780:
814:
684:
3774:
3451:
3786:
352:
1162:
not make sense unless the appropriate taxonomic level(s) (genus, in this case) is specified. If that level cannot be specified (i.e., if the clade in question is unranked) a more detailed description of the relevant sister groups may be needed. As can be seen, the term is not reflective of ancestral states or proximity to the common ancestor of extant species.
290:", the latter of which may carry false connotations of inferiority or a lack of complexity. The terms ''deep-branching'' or ''early-branching'' are similar in meaning, and equally may misrepresent extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root node as having more ancestral character states.
2111:
Li, H.-T.; Yi, T.-S.; Gao, L.-M.; Ma, P.-F.; Zhang, T.; Yang, J.-B.; Gitzendanner, M.A.; Fritsch, P.W.; Cai, J.; Luo, Y.; Wang, H.; van der Bank, M.; Zhang, S.-D.; Wang, Q.-F.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.-R.; Fu, C.-N.; Yang, J.; Hollingsworth, P.M.; Chase, M.W.; Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S.; Li, D.-Z. (2019).
1299:, the basal position of the Malagasy family suggests, in combination with the fossil record and the next-most-basal placement of the New Zealand family, that the superfamily originated in Africa and then migrated eastward to South America, proliferating there but surviving in the Old World only in
1161:
are both basal within
Hominidae, but given that there are no nonbasal subfamilies in the cladogram it is unlikely the term would be applied to either. In general, a statement to the effect that one group (e.g., orangutans) is basal, or branches off first, within another group (e.g., Hominidae) may
266:
the extant taxa of a given rank within the clade; this is one reason the term basal is highly deceptive, as the lack of additional species in one clade is taken as evidence of morphological affinity with ancestral taxa. Additionally, this qualification does not ensure that the diversity of extinct
117:
itself. In the context of large groups, the term "basal" is often used loosely to refer to positions closer to the root than the majority, and in such cases, expressions like "very basal" can appear. A 'core clade' refers to the grouping that encompasses all constituent clades except for the basal
1186:
Given that the deepest phylogenetic split in a group is likely to have occurred early in its history, identification of the most basal subclade(s) in a widely dispersed taxon or clade can provide valuable insight into its region of origin; however, the lack of additional species in a clade is not
306:
rank). The term may be equivocal in that it also refers to the direction of the root of the tree, which represents a hypothetical ancestor; this consequently may inaccurately imply that the sister group of a more species-rich clade displays ancestral features. An extant basal group may or may not
3248:
Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C.M.; Mikkelsen, T.S.; Karlsson, E.K.; Jaffe, D.B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J.L.; Kulbokas, E.J.; Zody, M.C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R.K.; Ostrander, E.A.; Ponting, C.P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D.R.; Dejong, P.J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.;
311:
of a larger clade to a greater degree than other groups, and is separated from that ancestor by the same amount of time as all other extant groups. However, there are cases where the unusually small size of a sister group does indeed correlate with an unusual number of ancestral traits, as in
3053:
Yonezawa, T.; Segawa, T.; Mori, H.; Campos, P. F.; Hongoh, Y.; Endo, H.; Akiyoshi, A.; Kohno, N.; Nishida, S.; Wu, J.; Jin, H.; Adachi, J.; Kishino, H.; Kurokawa, K.; Nogi, Y.; Tanabe, H.; Mukoyama, H.; Yoshida, K.; Rasoamiaramanana, A.; Yamagishi, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Koike, H.;
39:. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to the root. Note that extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root are not more closely related to the root than any other extant taxa.
1165:
In this example, orangutans differ from the other genera in their Asian range. This fact plus their basal status provides a hint that the most recent common ancestor of extant great apes may have been
Eurasian (see below), a suggestion that is consistent with other evidence. (Of course,
301:
try to avoid its usage because its application to extant groups is unnecessary and misleading. The term is more often applied when one branch (the one deemed "basal") is less diverse than another branch (this being the situation in which one would expect to find a basal taxon of lower
261:
While it is easy to identify a basal clade in such a cladogram, the appropriateness of such an identification is dependent on the accuracy and completeness of the diagram. It is often assumed in this example that the terminal branches of the cladogram depict
1191:
and
Noctilionoidea cases below). As with all other traits, the phylogeographic location of one clade that connects to the root does not provide information about the ancestral state. Examples where such unjustified inferences may have been made include:
1938:
Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008).
1235:(Opluridae) were previously thought to be basal, with an estimated divergence date from the others of ~162 million years, not long before the time of Madagascar's separation from Africa. This suggested that iguanids once had a widespread
1566:
may have similarly traveled overland from South
America to colonize Australia; a fossil ratite is known from Antarctica, and South American rheas are more basal within the group than Australo-Pacific ratites.
2646:
Schulte, J. A.; Valladares, J. P.; Larson, A. (September 2003). "Phylogenetic
Relationships Within Iguanidae Inferred Using Molecular and Morphological Data and a Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards".
1801:
Fernández-Mazuecos, M.; Blanco-Pastor, J.L.; Juan, A.; Carnicero, P.; Forrest, A.; Alarcón, M.; Vargas, P.; Glover, B.J. (2019). "Macroevolutionary dynamics of nectar spurs, a key evolutionary innovation".
1202:
are present in South Africa, Australia, New
Zealand and Chile. The most basal clade is South African; DNA sequence evidence indicates that after their South American ancestors reached South Africa, they
1187:
evidence that it carries the ancestral state for most traits. Most deceptively, people often believe that the direction of migration away from the area of origin can also be inferred (as in the
380:, consisting of the most species, genus, family and order within the group that are sister to all other angiosperms (out of a total of about 250,000 angiosperm species). The traits of
1259:, having only diverged 60 million years ago following a likely rafting event of their own. Due to this, neither of the Old World "iguanids" are thought to represent basal lineages.
2834:; Boundy, J.; Lawson, R. (June 2001). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Asian Coral Snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters".
1554:, with about 120 extant species, suggesting a South American origin for the group. This is consistent with the finding of a fossil from the South American family in Antarctica.
1432:
Greater diversification of a clade may also be associated with colonization of a new land mass, especially if larger or less competitive than the ancestral land mass; see the
1265:
comprise about 16 species in Asia and over 65 species in the
Americas. However, none of the American clades are basal, implying that the group's ancestry was in the Old World.
3136:
Teeling, E. C.; Springer, M.; Madsen, O.; Bates, P.; O'Brien, S.; Murphy, W. (2005-01-28). "A Molecular
Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record".
2609:
Okajima, Y.; Kumazawa, Y. (2009-07-15). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of
Madagascan oplurines".
388:), of any living angiosperm" as well as "simple, separate flower parts of indefinite numbers, and unsealed carpels". However, those traits are a mix of archaic and
1462:
That is, in the diagram below, both basal clades #1 and #2 are more basal than non-basal clade #1, which in turn is more basal than non-basal clades #2 and #3.
2374:
Moya-Sola, S.; Alba, D. M.; Almecija, S.; Casanovas-Vilar, I.; Kohler, M.; De
Esteban-Trivigno, S.; Robles, J. M.; Galindo, J.; Fortuny, J. (2009-06-16).
1316:, suggesting a North American origin of the nearly worldwide group. This is consistent with fossil evidence indicating a North American origin for the
384:
are regarded as providing significant insight into the evolution of flowering plants; for example, it has "the most primitive wood (consisting only of
1272:) in South America. The fact that the monito del monte occupies a basal position (the most basal species, genus, family and order) in the superorder
2187:
RamĂrez-Barahona, S.; Sauquet, H.; MagallĂłn, S. (2020). "The delayed and geographically heterogeneous diversification of flowering plant families".
1498:; i.e., in this case the geographic location of the basal clade is not thought to provide evidence for the locale in which angiosperms originated.
2380:
2993:"First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia"
2727:"Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history"
1423:
is the basal genus of family Hominidae. The two basal clades of the latter both have the highest rank of subfamily, i.e. Homininae and Ponginae.
392:(derived) features that have only been sorted out via comparison with other angiosperms and their positions within the phylogenetic tree (the
2893:"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians"
2517:
42:
While there must always be two or more equally "basal" clades sprouting from the root of every cladogram, those clades may differ widely in
779:
2934:"Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary"
3189:"New Myzopodidae (Chiroptera) from the Late Paleogene of Egypt: Emended Family Diagnosis and Biogeographic Origins of Noctilionoidea"
1276:
is an important clue that its origin was in South America. This conclusion is consistent with the fact that the South American order
3298:
Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard; Taylor, Beryl (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)".
3389:
396:
could potentially also be helpful in this respect, but is absent in this case). The cladogram below is based on RamĂrez-Barahona
274:
cannot be objectively applied to clades of organisms, but tends to be applied selectively and more controversially to groups or
2321:
Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). Penny, David (ed.).
1471:
Since a lineage is a linear chain of descent, all lineages within a clade can be traced back not only to the root, but to the
3336:
1868:
1349:
Meaning the lowest taxonomic ranks of the respective clades; the highest ranks should be the same (assuming they are ranked).
3096:
3584:
1251:
are nested deeply within American iguanids, having apparently colonized their isolated range after an epic 10,000 km
2546:
Kuntner, M.; Ceccarelli, F. S.; Opell, B. D.; Haddad, C. R.; Raven, Robert J.; Soto, E. M.; RamĂrez, M. J. (2016-10-12).
1595:
1198:
2159:
3544:
2027:"The Platypus Is in Its Place: Nuclear Genes and Indels Confirm the Sister Group Relation of Monotremes and Therians"
727:
705:
1941:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary"
1525:, which is presumed to have served as a way station on the migration route to Australia before the final breakup of
698:
130:
A basal group in the stricter sense forms a sister group to the rest of the larger clade, as in the following case:
3624:
1630:
1475:. Thus, from a phylogenetic standpoint, the notion of a lineage being basal is nonsensical. However, in genetics,
318:(see below). This is likely a source of the mis-use of the term. Other famous examples of this phenomenon are the
3629:
3562:
1543:
3790:
3639:
3569:
2863:"New marsupial (Mammalia) from the Eocene of Antarctica, and the origins and affinities of the Microbiotheria"
1495:
1300:
373:
1895:
Jenner, Ronald A (2006). "Unburdening evo-devo: ancestral attractions, model organisms, and basal baloney".
3549:
3456:
3412:
3382:
3249:
Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C.-W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M.J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005).
2548:"Around the World in Eight Million Years: Historical Biogeography and Evolution of the Spray Zone Spider
2286:
87:
2932:
Feng, Y.-J.; Blackburn, D.C.; Liang, D.; Hillis, D.M.; Wake, D.B.; Cannatella, D.C.; Zhang, P. (2017).
1243:, less isolated Old World iguanids became extinct through competition with other lizard groups (e.g.,
3739:
3665:
287:
90:
should not be imputed to the members of a less species-rich basal clade without additional evidence.
3056:"Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites"
1268:
Extant australidelphian marsupials constitute about 240 species in Australasia and one species (the
3360:
1477:
692:
1723:
Heard, S.B.; Hauser, D.L. (1995). "Key evolutionary innovations and their ecological mechanisms".
3619:
3417:
2861:
Goin, F. J.; Zimicz, N.; Reguero, M. A.; Santillana, S. N.; Marenssi, S. A.; Moly, J. J. (2007).
141:
32:
3812:
3778:
3502:
3375:
3095:
Tambussi, C.P.; Noriega, J.I.; Gazdzicki, A.; Tatur, A.; Reguero, M.A.; Vizcaino, S.F. (1994).
2831:
813:
709:
47:
2436:
MaClatchy, L.; Gebo, D.; Kityo, R.; Pilbeam, D. (2000). "Postcranial functional morphology of
3432:
3326:
1856:
1680:
2376:"A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade"
3591:
3497:
3262:
3202:
3145:
3004:
2945:
2563:
2389:
2083:
1759:
1539:
821:
inferred from nuclear DNA sequence data, showing the basal position of the Malagasy family
768:
has been termed the basal genus. However, if the analysis is not restricted to genera, the
356:
308:
8:
3634:
3516:
2522:
275:
3266:
3206:
3149:
3008:
2949:
2567:
2393:
2087:
1763:
1255:. However, a 2022 study found oplurids to be closely allied with the American iguanians
3557:
3511:
3427:
3356:
3225:
3188:
3169:
3027:
2992:
2968:
2933:
2843:
2813:
2776:"Dispersal, not vicariance, explains the biogeographic origin of iguanas on Madagascar"
2751:
2726:
2707:
2664:
2586:
2547:
2412:
2375:
2351:
2322:
2212:
2137:
2007:
1967:
1940:
1920:
1837:
1783:
1705:
1657:
3485:
3332:
3280:
3230:
3161:
3077:
3032:
2973:
2914:
2862:
2817:
2805:
2797:
2756:
2628:
2591:
2498:
2457:
2417:
2356:
2262:
2216:
2204:
2141:
2129:
2048:
1972:
1912:
1874:
1864:
1829:
1775:
1697:
1649:
1644:
1625:
1284:; i.e., extant marsupials as a whole also appear to have originated in South America.
1204:
784:
377:
3173:
2668:
1924:
1841:
1709:
1678:
Krell, Frank-T; Cranston, Peter S. (2004). "Which side of the tree is more basal?".
1661:
3574:
3528:
3307:
3270:
3251:"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog"
3220:
3210:
3153:
3067:
3022:
3012:
2963:
2953:
2904:
2787:
2746:
2738:
2699:
2656:
2620:
2581:
2571:
2488:
2477:"Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in Hominoidea"
2449:
2407:
2397:
2346:
2336:
2298:
2252:
2196:
2121:
2091:
2038:
1999:
1962:
1952:
1904:
1819:
1811:
1787:
1767:
1732:
1689:
1639:
1399:
1269:
662:
472:
279:
3675:
3215:
3111:
2576:
2341:
1547:
1370:
1325:
1277:
1273:
1239:
distribution; after the Malagasy and New World representatives were separated by
1207:
all the way back to South America over an interval of about 8 million years.
967:
947:
806:
792:
582:
365:
3097:"Ratite bird from the Paleogene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica"
2909:
2892:
2792:
2775:
1472:
1377:). Meanwhile, the other (unranked) sister basal clade has about 250,000 species.
1008:
are a sister group to Homininae and are the basal genus in the great ape family
3649:
3017:
2624:
2611:
2303:
1693:
1551:
1522:
1512:
1453:, but its specializations for a bamboo diet are not ancestral ursid characters.
1288:
818:
79:
43:
3072:
3055:
2200:
2125:
1908:
1736:
3806:
3644:
3614:
3521:
3398:
2801:
1878:
1252:
525:
393:
369:
283:
119:
20:
3157:
2958:
2402:
2043:
1957:
1800:
330:, a clade of mammals with just five species, and the archaic anatomy of the
3749:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3670:
3478:
3473:
3357:"Interpreting the Tree Diagram or List of Subgroups on a Tree of Life Page"
3284:
3234:
3165:
3081:
3036:
2977:
2918:
2809:
2760:
2742:
2632:
2595:
2502:
2461:
2453:
2421:
2360:
2327:
2266:
2257:
2240:
2208:
2133:
2052:
1976:
1916:
1833:
1779:
1750:
Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2004). "New light shed on the oldest insect".
1701:
1653:
1516:
1374:
1321:
1292:
1256:
1248:
426:
335:
106:
83:
2323:"Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions"
3744:
3437:
2287:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
1446:
1296:
1281:
1262:
822:
796:
449:
412:
298:
82:' implies some degree of correlation between evolutionary innovation and
3275:
3250:
1990:
McLellan, Bruce; Reiner, David C. (1994). "A Review of Bear Evolution".
1771:
86:. However, such a correlation does not make a given case predicable, so
3422:
2847:
2711:
2493:
2476:
2096:
2067:
2011:
1824:
1481:
refers to a lineage connecting a common ancestor with a single variant
1240:
1220:
1215:
1167:
1091:
902:
801:
788:
749:
389:
278:
thought to possess ancestral characters, or to such presumed ancestral
2731:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2066:
Herrera-Flores, J. A.; Stubbs, T. L.; Benton, M. J.; Ruta, M. (2017).
1937:
1815:
3759:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3608:
3490:
3311:
1538:
Similarly, among australobatrachian frogs, the South American family
1449:
represents the most basal extant species, genus and subfamily within
1395:
1236:
1232:
1039:
1020:
1009:
1005:
834:
761:
741:
502:
327:
323:
319:
314:
36:
2703:
2373:
2003:
1170:
are entirely Asiatic.) However, orangutans also differ from African
3193:
1526:
1175:
1158:
1032:
385:
2660:
118:
clade(s) of the lowest rank within a larger clade, exemplified by
3247:
2440:, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotion".
2284:
1450:
1366:
1329:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1210:
1178:
lifestyle, a trait generally viewed as ancestral among the apes.
1120:
745:
598:
541:
331:
3367:
2725:
Keogh, J. S.; Edwards, D. L; Fisher, R. N; Harlow, P. S (2008).
2068:"Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (
1677:
1546:
as the monito del monte), is basal to the Australasian families
825:. Locations with only fossil members are indicated by red stars.
3450:
3054:
Akishinonomiya, F.; Willerslev, E.; Hasegawa, M. (2016-12-15).
2518:"Seafaring Spiders Made It around the World—in 8 Million Years"
2186:
2026:
1563:
1508:
1482:
1244:
882:
753:
3187:
Gunnell, G. F.; Simmons, N. B.; Seiffert, E. R. (2014-02-04).
2065:
817:
Relationship of biogeography and phylogeny of bat superfamily
3579:
3507:
3094:
2320:
2241:"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"
1391:
1228:
855:
757:
400:(2020), with species counts taken from the source indicated.
351:
71:
2545:
2112:"Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap".
1623:
1394:
and the other basal clade(s) might have the higher ranks of
2860:
1224:
3135:
2774:
Welt, Rachel S.; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2022-02-01).
2435:
1320:
as a whole (the other two canid subfamilies, the extinct
1171:
3052:
2931:
2724:
2686:(Iguanidae) including the Description of a New Species,
2280:
2278:
2276:
1507:
These conclusions have been supported by the finding of
122:. No extant taxon is closer to the root than any other.
2645:
1722:
1626:"Do early branching lineages signify ancestral traits?"
1596:"For the love of trees: The ancestors are not among us"
1433:
3186:
1794:
282:
themselves. In describing characters, "ancestral" or "
3328:
Dogs, Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History
2830:
2682:
Gibbons, J. R. H. (1981-07-31). "The Biogeography of
2273:
1181:
3446:
2180:
1434:
coral snake, marsupial and noctilionoid bat examples
58:
that has the lowest rank of all basal clades within
2990:
1369:(that is also the sole living representative of an
3300:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1485:to a branch ancestor with two descendant variants.
3297:
2238:
1419:is the basal genus of subfamily Homininae, while
760:. These five species form a clade, the subfamily
267:taxa (which may be poorly known) is represented.
3804:
3241:
2239:Palmer, J.D.; Soltis, D.E.; Chase, M.W. (2004).
791:data shows the basal position of South American
3048:
3046:
2938:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2608:
1328:, the latter being basal in Canidae, were both
2541:
2539:
2474:
2316:
2314:
1989:
1365:, in which one basal clade is a single extant
1219:) are distributed throughout the Americas, on
3383:
3331:. Columbia University Press. pp. 23–31.
2824:
2773:
2429:
2367:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
1890:
1888:
1749:
3088:
3043:
2991:Mörs, T.; Reguero, M.; Vasilyan, D. (2020).
2867:Revista de la AsociaciĂłn GeolĂłgica Argentina
2285:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
2153:
2151:
1542:, with 5 extant species (living in the same
748:(eastern and western) are a sister group to
3324:
3180:
3129:
2639:
2602:
2536:
2311:
1854:
799:, and the basal position of South American
3390:
3376:
2890:
2475:Thorpe, S. K. S.; Crompton, R. H. (2006).
2468:
2223:
2059:
2024:
2018:
1931:
1885:
1863:. Princeton University Press. p. 57.
3274:
3224:
3214:
3071:
3026:
3016:
2967:
2957:
2908:
2884:
2791:
2750:
2718:
2585:
2575:
2509:
2492:
2481:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2411:
2401:
2350:
2340:
2302:
2256:
2148:
2110:
2095:
2042:
1966:
1956:
1823:
1643:
728:Learn how and when to remove this message
3318:
3291:
2984:
2925:
1848:
1743:
1716:
1312:(gray and island foxes) is basal in the
1291:has over 200 species in the Neotropics,
812:
778:
691:This section includes a list of general
350:
2681:
2675:
1857:"Phylogenetics and the History of Life"
1624:Crisp, Michael D.; Cook, Lyn G (2005).
3805:
2104:
1894:
3371:
2897:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2780:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2515:
2157:
1593:
1359:
293:Despite the ubiquity of the usage of
198: Non-basal clade #2
3785:
2854:
1673:
1671:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
677:
1992:Bears: Their Biology and Management
346:
13:
1231:in the western South Pacific. The
1182:Relevance to biogeographic history
697:it lacks sufficient corresponding
376:in the southwestern Pacific, is a
360:, the most basal extant angiosperm
14:
3824:
3397:
3349:
2891:Pyron, R.A.; Wiens, J.J. (2011).
1668:
1631:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1612:
1580:
378:basal clade of extant angiosperms
3784:
3773:
3772:
3625:Phylogenetic comparative methods
3449:
3325:Wang, X.; Tedford, R.H. (2008).
1861:The Princeton Guide to Evolution
1645:10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00262.x
682:
3630:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
2767:
2031:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1983:
1897:Development Genes and Evolution
1855:Baum, D. A. (4 November 2013).
1557:
1532:
1501:
1488:
1465:
1456:
1439:
1426:
1412:
286:" are preferred to "basal" or "
2189:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1405:
1380:
1352:
1343:
805:within otherwise Australasian
1:
1573:
1494:New Caledonia is viewed as a
673:
322:reproduction and nipple-less
3216:10.1371/journal.pone.0086712
3110:(1–2): 15–20. Archived from
2577:10.1371/journal.pone.0163740
2342:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436
1594:Smith, Stacey (2016-09-19).
7:
3550:Phylogenetic reconciliation
3457:Evolutionary biology portal
3413:Computational phylogenetics
2910:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
2793:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107345
2160:"What's so primitive about
2158:Essig, F. B. (2014-07-01).
1280:is basal within infraclass
787:of marsupials derived from
402:
341:
270:In phylogenetics, the term
132:
16:Root of a phylogenetic tree
10:
3829:
3018:10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5
2625:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011
2442:Journal of Human Evolution
2304:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
2245:American Journal of Botany
1694:10.1016/j.tree.2004.11.010
1287:While the bat superfamily
1157:Subfamilies Homininae and
3768:
3740:Phylogenetic nomenclature
3732:
3706:
3658:
3600:
3537:
3466:
3444:
3405:
3073:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029
2201:10.1038/s41559-020-1241-3
2126:10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0
2025:Van Rheede, Teun (2005).
1909:10.1007/s00427-006-0084-5
1737:10.1080/10292389509380518
1118:
1089:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1037:
1025:
965:
945:
938:
900:
880:
873:
853:
846:
839:
764:(African apes), of which
596:
580:
573:
539:
523:
516:
500:
493:
486:
470:
463:
447:
440:
424:
417:
211: Non-basal clade #3
209:
196:
189:
178: Non-basal clade #1
176:
169:
153:
146:
97:is more basal than clade
3361:Tree of Life Web Project
2552:(Araneae: Anyphaenidae)"
2516:Kukso, F. (2016-11-08).
1945:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1336:
1249:western Pacific iguanids
601:(about 175,000 species)
125:
54:is a basal clade within
33:rooted phylogenetic tree
27:is the direction of the
3620:Molecular phylogenetics
3570:Distance-matrix methods
3418:Molecular phylogenetics
3158:10.1126/science.1105113
2959:10.1073/pnas.1704632114
2403:10.1073/pnas.0811730106
1958:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220
712:more precise citations.
544:(about 70,000 species)
338:with a single species.
3640:Phylogenetics software
3554:Probabilistic methods
3503:Long branch attraction
2743:10.1098/rstb.2008.0120
2692:Journal of Herpetology
2454:10.1006/jhev.2000.0407
2438:Morotopithecus bishopi
2258:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
1511:fossil remains of the
1056: Homininae
826:
810:
505:(about 9,000 species)
361:
3433:Evolutionary taxonomy
3104:Polish Polar Research
2044:10.1093/molbev/msj064
1681:Systematic Entomology
1600:For the love of trees
1196:Spiders of the genus
1174:in their more highly
816:
782:
776:clade is also basal.
354:
105:is a subgroup of the
3592:Three-taxon analysis
3498:Phylogenetic network
1540:Calyptocephalellidae
382:Amborella trichopoda
357:Amborella trichopoda
309:last common ancestor
88:ancestral characters
78:. The concept of a '
74:of that rank within
66:may be described as
3635:Phylogenetic signal
3276:10.1038/nature04338
3267:2005Natur.438..803L
3207:2014PLoSO...986712G
3150:2005Sci...307..580T
3009:2020NatSR..10.5051M
2950:2017PNAS..114E5864F
2944:(29): E5864–E5870.
2737:(1508): 3413–3426.
2568:2016PLoSO..1163740C
2523:Scientific American
2394:2009PNAS..106.9601M
2088:2017Palgy..60..319H
2072:) a living fossil?"
2070:Sphenodon punctatus
1772:10.1038/nature02291
1764:2004Natur.427..627E
528:(about 80 species)
475:(about 95 species)
452:(about 90 species)
334:, a basal clade of
3563:Bayesian inference
3558:Maximum likelihood
2997:Scientific Reports
2494:10.1002/ajpa.20422
2097:10.1111/pala.12284
1725:Historical Biology
1413:great apes example
1332:to North America).
1293:two in New Zealand
1205:dispersed eastward
827:
811:
585:(about 6 species)
362:
93:In general, clade
3800:
3799:
3545:Maximum parsimony
3538:Inference methods
3486:Phylogenetic tree
3338:978-0-231-13528-3
3261:(7069): 803–819.
3144:(5709): 580–584.
2388:(24): 9601–9606.
2251:(10): 1437–1445.
1870:978-1-4008-4806-5
1816:10.1111/nph.15654
1758:(6975): 627–630.
1445:For example, the
1297:two in Madagascar
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1107:
1106:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
927:
926:
918:
917:
785:phylogenetic tree
738:
737:
730:
671:
670:
663:Basal angiosperms
655:
654:
646:
645:
637:
636:
628:
627:
619:
618:
610:
609:
562:
561:
553:
552:
259:
258:
247:
246:
238:
237:
229:
228:
220:
219:
48:species diversity
3820:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3575:Neighbor-joining
3529:Ghost population
3459:
3454:
3453:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3343:
3342:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3020:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2832:Slowinski, J. B.
2828:
2822:
2821:
2795:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2562:(10): e0163740.
2543:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2236:
2221:
2220:
2195:(9): 1232–1238.
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2168:Botany Professor
2155:
2146:
2145:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1903:(7–8): 385–394.
1892:
1883:
1882:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1810:(2): 1123–1138.
1798:
1792:
1791:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1544:Valdivian forest
1536:
1530:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1384:
1378:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1314:canine subfamily
1270:monito del monte
1247:). In contrast,
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1015:
968:Western gorillas
952:Gorilla beringei
948:Eastern gorillas
941:
940:
876:
875:
849:
848:
842:
841:
830:
829:
733:
726:
722:
719:
713:
708:this section by
699:inline citations
686:
685:
678:
576:
575:
519:
518:
496:
495:
489:
488:
473:Austrobaileyales
466:
465:
443:
442:
420:
419:
408:
407:
403:
372:, restricted to
347:Flowering plants
192:
191:
172:
171:
158:
149:
148:
138:
137:
133:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3764:
3728:
3702:
3676:Symplesiomorphy
3654:
3596:
3533:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3406:Relevant fields
3401:
3396:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3323:
3319:
3296:
3292:
3246:
3242:
3185:
3181:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3060:Current Biology
3051:
3044:
2989:
2985:
2930:
2926:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2859:
2855:
2829:
2825:
2772:
2768:
2723:
2719:
2704:10.2307/1563429
2680:
2676:
2644:
2640:
2607:
2603:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2473:
2469:
2434:
2430:
2372:
2368:
2335:(7): e1000436.
2319:
2312:
2283:
2274:
2237:
2224:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2156:
2149:
2109:
2105:
2064:
2060:
2023:
2019:
2004:10.2307/3872687
1988:
1984:
1936:
1932:
1893:
1886:
1871:
1853:
1849:
1804:New Phytologist
1799:
1795:
1748:
1744:
1721:
1717:
1676:
1669:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1548:Limnodynastidae
1537:
1533:
1513:microbiotherian
1506:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1410:
1406:
1385:
1381:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1326:Hesperocyoninae
1278:Didelphimorphia
1274:Australidelphia
1184:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1108:
1002:
993:
984:
972:Gorilla gorilla
928:
919:
907:Pan troglodytes
807:Australidelphia
793:Didelphimorphia
734:
723:
717:
714:
704:Please help to
703:
687:
683:
676:
667:
666:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
583:Ceratophyllales
563:
554:
366:flowering plant
349:
344:
255:
254:
248:
239:
230:
221:
156:
128:
84:diversification
31:(or root) of a
17:
12:
11:
5:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:Phylogeography
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3601:Current topics
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3467:Basic concepts
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3351:
3350:External links
3348:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3317:
3290:
3240:
3179:
3128:
3087:
3042:
2983:
2924:
2903:(2): 543–583.
2883:
2853:
2842:(2): 233–245.
2823:
2766:
2717:
2698:(3): 255–273.
2690:, from Fiji".
2674:
2655:(3): 399–419.
2638:
2619:(1–2): 28–35.
2601:
2535:
2508:
2487:(3): 384–401.
2467:
2448:(2): 159–183.
2428:
2366:
2310:
2297:(3): 201–217.
2272:
2222:
2179:
2147:
2120:(5): 461–470.
2103:
2082:(3): 319–328.
2058:
2037:(3): 587–597.
2017:
1982:
1930:
1884:
1869:
1847:
1793:
1742:
1731:(2): 151–173.
1715:
1688:(3): 279–281.
1667:
1638:(3): 122–128.
1611:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1552:Myobatrachidae
1531:
1500:
1487:
1473:origin of life
1464:
1455:
1438:
1425:
1404:
1379:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1304:
1289:Noctilionoidea
1285:
1266:
1260:
1233:Malagasy forms
1208:
1183:
1180:
1152:
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838:
828:
819:Noctilionoidea
736:
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348:
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343:
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257:
256:
253:Basal clade #2
252:
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161:
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157:Basal clade #1
152:
147:
145:
136:
127:
124:
80:key innovation
50:, or both. If
44:taxonomic rank
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3825:
3814:
3813:Phylogenetics
3811:
3810:
3808:
3793:
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3783:
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3717:
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3712:
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3697:
3694:
3692:
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3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
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3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Phylogenomics
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:DNA barcoding
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:Least squares
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:Ghost lineage
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
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3399:Phylogenetics
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3256:
3252:
3244:
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3208:
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3201:(2): e86712.
3200:
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3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
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3147:
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3139:
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3117:on 2019-12-28
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2836:Herpetologica
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2661:10.1655/02-48
2658:
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2649:Herpetologica
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2593:
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2550:Amaurobioides
2542:
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2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Nature Plants
2107:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:Palaeontology
2073:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
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1986:
1978:
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1497:
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1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:basal lineage
1474:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1393:
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1386:For example,
1383:
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1323:
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1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:rafting event
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:Amaurobioides
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:Amaurobioides
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
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1160:
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1128:
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732:
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721:
718:November 2021
711:
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532:
529:
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526:Chloranthales
521:
520:
514:
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414:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
399:
395:
394:fossil record
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:New Caledonia
371:
370:Amborellaceae
367:
359:
358:
353:
339:
337:
336:lepidosaurian
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:
310:
307:resemble the
305:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:plesiomorphic
281:
277:
273:
268:
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250:
243:
242:
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159:
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143:
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123:
121:
120:core eudicots
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:phylogenetics
3789:
3777:
3754:
3750:Sister group
3733:Nomenclature
3696:Autapomorphy
3691:Synapomorphy
3671:Plesiomorphy
3659:Group traits
3607:
3479:Cladogenesis
3474:Phylogenesis
3327:
3320:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3258:
3254:
3243:
3198:
3192:
3182:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3107:
3103:
3090:
3066:(1): 68–77.
3063:
3059:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2875:. Retrieved
2873:(4): 597–603
2870:
2866:
2856:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2695:
2691:
2688:B. vitiensis
2687:
2684:Brachylophus
2683:
2677:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2527:. Retrieved
2521:
2511:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2332:
2328:PLOS Biology
2326:
2294:
2290:
2248:
2244:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:
2161:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1998:(1): 85–96.
1995:
1991:
1985:
1951:(220): 220.
1948:
1944:
1933:
1900:
1896:
1860:
1850:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1685:
1679:
1635:
1629:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1559:
1534:
1517:Woodburnodon
1515:
1503:
1490:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1441:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1387:
1382:
1375:Amborellales
1360:
1354:
1345:
1322:Borophaginae
1318:canid family
1307:
1263:Coral snakes
1257:Leiosauridae
1214:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1164:
1156:
1124:
1119:
1095:
1090:
1076:Homo sapiens
1075:
1073:
1043:
1038:
1012:as a whole.
1003:
971:
966:
951:
946:
906:
901:
887:Pan paniscus
886:
881:
860:Homo sapiens
859:
854:
800:
773:
769:
765:
739:
724:
715:
696:
597:
581:
540:
524:
501:
471:
448:
429:(1 species)
427:Amborellales
425:
397:
381:
363:
355:
313:
303:
299:systematists
294:
292:
271:
269:
263:
260:
210:
197:
177:
154:
129:
114:
110:
107:sister group
102:
98:
94:
92:
75:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
41:
28:
24:
18:
3745:Crown group
3707:Group types
3438:Systematics
3121:28 December
3003:(1): 5051.
1825:10045/89954
1447:giant panda
1390:might be a
1282:Marsupialia
1168:lesser apes
1092:Chimpanzees
903:Chimpanzees
823:Myzopodidae
797:Marsupialia
750:chimpanzees
740:Within the
710:introducing
450:Nymphaeales
413:Angiosperms
3423:Cladistics
2877:2016-07-17
2786:: 107345.
2529:2016-11-10
2173:2014-10-04
1605:2022-03-07
1574:References
1523:Antarctica
1306:The genus
1241:vicariance
1221:Madagascar
1216:sensu lato
1040:Orangutans
1006:orangutans
1004:Moreover,
802:Dromiciops
789:retroposon
742:great apes
693:references
674:Great apes
503:Magnoliids
390:apomorphic
328:monotremes
3760:Supertree
3724:Polyphyly
3719:Paraphyly
3714:Monophyly
3686:Apomorphy
3666:Primitive
3609:PhyloCode
3491:Cladogram
3312:2246/1588
2818:243821392
2802:1055-7903
2291:Phytotaxa
2217:220375828
2162:Amborella
2142:146118264
1879:861200134
1396:subfamily
1361:Amborella
1237:Gondwanan
1223:, and on
1213:lizards (
1021:Hominidae
1010:Hominidae
835:Homininae
762:Homininae
386:tracheids
324:lactation
320:oviparous
315:Amborella
288:primitive
37:cladogram
3807:Category
3779:Category
3682:Derived
3428:Taxonomy
3285:16341006
3235:24504061
3194:PLoS ONE
3174:25912333
3166:15681385
3082:27989673
3037:32327670
2978:28673970
2919:21723399
2810:34748875
2761:18782726
2669:56054202
2633:18598742
2596:27732621
2556:PLOS ONE
2503:16617429
2462:10968927
2422:19487676
2361:20668664
2267:21652302
2209:32632260
2134:31061536
2053:16291999
1977:18662376
1925:23140594
1917:16733736
1842:58567195
1834:30570752
1780:14961119
1710:12285373
1702:16701355
1662:82371239
1654:16701355
1527:Gondwana
1496:refugium
1358:See the
1176:arboreal
1159:Ponginae
1121:Gorillas
1074:Humans (
1033:Ponginae
746:gorillas
599:Eudicots
542:Monocots
342:Examples
276:lineages
3791:Commons
3517:Lineage
3263:Bibcode
3226:3913578
3203:Bibcode
3146:Bibcode
3138:Science
3028:7181706
3005:Bibcode
2969:5530686
2946:Bibcode
2848:3893186
2752:2607380
2712:1563429
2587:5061358
2564:Bibcode
2413:2701031
2390:Bibcode
2352:2910653
2084:Bibcode
2012:3872687
1968:2518930
1788:4431205
1760:Bibcode
1564:Ratites
1451:Ursidae
1417:Gorilla
1411:In the
1367:species
1363:example
1330:endemic
1309:Urocyon
1301:refugia
1245:agamids
1211:Iguanid
1125:Gorilla
1035:
1023:
883:Bonobos
837:
795:within
766:Gorilla
754:bonobos
706:improve
661: '
415:
368:family
332:tuatara
304:minimum
144:
3335:
3283:
3255:Nature
3233:
3223:
3172:
3164:
3080:
3035:
3025:
2976:
2966:
2917:
2846:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2759:
2749:
2710:
2667:
2631:
2594:
2584:
2501:
2460:
2420:
2410:
2359:
2349:
2265:
2215:
2207:
2140:
2132:
2051:
2010:
1975:
1965:
1923:
1915:
1877:
1867:
1840:
1832:
1786:
1778:
1752:Nature
1708:
1700:
1660:
1652:
1509:Eocene
1483:allele
1400:family
1295:, and
1127:spp.)
1098:spp.)
1046:spp.)
1031:
1019:
856:Humans
833:
758:humans
695:, but
411:
398:et al.
280:traits
155:
113:or of
70:basal
3755:Basal
3580:UPGMA
3512:Grade
3508:Clade
3170:S2CID
3115:(PDF)
3100:(PDF)
2844:JSTOR
2814:S2CID
2708:JSTOR
2665:S2CID
2213:S2CID
2138:S2CID
2008:JSTOR
1921:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1784:S2CID
1706:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1519:casei
1421:Pongo
1392:genus
1371:order
1337:Notes
1324:and
1229:Tonga
1044:Pongo
772:plus
295:basal
272:basal
126:Usage
72:taxon
25:basal
3333:ISBN
3281:PMID
3231:PMID
3162:PMID
3123:2019
3078:PMID
3033:PMID
2974:PMID
2915:PMID
2806:PMID
2798:ISSN
2757:PMID
2629:PMID
2612:Gene
2592:PMID
2499:PMID
2458:PMID
2418:PMID
2381:PNAS
2357:PMID
2263:PMID
2205:PMID
2130:PMID
2049:PMID
1973:PMID
1913:PMID
1875:OCLC
1865:ISBN
1830:PMID
1776:PMID
1698:PMID
1650:PMID
1550:and
1227:and
1225:Fiji
1172:apes
783:The
770:Homo
756:and
364:The
142:Root
29:base
3510:vs
3308:hdl
3304:243
3271:doi
3259:438
3221:PMC
3211:doi
3154:doi
3142:307
3068:doi
3023:PMC
3013:doi
2964:PMC
2954:doi
2942:114
2905:doi
2788:doi
2784:167
2747:PMC
2739:doi
2735:363
2700:doi
2657:doi
2621:doi
2617:441
2582:PMC
2572:doi
2489:doi
2485:131
2450:doi
2408:PMC
2398:doi
2386:106
2347:PMC
2337:doi
2299:doi
2295:261
2253:doi
2197:doi
2122:doi
2092:doi
2039:doi
2000:doi
1963:PMC
1953:doi
1905:doi
1901:216
1820:hdl
1812:doi
1808:222
1768:doi
1756:427
1733:doi
1690:doi
1640:doi
1521:in
1398:or
1096:Pan
774:Pan
326:of
264:all
109:of
101:if
68:the
35:or
19:In
3809::
3359:.
3306:.
3302:.
3279:.
3269:.
3257:.
3253:.
3229:.
3219:.
3209:.
3197:.
3191:.
3168:.
3160:.
3152:.
3140:.
3108:15
3106:.
3102:.
3076:.
3064:27
3062:.
3058:.
3045:^
3031:.
3021:.
3011:.
3001:10
2999:.
2995:.
2972:.
2962:.
2952:.
2940:.
2936:.
2913:.
2901:61
2899:.
2895:.
2871:62
2869:.
2865:.
2840:57
2838:.
2812:.
2804:.
2796:.
2782:.
2778:.
2755:.
2745:.
2733:.
2729:.
2706:.
2696:15
2694:.
2663:.
2653:59
2651:.
2627:.
2615:.
2590:.
2580:.
2570:.
2560:11
2558:.
2554:.
2538:^
2520:.
2497:.
2483:.
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