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inhabited the rivers and streams. Maturity is reached at an age of 10 to 15 years, followed by a reproductive period of over 75 years in which about 200 million larvae can be produced. In early summer each year, around June and July, male freshwater pearl mussels release sperm into the water, where they are inhaled by female mussels. Inside the female, the fertilized eggs develop in a pouch on the gills for several weeks, until temperature or other environmental cues trigger the female to release the larvae into the surrounding water.
38:
762:, head of science at the Freshwater Biological Association, stated that the remnant populations in the River Kent and surrounding tributaries are too small to sustain a population into the future, and maintaining a self-sustaining population would need to be supplemented with captive breeding. The goal of the hatchery improvements are to bred more than 4,000 juveniles for release; release 3,000 of the 4,000 as juveniles; and retain 1,000 for reintroduction to the SAC once they have grown to a larger size.
90:
65:
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sometime between July and
September. The larvae, known as glochidia, resemble tiny mussels, but their minute shells are held open until they snap shut on a suitable host. The host of freshwater pearl mussel larvae are juvenile fish from the salmonid family, which includes the Atlantic salmon and sea trout. The chances of a larva encountering a suitable fish are very low, and thus nearly all are swept away and die; only a few are inhaled by an
709:
habitat undoubtedly plays a central role. The negative impacts humans have on rivers and streams come from a wide range of activities such as river regulation, drainage, sewage disposal, dredging, and water pollution, including the introduction of excess nutrients. Anything that affects the abundance of the fish hosts will also affect the freshwater pearl mussel; for example, the introduction of exotic fish species, such as the
448:
Older parts of the shell often appear corroded, an identifying feature of this mussel species. The inner surface of the shell is pearl white, sometimes tinged with attractive iridescent colours. Like all molluscs, the freshwater pearl mussel has a muscular 'foot'; this very large, white foot enables the mussel to move slowly and bury itself within the bottom substrate of its freshwater habitat.
725:
juvenile trout, which have been infected with glochidia, into small rivers, but mainly the freshwater pearl mussel has benefited from habitat restoration projects in some areas. Due to the essential role salmonid fish play in the life of the freshwater pearl mussel, the conservation of salmon and trout is also central in the survival of this endangered freshwater mussel.
681:
typically burrow themselves completely into the sand or gravel, while adults are generally found with a third of their shell exposed. Should they become dislodged, freshwater pearl mussels can rebury themselves, and are also capable of moving slowly across sandy sediments, using their large, muscular foot.
741:
population of freshwater pearl mussels, as well as improving existing breeding areas to secure the long-term future of the population. The River Kent's population of freshwater pearl mussels was severely damaged by pollution, degraded habitats, low genetic diversity, and the lack of natural survival
708:
Once the most abundant bivalve mollusc in ancient rivers around the world, numbers of the freshwater pearl mussel are now declining in all countries and this species is nearly extinct in many areas. The causes of this decline are not fully understood, but alteration and degradation of its freshwater
668:
Capable of living for up to 130 years, the freshwater pearl mussel begins life as a tiny larva, measuring just 0.6 to 0.7 millimetres long, which is ejected into the water from an adult mussel in a mass of one to four million other larvae. This remarkable event takes place over just one to two days,
1735:
Bolotov I. N., A. A. Makhrov, Yu. V. Bespalaya, I. V. Vikhrev, O. V. Aksenova, P. E. Aspholm, M. Yu. Gofarov, A. N. Ostrovskii, I. Yu. Popov, I. S. Pal'tser, M. Rudzite, M. Rudzitis, I. S. Voroshilova, S. E. Sokolova 2013. Results of testing the comparatory method: The curvature of the shell valve
680:
Attached to the gills of a fish, the glochidia live and grow in this oxygen-rich environment until the following May or June, when they drop off. The juvenile must land on clean gravelly or sandy substrates if it is to successfully grow. Attached to the substrate, juvenile freshwater pearl mussels
684:
The freshwater pearl mussel grows extremely slowly, inhaling water through exposed siphons, and filtering out tiny organic particles on which it feeds. It is thought that in areas where this species was once abundant, this filter feeding acted to clarify the water, benefiting other species which
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Clean, fast-flowing streams and rivers are required for the freshwater pearl mussel, where it lives buried or partly buried in fine gravel and coarse sand, generally in water at depths between 0.5 and 2 metres, but sometimes at greater depths. Clean gravel and sand is essential, particularly for
447:
Like all bivalve molluscs, the freshwater pearl mussel has a shell consisting of two parts that are hinged together, which can be closed to protect the animal's soft body within. The shell is large, heavy and elongated, typically yellowish-brown in colour when young and becoming darker with age.
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The freshwater pearl mussel, which is completely protected in all
European countries, has been the focus of a significant amount of conservation efforts. Measures have included the transfer of adult mussels to areas where it had gone extinct, the culture of juvenile mussels, and the release of
1708:
Bolotov, I.N., Yu.V. Bespalaya, A.A. Makhrov, P.E. Aspholm, A.S. Aksenov, M.Yu. Gofarov, G.A. Dvoryankin, O.V. Usacheva, I.V. Vikhrev, S.E. Sokolova, A.A. Pashinin & A.N. Davydov, 2012. Influence of
Historical Exploitation and Recovery of Biological Resources on Contemporary Status of
1699:
Makhrov A., Bespalaya J., Bolotov I., Vikhrev I., Gofarov M., Alekseeva Ya., Zotin A. 2013. Historical geography of pearl harvesting and current status of populations of the freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) in west part of Northern European Russia. – Hydrobiologia.
515:(CR). In Bohemia, probably locally extinct in Moravia. Listed in Decree for implementation, No. 395/1992 Sb. (Czech code) (in Czech: Vyhláška 395/1992 Sb. ve znění vyhl. 175/2006 Sb.) as Critically Threatened species. Its conservation status in 2004-2006 was bad (U2) in a report for the
535:(never recorded elsewhere in the country in historical or recent times). Although sometimes suggested to have been extirpated in the period directly after 1970, it has been documented from the river in recent years and indirect evidence suggests that the population size is significant.
1726:
Bespalaja Yu.V., Bolotov I.N., Makhrov A.A. 2007. State of the
Population of the European Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Mollusca, Margaritiferidae) at the Northeastern Boundary of Its Range (Solza River, White Sea Basin). - Russ. J. Ecol. 37(3): 222–229.
833:
Ziuganov, V.; San Miguel, E.; Neves, R.J.; Longa, A.; Fernandez, C.; Amaro, R.; Beletsky, V.; Popkovitch, E.; Kaliuzhin, S.; Johnson, T. (2000). "Life span variation of the freshwater pearlshell: a model species for testing longevity mechanisms in animals".
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juvenile freshwater pearl mussels, for if the stream or river bottom becomes clogged with silt, they cannot obtain oxygen and will die. Also essential is the presence of a healthy population of salmonids, a group of fish including
544:– vulnerable in Norway, endangered in Finland and Sweden. Very rare in southern Finland, more common in the north. Widespread but not common in Norway; Norway is considered to host a large proportion of the European stock. Rare in
1263:
Dušek J., Hošek M. & Kolářová J. (2007) Hodnotící zpráva o stavu z hlediska ochrany evropsky významných druhů a typů přírodních stanovišť v České republice za rok 2004-2006. – Ochrana přírody, 62(5): appendix 5:I-IV. (in
1717:
Bespalaya Yu.V., Bolotov I.N., Makhrov A.A., Vikhrev I.V. 2012. Historical
Geography of Pearl Fishing in Rivers of the Southern White Sea Region (Arkhangelsk Oblast). - Regional Research of Russia 2(2): 172–181.
1592:
Hastie, L.C. and Young, M.R. (2003) Conservation of the
Freshwater Pearl Mussel I. Captive Breeding Techniques. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Conservation Techniques Series No. 2. English Nature, Peterborough.
1388:
775:
1082:
Moorkens, E.A. (1999) Conservation
Management of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera. Part 1: Biology of the Species and its Present Situation in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 8.
1564:
Young, M.R. (1991) Conserving the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) in the
British Isles and Continental Europe. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 1(1): 73 -
721:), which has been spread to new locations by being transported on the bottom of boats or in ballast waters, has impacted freshwater pearl mussel populations in all countries it has invaded.
575:, although illegal harvesting has seriously affected their survival. 75% of sites surveyed in 2010 had suffered "significant and lasting criminal damage" and in response the police and
1292:
444:
The freshwater pearl mussel is one of the longest-living invertebrates in existence. The oldest known specimen in Europe was caught in 1993 in
Estonia when it was 134 years old.
472:. The freshwater pearl mussel can be found on both sides of the Atlantic, from the Arctic and temperate regions of western Russia, through Europe to northeastern North America.
1389:
http://www.nrm.se/researchandcollections/zoology/invertebratezoology/factsoninvertebrates/thelargefreshwatermussels/freshwaterpearlmussel.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80009034.html
596:
contains one of the largest populations surviving in northern Ireland, estimated minimum 10,000, confined to a 6 km stretch of undisturbed river in the middle section.
747:
1532:
1004:
Skinner, A., Young, M. and Hastie, L. (2003) Ecology of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers. Ecology Series No. 2. English Nature, Peterborough.
1680:
758:(SAC). The site's population will be bolster using donor stock from other freshwater pearl mussel sites, while also improving breeding facilities within England.
1543:
Sturm, C.F., Pearce, T.A. and Valdés, A. (2006) The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation. Universal-Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
754:
are found in the same habitat. The goal is to increase the freshwater pearl mussel population by 4,000 individuals and expand its range within the River Kent
1244:
Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. ".
779:
759:
605:
1736:
frontal section is inappropriate as a systematic character for the freshwater pearl mussel of the genus Margaritifera. Biology Bulletin 40(2): 221–231.
1622:
1281:, vol. 224, University of Aarhus, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi
508:
1364:
1965:
1602:
1350:
2017:
1220:
Juřičková L., Horsák M. & Beran L., 2001: Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic. Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem., 65: 25-40.
568:
713:, reduce the number of native fish hosts. Introduced species are also directly affecting the freshwater pearl mussel; the invasion of the
1408:
1296:
525:- most commonly found along the shores of the Danube river and its lakes, as well as in some other rivers and freshwater areas in the
2081:
1508:
877:Зюганов В.В. (2004). "Арктические долгоживущие и южные короткоживущие моллюски жемчужницы как модель для изучения основ долголетия".
1113:
Smith, Douglas G. (July 1976). "Notes on the Biology of Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera (Lin.) in Central Massachusetts".
1939:
571:. More than half the world's recruiting population exists in Scotland with populations in more than 50 rivers, mainly in the
2106:
1978:
371:
1709:
Margaritifera margaritifera L. and Salmo salar L. Populations in Northwestern Russia. - Biology Bulletin Reviews 2(6): 460–478.
589:
554:
1829:
1328:
1205:
610:
545:
2101:
1983:
1691:
1674:
2126:
2096:
1775:
334:
of 210–250 years. The data of V. V. Zyuganov have been confirmed by Finnish malacologists and gained general acceptance.
1070:
Araujo, R. and Ramos, M.A. (2000) Action Plan for Margaritifera margaritifera in Europe. Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
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have launched a campaign to protect the species. This species has been fully protected in the United Kingdom under the
1856:
1449:
1437:
743:
580:
1918:
2053:
69:
2022:
1103:
Lampert, W. and Sommer, U. (1996) Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
268:
Although the name "freshwater pearl mussel" is often used for this species, other freshwater mussel species (e.g.
1931:
358:
205:
1495:
1756:
2121:
2091:
1148:
Bauer, G. (June 1987). "Reproductive Strategy of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera".
755:
89:
2116:
1874:
562:
1879:
1701:
1368:
1317:
Hyvärinen, Esko; Aino Juslén; Eija Kemppainen; Uddström Annika; Ulla-Maija Liukko (Eds.) p.322. (2019).
1279:
Undersøgelse af forekomsten af flodperlemusling (Margaritifera margaritifera) i Varde Å ved brug af eDNA
1647:
1246:
1192:
593:
1780:
750:. The River Kent catchment area is the only river in the UK where the freshwater pearl mussel and the
2111:
2058:
751:
576:
270:
1843:
2009:
1577:
742:
of juvenile pearl mussels. The project was developed in tandem with the Environmental Agency, the
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
954:
2086:
1970:
1791:
1603:"£3.8 million project to increase freshwater pearl mussel population begins - cumbriacrack.com"
1191:
Gumpinger, Clemens; Wolfgang Heinisch; Johannes Moser; Thomas Ofenböck; Claus Stundner (2002).
311:(the inner mother of pearl layer of the shell). This species is capable of making fine-quality
1471:"Police crack down on illegal 'ransacking' of mussel sites". Glasgow: The Herald. 26 May 2010.
215:
2045:
660:
512:
327:
184:
2035:
1412:
1996:
1900:
1838:
1157:
897:
843:
1512:
1409:"Recherche de sites par espèce: Invertébrés: Moule perlière (Margaritifera margaritifera)"
8:
516:
54:
1764:
1161:
847:
396:
1553:
1344:
1190:
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859:
621:
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380:
244:
84:
1320:
Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus: Punainen kirja 2019 (The 2019 red list of Finnish Species)
1015:
797:
688:
2030:
1887:
1433:
1324:
1201:
796:
Moorkens, E.; Cordeiro, J.; Seddon, M.B.; von Proschwitz, T.; Woolnough, D. (2018) .
275:
37:
927:
863:
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Protection for wild animals on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981
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949:
851:
331:
323:
262:
151:
20:
1693:
Conservation Management of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera
1432:
Glöer P. & Meier-Brook C. (2003) Süsswassermollusken. DJN, pp. 134, page 109,
1316:
733:
The LIFE R4ever Kent project is a 5 year project worth 3.8 million pounds, led by
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received worldwide reputation after he discovered that the pearl mussel exhibited
1684:
1395:
734:
670:
625:
526:
279:
1230:
1926:
1913:
1013:
Ulvar Käärt. "Kas teadsid, et Eesti loomariigi vanuserekord sai 20-aastaseks."
855:
252:
1251:
832:
487:
2075:
1991:
1814:
1509:"Margaritifera margaritifera – Polska Czerwona Księga Zwierząt – Bezkręgowce"
940:
806:
710:
499:
495:
354:
201:
161:
74:
1696:. Part 2: Water Quality Requirements. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 9., 44 pp.
1757:
freshwater-pearl-mussel/margaritifera-margaritifera Freshwater pearl mussel
1481:
714:
541:
320:
295:
1745:
A critical view of attempts to protect mussel population in Cumbria, from
652:, on which the freshwater pearl mussel relies for part of its life cycle.
2004:
1952:
1823:
1746:
532:
491:
477:
1866:
1944:
1679:. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 12. National Parks and Wildlife Service,
1134:
738:
375:
Phillips, 1928 – critically endangered subspecies in Ireland. Synonym:
1957:
898:"The oldest recorded animal in Finland: ontogenetic age and growth in
19:
For the family sometimes referred to as freshwater pearl mussels, see
1318:
674:
617:
583:
since 1998 and partly protected according to section 9(1) since 1991.
469:
291:
101:
1785:
1177:
1126:
1084:
795:
1808:
1623:"£3.8 million project to save critically endangered species begins"
141:
131:
121:
1676:
Margaritifera margaritifera. Stage 1 and Stage 2 survey guidelines
1905:
1169:
258:
255:
737:, that began in January 2022. Its aim is saving and restore the
1851:
1760:
771:
645:
522:
248:
111:
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Austria – estimated total population of 70 000 individuals in
697:
649:
316:
312:
308:
290:
species in North America, both members of the related family
776:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
1498:
Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
1229:
Red List of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic
548:. Also in Kola Peninsula and Karelia (Russia) (see below).
1681:
Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government
925:
628:
Regions. It is east border of the area of distribution
1771:
University of Helsinki - Science of River Pearl Mussel
561:). Listed as strictly protected species in annex 1 in
379:. This subspecies is mentioned in annexes II and V of
1276:
1034:
Burnie, D. (2001) Animal. Dorling Kindersley, London.
895:
294:; pearls are also found within species in the genus
315:, and was historically exploited in the search for
2073:
1533:pl:Polska Czerwona Księga Zwierząt – Bezkręgowce
319:from wild sources. In recent times, the Russian
1272:
1270:
774:fact-file "Freshwater pearl mussel" under the
677:, where they snap shut onto the fish's gills.
1231:http://mollusca.sav.sk/malacology/redlist.htm
902:(L. 1758) based on internal shell increments"
826:
1267:
876:
1573:
1571:
1349:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1235:
1078:
1076:
955:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12802A3383686.en
870:
703:
468:The native distribution of this species is
1763:
1277:Andersen, L.W.; Wiberg-Larsen, P. (2017),
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
616:Russian Federation – in the rivers of the
214:
63:
36:
1781:Russian Margaritifera Research Consortium
1588:
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1066:
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1060:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
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974:
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351:Margaritifera margaritifera margaritifera
278:and some can also be used as a source of
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1056:
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1050:
1048:
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1044:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1028:
770:This article incorporates text from the
687:
659:
455:
395:
1090:
728:
372:Margaritifera margaritifera durrovensis
282:. Most cultured pearls today come from
2074:
1583:
969:
791:
789:
586:Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain)
519:in accordance with Habitats Directive.
1790:
1789:
1648:"LIFE 3.0 - LIFE Project Public Page"
1537:
1452:. Joint Nature Conservation Committee
1147:
1112:
1037:
1025:
494:(some recruitment), in the states of
1932:8c9317ce-17d1-436b-8783-2a4267407cdd
1489:
941:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
807:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
786:
437:The shell's thickest part, the umbo
365:Margaritifera margaritifera parvula
13:
1667:
1552:Listed as Annex II species of the
1194:Die Flussperlmuschel in Österreich
909:Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica
476:North America: eastern Canada and
14:
2138:
1750:
1486:. website accessed 7 August 2009.
926:Mollusc Specialist Group (1996).
744:Freshwater Biological Association
581:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
2082:IUCN Red List endangered species
1450:"Invertebrate species: molluscs"
896:Helama S.; Valovirta I. (2008).
480:in the United States' Northeast.
330:and he determined that it had a
88:
1640:
1615:
1595:
1558:
1546:
1526:
1501:
1475:
1464:
1442:
1426:
1401:
1382:
1357:
1310:
1285:
1257:
1223:
1214:
1184:
1141:
1106:
451:
2107:Negligibly senescent organisms
1007:
919:
889:
391:
342:Subspecies within the species
1:
1739:DOI 10.1134/S1062359013020027
1730:DOI 10.1134/S1067413607030095
1721:DOI 10.1134/S2079970512020025
1712:DOI 10.1134/S2079086412060035
1703:DOI 10.1007/s10750-013-1546-1
765:
692:The interior of the shell of
337:
303:The interior of the shell of
45:The exterior of the shell of
1496:"Cladagh (Swanlinbar) River"
1085:Dúchas, The Heritage Service
800:Margaritifera margaritifera
756:Special Area of Conservation
655:
7:
2102:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1857:margaritifera-margaritifera
1844:Margaritifera_margaritifera
1830:Margaritifera margaritifera
1800:Margaritifera margaritifera
1776:UK Biodiversity Action Plan
1554:European Habitats Directive
1115:American Midland Naturalist
930:Margaritifera margaritifera
900:Margaritifera margaritifera
694:Margaritifera margaritifera
563:Bundesartenschutzverordnung
462:Margaritifera margaritifera
402:Margaritifera margaritifera
305:Margaritifera margaritifera
240:Margaritifera margaritifera
225:Margaritifera margaritifera
194:Margaritifera margaritifera
47:Margaritifera margaritifera
10:
2143:
2127:Habitats Directive species
2097:Molluscs described in 1758
1247:Malacologica Bohemoslovaca
856:10.1579/0044-7447-29.2.102
748:South Cumbria Rivers Trust
638:
594:Cladagh (Swanlinbar) river
531:Denmark - only known from
431:The hingeline and ligament
344:Margaritifera magaritifera
18:
1798:
1578:Scottish Natural Heritage
1200:. Wien: Umweltbundesamt.
1150:Journal of Animal Ecology
577:Scottish Natural Heritage
557:– critically endangered (
407:Posterior adductor muscle
385:Margaritifera durrovensis
377:Margaritifera durrovensis
271:Margaritifera auricularia
222:
213:
190:
183:
85:Scientific classification
83:
61:
52:
44:
35:
30:
704:Threats and conservation
464:in a river bed in Sweden
410:Anterior adductor muscle
31:Freshwater pearl mussel
1627:The Westmorland Gazette
235:freshwater pearl mussel
1411:. 2007. Archived from
1398:cited 16 February 2007
1367:. 2010. Archived from
1295:. 2010. Archived from
700:
665:
559:vom Aussterben bedroht
465:
441:
1690:Moorkens E. A. 2000.
752:white clawed crayfish
691:
663:
513:critically endangered
459:
399:
328:negligible senescence
176:M. margaritifera
1927:Fauna Europaea (new)
1652:webgate.ec.europa.eu
948:: e.T12802A3383686.
814:: e.T12799A128686456
729:Conservation efforts
719:Dreissena polymorpha
286:species in Asia, or
2122:Bivalves and humans
2092:Freshwater bivalves
1162:1987JAnEc..56..691B
1019:16. veebruar 2013.
848:2000Ambio..29..102Z
606:Lithuania – extinct
517:European commission
490:(declining) and in
483:Europe, including:
55:Conservation status
2117:Molluscs of Europe
1394:2007-03-12 at the
1250:, Suppl. 1: 1-37.
701:
666:
466:
442:
381:Habitats Directive
274:) can also create
245:endangered species
16:Species of mollusc
2069:
2068:
2031:Open Tree of Life
1792:Taxon identifiers
1629:. 30 January 2022
1330:978-952-11-4974-0
1207:978-3-85457-644-0
760:Louise Lavictoire
422:Inhalant aperture
419:Exhalant aperture
231:
230:
78:
2134:
2112:Bivalves of Asia
2062:
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1293:"Artsdatabanken"
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868:
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830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
793:
630:M. margaritifera
332:maximum lifespan
324:Valeriy Zyuganov
263:Margaritiferidae
223:Distribution of
218:
196:
152:Margaritiferidae
93:
92:
72:
67:
66:
40:
28:
27:
21:Margaritiferidae
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
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2131:
2072:
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2065:
2057:
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2016:
2008:
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1580:(October 2008).
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1396:Wayback Machine
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815:
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735:Natural England
731:
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671:Atlantic salmon
658:
641:
527:Pannonian Basin
502:, respectively.
454:
440:
400:The anatomy of
394:
340:
280:mother of pearl
209:
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24:
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2014:
2001:
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1515:on 2007-05-11
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711:rainbow trout
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185:Binomial name
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163:Margaritifera
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1692:
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1655:. Retrieved
1651:
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1631:. Retrieved
1626:
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1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1403:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1359:
1334:. Retrieved
1319:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1287:
1278:
1259:
1245:
1237:
1225:
1216:
1193:
1186:
1170:10.2307/5077
1153:
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959:. Retrieved
945:
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908:
899:
891:
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878:
872:
839:
835:
828:
818:13 September
816:. Retrieved
811:
805:
799:
769:
739:River Kent's
732:
723:
718:
715:zebra mussel
707:
693:
683:
679:
667:
642:
629:
558:
542:Fennoscandia
467:
461:
452:Distribution
446:
443:
413:Frontal gill
401:
384:
376:
370:
367:(Haas, 1908)
364:
350:
343:
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321:malacologist
304:
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175:
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162:
46:
25:
2005:NatureServe
1953:iNaturalist
1824:Wikispecies
1759:media from
961:12 November
934:durrovensis
622:Arkhangelsk
533:Varde River
492:Waldviertel
488:Mühlviertel
478:New England
428:Pseudotooth
392:Description
227:in Europe.
2076:Categories
1657:2022-02-01
1633:2022-02-01
1608:2022-02-01
1519:2007-05-15
1456:13 January
1419:2007-05-15
1375:2011-11-06
1336:2024-08-25
1303:2011-11-06
1242:(in Czech)
766:References
746:, and the
664:life cycle
599:Luxembourg
338:Subspecies
307:has thick
70:Endangered
1345:cite book
1087:, Dublin.
675:sea trout
656:Lifecycle
618:White Sea
613:– extinct
573:Highlands
470:Holarctic
416:Back gill
346:include:
292:Unionidae
284:Hyriopsis
170:Species:
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
2010:2.115572
1971:10768538
1906:51276204
1864:BioLib:
1809:Wikidata
1687:. 25 pp.
1392:Archived
915:: 20–30.
885:: 21–31.
864:86366534
778:and the
626:Murmansk
355:Linnaeus
243:) is an
202:Linnaeus
148:Family:
142:Unionida
132:Bivalvia
122:Mollusca
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
75:IUCN 3.1
2046:7138762
1945:2287874
1815:Q772012
1158:Bibcode
1135:2424588
844:Bibcode
639:Habitat
590:Ireland
555:Germany
538:Estonia
505:Belgium
288:Amblema
259:mollusc
256:bivalve
253:aquatic
158:Genus:
138:Order:
128:Class:
73: (
2059:571967
2043:uBio:
2036:778849
1958:105212
1919:337885
1852:ARKive
1761:ARKive
1436:
1327:
1264:Czech)
1204:
1176:
1133:
862:
772:ARKive
646:salmon
611:Poland
602:Latvia
592:. The
551:France
546:Sweden
523:Serbia
434:Mantle
317:pearls
313:pearls
276:pearls
249:mussel
2054:WoRMS
2023:47531
1997:12799
1984:80371
1966:IRMNG
1893:3Y44N
1880:25090
1198:(PDF)
1174:JSTOR
1131:JSTOR
932:ssp.
905:(PDF)
860:S2CID
836:Ambio
698:nacre
650:trout
496:Upper
309:nacre
251:, an
2018:NCBI
1992:IUCN
1979:ITIS
1940:GBIF
1875:BOLD
1867:2989
1458:2007
1434:ISBN
1351:link
1325:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1178:5077
963:2021
946:1996
840:XXIX
820:2022
812:2017
780:GFDL
648:and
624:and
498:and
425:Foot
359:1758
297:Unio
233:The
206:1758
1901:EoL
1888:CoL
1839:ADW
1565:77.
1252:PDF
1166:doi
1123:doi
950:doi
852:doi
673:or
383:as
2078::
2056::
2033::
2020::
2007::
1994::
1981::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1890::
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1854::
1841::
1826::
1811::
1683:,
1650:.
1625:.
1585:^
1570:^
1347:}}
1343:{{
1323:.
1269:^
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1164:.
1154:56
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1129:.
1119:96
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1075:^
1039:^
1027:^
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944:.
938:.
913:84
911:.
907:.
883:14
881:.
858:.
850:.
838:.
810:.
804:.
788:^
782:.
511:–
357:,
300:.
265:.
204:,
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1378:.
1353:)
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952::
936:"
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854::
846::
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802:"
798:"
717:(
632:.
565:.
387:.
361:)
353:(
237:(
208:)
200:(
77:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
