29:
768:
806:
780:
756:
833:
423:
547:
592:
have aragonitic tubes. Because the mineral deposition in mollusk shells is strongly biologically controlled, some crystal forms are distinctively different from those of inorganic aragonite. In some mollusks, the entire shell is aragonite; in others, aragonite forms only discrete parts of a
1708:
Sand, K.K., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Makovicky, E., Benning, L.G. and Stipp, S. (2012) Crystallization of CaCO3 in water-ethanol mixtures: spherulitic growth, polymorph stabilization and morphology change. Crystal Growth & Design, 12, 842-853.
670:
unstable phase of calcium carbonate at any pressure below about 3,000 bars (300,000 kPa) at any temperature. Aragonite nonetheless frequently forms in near-surface environments at ambient temperatures. The weak
718:, aragonite is considered essential for the replication of reef conditions. Aragonite provides the materials necessary for much sea life and also keeps the pH of the water close to its natural level, to prevent the
779:
805:
675:
inside aragonite give an important contribution to both the crystallographic and elastic properties of this mineral. The difference in stability between aragonite and calcite, as measured by the
679:, is small, and effects of grain size and impurities can be important. The formation of aragonite at temperatures and pressures where calcite should be the stable polymorph may be an example of
1361:
Belcher, A. M.; Wu, X. H.; Christensen, R. J.; Hansma, P. K.; Stucky, G. D.; Morse, D. E. (May 1996). "Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins".
1993:
Köhler, S., Cubillas, et al. (2007) Removal of cadmium from wastewaters by aragonite shells and the influence of other divalent cations. Environmental
Science and Technology, 41, 112-118.
1199:
Gonzalez, Luis A.; Lohmann, Kyger C. (1988). "Controls on
Mineralogy and Composition of Spelean Carbonates: Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico". In James, Noel P.; Choquette, Philip W. (eds.).
1404:
Chateigner, D.; Ouhenia, S.; Krauss, C.; Belkhir, M.; Morales, M. (February 2010). "Structural distortion of biogenic aragonite in strongly textured mollusc shell layers".
1728:
1520:
1443:(November 2015). "A simple method to establish calcite:aragonite ratios in archaeological mollusc shells: CALCITE:ARAGONITE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SHELLS".
767:
636:. Aragonite is common in serpentinites where magnesium-rich pore solutions apparently inhibit calcite growth and promote aragonite precipitation.
1958:
Kamiya, Kanichi; Sakka, Sumio; Terada, Katsuyuki (November 1977). "Aragonite formation through precipitation of calcium carbonate monohydrate".
1984:
Orr, J. C., et al. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the 21st century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681-686
755:
1241:
1216:
1150:
1125:
643:
at the low pressures near the Earth's surface and is thus commonly replaced by calcite in fossils. Aragonite older than the
1479:
2073:
2058:
1816:
28:
1619:
1317:
632:) or as free crystals (in the water column). Inorganic precipitation of aragonite in caves can occur in the form of
554:
376:
1760:"Structural and elastic behaviour of aragonite at high-pressure: A contribution from first-principle simulations"
1647:
Bonatti, E.; Lawrence, J.R.; Hamlyn, P.R.; Breger, D. (August 1980). "Aragonite from deep sea ultramafic rocks".
1166:
Pukanská, Katarína; Bartoš, Karol; Bella, Pavel; Gašinec, Juraj; Blistan, Peter; Kovanič, Ľudovít (4 July 2020).
1168:"Surveying and High-Resolution Topography of the Ochtiná Aragonite Cave Based on TLS and Digital Photogrammetry"
1045:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
2053:
1893:
1342:
1100:
676:
187:
1145:. Madrid: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid. Fundación Gómez Pardo. pp. 314–398.
658:
solution at temperatures above 60 °C (140 °F) or in water-ethanol mixtures at ambient temperatures.
2063:
220:
1911:"Differentiation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs by Surface Analysis Techniques – An XPS and TOF-SIMS study"
832:
811:
1561:
Bialik, Or M.; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Vogt-Vincent, Noam; Silverman, Jacob; Katz, Timor (24 September 2022).
2038:
2018:
1406:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
435:
97:
506:
150:
Cyclic on {110}, forms pseudohexagonal aggregates. If polysynthetic, forms fine striations parallel to .
1759:
2033:
408:
2048:
706:
at ambient conditions typical of Earth's surface, and decomposes even more readily than aragonite.
687:
ions may inhibit calcite formation in favor of aragonite. Once formed, aragonite tends to alter to
446:
results in pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branching
439:
137:
719:
479:
471:
82:
1729:"The calcite–aragonite equilibrium: effects of Sr substitution and anion orientational disorder"
2043:
912:
680:
536:
104:
1521:"Potential For [Carbon 14] Dating Of Biogenic Carbon In Hackberry (Celtis) Endocarps"
502:. This type of aragonite deposit is very common in Spain, and there are also some in France.
490:, for which it was named in 1797. Aragonite is found in this locality as cyclic twins inside
177:
165:
2013:
1858:
1849:
Kitano, Yasushi; Park, Kilho; Hood, Donald W. (November 1962). "Pure aragonite synthesis".
1682:
Runnegar, B. (1987). "Shell microstructures of
Cambrian molluscs replicated by phosphate".
1656:
1413:
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8:
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1935:
1910:
1797:
1587:
1562:
1543:
1460:
1386:
1290:
983:
958:
939:
628:
Aragonite also forms in the ocean inorganic precipitates called marine cements (in the
483:
459:
155:
133:
34:
1563:"Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation"
434:
of aragonite differs from that of calcite, resulting in a different crystal shape, an
1971:
1940:
1889:
1801:
1789:
1668:
1615:
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1535:
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1390:
1378:
1337:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 161–164.
1274:
1257:
Newell, Norman D.; Purdy, Edward G.; Imbrie, John (1960). "Bahamian Oölitic Sand".
1204:
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978:
970:
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525:
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412:
248:
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58:
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bimineralic shell (aragonite plus calcite). The nacreous layer of the aragonite
1578:
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92:
1695:
1208:
2027:
1793:
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and other caves. For a few years in the early 1900s, aragonite was mined at
422:
1944:
1596:
1539:
1065:
1040:
992:
792:
585:
307:
974:
732:
Aragonite has been successfully tested for the removal of pollutants like
1518:
819:
785:
Remnant biogenic aragonite (thin, rainbow-colored shell) on the ammonite
540:
304:
1784:
1560:
1498:
1480:"Ammolite: Iridescent fossilized ammonite from southern Alberta, Canada"
1478:
Mychaluk, Keith A.; Levinson, Alfred A.; Hall, Russel L. (Spring 2001).
1184:
1167:
1020:
934:
907:
546:
1026:
959:"Refinement of the Crystal Structure of the Aragonite Phase of CaCO(3)"
796:
703:
640:
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589:
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1998:
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629:
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400:
276:
683:, where a less stable phase is the first to form. The presence of
963:
Journal of
Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A
688:
573:
396:
385:
353:
68:
109:
l a = 4.9598(5) Å, b = 7.9641(9) Å, and c = 5.7379(6) Å at 25 °C
854:
737:
594:
495:
491:
313:
1403:
885:
815:
581:
487:
1646:
741:
733:
342:
1884:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
1360:
1165:
1143:
Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. V. Carbonatos y
Nitratos
122:
Can come in a variety of colors, but commonly red or white
1007:"Aragonite Properties, Occurrence » Geology Science"
455:
761:
Aragonite crystals from Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
1312:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 336–337.
1888:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
1519:
Wang, Jang; Jahren, A. Hope; Amundsen, Ronald (1996).
1438:
1192:
375:
and one of the three most common naturally occurring
1883:
1684:
1628:
1477:
454:("flowers of iron") from their association with the
352:
Thermodynamically unstable, Morphs slowly back into
1095:. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 371–372.
1902:
1758:Ulian, Gianfranco; Valdrè, Giovanni (2022-09-01).
1115:
612:Aragonite also forms naturally in the endocarp of
325:Soluble in acids, and saltwater (but takes longer)
1957:
1256:
2025:
1231:
702:, is another phase of calcium carbonate that is
1198:
1848:
1614:. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications.
1356:
1354:
1236:. Vermont: The Countryman Press. p. 368.
1203:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 81–101.
1109:
1335:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
956:
545:
1757:
1351:
1086:
1084:
27:
1934:
1783:
1586:
1225:
1183:
1120:. Cape Town: Struik Nature. p. 187.
1090:
1064:
982:
933:
650:Aragonite can be synthesized by adding a
2014:The Ochtinska Aragonite Cave in Slovakia
1908:
1681:
1081:
572:Aragonite forms naturally in almost all
421:
1726:
2026:
1609:
1039:Bragg, William Lawrence (1924-01-01).
888:, otherwise known as "Mother-of-Pearl"
661:
561:. As such, it occurs in high pressure
1634:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1301:
1140:
1118:Understanding Minerals & Crystals
1116:Cairncross, B.; McCarthy, T. (2015).
1038:
1814:
908:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
905:
773:Aragonite crystal cluster from Spain
516:In the US, aragonite in the form of
1877:
13:
957:Dickens, B.; Bowen, J. S. (1971).
14:
2085:
2019:Kosovo Caves Aragonite Formations
2007:
814:image of aragonite layers in the
136:or pseudo-hexagonal; can also be
831:
804:
778:
766:
754:
140:, tabular, prismatic, coral-like
1987:
1978:
1951:
1851:Journal of Geophysical Research
1842:
1808:
1776:10.1016/j.commatsci.2022.111600
1764:Computational Materials Science
1751:
1720:
1702:
1675:
1649:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1640:
1603:
1554:
1512:
1471:
1432:
1397:
1250:
744:from contaminated wastewaters.
553:Aragonite is the high pressure
33:Aragonite from Los Molinillos,
1159:
1134:
1032:
1013:
999:
950:
899:
677:Gibbs free energy of formation
1:
1909:Ni, M.; Ratner, B.D. (2008).
1445:Journal of Quaternary Science
1439:Loftus, Emma; Rogers, Keith;
892:
691:on scales of 10 to 10 years.
465:
1972:10.1016/0025-5408(77)90038-1
1669:10.1016/0016-7037(80)90074-5
1041:"The structure of aragonite"
812:Scanning electron microscope
7:
1960:Materials Research Bulletin
1886:Origin of sedimentary rocks
1817:"Calcite aragonite problem"
1610:Tucker, Maurice E. (1990).
843:
539:are found on the seabed in
436:orthorhombic crystal system
426:Aragonite crystal structure
10:
2090:
2074:Minerals described in 1797
2059:Minerals in space group 62
1579:10.1038/s41598-022-20446-7
1426:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.07.007
1310:Introduction to mineralogy
1308:Nesse, William D. (2000).
747:
1696:10.1080/03115518508618971
1234:An Explorer's Guide: Utah
1232:Balaz, Christine (2009).
1209:10.1007/978-1-4612-3748-8
838:Fluorescence of aragonite
359:
348:
329:
319:
303:
295:
285:
275:
265:
247:
239:
229:
219:
209:
199:
186:
176:
164:
160:Good on , Poor on {110}.
154:
144:
126:
118:
113:
103:
91:
81:
57:
47:
42:
37:, sample width about 4 cm
26:
21:
16:Calcium carbonate mineral
1091:Sinkankas, John (1964).
647:is essentially unknown.
580:of warm- and cold-water
565:such as those formed at
507:Ochtinská Aragonite Cave
205:Vitreous, waxy, resinous
1871:10.1029/JZ067i012p04873
1612:Carbonate sedimentology
1093:Mineralogy for amateurs
709:
597:shells of some extinct
578:calcareous endoskeleton
505:An aragonite cave, the
480:Province of Guadalajara
405:biological and physical
1727:Carlson, W.D. (1980).
1540:10.1006/qres.1997.1894
1259:The Journal of Geology
1141:Calvo, Miguel (2012).
1066:10.1098/rspa.1924.0002
913:Mineralogical Magazine
873:Monohydrocalcite, CaCO
698:, also known as μ-CaCO
625:is made of aragonite.
550:
537:oolitic aragonite sand
427:
2054:Orthorhombic minerals
1733:American Mineralogist
975:10.6028/jres.075A.004
621:The skeleton of some
549:
425:
407:processes, including
349:Other characteristics
225:Transparent to opaque
2064:Luminescent minerals
1915:Surf. Interface Anal
906:Warr, L. N. (2021).
673:Van der Waals forces
535:Massive deposits of
532:(now a ghost town).
520:and "cave flowers" (
395:), the others being
312:Faint white-blue to
1863:1962JGR....67.4873K
1815:Fyfe, W.S. (1964).
1661:1980GeCoA..44.1207B
1528:Quaternary Research
1499:10.5741/GEMS.37.1.4
1487:Gems & Gemology
1418:2010NIMPB.268..341C
1375:1996Natur.381...56B
1333:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1271:1960JG.....68..481N
1185:10.3390/app10134633
1057:1924RSPSA.105...16B
935:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
926:2021MinM...85..291W
681:Ostwald's step rule
662:Physical properties
615:Celtis occidentalis
576:shells, and as the
2039:Carbonate minerals
1739:(11–12): 1252–1262
1567:Scientific Reports
1009:. 26 October 2021.
623:calcareous sponges
551:
484:Castilla-La Mancha
428:
403:. It is formed by
240:Optical properties
52:Carbonate minerals
1999:10.1021/es060756j
1966:(11): 1095–1102.
1921:(10): 1356–1361.
1857:(12): 4873–4874.
1715:10.1021/cg2012342
1243:978-0-88150-738-6
1218:978-1-4612-3748-8
1152:978-84-95063-98-4
1127:978-1-43170-084-4
727:calcium carbonate
668:thermodynamically
563:metamorphic rocks
559:calcium carbonate
509:, is situated in
494:and marls of the
474:for aragonite is
381:calcium carbonate
373:carbonate mineral
366:
365:
330:Common impurities
2081:
2034:Calcium minerals
2001:
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1457:10.1002/jqs.2819
1441:Lee-Thorp, Julia
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1383:10.1038/381056a0
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868:List of minerals
835:
808:
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656:sodium carbonate
652:calcium chloride
605:material called
567:subduction zones
526:Carlsbad Caverns
524:) is known from
476:Molina de Aragón
440:acicular crystal
394:
249:Refractive index
231:Specific gravity
192:
77:
64:
63:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
18:
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2049:Aragonite group
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1369:(6577): 56–58.
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799:, South Dakota)
783:
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701:
666:Aragonite is a
664:
530:Aragonite, Utah
468:
432:crystal lattice
392:
384:
281:Measured 18–19°
260:
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190:
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61:
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2008:External links
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1690:(4): 245–257.
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1637:, p. 337.
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1451:(8): 731–735.
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498:facies of the
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2:
2086:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
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2044:Cave minerals
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1990:
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1937:
1932:
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850:Aragonite sea
848:
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645:Carboniferous
642:
639:Aragonite is
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619:
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472:type location
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450:forms called
449:
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409:precipitation
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377:crystal forms
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267:Birefringence
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218:
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172:
171:Subconchoidal
169:
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159:
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153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
128:Crystal habit
125:
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108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
41:
36:
35:Cuenca, Spain
30:
25:
20:
1989:
1980:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1885:
1879:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1827:
1823:
1810:
1785:11585/893023
1767:
1763:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1732:
1722:
1704:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1573:(1): 15970.
1570:
1566:
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1531:
1527:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1490:
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1434:
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1405:
1399:
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1334:
1328:
1309:
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1233:
1227:
1200:
1194:
1178:(13): 4633.
1175:
1171:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1117:
1111:
1092:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1021:
1015:
1001:
969:(1): 27–32.
966:
962:
952:
917:
911:
901:
855:Ikaite, CaCO
823:
793:Pierre Shale
786:
731:
713:
694:The mineral
693:
665:
649:
638:
627:
620:
613:
611:
586:Scleractinia
571:
552:
534:
515:
504:
469:
462:iron mines.
451:
429:
368:
367:
308:fluorescence
182:Very brittle
98:Orthorhombic
1534:: 337–343.
1493:(1): 4–25.
820:blue mussel
720:dissolution
634:speleothems
588:). Several
541:the Bahamas
518:stalactites
442:. Repeated
314:blue-violet
305:Ultraviolet
243:Biaxial (−)
221:Diaphaneity
2028:Categories
1895:0136427103
1770:: 111600.
1635:Nesse 2000
1344:0131547283
1201:Paleokarst
1102:0442276249
1027:Mindat.org
893:References
797:Cretaceous
704:metastable
641:metastable
603:iridescent
466:Occurrence
460:Carinthian
452:flos-ferri
448:helictitic
417:freshwater
360:References
321:Solubility
296:Extinction
287:Dispersion
188:Mohs scale
83:IMA symbol
2069:Evaporite
1802:250059382
1794:0927-0256
1465:130591343
1295:129571671
1287:0022-1376
1075:0950-1207
1022:Aragonite
944:235729616
788:Baculites
685:magnesium
601:forms an
599:ammonites
590:serpulids
555:polymorph
522:anthodite
369:Aragonite
339:zirconium
335:strontium
333:Commonly
271:δ = 0.155
257:= 1.550 n
134:dendritic
132:Commonly
105:Unit cell
22:Aragonite
1945:25031482
1830:(4): 526
1597:36153366
1548:49232599
1504:1 August
993:34876711
844:See also
724:biogenic
696:vaterite
630:sediment
607:ammolite
511:Slovakia
500:Triassic
444:twinning
401:vaterite
299:Parallel
277:2V angle
191:hardness
178:Tenacity
166:Fracture
156:Cleavage
146:Twinning
138:acicular
48:Category
1936:4096336
1859:Bibcode
1834:31 July
1743:31 July
1657:Bibcode
1588:9509385
1414:Bibcode
1391:4285912
1371:Bibcode
1267:Bibcode
1053:Bibcode
984:6715969
922:Bibcode
795:, Late
748:Gallery
716:aquaria
689:calcite
574:mollusk
478:in the
458:at the
397:calcite
354:calcite
261:= 1.650
59:Formula
43:General
1943:
1933:
1892:
1800:
1792:
1618:
1595:
1585:
1546:
1463:
1389:
1363:Nature
1341:
1316:
1293:
1285:
1240:
1215:
1149:
1124:
1099:
1073:
991:
981:
942:
738:cobalt
595:fossil
582:corals
496:Keuper
492:gypsum
413:marine
211:Streak
201:Luster
1820:(PDF)
1798:S2CID
1544:S2CID
1524:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1291:S2CID
940:S2CID
886:Nacre
818:of a
816:nacre
488:Spain
438:with
411:from
371:is a
215:White
195:3.5–4
119:Color
1941:PMID
1890:ISBN
1836:2021
1790:ISSN
1745:2021
1616:ISBN
1593:PMID
1506:2021
1339:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1283:ISSN
1238:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1071:ISSN
989:PMID
742:lead
740:and
734:zinc
710:Uses
470:The
456:ores
430:The
415:and
399:and
343:lead
291:Weak
235:2.94
1995:doi
1968:doi
1931:PMC
1923:doi
1867:doi
1780:hdl
1772:doi
1768:212
1711:doi
1692:doi
1665:doi
1583:PMC
1575:doi
1536:doi
1495:doi
1453:doi
1422:doi
1410:268
1379:doi
1367:381
1275:doi
1205:doi
1180:doi
1061:doi
1049:105
979:PMC
971:doi
967:75A
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