4686775
2811:Bibcode
2754:Bibcode
2708:Bibcode
2670:Bibcode
2461:Bibcode
2409:Bibcode
2360:Bibcode
2292:Bibcode
2165:6811596
2142:Bibcode
2077:Bibcode
2026:Bibcode
1941:Bibcode
1837:"nacre"
1629:buttons
1569:oysters
1509:guitars
1465:ceramic
1265:abalone
1233:twinned
1181:of the
1158:Fossil
1049:brittle
1045:ductile
1017:tensile
1005:Weibull
997:Tensile
993:silicon
921:lustrin
910:elastic
717:Related
675:Kerogen
600:Calcite
521:Otolith
354:gladius
327:cuticle
296:Biofilm
269:General
5918:Pearls
5836:(mass)
5772:Bezoar
5678:Zircon
5638:Spinel
5613:Quartz
5548:Jasper
5533:Garnet
5429:Pewter
5414:Copper
5409:Bronze
5336:alloys
5325:Silver
5276:Pliers
5266:Hammer
5178:vacuum
5105:People
5098:Making
5082:pocket
4982:Brooch
4947:Anklet
4732:Siphon
4702:Mentum
4697:Mantle
4687:Cerata
4661:Radula
4605:Suture
4525:Callus
4321:Radula
4273:Carpus
4130:funnel
4127:&
4125:Mantle
4086:Whorls
4010:Callus
3973:Stylet
3806:Siphon
3796:Mantle
3755:Byssus
3739:Annuli
3679:Lunule
3654:Callus
3585:
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1764:Broome
1683:Nacre
1647:caviar
1591:, Dr.
1541:violin
1472:marble
1227:. In
927:-like
917:chitin
900:lamina
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704:Pyrena
361:Lorica
200:, the
165:, and
148:pearls
5840:Carat
5834:Carat
5822:Terms
5797:Shell
5751:Pearl
5741:Nacre
5731:Ivory
5719:Black
5714:Coral
5709:Copal
5699:Amber
5658:Topaz
5617:smoky
5488:Beryl
5468:Agate
5404:Brass
5249:Tools
5087:strap
5077:Watch
5052:Tiara
4997:Crown
4967:Bindi
4939:Forms
4852:Other
4707:Notum
4656:Pearl
4625:Whorl
4620:Varix
4615:Valve
4595:Spire
4565:Plait
4545:Nacre
4502:Shell
4437:Spawn
4283:Manus
4241:limbs
4076:Septa
4066:Nacre
4030:Spire
4015:Lirae
3901:Types
3893:Shell
3815:Other
3760:Pearl
3729:Valve
3724:Umbo
3684:Nacre
3646:Shell
3583:S2CID
3465:S2CID
3437:(PDF)
3358:S2CID
3322:(PDF)
3005:(PDF)
3002:"1.4"
2801:arXiv
2770:S2CID
2724:S2CID
2640:S2CID
2583:S2CID
2485:S2CID
2308:S2CID
2199:: 1.
2132:arXiv
2101:S2CID
2097:36211
2093:JSTOR
2050:S2CID
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1713:Inlay
1700:shell
1643:spoon
1623:Other
1545:cello
1463:to a
1372:Valve
1367:Nacre
1199:pearl
1179:cells
1001:shear
940:light
905:Pinna
782:Druse
477:bones
420:nacre
183:conch
144:shell
93:also
54:Nacre
41:shell
5792:Hair
5623:Ruby
5598:Opal
5593:Onyx
5543:Jade
5305:Gold
5261:File
5047:Ring
4758:Crop
4540:Lira
4515:Apex
4378:Eyes
4311:Beak
4256:Arms
4198:and
4165:Tail
4005:Apex
3734:Beak
3674:Lira
3575:PMID
3350:PMID
3304:2021
3217:2023
3194:2022
3160:2023
3135:2022
3113:2022
3035:2021
2983:PMID
2913:PMID
2878:PMID
2837:PMID
2632:ISSN
2575:ISSN
2531:ISSN
2477:ISSN
2425:ISSN
2378:ISSN
2265:PMID
2197:2008
2170:PMID
2042:PMID
1992:PMID
1957:PMID
1910:OCLC
1900:ISBN
1877:PMID
1782:and
1770:and
1742:1838
1543:and
1537:Bows
1525:lute
1519:and
1503:and
1497:keys
1479:and
1468:tile
1293:Uses
925:silk
923:and
777:gene
538:Tusk
459:Test
192:and
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5736:Jet
5492:red
4535:Lip
4200:ink
3567:doi
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