55:
31:
260:
Pteriomorphia have much higher rates of eye loss than eye gain and studying eye loss and gain can yield insights into the mechanisms behind convergent evolution and the evolution and regression of complex traits. Eyes evolved exclusively in epifaunal lineages, and have been lost in some lineages that
555:
In 2010 a new proposed classification system for the
Bivalvia was published by Bieler, Carter & Coan revising the classification of the Bivalvia, including the subclass Pteriomorphia. However, the following taxonomy represents the current accepted arrangement of this subclass according to the
253:, concave mirror eyes, and invaginated eyes, each having evolved independently. The primary purpose of pteriomorphian eyes is to detect and respond to predators. As such, pteriomorphia respond to the presence of a shadow by retracting their
249:
Pteriomorphian bivalves possess five types of photoreceptors, each evolving independently and each associated with different clades within
Pteriomorphia. There are cap eyespots, pigmented cups,
261:
adopted infaunal and semi-infaunal lifestyles, suggesting a correlation between eye loss and adoption of infaunal or semi-infaunal lifestyles. Additionally, eyes in
282:
is based on molecular phylogeny using mitochondrial (12S, 16S) and nuclear (18S, 28S, and H3) gene markers by Yaron
Malkowsky and Annette Klussmann-Kolb in 2012.
257:, adduction, digging, or some combination of the three. Beyond this shadow response, however, pteriomorphia typically do not respond to other visual stimuli.
361:
958:
1469:
629:
385:
357:
341:
188:
176:
172:
591:
1456:
1013:
265:
exhibit a reduction in functionality as habitat depth increases, ending in the complete absence of eyes in deep sea species.
1461:
1086:
1037:
1508:
1355:
1336:
1317:
1298:
1279:
1260:
991:
557:
1474:
1087:"Charting Evolution's Trajectory: Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution"
1155:"Impact of habitat and life trait on character evolution of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)"
1038:"Hard to get, easy to lose: Evolution of mantle photoreceptor organs in bivalves (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia)"
217:
margins are not fused. Gills are usually large and assist in feeding. This group includes the well known
54:
1541:
1430:
1536:
1291:
1513:
1310:
1272:
1408:
1348:
1329:
1253:
1233:
984:
1500:
1370:
1036:
Audino, Jorge Alves; Serb, Jean Marie; Rodriguez Marian, José Eduardo
Amoroso (27 July 2020).
1495:
1487:
165:
1443:
1417:
40:
8:
206:
1178:"Phylogeny and spatio-temporal distribution of European Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)"
1197:
1116:
1067:
49:
1422:
1482:
1435:
1177:
1154:
1135:
1108:
1071:
1059:
1009:
621:
1201:
1189:
1120:
1098:
1049:
411:
254:
214:
168:
1193:
790:
123:
609:
184:
1103:
1530:
1393:
1112:
740:
195:
180:
1063:
964:
943:
746:
641:
603:
250:
238:
1402:
797:
770:
679:
462:
444:
923:
869:
783:
776:
732:
719:
673:
635:
306:
202:
30:
1054:
936:
929:
908:
875:
755:
725:
697:
686:
615:
279:
226:
145:
66:
1364:
1387:
914:
886:
847:
830:
761:
651:
234:
157:
153:
141:
96:
86:
836:
597:
496:
262:
222:
161:
133:
130:
1448:
808:
569:
526:
522:
230:
218:
210:
149:
137:
76:
1008:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 430.
127:
1153:
Malkowsky, Yaron; Götze, Marie-Carolin (10 December 2013).
198:
1218:. Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.P. (2010),
1035:
1175:
1176:
Malkowsky, Yaron; Klussmann-Kolb, Annette (May 2012).
1085:
Serb, Jeanne M.; Eernisse, Douglas J. (2008-10-01).
136:. It contains several major orders, including the
233:. It also includes the only members of the class
1214:Bieler, R., Carter, J.G. & Coan, E.V. (2010)
1140:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
1003:
1528:
1152:
1220:Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia
1084:
29:
1102:
1053:
682:, the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters
1529:
1133:
728:, the jingle shells and saddle oysters
1369:
1368:
1231:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
586:(Ark shells and bittersweet shells)
1142:: 165–205 – via ResearchGate.
1136:"The Evolution of Eyes in Bivalvia"
695:
13:
1236:. World Register of Marine Species
1216:Classification of Bivalve families
903:(Winged oysters and their allies)
884:
845:
649:
14:
1553:
1159:Organisms Diversity and Evolution
1091:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1022:
997:
244:
1356:World Register of Marine Species
1337:World Register of Marine Species
1318:World Register of Marine Species
1299:World Register of Marine Species
1280:World Register of Marine Species
1261:World Register of Marine Species
992:World Register of Marine Species
952:
806:
668:(True oysters and their allies)
567:
558:World Register of Marine Species
550:
53:
1342:
1323:
1304:
1285:
1266:
1247:
825:(File shells and their allies)
1225:
1208:
1169:
1146:
1134:Morton, Brian (January 2001).
1127:
1078:
978:
194:This subclass of molluscs has
1:
971:
213:. The foot is reduced. The
1194:10.1080/14772000.2012.676572
1182:Systematics and Biodiversity
714:(Scallops and their allies)
304:(c. 247 mya)
273:
7:
268:
10:
1558:
1354:. Retrieved through:
1335:. Retrieved through:
1316:. Retrieved through:
1297:. Retrieved through:
1278:. Retrieved through:
1259:. Retrieved through:
1004:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
990:. Retrieved through:
1377:
1263: on 3 February 2009.
1165:– via ResearchGate.
1104:10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1
519:
494:
458:
441:
434:
407:
383:
355:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
298:
291:
160:. It also contains some
50:Scientific classification
48:
37:
28:
23:
994: on 26 March 2009.
764:, the dimyarian oysters
563:Subclass: Pteriomorphia
205:. Some attach to the
1496:Paleobiology Database
1358: on 9 July 2010.
1339: on 9 July 2010.
1320: on 7 July 2010.
1301: on 9 July 2010.
1282: on 9 July 2010.
939:, the feather oysters
521:other Pteriomorphia (
38:A live individual of
1006:Invertebrate Zoology
932:, the hammer oysters
864:(Saltwater mussels)
800:, the thorny oysters
126:of saltwater clams,
44:, family Pectinidae
41:Argopecten irradians
16:Subclass of bivalves
1542:Mollusc subclasses
1232:Gofas, S. (2014).
793:, the mud scallops
689:, the true oysters
1524:
1523:
1483:Open Tree of Life
1371:Taxon identifiers
1055:10.1111/evo.14050
1015:978-0-03-056747-6
946:, the pulvinitids
878:, the sea mussels
839:, the file shells
622:Parallelodontidae
547:
546:
538:
537:
508:
507:
483:
482:
474:
473:
423:
422:
396:
395:
372:
371:
116:
115:
112:
1549:
1537:Bivalve taxonomy
1517:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1308:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1057:
1048:(9): 2106–2120.
1033:
1020:
1019:
1001:
995:
982:
917:, the pen shells
900:
899:
895:
861:
860:
856:
822:
821:
817:
749:, the kittenpaws
711:
710:
706:
665:
664:
660:
583:
582:
578:
437:
436:
335:
334:
328:
327:
321:
320:
314:
313:
301:
300:
294:
293:
286:
285:
110:
58:
57:
33:
21:
20:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1257:Stoliczka, 1871
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1234:"Pteriomorphia"
1230:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1174:
1170:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1128:
1083:
1079:
1034:
1023:
1016:
1002:
998:
983:
979:
974:
955:
901:
897:
893:
891:
890:
862:
858:
854:
852:
851:
823:
819:
815:
813:
812:
791:Propeamussiidae
779:, the entoliids
712:
708:
704:
702:
701:
666:
662:
658:
656:
655:
584:
580:
576:
574:
573:
553:
548:
539:
509:
484:
475:
424:
397:
373:
276:
271:
247:
109:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1399:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1333:Ferussac, 1822
1322:
1303:
1284:
1276:Ferussac, 1822
1265:
1246:
1224:
1207:
1188:(2): 233–242.
1168:
1145:
1126:
1097:(4): 439–447.
1077:
1021:
1014:
996:
976:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
962:
954:
951:
950:
949:
948:
947:
940:
933:
920:
919:
918:
889:
883:
882:
881:
880:
879:
850:
844:
843:
842:
841:
840:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
801:
794:
787:
786:, the scallops
780:
767:
766:
765:
752:
751:
750:
737:
736:
735:
729:
700:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
683:
654:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
638:
626:
625:
624:
618:
612:
610:Glycymerididae
606:
600:
572:
566:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:
532:
531:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
502:
501:
499:(file shells)
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
467:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
440:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
421:
420:
417:
416:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:Camptonectinae
360:(in part) and
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
299:
297:
292:
290:
289:Pteriomorphia
284:
275:
272:
270:
267:
246:
245:Photoreceptors
243:
185:Cassianellidae
171:, such as the
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Pteriomorphia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Pteriomorphia
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Pteriomorphia
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:Pteriomorphia
1404:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1379:Pteriomorphia
1376:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1000:
993:
989:
988:Beurlen, 1944
987:
986:Pteriomorphia
981:
977:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
953:Fossil orders
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
926:
925:
922:Superfamily:
921:
916:
912:
911:
910:
907:Superfamily:
906:
905:
904:
896:
888:
877:
873:
872:
871:
868:Superfamily:
867:
866:
865:
857:
849:
838:
834:
833:
832:
829:Superfamily:
828:
827:
826:
818:
810:
799:
795:
792:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
773:
772:
769:Superfamily:
768:
763:
759:
758:
757:
754:Superfamily:
753:
748:
744:
743:
742:
741:Plicatuloidea
739:Superfamily:
738:
734:
730:
727:
723:
722:
721:
718:Superfamily:
717:
716:
715:
707:
699:
688:
684:
681:
677:
676:
675:
672:Superfamily:
671:
670:
669:
661:
653:
643:
639:
637:
633:
632:
631:
628:Superfamily:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
605:
601:
599:
595:
594:
593:
590:Superfamily:
589:
588:
587:
579:
571:
565:
564:
560:
559:
551:2010 Taxonomy
543:
542:
534:
533:
530:
528:
524:
517:
516:
513:
512:
504:
503:
500:
498:
492:
491:
488:
487:
479:
478:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
446:
439:
438:
432:
431:
428:
427:
419:
418:
415:
414:
413:
405:
404:
401:
400:
392:
391:
388:
387:
381:
380:
377:
376:
368:
367:
364:
363:
359:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
343:
337:
336:
330:
329:
323:
322:
316:
315:
309:
308:
303:
302:
296:
295:
288:
287:
283:
281:
266:
264:
258:
256:
252:
251:compound eyes
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
196:lamellibranch
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:Bakevelliidae
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:and probably
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
121:
120:Pteriomorphia
111:Beurlen, 1944
108:
107:Pteriomorphia
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1378:
1352:Newell, 1965
1349:
1344:
1330:
1325:
1311:
1306:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1268:
1254:
1249:
1238:. Retrieved
1227:
1222:52(2): 1-184
1219:
1215:
1210:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1129:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1045:
1041:
1005:
999:
985:
980:
965:Praecardiida
959:Cyrtodontida
944:Pulvinitidae
902:
863:
824:
747:Plicatulidae
713:
667:
642:Philobryidae
604:Cucullaeidae
585:
562:
561:
554:
520:
495:
461:
459:
443:
442:
410:
408:
384:
356:
340:
305:
277:
259:
248:
193:
119:
117:
106:
39:
18:
1403:Wikispecies
1314:Moore, 1952
798:Spondylidae
771:Pectinoidea
680:Gryphaeidae
630:Limopsoidea
463:Aequipecten
445:Flexopecten
386:Chlamydinae
358:Palliolinae
342:Palliolinae
239:rudimentary
189:Lithiotidae
177:Colpomyidae
122:comprise a
1531:Categories
1295:Gray, 1854
1293:Pectinoida
1240:2014-08-19
972:References
924:Pterioidea
870:Mytiloidea
784:Pectinidae
777:Entoliidae
733:Placunidae
720:Anomioidea
674:Ostreoidea
636:Limopsidae
460:(247 mya)
344:(in part)
307:Pectinidae
263:Pectinidae
227:pen shells
203:epibenthic
103:Subclass:
1350:Pterioida
1331:Mytiloida
1274:Ostreoida
1113:1936-6434
1072:220796915
1042:Evolution
937:Pteriidae
930:Malleidae
909:Pinnoidea
876:Mytilidae
756:Dimyoidea
726:Anomiidae
698:Pectinida
687:Ostreidae
616:Noetiidae
409:(70 mya)
280:cladogram
274:Phylogeny
207:substrate
201:, and is
173:Evyanidae
146:Pectinida
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1388:Wikidata
1202:84085349
1064:32716056
942:Family:
935:Family:
928:Family:
915:Pinnidae
913:Family:
887:Pteriida
874:Family:
848:Mytilida
835:Family:
831:Limoidea
796:Family:
789:Family:
782:Family:
775:Family:
762:Dimyidae
760:Family:
745:Family:
731:Family:
724:Family:
685:Family:
678:Family:
652:Ostreida
640:Family:
634:Family:
620:Family:
614:Family:
608:Family:
602:Family:
596:Family:
592:Arcoidea
269:Taxonomy
237:to have
235:bivalvia
223:scallops
209:using a
169:families
158:Pteriida
154:Mytilida
142:Ostreida
134:molluscs
124:subclass
97:Bivalvia
87:Mollusca
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1488:1025543
1449:2575839
1394:Q131403
1312:Limoida
1255:Arcoida
1121:2881223
885:Order:
846:Order:
837:Limidae
807:Order:
696:Order:
650:Order:
598:Arcidae
568:Order:
527:mussels
523:oysters
497:Limidae
231:oysters
219:mussels
162:extinct
131:bivalve
93:Class:
1501:244396
1200:
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809:Limida
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575:": -->
570:Arcida
412:Pecten
255:siphon
241:eyes.
229:, and
215:mantle
211:byssus
187:, and
156:, and
150:Limida
138:Arcida
128:marine
1509:WoRMS
1462:79324
1198:S2CID
1117:S2CID
1068:S2CID
199:gills
166:basal
1475:6545
1470:NCBI
1457:ITIS
1109:ISSN
1060:PMID
1010:ISBN
894:edit
855:edit
816:edit
705:edit
659:edit
577:edit
278:The
118:The
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1444:EoL
1431:AFD
1418:ADW
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