Pearl - Knowledge

1757: 739:. Such displacement may occur via an injury. The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury. Crabs, other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer. Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle, these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate, their natural product. The pocket is called a pearl sac, and grows with time by cell division. The juvenile mantle tissue cells, according to their stage of growth, secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac's inner surface. In time, the pearl sac's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite. When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating. During this process, the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell; however, the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows. After a couple of years, a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher. 1651: 1733: 1686: 865: 945:

mother of pearl within a host oyster. If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead, a keshi pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece. Therefore, while a keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center, in the cultured pearl industry the oyster's resources used to create a mistaken all-nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of the intended round cultured pearl. Therefore, the pearl industry is making ongoing attempts to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur. All-nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls. Today many "keshi" pearls are actually intentional, with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac.

1701: 1083: 1717: 1323: 580: 951:, frequently referred to as black pearls, are highly valued because of their rarity; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass-produced because, in common with most sea pearls, the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time, while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants. Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all. 1434:. The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls, like the Biwa or Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has taken place over ten years when the former rice-grain-shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today. Later, large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster. 719:, which makes up mother-of-pearl. The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case. Typical stimuli include organic material, parasites, or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk's body. These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration. In cultured pearls, the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium, with or without a spherical bead (beaded or beadless cultured pearls). 685: 278: 1053: 553: 731:. It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare. 918:. Australia also has one of the world's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships. Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters. X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today. 1674: 5418: 458: 3394:"The new weekend pearl-fishers were "mostly middle-aged men driving big cars with beer coolers in the back" and they would spend afternoons pulling hundreds of live mussels out of the rivers, opening them, and throwing away the shells, with not a care for conservation or the breeding season. All they cared about was finding another Abernethy pearl. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1375–1377). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 2092: 1065: 1462:

pearl oysters in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster. Mitsubishi's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in Buton, and Palau. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl – although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced.

42: 1946: 1867: 902: 776:) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell, causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate. There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls: using freshwater or seawater shells, transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus. Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads. Trade names of cultured pearls are Akoya ( 1620:. Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries. Today, momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers. One momme corresponds to 1/1000 kan. Reluctant to give up tradition, the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds. Hence, 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams. 1745: 1412: 1045: 1238: 1557:, a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general. Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry. Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel – a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China, 3376:"It was not only Britain's mineral resources or her pretty slaves that had persuaded Caesar to make his military move across the Channel that summer: according to his biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus it was something quite different. It was her pearls." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1264–1267). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 754: 3385:"Unlike sea pearls, which come from oysters, freshwater pearls come from mussels. And although farmed mussels are common throughout the world, wild colonies are now so endangered that in 1998 pearling was forbidden in the UK river system. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1289–1290). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 1094:. The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable. Such pearls usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a 735:

different materials can be seen. The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development. Displaced living cells with a well-defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location, often resulting in a

374:, like the interior of the shell that produces them. However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcareous concretions") of lesser shine or less spherical shape. Although these may also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological labs and also under U.S. 2059:

wore a necklace of 108 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next. The reason was that every king had to say 108 prayers every morning and every evening. At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new, undrilled pearl

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The vast majority of inexpensive colored pearls have been subjected to some form of dye, often a fabric dye. This dye will only tend to penetrate the first layer or two of nacre, but this is enough to impart vivid and sometimes garish color to otherwise white pearls. Truly valuable pearls are never

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In 2010, China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production. Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm. Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often

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Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon as the technology patent was commercialized. By 1931 this project was showing signs of success, but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei's death, the project was

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in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916, and married the daughter of Mikimoto. Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya

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equipment to examine the center of a pearl. With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl, where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin. The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of

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Formation of non–bead-cultured Akoya “keshi” pearls produced in a P. i. fucata mollusk. (A) Optical overview of a nonbeaded keshi–cultured pearl. (B) Cross-section showing CaCO3 growth begins onto an organic center. (C) Mature nacre. (D and E) Atomic-resolution image of atoms in nacre. (F) Transition

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In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas imitation pearls have almost no value. One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl. If X-rays reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely

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Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace's value, the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned. This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian

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are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls. The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a "comparative" issue. The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls, and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls, and is more valuable than these pearls.

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The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster, color, size, lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among those attributes, luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers.

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Today, the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories. The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls, including akoya, South Sea and Tahiti. These pearls are gonad grown, and usually one pearl is grown at a time. This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period. The

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The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard. Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products, and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices. Essentially, the controversy damaged the images of both natural

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Natural (or wild) pearls, formed without human intervention, are very rare. Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened, and thus killed, to find even one wild pearl; for many centuries, this was the only way pearls were obtained, and why pearls fetched such extraordinary

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When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed, it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl. A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings, whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings. A beadless cultured pearl (whether of

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examination. Nucleated cultured pearls are often 'preformed' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus. After a bead is inserted into the oyster, it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as twelve to

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Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl: saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink,

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Pearls are generally of spherical shapes. Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape. Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl. Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round

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who intended to give it as a gift for his daughter on the occasion of her marriage, but the King found it so beautiful that he kept it for himself. Later, he elevated it to be part of the Spanish Crown Jewel. From then on, the pearl was recorded in every royal inventory for more than 200 years.

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Pear-shaped pearls sometimes look like teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings, pendants, or as a center pearl in a necklace. Baroque pearls have a different appeal; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes. They are also commonly seen in necklaces. Circled

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shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is

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is a pearl composed entirely of nacre and results from mishaps in the culturing process. Most are quite small, typically only a few millimeters in diameter, and are often irregular in shape. In seeding a cultured pearl, a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of

1517:, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. In 2013, Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market. The other significant producers are 734:

Typically, the build-up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate (usually calcite, sometimes columnar aragonite) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre (tabular aragonite). In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram, these two

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Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or graduated. In a uniform strand of pearls, all pearls are classified as the same size, but actually fall in a range. A uniform strand of akoya pearls, for example, will measure within 0.5 mm. So a strand will never be 7 mm, but will be

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snails, and so on. The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.

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Pearls were one of the attractions which drew Julius Caesar to Britain. They are, for the most part, freshwater pearls from mussels. Pearling was banned in the U.K. in 1998 due to the endangered status of river mussels. Discovery and publicity about the sale for a substantial sum of the

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was the most common way of harvesting pearls. Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls. Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls. In a haul of three tons, only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls.

1756: 1650: 933: 1469:, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 in) in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls. 3412:"Pearls from the Oykel River, northwest of Inverness, for example, are a sweet rose pink, and have always been the most valuable." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1341). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 989: – are not South Sea pearls, although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls. In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black all use to, these pearls are usually referred to as "black pearls". 1607:

magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue. The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased.

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can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed.

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South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls – making them the most valuable. Prized for their exquisitely beautiful 'orient' or lustre, South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the

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Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors' items, or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry. Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist, and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. (In 1917, jeweler

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There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces. While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement, pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck. A

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a bead-nucleated saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater.

1203:. Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain. Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist, but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb (6.4 kg). 856:. Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other. Imitation pearls are completely smooth, but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets, making both feel slightly gritty. 888:

purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years; at the time, it was valued at US$ 1 million.)

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and cultured pearls. By the 1950s, when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace, natural pearls were reduced to a small, exclusive niche in the pearl industry.

1492:. Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects. Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well-known pearl farms owned by 1000:

oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself.

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All shelled mollusks can, by natural processes, produce some kind of "pearl" when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds, but the great majority of these "pearls" are not valued as

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22:23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow: they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.

1450:, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth. 1685: 1700: 689:

from spherulitic aragonite structures to nacre. (G and H) Aggregated nanoparticles form massive aragonite. (I) Formation of nacre begins directly on massive aragonite. CC-license, PNAS 2021 118 (42);

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blue, champagne, green, and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years.

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pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2–4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2–7 years for freshwater. This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist

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Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels. Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems, according to size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient and luster.

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All factors being equal, however, the larger the pearl the more valuable it is. Large, perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued. Teardrop-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.

3260: 2129:. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly (fine) pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it." 1732: 2083:

The Hebrew word פְּנִינִים 'pearl(s)' appears in several places in the Hebrew Bible (Job 28:18; Proverbs 3:15; 8:11; 20:15; 31:10; Lamentations 4:7), although its etymology is unclear.

2055:, one of the books of the Hindu scriptures. Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments. According to Marco Polo, the kings of 1780:

pearl and can also make a necklace, but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered, making it look like a larger, rounder pearl.

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Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl. However, most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or

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Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market. These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory (International Pearl Company L.T.D.) in Nagasaki Pref. Japan.

3087: 1155:. Another example is the conch pearl (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen 711:

or a mixture of aragonite and calcite (polymorphs with the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures) held together by an organic horn-like compound called

3403:"Pearlers were mostly Highland traveling people..." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1296). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. 1173:. These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to 2158:

18:16. "And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, in purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"

1586:. China has since become the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year (in addition to metric measurements, 1623:

In the United States, during the 19th and 20th centuries, through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth.

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35:33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter: therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold, silver and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.

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Natural black pearls are rare, with black pearls having a body color that may be assessed as silver, silver blue, gold, brown-black, green-black, or black.

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However, it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl, which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl. This is simply because the black pearl oyster

2140:. "And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass." 1822:, measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length, will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer; and longer still, a 1559: 3559: 1396: 1151:

waters, and are commonly referred to as 'blue pearls'. They are admired for their luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to

316:) in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as 3073:

The story of the Sinhalese: From the most ancient times up to the end of "The Mahavasna", or great dynasty; Vijaya to Maha Sena (B.C. 543 to A.D. 302)

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had resulted in heavy exploitation of mussel colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors. When it was permitted it was carried on mainly by

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freshwater or saltwater origin) may show growth rings, but also a complex central cavity, witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac.

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that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers, which breaks up light falling on the surface. In addition, pearls (especially

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in the Highlands being noted for the finest rose-pink pearls. There are two firms in Scotland that are licensed to sell pre-1998 freshwater pearls.

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A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the

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Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color. Before the beginning of the 20th century,

3523: 2918: 2204: 3477: 3708: 4990: 3175: 363:, but in the past were also used to adorn clothing. They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations. 3206: 1568: 3452: 615:) can be dyed yellow, green, blue, brown, pink, purple, or black. The most valuable pearls have a metallic, highly reflective luster. 4743: 3632: 3608: 3012: 2608: 864: 3111: 2200: 1834:

6.5–7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform.

1691: 1853:, 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small. 979:, which cannot be found in lagoons, but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries. 536:. Freshwater pearls grow within certain (but by no means all) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida, the families 3541: 3141: 914:

Previously, natural pearls were found in many parts of the world. Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off

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For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers, the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the

786:. Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle-grown in freshwater shells in China, and are known as freshwater cultured pearls. 3293: 2192:, a poem respected for its high literary quality, and use of layered theological metaphor, found within one of the texts of 1457:

did not discover the process of pearl culture. The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist

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pearl divers of twelfth century China attached ropes to their waists in order to be safely brought back up to the surface.

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Hanni, H A (June 2006). "Keshi Perlen: Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff (Keshi Pearls: a term in need of explanation)".

1810:, measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length, nestle just at the base of the neck. A strand called a 1726:, owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls. She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls 1218:. The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide (1 ft), 67 cm long (2.2 ft) and weighs 75 lb (34 kg). 1013:

along the remote coastline of North-Western Australia. White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the

837: 478:. Nacreous pearls, the best-known and most commercially significant, are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan 339:

The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as

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The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the

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Somewhat similar gastropod pearls, this time more orange in hue, are (again very rarely) found in the horse conch

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The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as akoya pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster,

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dyed, and this process is not believed to add and in most cases would only subtract from their market value.

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are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in

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Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant. A tiny piece of mantle tissue (called a

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A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones. These species include the bailer shell

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When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they discovered that around the islands of

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inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as

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Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar, but they come from different sources.

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oysters. Also called Concha Nácar, the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under

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shell, while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called

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would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible

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area of Australia, while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia.

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Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources

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Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people, as in

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The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater

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In the past two decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south

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discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved.

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worker who was rewarded with his liberty, and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama.

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coast, was an extensive pearl bed (a bed of pearl oysters). One discovered and named pearl,

869: 4401: 4058: 3448: 3257:"History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls – the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature" 2755: 2697:

2126: 1458: 1427: 906: 592: 2838: 2736: 2612: 1571:

company based out of Kobe, Japan continues to purchase the remaining Kasumiga-ura pearls.

130:

White, pink, silver, cream, brown, green, blue, black, yellow, orange, red, gold, purple,

8: 5375: 5304: 5269: 5116: 5081: 4901: 4834: 4396: 2316: 2148: 1723: 607:

layers. The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl, the finer the luster. The

588: 378:

rules, and are formed in the same way, most of them have no value except as curiosities.

234: 171: 2759: 1454: 5453: 5294: 5016: 4784: 3805: 3785: 3726: 3671: 2893: 2266: 2155: 2133: 1784:

pearls are characterized by concentric ridges, or rings, around the body of the pearl.

1661: 1354: 1350: 1021: 138: 2767: 1657: 1256:

mentions the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in

5329: 5233: 5188: 5071: 4854: 4252: 3835: 3675: 3661: 3503: 3348: 3323: 3235: 3225: 3196: 3165: 3077: 2897: 2681: 2661: 2637: 2592: 2465: 2356: 2189: 2144: 2114: 1553:. The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name 1265: 697: 305: 82: 60: 3537: 2506: 2132:

The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in

1744: 1567:. This industry has also nearly ceased production, due to pollution. Currently, the 653:

occur not only in hotter climates, but also in colder, more temperate areas such as

5319: 5243: 5238: 5203: 5111: 5031: 4921: 4911: 4794: 4769: 4162: 3991: 3945: 3865: 3653: 3126: 2883: 2821: 2794: 2763: 2633: 2294: 2236: 2208: 2096: 2095:

Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the

2003: 1665: 1594: 1564: 1330: 1276:(23–79 AD) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world. 1195: 1116: 936:

A blister pearl, a half-sphere, formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster.

541: 530: 431: 387: 290: 191: 181: 71: 3367:

Garcilasso, "Historie des Incas, Rois du Perou," Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, p. 352.

2934: 1199:. It is a naturally occurring, non-nacreous, calcareous concretion (pearl) from a 502:

are formed in pearl farms, using human intervention as well as natural processes.

5438: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5106: 5101: 5041: 5008: 4844: 4257: 4192: 4003: 3976: 3286: 2941: 2304: 2299: 1579: 1513: 1388: 1304: 1273: 1211: 1207: 1069: 807: 627: 618:

Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in

491: 409: 395: 356: 3691: 3320:

Gems in the Early Modern World: Materials, Knowledge and Global Trade, 1450–1800

277: 5422: 5299: 5289: 5264: 5183: 5096: 5091: 5046: 5021: 4906: 4849: 4839: 4789: 4610: 4554: 4542: 4471: 4115: 4053: 2433: 2323: 2283: 2220: 2122: 1420: 1342: 1288: 1269: 1215: 1161: 1144: 975:

is far more abundant than the elusive, rare, and larger south sea pearl oyster

948: 849: 783: 748: 658: 631: 522: 499: 317: 289:

is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the

110: 3830: 2737:"Ecophysiological model of growth and reproduction of the black pearl oyster, 2051:

tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the

1484:

After WWII, new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at

552: 5432: 5390: 4819: 4809: 4761: 4685: 4615: 4574: 4242: 3996: 3981: 3930: 2484: 2278: 2180:

52:24 Round about them will serve, to them, youths as pearls well-guarded.

2107: 2052: 1842: 1838: 1504: 1430:

who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from

1374: 1261: 1232: 1170: 1139: 1133: 320:, can occur. The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as 214: 1590:

such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry).

684: 649:, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other bodies of fresh water. These 509: – lives in the sea, while the other – a very different group of 457: 5417: 5056: 4814: 4804: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4652: 4605: 4435: 4381: 4167: 4048: 4008: 3900: 3709:

Does Harvesting a Pearl Kill the Oyster? Also, how to identify a fake pearl

3647: 3124: 3043: 2815: 2562: 2310: 2288: 2215: 2137: 2104: 1508: 1316: 1308: 1284: 1280: 1246: 1095: 963: 954:

Since the development of pearl culture technology, the black pearl oysters

927: 669: 506: 247: 3657: 3239: 2888: 2867: 2799: 2782: 1549:. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of 1362:, who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607, this was found at 690: 5385: 5370: 5324: 5223: 5066: 4952: 4947: 4779: 4658: 4647: 4537: 4376: 4326: 4321: 4237: 4079: 3955: 3905: 3780: 3775: 2550: 2151:, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you." 2091: 2072: 1574:

Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with

1522: 1500:

simply matched and sorted), relabeled as product of Japan, and exported.

1400: 1296: 1292: 1190: 1148: 1091: 1033: 1009:

oysters can be found, with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by

941: 840:

can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological

623: 608: 604: 600: 561: 462: 435: 371: 294: 244: 224: 131: 2400: 2067:, is also associated with many Hindu deities, the most famous being the 2063:

The Pearl, which can be transliterated to "Moti", a type of "Mani" from

1279:

For thousands of years, seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the

1064: 645:

Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels, family

5334: 5309: 5228: 5218: 5147: 5086: 5076: 5026: 4999: 4942: 4916: 4774: 4481: 4426: 4301: 4214: 4172: 4074: 4023: 3960: 3935: 3810: 2825: 2261: 2193: 1970: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1200: 1174: 1121: 1057: 853: 728: 712: 596: 301: 91: 4182: 3222:

Volume 2 of History of Ceylon, History of Ceylon: History of Sri Lanka

2170:

often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls:

2147:

7:6: "Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your

5365: 5152: 5061: 4824: 4627: 4620: 4491: 4486: 4466: 4391: 4316: 4310: 4291: 4187: 4128: 4043: 3940: 3875: 3850: 3840: 3770: 3749: 2068: 1546: 1518: 1392: 1346: 1312: 1257: 1253: 1166: 1074: 762: 708: 665: 646: 557: 537: 533: 475: 355:

and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold.

309: 4968: 1945: 1866: 901: 812:

Some imitation pearls (also called shell pearls) are simply made of

439: 5198: 4937: 4880: 4829: 4752: 4695: 4669: 4595: 4522: 4461: 4451: 4446: 4406: 4346: 4336: 4296: 4278: 4267: 4262: 4177: 4133: 4018: 4013: 3950: 3890: 3880: 3845: 3820: 3795: 3790: 3446: 3039:"Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years" 2944:. Perlas.com.mx (November 22, 2010). Retrieved on October 14, 2015. 2246: 2232: 2064: 1530: 1493: 1485: 1107: 1010: 654: 446: 352: 333: 321: 4721: 1052: 5395: 4957: 4690: 4600: 4512: 4421: 4386: 4371: 4356: 4341: 4331: 4204: 4138: 4089: 4028: 3885: 3860: 3825: 2250: 2110: 2056: 1526: 1338: 1128: 915: 705: 619: 573: 510: 479: 424: 360: 313: 297: 64: 41: 2680:

Strack, Elisabeth. "Pearls". Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag, 2006, p. 38

2434:"Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries" 1411: 1044: 490:, by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the 461:

A black pearl and a shell of the black-lipped pearl oyster. The

5208: 5193: 5167: 4870: 4590: 4496: 4456: 4431: 4366: 4351: 4247: 4232: 4227: 4143: 4094: 4084: 3800: 3765: 2741:: potential applications for pearl farming in French Polynesia" 1575: 1438: 1363: 1242: 1237: 1103: 1099: 959: 873: 673: 565: 526: 514: 366:

Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always

325: 3076:. W.M.A. Wahid. pp. 16–19, 46, 130, 144–48, 161–63, 213. 2377: 696:

The mollusk's mantle (protective membrane) deposits layers of

5213: 5051: 4799: 4559: 4549: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4476: 4306: 4286: 4222: 4154: 3895: 3870: 3815: 2167: 2118: 2048: 1846: 1767: 1710:

wearing her two-strand pearl necklaces and earrings set, 1829

1583: 1550: 1489: 1431: 1367: 1300: 1260:. It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied 1156: 841: 821: 817: 813: 790: 766: 716: 487: 466: 430:

The scientific name for the family of pearl-bearing oysters,

404: 367: 3718: 3287:"The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf" 3192:

The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay

932: 789:

Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by

4441: 4416: 4411: 4361: 4123: 3013:"The Pearl of Allah: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fraud" 1763: 1152: 996:

pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host

967: 736: 569: 483: 304:. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of 20: 3703: 1496:, the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world. 1295:

origin to pearl diving in these regions. Starting in the

985:

Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster –

753: 583:

Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre

2636:, The Pearl and the Dragon, Houlton; 1st edition (1999) 1206:

The largest known pearl (also from a giant clam) is the

715:. The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called 657:(where they are protected under law). Most freshwater 5406: 3134:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India

2718:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft

2528: 1597:

and his wife Chessy, the United States began farming

1399:

who found pearls varied from river to river with the

727:

Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and

3447:

Travel more. Create better memories (May 19, 2011).

3125:

R. Raghu Prasad and P. V. Ramachandran Nair (1973).

2817:

Improving the quality of pearls from Pinctada maxima

1845:

bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from

1210:, also found in the Philippines by a fisherman from 1078:, surrounded by a number of pearls from this species 1024:, Mexico, is culturing pearls from the black lipped 16:

Hard object produced within a living shelled mollusc

3224:. Peradeniya: Ceylon University Press. p. 56. 2239:

formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells

1415:

A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster.

852:can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a 664:Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters, family 637: 521:. Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of 336:for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable. 2987:"GIA 'Gems & Gemology' magazine news archive" 2865: 2660:. Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 90–108. 513: – lives in freshwater; these are the river 505:One family of nacreous pearl bivalves – the 5430: 3322:. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. 1189:The second largest pearl known was found in the 1048:A natural conch pearl with gem flame patterning. 3478:"Japanese Akoya Pearls vs Chinese Akoya Pearls" 3251: 3249: 2464:(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, 2291:, one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found 2205:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1475: 1264:'s embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king 2188:The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer 1303:hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the 777: 4984: 4737: 3734: 3621: 3597: 3520:"Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls" 3284: 3188: 3157: 3100: 2781:Goebel, Marisa; Dirlam, Dona M. (Fall 1989). 2658:Pearls : Natural, Cultured and Imitation 1796: 962:and many other Pacific islands including the 831: 263:: yellow-green, greenish brown to dark brown; 3246: 2780: 896: 398: 3423:"Scottish Freshwater River Pearl Jewellery" 3347:. Cambridge University Press. p. 672. 3164:. Asian Educational Services. p. 227. 3069: 2935:Concha Nacar | The Sea of Cortez Pearl Blog 2651: 2649: 2086: 2060:and pierce it during the wedding ceremony. 1895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1536: 921: 859: 407: 4991: 4977: 4744: 4730: 3741: 3727: 2820:(phd), PhD thesis: James Cook University, 2375: 1143:species of abalone. Pearls of abalone are 486:. A nacreous pearl is made from layers of 3649:Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible 3591: 3556:"Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia" 3449:"Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm" 2887: 2813: 2798: 2428: 2426: 2030:Learn how and when to remove this message 1915:Learn how and when to remove this message 1241:A 14th-century piece of clothing used by 3646:Noonan, Benjamin J. (October 29, 2019). 3500:Pearls (Fred Ward Gem Book), 3rd Edition 3472: 3470: 3219: 2924:from the original on September 30, 2013. 2735:Pouvreau, Stéphane; et al. (2000). 2734: 2646: 2609:"Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture" 2369: 2350: 2183: 2090: 1410: 1321: 1236: 1081: 1063: 1051: 1043: 931: 900: 863: 782:), white or golden South sea, and black 752: 683: 578: 551: 456: 445:which is the source of the English name 276: 3562:from the original on February 21, 2014. 3455:from the original on September 27, 2013 3342: 3317: 3280: 3278: 3090:from the original on December 20, 2017. 1935: 1692:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 691:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107477118 5431: 3645: 3502:, Gem Guides Book Company, pp. 35–36, 3209:from the original on January 18, 2017. 3178:from the original on January 18, 2017. 3127:"India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries" 2861: 2859: 2423: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2313:, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine 2143:Holy things are compared to pearls in 547: 423:, after the ham- or mutton leg-shaped 4998: 4972: 4725: 3722: 3544:from the original on August 20, 2017. 3526:from the original on August 20, 2017. 3467: 3263:from the original on December 6, 2015 2715: 2386:from the original on October 6, 2017. 2161: 1541:In 1914, pearl farmers began growing 1488:and Port Essington in Australia, and 1039: 872:(1853) featuring 212 natural pearls, 328:for many centuries. Because of this, 3631:. New York: The Century Co. p. 3607:. New York: The Century Co. p. 3275: 3110:. New York: The Century Co. p. 3051:from the original on August 24, 2016 2655: 2395: 2393: 2078: 1968:adding citations to reliable sources 1939: 1893:adding citations to reliable sources 1860: 672:are usually cultivated in protected 4751: 3147:from the original on July 18, 2011. 2856: 2559:Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2335: 2042: 1245:divers searching for pearls in the 801: 556:Structure of nacre layers, wherein 300:or another animal, such as fossil 13: 3118: 2569:from the original on March 8, 2022 2411:from the original on April 4, 2017 2376:Lazzarelli, Herve Nicolas (2010). 2245:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1545:using the pearl mussels native to 1511:. The largest pearl oyster is the 1453:Despite the common misperception, 742: 668:, which live in oceans. Saltwater 19:For the programming language, see 14: 5480: 5340:Reproductive system of gastropods 3685: 3345:Science and Civilisation in China 3299:from the original on May 13, 2016 3017:Pearl Education - Pearl-Guide.com 2461:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2440:from the original on May 28, 2010 2390: 722: 5416: 5345:Respiratory system of gastropods 5260:Circulatory system of gastropods 2868:"Natural Pearls from Australian 1944: 1865: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1715: 1699: 1684: 1672: 1649: 1406: 1381: 1345:, some 200 km north of the 1226: 40: 3639: 3615: 3566: 3548: 3530: 3512: 3492: 3440: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3336: 3311: 3213: 3182: 3151: 3094: 3063: 3031: 3005: 2979: 2947: 2928: 2904: 2831: 2807: 2774: 2728: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2674: 2627: 2601: 2587:Neil H. Landman, et al. (2001) 2581: 1955:needs additional citations for 1611: 1147:, or blister pearls, unique to 1028:oysters and the rainbow lipped 638:Freshwater and saltwater pearls 5285:Excretory system of gastropods 5275:Digestive system of gastropods 3427:A. & G. Cairncross Limited 2543: 2521: 2499: 2477: 2452: 1307:, particularly in what is now 1165:, a large sea snail or marine 910:wearing a rope of black pearls 312:or a mixture of aragonite and 1: 3748: 3625:; Stevenson, Charles (1908). 3601:; Stevenson, Charles (1908). 3104:; Stevenson, Charles (1908). 2768:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00373-7 2509:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2379:Blue Chart Gem Identification 2329: 1738:Pearl bracelet from the 1840s 1630: 1588:Japanese units of measurement 452: 281:Georgian seed pearl gold ring 269:: commonly pink to orange-red 257:: light blue to light yellow; 5350:Sensory organs of gastropods 5315:Nervous system of gastropods 3070:Senaveratna, John M (1930). 2355:. Robert Hale. p. 230. 2307:, largest pearl in the world 2207:(LDS Church) and some other 1476:Timeline of pearl production 1193:in 1934 and is known as the 1177:known as 'flame structure'. 679: 661:sold today come from China. 381: 7: 5381:Circumesophageal nerve ring 3538:"Indonesian Pearls Figures" 3195:. BiblioBazaar. p. 6. 2656:Farn, Alexander E. (2013). 2553:Margaritifera margaritifera 2226: 1762:"Pearl Trader" painting on 591:of pearls depends upon the 10: 5485: 2940:February 25, 2014, at the 2866:Scarratt, Kenneth (2012). 2203:is a book of scripture in 1797:Lengths of pearl necklaces 1790:Cultured freshwater pearls 1679:A necklace of white pearls 1642: 1599:cultured freshwater pearls 1543:cultured freshwater pearls 1418: 1291:. Evidence also suggest a 1230: 1221: 925: 832:Gemological identification 805: 746: 613:cultured freshwater pearls 18: 5358: 5252: 5176: 5140: 5007: 4930: 4889: 4863: 4760: 4678: 4640: 4583: 4505: 4276: 4213: 4152: 4114: 4107: 4067: 3969: 3923: 3916: 3756: 3318:Bycroft, Michael (2019). 2989:. Gia.edu. Archived from 2814:Mamangkey, Noldy (2009), 2783:"Polynesian Black Pearls" 2611:. Fao.org. Archived from 2589:Pearls: A Natural History 2551:"Freshwater pearl mussel 2436:. Ftc.gov. May 30, 1996. 2351:Schumann, Walter (2001). 2256:Broome, Western Australia 1856: 1774: 1664:covered in white pearls. 1467:Pinctada fucata martensii 897:Origin of a natural pearl 778: 243: 233: 223: 213: 190: 180: 170: 157: 147: 137: 126: 121: 109: 99: 70: 56: 51: 39: 34: 3343:Needham, Joseph (1971). 3220:De Silva, K. M. (1995). 2912:"Jewel of the South Sea" 2087:New Testament scriptures 1841:during the 1950s by the 1537:Freshwater pearl farming 1056:A collection of natural 922:Types of cultured pearls 860:Value of a natural pearl 651:freshwater pearl mussels 560:plates are separated by 376:Federal Trade Commission 261:Yellow and golden pearls 4243:Nickel silver (alpacca) 3574:"The standard criteria" 868:Pearl tiara of Empress 626:in the vinegar to form 519:freshwater pearl mussel 494:which lines the shell. 441: 3285:Robert Carter (2005). 3259:. internetstones.com. 3189:James Hornell (2009). 3158:Arnold Wright (1999). 2739:Pinctada margaritifera 2591:, Harry Abrams, Inc., 2353:Gemstones of the World 2273:Les pêcheurs de perles 2243:Bahrain Pearling Trail 2127:"pearl of great price" 2100: 2099:, 12th or 13th century 1448:Pinctada margaritifera 1416: 1334: 1287:, the Red Sea and the 1252:The ancient chronicle 1249: 1183:Triplofusus papillosus 1087: 1079: 1072:of the Indian volute, 1061: 1049: 987:Pinctada margaritifera 973:Pinctada margaritifera 956:Pinctada margaritifera 937: 911: 877: 845:this X-ray technique. 838:gem testing laboratory 769: 693: 584: 576: 470: 465:colors originate from 408: 403:, originally from the 399: 282: 25:Pearl (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 5449:Gastropods and humans 4584:Other natural objects 3711:(Sam Westreich, PhD, 3702:series, broadcast on 3693:The History of Pearls 3658:10.1515/9781646020416 3628:The book of the pearl 3604:The book of the pearl 3540:. February 24, 2018. 3522:. February 24, 2018. 3488:on September 2, 2011. 3107:The book of the pearl 2889:10.5741/GEMS.48.4.236 2800:10.5741/GEMS.25.3.130 2184:Additional references 2094: 1593:Led by pearl pioneer 1414: 1360:Garcilasso de la Vega 1325: 1299:(206 BC–220 AD), the 1283:in areas such as the 1240: 1085: 1067: 1055: 1047: 935: 904: 867: 759:Mikimoto Pearl Island 756: 704:) in the form of the 687: 582: 555: 460: 280: 101:Strunz classification 5459:Jewellery components 4059:Wire wrapped jewelry 4039:Repoussé and chasing 2955:"CIBJO 'Pearl Book'" 2724:(1–2). DGemG: 39–50. 2201:Pearl of Great Price 2136:21:21, that is, the 2075:wears on his chest. 1964:improve this article 1936:Religious references 1889:improve this section 1694:wearing white pearls 1459:William Saville-Kent 1428:William Saville-Kent 1131:species, Pen shells 1026:Pinctada mazatlanica 907:Mary, Queen of Scots 676:or volcanic atolls. 498:prices in the past. 5444:Bivalves and humans 5305:Hypobranchial gland 5253:Internal soft parts 5177:External soft parts 4601:Ebonite (vulcanite) 3696:, episode from the 3578:Tahiti Pearl Market 3558:. August 13, 2013. 3451:. Ytravelblog.com. 2993:on January 13, 2009 2876:Gems & Gemology 2843:nature.berkeley.edu 2839:"How To Buy Pearls" 2787:Gems & Gemology 2760:2000Aquac.186..117P 2275:, The Pearl Fishers 2149:pearls before swine 1724:Margherita of Savoy 1604:National Geographic 1397:Scottish Travellers 1086:Conch pearl pendant 548:Physical properties 3946:Jewellery designer 3498:Ward, Fred (2002) 2826:10.25903/yfn1-4k54 2267:La Pelegrina pearl 2162:Islamic scriptures 2101: 1660:" with a matching 1601:in the mid-1960s. 1576:freshwater mussels 1417: 1355:Philip II of Spain 1351:La Peregrina pearl 1335: 1327:Catching of pearls 1250: 1088: 1080: 1062: 1050: 1040:From other species 1022:Gulf of California 938: 912: 878: 770: 694: 603:of light from the 585: 577: 471: 283: 5404: 5403: 5330:Oesophageal pouch 5189:Caudal mucous pit 4966: 4965: 4719: 4718: 4636: 4635: 4506:Organic gemstones 4103: 4102: 3231:978-955-589-004-5 3202:978-1-110-87096-7 3171:978-81-206-1335-5 2615:on March 20, 2008 2487:. Behind the Name 2471:978-0-19-920687-2 2362:978-0-7198-0301-7 2258:, a pearling town 2190:Hymn of the Pearl 2123:Kingdom of Heaven 2079:Hebrew scriptures 2040: 2039: 2032: 2014: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1627:pearl necklaces. 1578:in the region of 1560:Hyriopsis cumingi 1353:, was offered to 1266:Devanampiya Tissa 794:eighteen months. 698:calcium carbonate 306:calcium carbonate 275: 274: 83:Calcium carbonate 61:Carbonate mineral 5476: 5464:Mollusc products 5421: 5420: 5412: 5320:Nidamental gland 5244:Suprapedal gland 5141:Other hard parts 4993: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4897:Adductor muscles 4864:Other hard parts 4746: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4163:Britannia silver 4112: 4111: 3921: 3920: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715:August 19, 2021) 3680: 3679: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3516: 3510: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3484:. Archived from 3474: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2967:on July 23, 2011 2966: 2960:. Archived from 2959: 2951: 2945: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2754:(1–2): 117–144. 2745: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2653: 2644: 2634:Kenneth Scarratt 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2348: 2295:Pearl of Lao Tzu 2237:organic gemstone 2235: – another 2223:religious poem. 2209:Latter Day Saint 2097:Byzantine empire 2043:Hindu scriptures 2035: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2013: 1972: 1948: 1940: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1869: 1861: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1722:Queen of Italy, 1719: 1708:Amélie of Brazil 1703: 1688: 1676: 1666:Amsterdam Museum 1653: 1595:John Latendresse 1565:Lake Kasumigaura 1331:Bern Physiologus 1196:Pearl of Lao Tzu 836:A well-equipped 826:essence d'Orient 802:Imitation pearls 781: 780: 542:Margaritiferidae 444: 432:Margaritiferidae 422: 419: 416: 413: 402: 357:Imitation pearls 192:Refractive index 182:Specific gravity 163: 77: 76:(repeating unit) 44: 32: 31: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5415: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5354: 5295:Hancock's organ 5248: 5172: 5136: 5107:Stromboid notch 5003: 4997: 4967: 4962: 4926: 4885: 4859: 4756: 4750: 4720: 4715: 4674: 4632: 4621:Spondylus shell 4579: 4501: 4272: 4258:Stainless steel 4209: 4193:Sterling silver 4153:Precious metal 4148: 4116:Precious metals 4099: 4063: 3965: 3912: 3752: 3747: 3688: 3683: 3668: 3644: 3640: 3623:Kunz, George F. 3620: 3616: 3599:Kunz, George F. 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3232: 3218: 3214: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3102:Kunz, George F. 3099: 3095: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3019:. July 20, 2014 3011: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2942:Wayback Machine 2933: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2870:Pinctada maxima 2864: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2812: 2808: 2779: 2775: 2743: 2733: 2729: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2654: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2349: 2336: 2332: 2322:, a novella by 2305:Pearl of Puerto 2300:Pearl of Kuwait 2229: 2211:denominations. 2186: 2164: 2089: 2081: 2045: 2036: 2025: 2019: 2016: 1973: 1971: 1961: 1949: 1938: 1921: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1886: 1870: 1859: 1812:princess length 1799: 1777: 1770: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1727: 1720: 1711: 1704: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1677: 1668: 1658:Boule de Genève 1654: 1645: 1633: 1614: 1539: 1514:Pinctada maxima 1478: 1444:Pinctada maxima 1423: 1409: 1389:Abernethy pearl 1384: 1305:South China Sea 1274:Pliny the Elder 1235: 1229: 1224: 1212:Puerto Princesa 1208:Pearl of Puerto 1159:or pink conch, 1145:cultured pearls 1042: 1007:Pinctada maxima 998:Pinctada maxima 994:Pinctada maxima 977:Pinctada maxima 949:Tahitian pearls 930: 924: 899: 862: 850:cultured pearls 834: 814:mother-of-pearl 810: 808:Imitation pearl 804: 751: 745: 743:Cultured pearls 725: 703: 682: 659:cultured pearls 640: 628:calcium acetate 550: 500:Cultured pearls 492:mother of pearl 455: 438:word for pearl 434:comes from the 420: 417: 414: 394:comes from the 384: 324:and objects of 161: 153:Uneven, various 88: 75: 74: 47: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5469:Mollusc shells 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5426: 5425: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Hepatopancreas 5297: 5292: 5290:Gastric shield 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5234:Semper's organ 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:Caryophyllidia 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5097:Siphonal notch 5094: 5092:Siphonal canal 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907:Gastric shield 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682:Related topics 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4054:Wire sculpture 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3687: 3686:External links 3684: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3638: 3614: 3590: 3565: 3547: 3529: 3511: 3491: 3466: 3439: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3353: 3335: 3328: 3310: 3274: 3245: 3230: 3212: 3201: 3181: 3170: 3150: 3117: 3093: 3082: 3062: 3030: 3004: 2978: 2946: 2927: 2903: 2882:(4): 236–261. 2855: 2830: 2806: 2793:(3): 130–148. 2773: 2727: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2673: 2666: 2645: 2626: 2600: 2580: 2542: 2520: 2498: 2476: 2470: 2451: 2422: 2389: 2368: 2361: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2324:John Steinbeck 2314: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2284:Oriental Pride 2281: 2277:, an opera by 2269: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2240: 2228: 2225: 2221:Middle English 2185: 2182: 2163: 2160: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 1952: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1923: 1922: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1816:matinee length 1798: 1795: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1750:Pearl earrings 1749: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1669: 1655: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1613: 1610: 1538: 1535: 1477: 1474: 1421:Oyster farming 1408: 1405: 1383: 1380: 1289:Gulf of Mannar 1270:Emperor Ashoka 1268:'s embassy to 1231:Main article: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216:Palawan Island 1162:Strombus gigas 1041: 1038: 1020:A farm in the 926:Main article: 923: 920: 898: 895: 886:Pierre Cartier 861: 858: 833: 830: 806:Main article: 803: 800: 749:Cultured pearl 747:Main article: 744: 741: 724: 723:Natural pearls 721: 701: 681: 678: 639: 636: 632:carbon dioxide 568:, lustrin and 549: 546: 454: 451: 383: 380: 318:baroque pearls 293:) of a living 273: 272: 271: 270: 264: 258: 250: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 209: 208: 202: 194: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 164: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 122:Identification 119: 118: 113: 111:Crystal system 107: 106: 103: 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 86: 78: 68: 67: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 46:Various pearls 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5481: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Tyrian purple 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Prodissoconch 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4810:Pallial sinus 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Body piercing 4684: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4575:Tortoiseshell 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 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3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3667:9781646020416 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3508:1-887651-08-X 3505: 3501: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3459:September 26, 3454: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3356: 3354:9780521070607 3350: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3329:9783319963792 3325: 3321: 3314: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3279: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3083:9788120612716 3079: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3018: 3014: 3008: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2667:9781483162737 2663: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2642:0-935681-07-8 2639: 2635: 2630: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2597:0-8109-4495-2 2594: 2590: 2584: 2573:September 12, 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2530: 2524: 2508: 2502: 2486: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2382:. p. 8. 2381: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2279:Georges Bizet 2276: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2121:compared the 2120: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2108:New Testament 2106: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053:Garuda Purana 2050: 2034: 2031: 2023: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: – 1980: 1976: 1975:Find sources: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1953:This section 1951: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1905:December 2015 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1874:This section 1872: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:United States 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:Pearl chokers 1805: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656:A so-called " 1652: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1413: 1407:Pearl farming 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1382:British Isles 1379: 1376: 1375:pearl hunting 1371: 1369: 1366:in 1560 by a 1365: 1361: 1358:According to 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1333:(9th century) 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Prince Vijaya 1259: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1233:Pearl hunting 1227:Pearl hunting 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171:Caribbean Sea 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 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601:diffraction 587:The unique 562:biopolymers 436:Old Persian 302:conulariids 245:Ultraviolet 225:Pleochroism 207:: 1.53-1.69 205:Black pearl 201:: 1.52-1.66 5433:Categories 5335:Osphradium 5310:Nephridium 5229:Rhinophore 5219:Parapodium 5148:Clausilium 5087:Selenizone 5077:Protoconch 5027:Body whorl 4943:Glochidium 4917:Nephridium 4890:Soft parts 4775:Hinge line 4482:Tourmaline 4427:Prasiolite 4302:Aventurine 4173:Crown gold 4075:Draw plate 4024:Metal clay 3961:Watchmaker 3951:Lapidarist 3936:Clockmaker 3811:Collar pin 3806:Chatelaine 3583:August 19, 3055:August 25, 3023:August 16, 2686:3981084802 2535:August 25, 2513:August 25, 2507:"Margaret" 2491:August 25, 2485:"Margaret" 2405:Gemdat.org 2330:References 2262:Cave pearl 2194:Gnosticism 2156:Revelation 2134:Revelation 2020:March 2018 1990:newspapers 1824:pearl rope 1662:chatelaine 1631:In jewelry 1419:See also: 1347:Venezuelan 1201:giant clam 1175:chatoyance 1137:, and the 1127:, various 1122:giant clam 854:microscope 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