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The meeting ended with Hitler refusing to make any concessions to the Allies' demands. Later that evening, Hitler grew worried that he had gone too far in pressuring
Chamberlain, and telephoned Chamberlain's hotel suite, saying that he would accept annexing only the Sudetenland, with no designs on other territories, provided that Czechoslovakia begin the evacuation of ethnic Czechs from the German majority territories by 26 September at 8:00am. After being pressed by Chamberlain, Hitler agreed to have the ultimatum set for 1 October (the same date that Operation Green was set to begin). Hitler then said to Chamberlain that this was one concession that he was willing to make to the Prime Minister as a "gift" out of respect for the fact that Chamberlain had been willing to back down somewhat on his earlier position. Hitler went on to say that upon annexing the Sudetenland, Germany would hold no further territorial claims upon Czechoslovakia and would enter into a collective agreement to guarantee the borders of Germany and Czechoslovakia.
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by telephoning Italy's ambassador to
Germany and told him "Go to the Fuhrer at once, and tell him that whatever happens, I will be at his side, but that I request a twenty-four-hour delay before hostilities begin. In the meantime, I will study what can be done to solve the problem." Hitler received Mussolini's message while in discussions with the French ambassador. Hitler responded "My good friend, Benito Mussolini, has asked me to delay for twenty-four hours the marching orders of the German army, and I agreed." Of course, this was no concession, as the invasion date was set for 1 October 1938. Upon speaking with Chamberlain, Lord Perth gave Chamberlain's thanks to Mussolini as well as Chamberlain's request that Mussolini attend a four-power conference of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy in Munich on 29 September to settle the Sudeten problem prior to the deadline of 2:00 pm. Mussolini agreed. Hitler's only request was to make sure that Mussolini be involved in the negotiations at the conference.
1887:" and Germans giving Chamberlain flowers and gifts. Chamberlain had calculated that fully accepting German annexation of all of the Sudetenland with no reductions would force Hitler to accept the agreement. Upon being told of this, Hitler responded "Does this mean that the Allies have agreed with Prague's approval to the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany?", Chamberlain responded "Precisely", to which Hitler responded by shaking his head, saying that the Allied offer was insufficient. He told Chamberlain that he wanted Czechoslovakia to be completely dissolved and its territories redistributed to Germany, Poland, and Hungary, and told Chamberlain to take it or leave it. Chamberlain was shaken by this statement. Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last meeting on the 15th, Czechoslovakia's actions, which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans, had made the situation unbearable for Germany.
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definice agrese Společnosti národů, která byla převzata do londýnské Úmluvy o agresi (CONVENITION DE DEFINITION DE L'AGRESSION), uzavřené dne 4. 7. 1933 Československem, dle které není třeba válku vyhlašovat (čl. II bod 2) a dle které je třeba za útočníka považovat ten stát, který první poskytne podporu ozbrojeným tlupám, jež se utvoří na jeho území a jež vpadnou na území druhého státu (čl. II bod 5). V souladu s nótou londýnské vlády ze dne 22. 2. 1944, navazující na prohlášení prezidenta republiky ze dne 16. 12. 1941 dle § 64 odst. 1 bod 3 tehdejší Ústavy, a v souladu s citovaným čl. II bod 5 má Ústavní soud za to, že dnem, kdy nastal stav války, a to s Německem, je den 17. 9. 1938, neboť tento den na pokyn
Hitlera došlo k utvoření "Sudetoněmeckého svobodného sboru" (Freikorps) z uprchnuvších vůdců Henleinovy strany a několik málo hodin poté už tito vpadli na československé území ozbrojeni německými zbraněmi.
1773:. Henlein flew to Germany on the same day. That day, Hitler and Chamberlain held discussions in which Hitler insisted that the Sudeten Germans must be allowed to exercise the right of national self-determination and be able to join Sudetenland with Germany. Hitler repeatedly falsely claimed that the Czechoslovak government had killed 300 Sudeten Germans. Hitler also expressed concern to Chamberlain about what he perceived as British "threats." Chamberlain responded that he had not issued "threats" and in frustration asked Hitler "Why did I come over here to waste my time?" Hitler responded that if Chamberlain was willing to accept the self-determination of the Sudeten Germans, he would be willing to discuss the matter. Hitler also convinced Chamberlain that he did not truly wish to destroy Czechoslovakia, but that he believed that upon a German annexation of the Sudetenland the country's
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2301:(Berlin's Police Chief) to arrest Hitler the moment he gave the invasion order. This plan would only work if Britain issued a strong warning and a letter to the effect that they would fight to preserve Czechoslovakia. This would help to convince the German people that certain defeat awaited Germany. Agents were therefore sent to England to tell Chamberlain that an attack on Czechoslovakia was planned, and of their intention to overthrow Hitler if this occurred. The proposal was rejected by the British Cabinet and no such letter was issued. Accordingly, the proposed removal of Hitler did not go ahead. On this basis it has been argued that the Munich Agreement kept Hitler in power—Halder remained bitter about Chamberlain's refusal for decades after the war—although whether the attempted removal would have been any more successful than the
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2390:. When Germany has obtained the oil and wheat it needs, she will turn on the West. Certainly we must multiply our efforts to avoid war. But that will not be obtained unless Great Britain and France stick together, intervening in Prague for new concessions but declaring at the same time that they will safeguard the independence of Czechoslovakia. If, on the contrary, the Western Powers capitulate again they will only precipitate the war they wish to avoid." Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of French military leaders and civilian officials regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation, and still traumatized by France's bloodbath in World War I, which he had personally witnessed, Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way. On his return to Paris, Daladier, who had expected a hostile crowd, was acclaimed.
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was not prepared to go to war over
Sudetenland. In August, the German press was full of stories alleging Czechoslovak atrocities against Sudeten Germans, with the intention of forcing the West into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions. Hitler hoped that the Czechoslovaks would refuse and that the West would then feel morally justified in leaving the Czechoslovaks to their fate. In August, Germany sent 750,000 soldiers along the border of Czechoslovakia, officially as part of army maneuvres. On 4 or 5 September, Beneš submitted the Fourth Plan, granting nearly all the demands of the agreement. The Sudeten Germans were under instruction from Hitler to avoid a compromise, and the SdP held demonstrations that provoked a police action in
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1596:, the Soviet ambassador to France, "Not only can we not count on Polish support but we have no faith that Poland will not strike us in the back." However, the Polish government indicated multiple times (in March 1936 and May, June and August 1938) that it was prepared to fight Germany if the French decided to help Czechoslovakia: "Beck's proposal to Bonnet, his statements to Ambassador Drexel Biddle, and the statement noted by Vansittart, show that the Polish foreign minister was, indeed, prepared to carry out a radical change of policy if the Western powers decided on war with Germany. However, these proposals and statements did not elicit any reaction from British and French governments that were bent on averting war by appeasing Germany."
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did not leave. He alleged that Beneš's government was persecuting
Germans along with Hungarians, Poles, and Slovaks and accused Beneš of threatening the nationalities with being branded traitors if they were not loyal to the country. He stated that he, as the head of state of Germany, would support the right of the self-determination of fellow Germans in the Sudetenland. He condemned Beneš for his government's recent execution of several German protesters. He accused Beneš of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which, if war broke out, would result in Beneš forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany. Hitler accused the government of Czechoslovakia of being a
1921:, which demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany no later than 28 September, with plebiscites to be held in unspecified areas under the supervision of German and Czechoslovak forces. The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2 pm on 28 September, Germany would take the Sudetenland by force. On the same day, Chamberlain returned to Britain and announced that Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland without delay. The announcement enraged those in Britain and France who wanted to confront Hitler once and for all, even if it meant war, and its supporters gained strength. The Czechoslovak Ambassador to the United Kingdom,
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without a war, the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road... we have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged, and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the
Western democracies: "Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting." And do not suppose that this is the end. This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.
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importance of the occupation for strengthening of German military and noted that by occupying
Czechoslovakia, Germany gained 2,175 field guns and cannons, 469 tanks, 500 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, 43,000 machine guns, 1,090,000 military rifles, 114,000 pistols, about a billion rounds of small-arms ammunition, and 3 million rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition. That could then arm about half of the Wehrmacht. Czechoslovak weapons later played a major role in the German conquest of Poland and France, the latter having urged Czechoslovakia into surrendering the Sudetenland in 1938.
3044:... the settlement of the Czechoslovak problem, which has now been achieved is, in my view, only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace. This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor, Herr Hitler, and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine. Some of you, perhaps, have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you: ' ... We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again.'
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part in the negotiations. The French proposals ranged from waging war against
Germany to supporting the Sudetenland being ceded to Germany. The discussions ended with a firm British-French plan in place. Britain and France demanded that Czechoslovakia cede to Germany all territories in which the German population represented over 50% of the Sudetenland's total population. In exchange for that concession, Britain and France would guarantee the independence of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia rejected the proposed solution.
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result, at 11:45 p.m. on 30 September, 11 hours after the
Czechoslovak government accepted the Munich terms, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government. It demanded the immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak troops and police and gave Prague time until noon the following day. At 11:45 a.m. on 1 October the Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted but then requested a 24 hour delay. On 2 October, the
2918:. That made the Polish government refuse to accept German negotiation proposals over the Polish Corridor and the status of Danzig. Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia, realized that his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed and so began to take a much harder line against Germany. He immediately began to mobilize the British armed forces to a war footing, and France did the same. Italy saw itself threatened by the British and French fleets and started its own
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2613:(1948), asserted that Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler at Munich had been wrong and recorded Churchill's prewar warnings of Hitler's plan of aggression and the folly of Britain's persisting with disarmament after Germany had achieved air parity with Britain. Although Churchill recognized that Chamberlain acted from noble motives, he argued that Hitler should have been resisted over Czechoslovakia and that efforts should have been made to involve the Soviet Union.
2260:, took to pen and pulpit in defense of his surrogate homeland proclaiming his pride at being a Czechoslovak citizen and praising the republic's achievements. He attacked a "Europe ready for slavery" writing that "The Czechoslovak people is ready to take up a fight for liberty and transcends its own fate" and "It is too late for the British government to save the peace. They have lost too many opportunities." President Beneš of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a
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the Munich
Agreement and the events which followed it as expressed in the note of the Czecho-Slovak Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the 16th December, 1941. We consider your important note of the 5th August, 1942, as a highly significant act of justice towards Czecho-Slovakia, and we assure you of our real satisfaction and of our profound gratitude to your great country and nation. Between our two countries the Munich Agreement can now be considered as dead.
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2249:(as the state was now renamed) lost its defensible border with Germany and the Czechoslovak border fortifications. Without them its independence became more nominal than real. Czechoslovakia also lost 70 per cent of its iron/steel industry, 70 per cent of its electrical power and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement. The Sudeten Germans celebrated what they saw as their liberation. The imminent war, it seemed, had been avoided.
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2609:, who had been Lord Chancellor. Maugham viewed the decision to establish a Czechoslovak state including substantial German and Hungarian minorities as a "dangerous experiment" in the light of previous disputes and ascribed the agreement as caused largely by France's need to extricate itself from its treaty obligations in the light of its unpreparedness for war. After the war, Churchill's history of the period,
1465:." Some progress was made to integrate the Germans and other minorities, but they continued to be underrepresented in the government and the army. Moreover, the Great Depression beginning in 1929 impacted the highly industrialized and export-oriented Sudeten Germans more than it did the Czech and Slovak populations. By 1936, 60 percent of the unemployed people in Czechoslovakia were Germans.
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destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho-Slovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war, they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938.
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destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho-Slovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. At the final settlement of the Czecho-Slovak frontiers to be reached at the end of the war they will not be influenced by any changes effected in and since 1938.
2218:) is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France proved useless. This was also reflected by the fact that especially the French government had expressed the view that Czechoslovakia would be considered as being responsible for any resulting European war should the Czechoslovak Republic defend herself with force against German incursions.
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be my last." On another occasion, he had been heard saying of Chamberlain: "If ever that silly old man comes interfering here again with his umbrella, I'll kick him downstairs and jump on his stomach in front of the photographers." In one of his public speeches after Munich, Hitler declared: "Thank God we have no umbrella politicians in this country."
3097:, British Prime Minister Churchill, who opposed the agreement when it was signed, became determined that the terms of the agreement would not be upheld after the war and that the Sudeten territories should be returned to postwar Czechoslovakia. On 5 August 1942, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk:
2289:" ("childish force calculations"). On 4 August 1938, a secret Army meeting was held. Beck read his lengthy report to the assembled officers. They all agreed something had to be done to prevent certain disaster. Beck hoped they would all resign together but no one resigned except Beck. His replacement, General
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settlement of the border dispute. Beneš's answer wasn't conclusive: he agreed to hand over the disputed territory to Poland but argued that it could not be done on the eve of the German invasion, because it would disrupt Czechoslovak preparations for war. Poles recognised the answer as playing for time.
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My Government accept your Excellency's note as a practical solution of the questions and difficulties of vital importance for Czecho-Slovakia which emerged between our two countries as the consequence of the Munich Agreement, maintaining, of course, our political and juridical position with regard to
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In my letter of the 18th July, 1941, I informed your Excellency that the King had decided to accredit an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Dr. Beneš as President of the Czecho-Slovak Republic. I explained that this decision implied that His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom
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Polish diplomatic actions were accompanied by placing army along the Czechoslovak border on 23–24 September and by giving an order to the so-called "battle units" of Trans-Olza Poles and the "Trans-Olza Legion", a paramilitary organisation that was made up of volunteers from all over Poland, to cross
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Though the British and French were pleased, a British diplomat in Berlin claimed he had been informed by a member of Hitler's entourage that soon after the meeting with Chamberlain Hitler had furiously said: "Gentlemen, this has been my first international conference and I can assure you that it will
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often depends upon a president withstanding "the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers." The presidents who challenged the "tyranny of Munich" have often achieved policy breakthroughs and those who had cited Munich as a principle of US foreign
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The foregoing statement and formal act of recognition have guided the policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Czecho-Slovakia, but in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, I desire to declare on behalf of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom that as Germany has deliberately
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The Prime Minister had already stated in a message broadcast to the Czecho-Slovak people on the 30th September, 1940, the attitude of His Majesty's Government in regard to the arrangements reached at Munich in 1938. Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans.
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On 27 September 1938, when negotiations between Hitler and Chamberlain were strained, Chamberlain addressed the British people, saying, in particular: "How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country
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Later in the meeting, a deception was undertaken to influence and put pressure on Chamberlain: one of Hitler's aides entered the room to inform Hitler of more Germans being killed in Czechoslovakia, to which Hitler screamed in response "I will avenge every one of them. The Czechs must be destroyed."
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of the country actually wanted to be in a union with the Czechs. Hitler accused Beneš of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans and claimed that since Czechoslovakia's creation, over 600,000 Germans had been intentionally forced out of their homes under the threat of starvation if they
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was appointed as Reichsprotektor and served as Hitler's personal representative in the protectorate. Immediately after the occupation, a wave of arrests began, mostly of refugees from Germany, Jews and Czech public figures. By November, Jewish children had been expelled from their schools and their
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Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. The Czechoslovak government, realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (30 September) and agreed to abide by the agreement.
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to request an urgent meeting. Perth informed Ciano that Chamberlain had instructed him to request that Mussolini enter the negotiations and urge Hitler to delay the ultimatum. At 11:00 am, Ciano met Mussolini and informed him of Chamberlain's proposition; Mussolini agreed with it and responded
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cabinet minister, who arrived in Prague on 3 August with instructions to persuade Beneš to agree to a plan acceptable to the Sudeten Germans. On 20 July, Bonnet told the Czechoslovak ambassador in Paris that while France would declare its support in public to help the Czechoslovak negotiations, it
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With tension high between the Germans and the Czechoslovak government, Beneš, on 15 September 1938, secretly offered to give 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) of Czechoslovakia to Germany, in exchange for a German agreement to admit 1.5 to 2.0 million Sudeten Germans expelled by
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on 17 September 1938. In reaction, Britain and France on 20 September formally requested Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland territory to Germany. This was followed by Polish and Hungarian territorial demands brought on 21 and 22 September, respectively. Meanwhile, German forces conquered parts of
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I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 5th August, 1942, and I avail myself of this opportunity to convey to your Excellency, on behalf of the Czecho-Slovak Government and of myself, as well as in the name of the whole Czecho-Slovak people who are at present suffering so
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The Germans were delighted with that outcome and were happy to give up the sacrifice of a small provincial rail centre to Poland in exchange for the ensuing propaganda benefits. It spread the blame of the partition of Czechoslovakia, made Poland a participant in the process and confused political
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was disappointed with such a turn of events. In his own words the conference was "an attempt by the directorate of great powers to impose binding decisions on other states (and Poland cannot agree on that, as it would then be reduced to a political object that others conduct at their will)." As a
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After the meeting, Daladier flew to London on 16 September to meet with British officials to discuss a course of action. The situation in Czechoslovakia became tenser that day, with the Czechoslovak government issuing an arrest warrant for Henlein, who had arrived in Germany a day earlier to take
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We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat... you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years, but may be measured by months, Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime. We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude... we have sustained a defeat
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Since most of the border defences had been in the territory ceded as a consequence of the Munich Agreement, the rest of Czechoslovakia was entirely open to further invasion despite its relatively-large stockpiles of modern armaments. In a speech delivered in the Reichstag, Hitler expressed the
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traveled to Berlin and was left waiting, and orders to invade had already been given. During the meeting with Hitler, Hácha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order the Czech troops to lay down their arms. That news induced a heart attack from which he was revived by an
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Stran interpretace "kdy země vede válku", obsažené v čl. I Úmluvy o naturalizaci mezi Československem a Spojenými státy, publikované pod č. 169/1929 Sb. za účelem zjištění, zda je splněna podmínka státního občanství dle restitučních předpisů, Ústavní soud vychází z již v roce 1933 vypracované
312:, an ally to both France and Czechoslovakia–took place in Munich, Germany, on 29–30 September 1938. An agreement was quickly reached on Hitler's terms, and signed by the leaders of Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. The Czechoslovak mountainous borderland marked a natural border between the
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Your Excellency's note emphasizes the fact that the formal act of recognition has guided the policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Czecho-Slovakia, but, in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, His Majesty's Government now desire to declare that, as Germany has deliberately
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Hitler felt cheated of the limited war against the Czechs which he had been aiming for all summer. In early October, Chamberlain's press secretary asked for a public declaration of German friendship with Britain to strengthen Chamberlain's domestic position; Hitler instead delivered speeches
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regarded the juridical position of the President and Government of the Czecho-Slovak Republic as identical with that of the other Allied heads of States and Governments established in this country. The status of His Majesty's representative has recently been raised to that of an Ambassador.
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to avoid serious bombing of London and Paris and could have pursued a rapid and successful war against Germany. He quotes Churchill as saying the agreement meant that "Britain and France were in a much worse position compared to Hitler's Germany." After Hitler personally inspected the Czech
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with a promise of "border's rectification", but the letter was delivered only on 26 September. The answer of Mościcki delivered on 27 September was evasive, but it was accompanied with the demand of Polish government to hand over two Trans-Olza counties immediately, as a prelude to ultimate
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In the United States and the United Kingdom, the words "Munich" and "appeasement" are frequently invoked when demanding forthright, often military, action to resolve an international crisis and characterising a political opponent who condemns negotiation as weakness. In 1950, US President
1959:; he claimed that the Sudetenland was "the last territorial demand I have to make in Europe" and gave Czechoslovakia a deadline of 28 September at 2:00 pm to cede the Sudetenland to Germany or face war. At this point the British government began to make war preparations, and the
2745:, as a recommendation to settle the territorial disputes by the appendix of the Munich Agreement, the German-Italian arbitration required Czechoslovakia to cede southern Slovakia to Hungary, and Poland independently gained small territorial cessions shortly afterward (Trans-Olza).
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will be a sign of a goodwill and the "redress of injustice" of 1920. Similar notes were sent to Paris and London with a request that Polish minority in Czechoslovakia should gain the same rights as Sudeten Germans. On the next day Beneš send a letter to Polish president
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Before the Munich Agreement, Hitler's determination to invade Czechoslovakia on 1 October 1938 had provoked a major crisis in the German command structure. The Chief of the General Staff, General Ludwig Beck, protested in a lengthy series of memos that it would start a
2953:, and prominent figures within the German military opposed the regime for its behaviour, which threatened to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight. They discussed overthrowing Hitler and the regime through a planned storming of the
2855:, "which in its unctuous mendacity was remarkable even for the Nazis." Churchill's prediction was fulfilled, as German armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the rest of the country, which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich. In March 1939,
2110:, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini although in fact the Italian plan was nearly identical to the Godesberg proposal: the German army was to complete the
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1543:. He insisted that he would not "smash Czechoslovakia" militarily without "provocation", "a particularly favourable opportunity" or "adequate political justification." On 28 May, Hitler called a meeting of his service chiefs, ordered an acceleration of
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The Sudeten Germans were not consulted on whether they wished to be citizens of Czechoslovakia. Although the constitution guaranteed equality for all citizens, there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country "into an instrument of
3143:, proclaimed the Munich Agreement to be null and void from the very beginning, and on 17 August 1944, the French government reaffirmed this. After Mussolini's fascist leadership had been replaced, the Italian Government followed suit and did the same.
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denouncing Chamberlain's "governessy interference." In August 1939, shortly before the invasion of Poland, Hitler told his generals: "Our enemies are men below average, not men of action, not masters. They are little worms. I saw them at Munich."
1532:. He considered the Sudeten German grievances justified and believed Hitler's intentions to be limited. Both Britain and France, therefore, advised Czechoslovakia to accede to Germany's demands. Beneš resisted and, on 19 May, initiated a partial
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said, "We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome, and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been
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parents fired from their jobs. Universities and colleges were closed after demonstrations against the occupation of Czechoslovakia. Over 1200 students were sent to concentration camps, and nine student leaders were executed on 17 November (
2799:. About half-a-million Sudeten Germans joined the Nazi Party, 17.3% of the German population in Sudetenland (the average NSDAP participation in Nazi Germany was 7.9%). Thus, the Sudetenland was the most "pro-Nazi" region in Nazi Germany.
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with the surrounding area (some 906 km (350 sq mi), with 250,000 inhabitants. Poles made up about 36% of the population, down from 69% in 1910) and two minor border areas in northern Slovakia, more precisely in the regions
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On 30 September, Czechoslovakia submitted to the combination of military pressure by Germany, Poland, and Hungary, and diplomatic pressure by Britain and France, and agreed to surrender territory to Germany following the Munich terms.
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Daladier believed that Hitler's ultimate goals were a threat. He told the British in a late April 1938 meeting that Hitler's real long-term aim was to secure "a domination of the Continent in comparison with which the ambitions of
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On 13 September, after internal violence and disruption in Czechoslovakia ensued, Chamberlain asked Hitler for a personal meeting to find a solution to avert a war. Chamberlain decided to do this after conferring with his advisors
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passed the news of the conference to Chamberlain while he was addressing Parliament, and Chamberlain suddenly announced the conference and his acceptance to attend at the end of the speech to cheers. When United States President
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In the light of recent exchanges of view between our Governments, I think it may be useful for me to make the following statement about the attitude of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as regards Czecho-Slovakia.
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from its beginning, or if it evolved into one. By 1935, the SdP was the second-largest political party in Czechoslovakia as German votes concentrated on this party, and Czech and Slovak votes were spread among several parties.
1476:(SdP), which was "militant, populist, and openly hostile" to the Czechoslovak government. It soon captured two-thirds of the vote in districts with a heavy German population. Historians differ as to whether the SdP was a Nazi
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headline on the Munich agreement read "Hitler gets less than his Sudeten demands" and reported that a "joyful crowd" hailed Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was "wildly cheered" on his return to Britain.
2875:. Of a total 227 tons of gold found after the war in salt mines, only 18.4 tons were returned to Czechoslovakia in 1982, but most of it came from Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was also forced to "sell" war material to the
2620:, Churchill, an opponent of appeasement, lumped Poland and Hungary, both of which subsequently annexed parts of Czechoslovakia containing Poles and Hungarians, with Germany as "vultures upon the carcass of Czechoslovakia."
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to the Germans, causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future to allow its partition between the western nations. This belief led the Soviet Union to reorient its foreign policy towards a
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Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security, and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers.
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would each secede and cause the country to collapse. Chamberlain and Hitler held discussions for three hours, and the meeting adjourned. Chamberlain flew back to Britain and met with his cabinet to discuss the issue.
1898:, was installed and on 23 September a decree of general mobilization was issued which was accepted by the public with a strong enthusiasm – within 24 hours, one million men joined the army to defend the country. The
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wrote that during the annexation there was no co-operation between Polish and German troops, but there were cases of co-operation between Polish and Czech troops defending territory against Germans, for example in
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As the threats of Germany and of a European war became more evident, opinions on the agreement became more hostile. Chamberlain was excoriated for his role as one of the "Men of Munich", in books such as the 1940
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The British population had expected an imminent war, and the "statesman-like gesture" of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim. He was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at
7531:
1675:
on the Sudeten crisis condemning the actions of the government of Czechoslovakia. Hitler denounced Czechoslovakia as being a fraudulent state that was in violation of international law's emphasis of national
2321:
The agreement was generally applauded. Prime Minister Daladier of France did not believe, as one scholar put it, that a European War was justified "to maintain three million Germans under Czech sovereignty."
5974:
1839:, Italy, where he declared "If there are two camps, for and against Prague, let it be known that Italy has chosen its side", with the clear implication being that Mussolini supported Germany in the crisis.
1587:
that if France moved against Germany to defend Czechoslovakia, "We shall not move." Łukasiewicz also told Bonnet that Poland would oppose any attempt by Soviet forces to defend Czechoslovakia from Germany.
1659:
on 7 September, in which two of their parliamentary deputies were arrested. The Sudeten Germans used the incident and false allegations of other atrocities as an excuse to break off further negotiations.
2906:. Meanwhile, concerns arose in Britain that Poland, which was now encircled by many German possessions, would become the next target of Nazi expansionism. That was made apparent by the dispute over the
293:, where local battles included use of German artillery, Czechoslovak tanks, and armored vehicles. Lightly armed German infantry briefly overran other border counties before being repelled. Poland also
2633:(1960), took the view that although Hitler was not bluffing about his intention to invade, Czechoslovakia could have offered significant resistance. Shirer believed that Britain and France had enough
2417:
from 1935. In summer 1938, Poland tried to organize guerrilla groups in the area. On 21 September, Poland officially requested a direct transfer of the area to its own control. Polish envoy to Prague
4686:
1940:
On 25 September, Czechoslovakia agreed to the conditions previously agreed upon by Britain, France, and Germany. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands, insisting that the claims of ethnic
2501:-era Polish historiography typically followed the line that Beck had been a "German Agent" and had collaborated with Germany, post-1956 historiography has generally rejected this characterisation.
2486:, reported on 29 September that "Our army will in about two days' time be in full condition to withstand an attack even by all Germany's forces together, provided Poland does not move against us."
3052:
My good friends, for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time." (Chamberlain's reference to
297:
near its common border with Czechoslovakia and conducted an unsuccessful probing offensive on 23 September. Hungary moved its troops towards the border with Czechoslovakia, without attacking. The
2560:
with Nazi Germany, due to Stalin's fears of a second Munich Agreement with the Soviet Union replacing Czechoslovakia. Thus, the agreement indirectly contributed to the outbreak of war in 1939.
1631:
noted in his diary that the partial Czechoslovak mobilization of 21 May had led Hitler to issue a new order for Operation Green on 30 May and that it was accompanied by a covering letter from
1623:, noted that Hitler's change of heart in favour of quick action was because Czechoslovak defences were still being improvised, which would no longer be the case two to three years later, and
8326:
7990:
8331:
5025:
Cienciala, A.M. (30 November 1999). "The Munich crisis of 1938: Plans and strategy in Warsaw in the context of the western appeasement of Germany". In Goldstein, Erik; Lukes, Igor (eds.).
2393:
In the days following Munich, Chamberlain received more than 20,000 letters and telegrams of thanks, and gifts including 6000 assorted bulbs from grateful Dutch admirers and a cross from
2867:
By seizing Bohemia and Moravia, Nazi Germany gained all of the skilled labour force and heavy industry located there as well as all the weapons of the Czechoslovak Army. During the 1940
2326:
in Britain, France, and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement. President Beneš of Czechoslovakia was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 1939.
354:, proclaimed its independence. Shortly afterwards, Hitler reneged on his promises to respect the integrity of Czechoslovakia by occupying the remainder of the country and creating the
1490:
of Austria to Germany, Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, and was instructed to make demands unacceptable to the democratic Czechoslovak government, led by President
3167:: "The world learned from Munich that security cannot be bought by appeasement." Many later crises were accompanied by cries of "Munich" from politicians and the media. In 1960, the
1615:, recalled after the war that he was "very shocked" by Hitler's new plans to attack Britain and France three to four years after "deal with the situation" in Czechoslovakia. General
2442:, who assured him that Berlin conditioned the guarantees for the remainder of Czechoslovakia on the fulfilment of Polish and Hungarian territorial demands. Polish foreign minister
1955:
to carry a personal letter to Hitler declaring that the Allies wanted a peaceful resolution to the Sudeten crisis. Later that evening, Hitler made his response in a speech at the
1811:
activities. The organization was sheltered, trained and equipped by German authorities and conducted cross-border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory. Relying on the
8002:
1576:
with Britain, Hitler hoped it would be a sufficient deterrent. Ten days later, Hitler signed a secret directive for war against Czechoslovakia to begin no later than 1 October.
2175:
The Czechoslovaks were dismayed with the Munich settlement. They were not invited to the conference and felt they had been betrayed by the British and French governments. Many
5395:
3248:, synonymous with naivete and weakness, and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation's vital interests for empty promises." They claimed that the success of
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with the aim of containing Nazi Germany's aggression. The Soviets, who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia, felt betrayed by France, which also had a
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The Polish ultimatum finally led Beneš to decide, by his own account, to abandon any idea of resisting the settlement (Czechoslovakia would have been attacked on all sides).
7193:
5013:
Even Beck's unpleasant performance at the time of Munich was not planned in concert with the Germans... He did not like Czechoslovakia, but he did not plot its destruction
2764:. Slovakia lost 10,390 km (4,010 sq mi) and 854,218 inhabitants for Hungary (according to a Czechoslovak 1930 census about 59% were Hungarians and 32% were
2540:. The British and French mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans. Stalin concluded that the West had colluded with Hitler to hand over a country in
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expectations. Poland was accused of being an accomplice of Germany. However, there was no formal agreement between Poland and Germany about Czechoslovakia at any time.
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control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further. On 30 September after some rest, Chamberlain went to Hitler's apartment in the
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Italy strongly supported Germany at Munich, and a few weeks later, in October 1938, tried to use its advantage to make new demands on France. Mussolini demanded a
1341:
1051:
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Smetana, Vít. "Ten propositions about Munich 1938. On the fateful event of Czech and European history – without legends and national stereotypes."
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7372:
2871:, roughly 25% of all German weapons came from the protectorate. Nazi Germany also gained all of the Czechoslovakia's gold treasure, including gold stored in the
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2525:
A political cartoon from Poland depicting the Soviet Union in the form of "Ivan" being kicked out of Europe: "I have a feeling Europe has stopped respecting me"
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2130:"symbolic of the desire of our two countries never to go to war with one another again." After Hitler's interpreter translated it for him, he happily agreed.
1970:
On 28 September at 10:00 am, four hours before the deadline and with no agreement to Hitler's demand by Czechoslovakia, the British ambassador to Italy,
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in the east, including more than three million Germans, 22.95% of the total population of the country. They lived mostly in border regions of the historical
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later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German-Czechoslovak war. This understanding has been assumed also by the contemporary
461:
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Photocopy of The Munich Agreement from Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin (text in German) and from The National Archives in London (map).
5547:
Noakes, J. and Pridham, G. (eds) (2010) Nazism 1919–1945, Vol 3, Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination, University of Exeter Press, Exeter, p.119
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Irena Bogoczová, Jana Raclavska. "Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín in the Czech Republic."
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the border to Czechoslovakia and attack Czechoslovak units. The few who crossed, however, were repulsed by Czechoslovak forces and retreated to Poland.
2509:
Hungary followed Polish request for transfer of territory with its own request on 22 September. Hungarian demands were ultimately fulfilled during the
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7042:
6576:"Geoffrey Dawson, editor of "The Times" (London), and his contribution to the appeasement movement" (PhD dissertation, U of North Texas, 1993 online)
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1823:. In the following days, Czechoslovak forces suffered over 100 personnel killed in action, hundreds wounded and over 2,000 abducted to Germany.
1498:. Henlein demanded autonomy for Germans in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government responded by saying that it was willing to provide more
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358:. The conquered nation's significant military arsenal played an important role in Germany's invasions of Poland and France in 1939 and 1940.
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An emergency meeting of the main European powers–not including Czechoslovakia, although their representatives were present in the town, or the
3233:
Representative, tweeted the message "Worse than Munich." Kerry had himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in
1879:, told the press who met him there that "My objective is peace in Europe, I trust this trip is the way to that peace." Chamberlain arrived in
7218:
1846:
within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime. The meeting was led by General
316:
and the Germanic states since the early Middle Ages; it also presented a major natural obstacle to a possible German attack. Strengthened by
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of Czechoslovakia. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000.
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7769:
7664:
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The validity of the Munich agreement and the process of the repudiation during the second world war as seen from a Czechoslovak perspective
1524:
had shown, France and Britain were intent on avoiding war. The French government did not wish to face Germany alone and took its lead from
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Present-day view of Hitler's office in the Führerbau where the Munich Agreement was signed, with the original fireplace and ceiling lamp
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In 1938, the Soviet Union was allied with France and Czechoslovakia. By September 1939, the Soviets were to all intents and purposes a
1932:
1925:, was elated upon hearing of the support for Czechoslovakia from British and French opponents of Hitler's plans, saying "The nation of
1820:
365:
announced that it was his last territorial claim in Northern Europe. Today, the Munich Agreement is widely regarded as a failed act of
3007:
with no French assimilation of the people. France rejected those demands and began threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy.
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on 15 March 1939. On 14 March, Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate Nazi-subordinate state. The following day,
2533:
1812:
1804:
1099:
1087:
861:
8053:
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1663:
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Czech districts with an ethnic German population in 1934 of 20% or more (pink), 50% or more (red) and 80% or more (dark red) in 1935
1105:
7049:
6822:
5474:. November 2006. p. 2. (source: Zahradnik. "Struktura narodowościowa Zaolzia na podstawie spisów ludności 1880–1991." Třinec 1991).
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had said, "We need this state as a base from which to drop bombs with greater ease to destroy Germany's economy and its industry."
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proclaimed independence as well, but after three days, it was completely occupied and annexed by Hungary. Czechoslovak President
1761:
for the meeting. The flight was one of the first times a head of state or diplomatic official flew to a diplomatic meeting in an
1502:
to the German minority but was initially reluctant to grant autonomy. The SdP gained 88% of the ethnic German votes in May 1938.
1327:
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1914:
would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory. Both countries refused to allow the Soviet army to use their territories.
305:
would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory. Both countries refused to allow the Soviet army to use their territories.
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1960:
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2455:, annexed an area of 801.5 km with a population of 227,399 people. Administratively the annexed area was divided between
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1739:
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4662:"Britain and Germany Make Anti-War Pact; Hitler Gets Less Than His Sudeten Demands; Polish Ultimatum Threatens Action Today"
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Following Allied victory and the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia, while the
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847:
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38:
6600:
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and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown.
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2823:
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2354:. The generally positive reaction quickly soured, despite royal patronage. However, there was opposition from the start.
2285:
that Germany would lose, and urged Hitler to put off the projected conflict. Hitler called Beck's arguments against war "
2039:
1276:
1240:
503:
355:
8124:
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2313:
277:), because of a previous 1924 alliance agreement and a 1925 military pact between France and the Czechoslovak Republic.
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5569:
David Blaazer, "Finance and the end of appeasement: the Bank of England, the National Government and the Czech gold."
4661:
3214:
Citing Munich in debates on foreign policy has continued to be common in the 21st century. During negotiations for the
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4. On 15 March 1939, during the German invasion of the remaining Czech territories, Hungary annexes the remainder of
1807:
that had been dissolved by the Czechoslovak authorities the previous day due to its implication in a large number of
1134:
440:
404:
361:
Much of Europe celebrated the Munich Agreement, as they considered it a way to prevent a major war on the continent.
53:
17:
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1971:
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6479:
Dray, W. H. (1978). "Concepts of Causation in A. J. P. Taylor's Account of the Origins of the Second World War".
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inhabitants. Hungary, in turn, received 11,882 km (4,588 sq mi) in southern Slovakia and southern
2057:
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met at the meeting. On 22 September, Chamberlain, about to board his plane to go to Germany for further talks at
1069:
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immediately after Chamberlain and Daladier arrived, giving them little time to consult. The meeting was held in
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3456:"The Butenko Affair: Documents from Soviet-Romanian Relations in the Time of the Purges, Anschluss, and Munich"
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2915:
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2741:
In early November 1938, under the First Vienna Award, after the failed negotiations between Czechoslovakia and
2497:'s actions during the crisis as unfriendly to Czechoslovakia, but not actively seeking its destruction. Whilst
1410:
1033:
723:
5392:"K otázce vysídlení občanů ČSR ze Sudet, Těšínska, Podkarpatské Rusi a Slovenské republiky v letech 1938/1939"
5184:
We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome, and appreciate very much the efforts of President
4851:
8559:
8148:
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7483:
6659:
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Goddard, Stacie E. "The rhetoric of appeasement: Hitler's legitimation and British foreign policy, 1938–39."
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A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941
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956:
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Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York: Enigma Books, 2008.
2729:"For 600 years we have been waiting for you (1335–1938)." An ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of
1540:
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6342:
Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945)
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lost about 38% of their combined area to Germany, with some 2.8 million German and 513,000 to 750,000
2246:
2127:
1117:
762:
657:
6742:Územie a obyvatelstvo Slovenskej republiky a prehľad obcí a okresov odstúpenych Nemecku, Maďarsku a Poľsku
5634:
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938: The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler and Avert World War II
2382:
were feeble." He went on to say: "Today it is the turn of Czechoslovakia. Tomorrow it will be the turn of
1539:
On 20 May, Hitler presented his generals with a draft plan of attack on Czechoslovakia that was codenamed
8180:
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7405:
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3565:"What the British and the French Actually Thought About the Decision to Appease Hitler at Munich in 1938"
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was upset by the results of the Munich conference. On 2 May 1935, France and the Soviet Union signed the
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on 2 November 1938, separating largely Hungarian inhabited territories in southern Slovakia and southern
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5341:"Ethnic Cleansing, Communism, and Environmental Devastation in Czechoslovakia's Borderlands, 1945–1989"
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from Czechoslovakia. On 30 November 1938, Czechoslovakia ceded to Poland small patches of land in the
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Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
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The Munich Crisis, politics and the people: International, transnational and comparative perspectives
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had supported appeasement in general in his capacity as Ambassador to Britain. In 1965, US President
3136:
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Because of their knowledge of Czech, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the
2452:
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The Polish ambassador in Germany learned about the results of Munich Conference on 30 September from
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3687:. Pitt series in Russian and East European studies. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press.
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Cleansing the Czechoslovak borderlands: migration, environment, and health in the former Sudetenland
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that "we would have shed a lot of blood" and that it was fortunate that there had been no fighting.
30:"Treaty of Munich" redirects here. For the Austro-Bavarian agreement after the Napoleonic Wars, see
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Roberts, H.L. (1960). "The Diplomacy of Colonel Beck". In Craig, Gordon A.; Gilbert, Felix (eds.).
4493:"Czech Republic: Past Imperfect – 64 Years Later, Munich 'Betrayal' Still Defines Thought (Part 5)"
3211:, stated, "We learned from Hitler and Munich that success only feeds the appetite for aggression."
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Making War, Thinking History: Munich, Vietnam, and Presidential Uses of Force from Korea to Kosovo
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Later that day he stood outside 10 Downing Street and again read from the document and concluded:
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Cole, Robert A. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource",
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2010:
1. The Sudetenland became part of Germany in accordance with the Munich Agreement (October 1938).
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1300:
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717:
711:
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31:
3515:"On this Day, in 1939: Slovakia declared its independence to side with Nazi Germany – Kafkadesk"
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England has been offered a choice between war and shame. She has chosen shame, and will get war.
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by 10 October, and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas.
1725:
Chamberlain greeted by Hitler at the beginning of the Bad Godesberg meeting on 24 September 1938
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7453:
6891:
4687:"En France, seuls les communistes, deux députés et quelques journalistes ont combattu l'accord"
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2838:) for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. It was implemented shortly after the proclamation of the
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2339:
1746:, and led to a swell of optimism in British public opinion. Chamberlain arrived by a chartered
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6400:; Kenneth Alan Osgood (July 2010). "The Ghost of Munich: America's Appeasement Complex".
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Sudeten Germans cheering the arrival of the German Army into the Sudetenland in October 1938
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Chamberlain claimed the Prague annexation was a "completely different category" that moved
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from 1935 to 1938 as a defensive countermeasure against the rising threat of Nazi Germany.
8:
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Valdis O. Lumans, "The Ethnic German Minority of Slovakia and the Third Reich, 1938–45."
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be accelerated. While recognizing that this would still be insufficient for a full-scale
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4852:"Dziennik Ustaw Śląskich, 31.10.1938, [R. 17], nr 18 – Silesian Digital Library"
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since he realized that the fall of Czechoslovakia was inevitable. After the outbreak of
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2106:. A deal was reached on 29 September, and at about 1:30 a.m. on 30 September 1938,
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was "almost as bad as the appeasement at Munich", a pointed barb given that his father
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injection from Hitler's doctor. Hácha then agreed to sign the communiqué accepting the
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List of Czechoslovak villages ceded to Germany, Hungary and Poland, a book in Slovak.
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used "Munich" to describe a domestic political issue by saying that an attempt by the
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by French Foreign Minister Bonnet and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop.
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On 30 September, upon his return to Britain, Chamberlain delivered his controversial "
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3698:
3688:
3591:"What's the context? 30 September 1938: The Munich Agreement – History of government"
3475:
3434:
3414:
3249:
3245:
3140:
3064:
2976:
2954:
2624:
2359:
2347:
2298:
2261:
2043:
1988:
1984:
1952:
1941:
1899:
1884:
1857:
1743:
1672:
1458:
1422:
1170:
1146:
1081:
944:
587:
578:
535:
8108:
4327:
Hitler: speeches and proclamations, 1932–1945 : the chronicle of a dictatorship
3615:
1910:
announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance, provided that the
301:
announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance, provided that the
8156:
8041:
7995:
7838:
7537:
7465:
7365:
7302:
7278:
7230:
7124:
6905:
6877:
6808:
6488:
6419:
6397:
6288:
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938: The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler
6123:
5880:
One minute to midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the brink of nuclear war
5352:
5032:
3467:
3290:
3241:
3094:
3037:
2946:
2940:
2868:
2843:
2761:
2293:, sympathized with Beck and they both conspired with several top generals, Admiral
2203:
2095:
2080:
1996:
learned the conference had been scheduled, he telegraphed Chamberlain, "Good man."
1980:
1832:
1639:
1164:
1012:
1000:
801:
547:
146:
71:
8031:
7063:
6675:
4411:
Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945: With a New Afterword
3110:
This statement was formally communicated to Dr. Beneš on the 11th November, 1940.
1560:
to spring 1940. He demanded that the increase in the firepower of the battleships
8478:
8229:
7964:
7858:
7846:
7719:
7649:
7477:
7441:
6728:
6699:
6682:
6663:
6604:
6075:
5810:
Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965
5808:
5417:
5325:
4340:
3348:
3340:
3265:
3188:
3172:
3076:
On 13 August 1938, prior to the conference, Churchill had written in a letter to
3000:
2984:
2907:
2872:
2760:. According to a 1941 census, about 86.5% of the population in the territory was
2639:
2456:
2422:
2294:
2195:
2103:
2099:
1926:
1747:
1612:
1499:
1446:
791:
747:
Polish–East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)
270:
254:
7707:
6705:
3067:, denouncing the Agreement in the House of Commons on 5 October 1938, declared:
2695:
1491:
1391:
7680:
7532:
Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
6853:
6597:
5751:
3564:
3332:
3276:
position, led to Israeli comparisons with the Munich Agreement of appeasement.
3226:
3204:
2778:
2699:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2490:
2460:
2355:
2242:
2187:
1975:
1872:
1735:
1643:
1635:
that stated that the plan must be implemented by 1 October at the very latest.
1632:
1584:
1469:
1376:
1063:
968:
520:
340:
262:
246:
230:
180:
75:
6740:
6583:
Wishful Thinking or Buying Time? The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s
6333:
The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940
6108:
1599:
1425:
defined the borders of the new state, which was divided in to the regions of
8518:
8265:
7789:
7411:
6721:
6650:
6457:
Butterworth, Susan Bindoff. "Daladier and the Munich crisis: A reappraisal."
6415:
6402:
6115:
6021:
5898:
5300:
4552:
4405:
4095:
3832:
3702:
3654:
Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice česko7slovenské II. Země moravskoslezská
3479:
3375:
2891:
2749:
2582:
2546:
2529:
2004:
1876:
1758:
1702:
1697:
1647:
1372:
1294:
1270:
962:
286:
238:
206:
7826:
6423:
4449:
Susan Bindoff Butterworth, "Daladier and the Munich crisis: A reappraisal."
2847:
2443:
1895:
8410:
8036:
7892:
7785:
7684:
6567:
Record, Jeffrey. "The use and abuse of history: Munich, Vietnam and Iraq."
6035:
Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War
5499:
3903:
3682:
3184:
3160:
2839:
2663:
2634:
2575:
2394:
2367:
2338:
In France, the only political party to oppose the Munich Agreement was the
2302:
2290:
2107:
2084:
2064:
1907:
1754:
1731:
1593:
1533:
1075:
633:
Minor territorial exchanges between East Germany and Poland (1949 and 1951)
621:
617:
489:
370:
362:
351:
309:
298:
226:
167:
113:
67:
6676:
British Pathe newsreel (includes Chamberlain's speech at Heston aerodrome)
5878:
5036:
4227:
4075:
3471:
2781:. (226 km (87 sq mi), 4,280 inhabitants, only 0.3% Poles).
2145:
2091:
2026:) with Hungarian minorities became part of Hungary in accordance with the
1667:
Hitler greeting Chamberlain on the steps of the Berghof, 15 September 1938
1547:
construction and brought forward the construction of his new battleships,
320:, the Sudetenland was of absolute strategic importance to Czechoslovakia.
8473:
7731:
7108:
6745:. Bratislava: Štátny štatistický úrad, 1939. 92 p. – available online at
6686:
5979:
3993:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3849:
3847:
3257:
3208:
2980:
2448:
2363:
2323:
2257:
1922:
1803:
that took over the structure of Ordnersgruppe, an organization of ethnic
1789:
Czechoslovak Army soldiers on patrol in the Sudetenland in September 1938
1628:
1616:
1442:
1438:
1414:
669:
366:
250:
8252:
5231:. Vol. 1: The Gathering Storm. RosettaBooks LLC. pp. 289–290.
5084:
5068:
5026:
4961:
4945:
7880:
6870:
6500:
5495:
5314:
4583:
Peace For Our Time: Munich to Dunkirk – The Inside Story
4492:
3487:
3455:
3222:
3164:
2796:
2785:
2730:
2725:
2601:
2494:
2439:
2414:
2013:
1883:, where he received a lavish grand welcome with a German band playing "
1847:
1774:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1204:
1006:
994:
981:
817:
808:
644:
8062:
6735:
Dr. Quigley explains how Nazi Germany seized a stronger Czechoslovakia
6618:
How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939
6473:
France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939
6258:
6131:
5591:
Władysław W. Kulski, "The Anglo-Polish Agreement of August 25, 1939",
3948:
3936:
3859:
3844:
3820:
3772:
2734:
2469:
708:
Polish–East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)
6862:
6509:
Roosevelt and the Munich crisis: A study of political decision-making
6241:
2830:
2587:
2569:
2282:
2140:
2118:
The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and
1808:
1573:
1486:
1192:
446:
6492:
5496:
Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943
5340:
3253:
policy had often led the nation into its "most enduring tragedies."
3123:
terribly under the Nazi yoke, the expression of our warmest thanks.
2814:, SS and Police General and Secretary of State in the Protectorate.
2703:
1387:
6751:
6396:
5356:
4218:
Note of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile dated 22 February 1944
3539:
3053:
2413:
Poland was building up a secret Polish organization in the area of
2379:
2238:
2049:
1911:
1762:
604:
302:
6712:
Text of the 1942 exchange of notes nullifying the Munich agreement
6666:– Actual radio news broadcasts documenting evolution of the crisis
6656:
6186:
Polityka zagraniczna Polski 1938–1939. Cztery decyzje Józefa Becka
3965:
3808:
2717:
annexed the Trans-Olza area of Czechoslovakia inhabited by 36% of
2071:
1364:
369:, and the term has become "a byword for the futility of appeasing
6025:
3633:
Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé I. Země česká
3004:
2807:
2784:
Soon after Munich, 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the
2765:
2482:
The Chief of the General Staff of the Czechoslovak Army, General
2053:
1880:
1836:
1685:
1681:
1656:
1430:
1426:
6692:
5639:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
2774:
2016:, an area with a Polish plurality, over which the two countries
1583:, the Polish ambassador to France, told French Foreign Minister
336:
6262:
6081:
6066:
5377:
Anthony Komjathy, "The First Vienna Award (November 2, 1938)."
3273:
2753:
2667:
2498:
2370:, who had been seen up to then as a reactionary element in the
2237:) summarizes the feelings of the people of Czechoslovakia (now
2182:
2176:
1852:
1706:
1544:
1494:. On 24 April, the SdP issued a series of demands known as the
222:
95:
6272:
Nazism 1919–1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
2362:
opposed the agreement, in alliance with two Conservative MPs,
1383:(SdP), a branch of the Nazi Party of Germany in Czechoslovakia
27:
1938 cession of German-speaking Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany
6275:
5218:
5107:"Who Betrayed Whom? Franco-Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1932–1939"
4735:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4077:
Summits : six meetings that shaped the twentieth century
4016:
4014:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3731:
3244:
and Kenneth Osgood, "have become among the dirtiest words in
3234:
2675:
1766:
600:
6441:
Appeasing Hitler: Chamberlain, Churchill and the Road to War
6370:"Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej"
4832:
4312:
Soviet Foreign Policy, 1930–33. The Impact of the Depression
2605:. A rare wartime defence of the agreement came in 1944 from
1638:
In the meantime, the British government demanded that Beneš
6531:
Jordan, Nicole. "Léon Blum and Czechoslovakia, 1936-1938."
6376:
5757:
4796:
4622:
The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945
3192:
3183:
was "the Munich of the Republican Party." In 1962, General
2245:) towards the agreement. With Sudetenland gone to Germany,
1828:
1770:
1742:. The meeting was announced at a special press briefing at
651:
37:
For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see
6657:
The Munich Agreement in contemporary radio news broadcasts
5652:
5069:"Joseph Beck in the Light of Recent Polish Historiography"
4526:
4428:
4372:
4267:
4262:
Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler
4155:
4102:
4011:
3977:
5529:
4759:
4757:
4710:
3402:
3400:
2934:
2853:
German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia
2817:
2681:
Nazi Germany occupied the Sudetenland from 1938 to 1945.
2549:
with Germany, which eventually led to the signing of the
2022:
3. Border areas (southern third of Slovakia and southern
1793:
On 17 September 1938 Hitler ordered the establishment of
6203:
When will the war break out? 1938: A study of the crisis
5647:
Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940
4786:
4784:
3494:
3150:
in accordance with the international Potsdam Agreement.
1627:
would not come into effect until 1941 or 1942. General
7373:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
3163:
invoked "Munich" to justify his military action in the
2960:
2925:
684:
treaty and return of the majority of annexations (1958)
7586:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
7201:
6609:
Thomas, Martin. "France and the Czechoslovak crisis."
5504:
5134:
4754:
4040:
4038:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3795:(in Czech). Prague: Nakladatelství epocha. p. 11.
3397:
1917:
In the early hours of 24 September, Hitler issued the
1421:
recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia and the
5301:"The Franco-German Declaration of December 6th, 1938"
5245:
4921:
Bitter Glory. Poland and its fate 1918–1939. New York
4781:
4627:
4504:
4502:
4254:
4209:
President Beneš' declaration made on 16 December 1941
2987:
railroad, Italian participation in the management of
2538:
mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia
257:, lived. The pact is also known in some areas as the
6702:
from a broadcast by Dorothy Thompson, 1 October 1938
5622:(in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Rybka publishers.
3876:
3793:
Boj o pohraničí: Sudetoněmecký Freikorps v roce 1938
2945:
In Germany, the Sudeten crisis led to the so-called
1765:, as the tense situation left little time to take a
1646:, Beneš reluctantly accepted. The British appointed
7105:
European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry
5558:
Tales from Spandau. Nazi Criminals and the Cold War
5193:
4228:Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic (1997),
4035:
3915:
3296:
European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry
3240:"Munich and appeasement", in the words of scholars
3010:
78:
pictured before signing the Munich Agreement (1938)
7679:
6107:
5477:
4820:
4808:
4769:
4499:
2666:, he formed a Czechoslovak government-in-exile in
2008:Sequence of events following the Munich Agreement:
1902:, modern, experienced and possessing an excellent
1871:, and other military officers leading the planned
1642:. Not wishing to sever his government's ties with
7043:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe
5779:. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press.
2179:and Slovaks refer to the Munich Agreement as the
1936:Chamberlain with Benito Mussolini, September 1938
1106:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance
8516:
6540:The Munich crisis, 1938: prelude to World War II
6077:The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II
5806:
5444:"Slovak-Hungarian border in the years 1938–1945"
4555:, 'Germany, "Domestic Crisis" and War in 1939',
4495:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 July 2002.
4398:
4221:
3752:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999.
3410:The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II
2684:
1709:, claiming that the French Minister of Aviation
1680:, claiming it was a Czech hegemony although the
429:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia
6046:. New York & London: Simon & Schuster.
5155:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 1917–1991
5028:The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II
4897:
4703:Adolf Sturmthal, " Labor's Road to Munich". in
2795:had 97.3% of the adult population vote for the
2036:(which had been autonomous since October 1938).
1753:in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at
253:, where more than three million people, mainly
6073:
4838:
4748:
3406:
3153:
2806:as well as in Nazi organisations, such as the
2126:and asked him to sign a statement calling the
1815:, Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš and the
742:United Nations Security Council Resolution 335
327:The Munich Agreement was soon followed by the
282:low-intensity undeclared war on Czechoslovakia
7665:
7187:
6767:
6269:
5983:(in German). 11 November 1972. Archived from
4572:(Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988), p. 279.
4324:
4022:The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary
3998:The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary
3971:
3959:
3942:
3909:
3870:
3853:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3778:
3207:, in justifying increased military action in
2949:. General Hans Oster, the deputy head of the
2702:during the Hungarians' triumphant entry into
2350:before he had presented the agreement to the
1335:
869:
530:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
8580:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
6581:Ripsman, Norrin M. and Jack S. Levy. 2008. "
6199:Kiedy wybuchnie wojna? 1938. Studium kryzysu
5263:Joseph Goebbels diary, 2 October 1938, p. 2.
4341:"Neville Chamberlin on "Appeasement" (1939)"
4318:
3323:
2232:
2213:
1963:was reconvened from a parliamentary recess.
815:
806:
694:
542:Moscow Conference and Declaration on Austria
518:
6163:
6060:
5967:
5883:(1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
5669:
5667:
5276:International Military Alliances, 1648–2008
4946:"German Foreign Policy and Poland, 1937–38"
4870:
4537:
4434:
4385:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4359:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4190:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4142:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4121:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
2904:beyond the legitimate Versailles grievances
2409:The Polish Army entering Trans-Olza in 1938
2226:
2207:
1813:Convention for the Definition of Aggression
1671:On 12 September, Hitler made a speech at a
1536:in response to a possible German invasion.
1094:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
7672:
7658:
7194:
7180:
6774:
6760:
6122:
5140:
4242:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3666:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3645:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3513:office, Kafkadesk Prague (14 March 2021).
3439:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3036:Neville Chamberlain announced the deal at
2834:had formulated a plan, "Operation Green" (
1894:A new Czechoslovak cabinet, under General
1342:
1328:
876:
862:
52:
6339:
6285:
6235:
6102:
5923:
5921:
5678:
5649:(Praeger Publishers, 1997), pp. 182–185.
5535:
5510:
5338:
5224:
5104:
5024:
4937:
4633:
3680:
2534:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
1967:between people of whom we know nothing."
1289:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations
1100:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
7329:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
6548:
6438:
6196:
6138:
6061:Gilbert, Martin; Gott, Richard (1999) .
5911:Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (3 December 2013),
5768:
5766:
5664:
5060:
4943:
4879:"Prawda o Zaolziu – Uważam Rze Historia"
4802:
4763:
4548:
4546:
4445:
4443:
4414:. Oxford University Press. p. 166.
4073:
4050:
3719:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 9
3500:
3453:
3306:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia
3237:by saying, "This is our Munich moment."
3020:
2885:
2768:and Czechs). Poland annexed the town of
2724:
2709:
2694:
2649:
2581:
2520:
2404:
2312:
2151:
2139:
2070:
2003:
1931:
1860:agency). Other members included Captain
1784:
1720:
1716:
1662:
1598:
1386:
1371:
1363:
1265:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
584:Luxembourg's annexations (1946 and 1949)
8457:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
6307:Polska – niespełniony sojusznik Hitlera
6223:
6032:
5838:Encyclopedia of the New American Nation
5441:
5321:France Signs "No-War" Pact with Germany
5199:
5066:
5006:
5000:
4876:
4705:The Tragedy of European Labor 1918–1939
2148:in Munich, site of the Munich Agreement
1987:, and Chamberlain's personal secretary
1411:collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
1359:
14:
8517:
7608:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
6984:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
6653:– Text of the Munich Agreement on-line
6327:
6313:
6265:: Sechster Teil, R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
6252:
6179:
6134:: Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte.
5918:
5849:
5658:
5272:
5251:
4986:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 119.
4903:
4790:
4716:
4508:
4404:
4309:
4024:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2007.
4000:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2007.
3790:
3512:
3088:
2935:Birth of German resistance in military
2818:German invasion of rump Czechoslovakia
1506:Czechoslovakia. Hitler did not reply.
1247:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
8575:Treaties of the French Third Republic
7653:
7175:
7132:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
6755:
6722:Map of Europe during Munich Agreement
6594:Czech Journal of Contemporary History
6538:Lukes, Igor and Erik Goldstein, eds.
6367:
6074:Goldstein, Erik; Lukes, Igor (1967).
6041:
5876:
5763:
5483:
5152:
4981:
4645:
4598:(London: Penguin, 2001), pp. 122–123.
4543:
4519:
4517:
4440:
3460:The Slavonic and East European Review
3407:Goldstein, Erik; Lukes, Igor (1999),
3148:German speaking majority was expelled
3118:To which Masaryk replied as follows:
2638:fortifications, he privately said to
2308:
2165:
787:Former eastern territories of Germany
7050:German expulsion from Czechoslovakia
6781:
6708:– A day by day summary of the crisis
6551:Fighting Churchill, Appeasing Hitler
6478:
6320:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
6015:
5950:"Kerry: 'This is our Munich moment'"
5834:"The Munich Analogy: The Korean War"
5617:
4984:Czechoslovakia Crossroads and Crises
4918:
4559:No. 116 (Aug., 1987), p. 163, n. 74.
4325:Domarus, Max; Hitler, Adolf (1990).
4044:
3930:
3882:
2961:Italian colonial demands from France
2926:Strengthening of Wehrmacht armaments
2894:after the establishment of a German
2654:Czechs refugees from the Sudetenland
2630:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2489:Historians such as H.L. Roberts and
848:Territorial evolution of Switzerland
676:"Little Reunification" with Saarland
509:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
39:Munich Conference on Security Policy
8388:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
7472:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
6511:(Princeton University Press, 2021).
6390:
6304:
6238:Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement
6142:The Slovak–Polish Border, 1918–1947
6044:Munich: The 1938 Appeasement Crisis
6037:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5772:
5674:The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
5178:"Empire Comment on the Agreement".
4826:
4814:
4775:
4730:Munich. The 1938 Appeasement Crisis
3889:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89.
3027:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2824:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
2804:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2297:(Chief of German Intelligence) and
2040:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1929:will never be a nation of slaves."
1441:for which they coined the new name
1241:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
504:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
356:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
24:
7203:Diplomatic history of World War II
7098:Events preceding the war in Europe
6432:
4624:(London: Macmillan, 1964), p. 447.
4611:(London: Routledge, 2006), p. 344.
4585:(London: Hart-Davis, 1971), p. 78.
4514:
4476:
3272:in 1972, rather than taking a pro-
2914:and resulted in the signing of an
2048:6. On 14 March 1939, a pro-Hitler
1974:, called Italy's Foreign Minister
1951:On 26 September, Chamberlain sent
1223:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War
25:
8606:
6956:German invasion of Czechoslovakia
6644:
6628:Betrayal: the Munich pact of 1938
6270:Noakes, J.; Pridham, G. (2010) .
6229:The Truth about the Munich Crisis
5850:Dallek, Matthew (December 1995).
5620:Kam zmizel zlatý poklad republiky
5468:Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín Papers
4923:. Hippocrene Books. p. 511.
4383:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
4357:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
4188:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
4140:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
4119:Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller.
3260:policy of staying neutral in the
2791:On 4 December 1938, elections in
2672:French-German Non-aggression Pact
2593:
2170:
1904:system of frontier fortifications
1509:
1449:and the newly created country of
1135:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
441:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
318:significant border fortifications
241:. The agreement provided for the
8590:Territorial evolution of Hungary
8499:
8498:
7639:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
7603:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
7448:Declaration of St James's Palace
6963:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
6706:Post-blogging the Sudeten Crisis
6553:. New York and London: Pegasus.
5942:
5930:
5913:"On the Use and Abuse of Munich"
5905:
5870:
5843:
5827:
5800:
5776:Czech Law in Historical Contexts
5725:
5704:
5626:
5611:
5598:
5585:
5576:
5563:
5550:
5541:
5516:
5489:
5460:
5435:
5418:"Fakta o vyhnání Čechů ze Sudet"
5410:
5384:
5371:
5332:
5011:. Princeton. pp. 603, 611.
4387:. New York: Enigma Books, 2008.
4361:. New York: Enigma Books, 2008.
4192:. New York: Enigma Books, 2008.
4144:. New York: Enigma Books, 2008.
4123:. New York: Enigma Books, 2008.
3376:"Munich Pact September 30, 1938"
3268:and the following hijack of the
3011:Quotations from key participants
2883:, a debt that was never repaid.
2658:On 5 October, Beneš resigned as
1400:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
385:Territorial evolution of Germany
199:
186:
173:
160:
140:
129:
118:
107:
7520:Declaration of the Four Nations
6672:Original reports from The Times
6459:Journal of Contemporary History
6379:League of Nations Treaty Series
6274:. Vol. II (2nd ed.).
6192:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Oskar.
6003:
5758:League of Nations Treaty Series
5688:. UK government. Archived from
5571:Journal of Contemporary History
5293:
5266:
5257:
5205:
5171:
5146:
5116:
5098:
5018:
4975:
4912:
4844:
4722:
4697:
4679:
4654:
4639:
4614:
4601:
4588:
4575:
4562:
4485:
4470:
4456:
4451:Journal of Contemporary History
4351:
4333:
4314:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4303:
4212:
4203:
4134:
3799:
3784:
3763:
3722:
3709:
3674:
3625:
3609:
3583:
3388:League of Nations Treaty Series
2879:for 648 million of prewar
2810:. The most notable of them was
2645:
2516:
1605:system of border fortifications
1468:In 1933, Sudeten German leader
1070:Nazis' rise to power in Germany
912:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
843:Territorial evolution of Poland
838:Territorial evolution of France
8585:Treaties of the United Kingdom
7634:German Instrument of Surrender
7460:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
7418:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact
7237:Second Inter-Allied Conference
6466:New England Journal of History
6372:(in Polish). Wspólnota Polska.
6018:The Second World War in Europe
5813:. Princeton UP. pp. 4–7.
4982:Stone, Norman (January 1989).
4906:Origin of the Second World War
3557:
3532:
3506:
3447:
3380:
3368:
2991:, some form of French-Italian
2916:Anglo-Polish military alliance
2137:" speech to crowds in London.
1409:was created in 1918 after the
1034:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
891:Events leading to World War II
724:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
13:
1:
7484:Declaration by United Nations
7255:Third Inter-Allied Conference
7225:First Inter-Allied Conference
7219:U.S.–British Staff Conference
5345:The Journal of Modern History
5225:Churchill, Winston S (2002).
5182:. 1 October 1938. p. 7.
5031:. Routledge. pp. 57–58.
4944:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1975).
4908:. Penguns Books. p. 241.
3311:
2957:by forces loyal to the plot.
2890:Adolf Hitler on his visit to
2685:First Vienna Award to Hungary
2112:occupation of the Sudetenland
1999:
1906:, was prepared to fight. The
1673:Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg
1528:government of Prime Minister
1433:in the west and Slovakia and
1354:
1253:German ultimatum to Lithuania
1199:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania
468:Treaty of the Cession of the
7618:Council of Foreign Ministers
7613:European Advisory Commission
7309:Greater East Asia Conference
7261:Second Washington Conference
6949:Second Czechoslovak Republic
6823:Parliamentary election, 1935
6693:Peace: And the Crisis Begins
6542:(1999); Essays by scholars.
6521:Gottlieb, Julie et al. eds.
5840:. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
5067:Gromada, Thadeus V. (1981).
3413:, New York, pp. 59–60,
3361:
2563:
2287:kindische Kräfteberechnungen
2160:
2128:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
1153:Italo-German "Axis" protocol
1118:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
763:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
658:London and Paris Conferences
221:was an agreement reached in
7:
8383:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
7496:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
7285:Third Washington Conference
7036:Third Czechoslovak Republic
6638:Munich: Prologue to tragedy
6443:. London: The Bodley Head.
6385:. Vol. 204. 1941–1943.
6360:
6205:] (in Polish). Warsaw:
6197:Majewski, Piotr M. (2019).
5927:Logevall and Osgood (2010).
5915:. Retrieved 11 January 2018
5712:"National Churchill Museum"
4020:Adolf Hitler, Max Domarus.
3781:, pp. 100–101, Vol. 3.
3279:
2862:International Students' Day
2660:President of Czechoslovakia
2083:following his meeting with
2038:5. Germany establishes the
1407:First Czechoslovak Republic
1396:president of Czechoslovakia
1283:Italian invasion of Albania
1277:British guarantee to Poland
751:German–Polish Border Treaty
10:
8611:
8565:Treaties concluded in 1938
8550:1938 in the United Kingdom
8047:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
8027:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
6578:, bibliography pp 229–233.
6507:Farnham, Barbara Reardon.
6471:Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste.
6340:Zimmerman, Volker (1999).
6280:University of Exeter Press
6246:Cambridge University Press
5273:Gibler, Douglas M (2008).
5157:. Routledge. p. 225.
4839:Goldstein & Lukes 1999
4749:Goldstein & Lukes 1999
4596:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
4466:. Encyclopedia Britannica.
3622:. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
3014:
2964:
2938:
2821:
2688:
2670:. On 6 December 1938, the
2504:
2421:marked that the return of
2267:
1821:Czech Constitutional court
1796:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
1516:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
1513:
1129:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
470:Memel Territory to Germany
376:
36:
29:
8494:
8449:
8405:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
8396:
8375:
8327:1st Czechoslovak Division
8314:
8307:
8264:
8192:
8149:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
8093:
8086:
7983:
7933:
7924:
7871:
7819:
7768:
7759:
7698:
7691:
7626:
7595:
7490:Punishment for War Crimes
7424:Destroyers-for-bases deal
7390:
7341:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
7209:
7136:Germans in Czechoslovakia
7089:
7016:
6998:Slovak invasion of Poland
6922:
6789:
6549:Phillips, Adrian (2019).
6286:Parssinen, Terry (2004).
6253:Müller, Reinhard (1943).
6139:Jesenský, Marcel (2014).
6086:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
5807:Yuen Foong Khong (1992).
5796:– via Google Books.
5379:Austrian History Yearbook
5339:Glassheim, Eagle (2006).
5279:. CQ Press. p. 203.
5112:. Université de Montréal.
4620:John W. Wheeler-Bennett,
4310:Haslam, Jonathan (1983).
4080:. New York: Basic Books.
3972:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3960:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3943:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3910:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3871:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3854:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3839:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3827:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3815:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3779:Noakes & Pridham 2010
3681:Glassheim, Eagle (2016).
3191:that his refusal to bomb
3137:French National Committee
2400:
2090:Discussions began at the
1850:, the deputy head of the
1826:On 18 September, Italy's
1805:Germans in Czechoslovakia
1801:paramilitary organization
1058:Defense of the Great Wall
1040:Pacification of Manchukuo
462:Seizure of Czechoslovakia
419:with Soviet Russia (1918)
225:on 30 September 1938, by
152:
102:
91:
83:
51:
8570:Treaties of Nazi Germany
8294:Sereď concentration camp
8015:Jan Hus partisan brigade
7957:Slovak National Uprising
7430:Franco-Italian Armistice
7353:Fourth Moscow Conference
7347:Second Quebec Conference
7335:Bretton Woods Conference
7267:Second Moscow Conference
6611:Diplomacy and Statecraft
6571:(2019) pp. 163–180.
6231:. William Heinemann Ltd.
6008:
5852:"The Conservative 1960s"
5618:Motl, Stanislav (2007).
5524:Central European History
5442:Hetényi, Martin (2008).
5105:Jabara Carley, Michael.
4230:Ruling No. II. ÚS 307/97
4074:Reynolds, David (2009).
3316:
2999:and the preservation of
2056:government declares the
2018:had fought a war in 1919
1177:Second Sino-Japanese War
1141:Arab revolt in Palestine
1088:Inner Mongolian Campaign
989:Second Italo-Senussi War
435:Return of the Saar Basin
8362:11th Infantry Battalion
7574:Treaty of San Francisco
7406:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
7323:Second Cairo Conference
7297:Third Moscow Conference
7291:First Quebec Conference
7243:First Moscow Conference
6913:Sudeten German uprising
6636:Wheeler-Bennett, John.
6368:Siwek, Tadeusz (n.d.).
6305:Rak, Krzysztof (2019).
6114:. World War II series.
6104:Herzstein, Robert Edwin
6016:Bell, P. M. H. (1986).
5936:Jeffrey Record (2002),
5877:Dobbs, Michael (2008).
5595:(1976) 21 (1/2): 23–40.
5180:The Manchester Guardian
5153:Sakwa, Richard (1999).
5009:The Diplomats 1919–1939
4904:Taylor, A.J.P. (1967).
4435:Gilbert & Gott 1999
3841:, vol. 3 pp. 1001–1002.
3715:Douglas, R. M. (2012),
3620:Encyclopædia Britannica
3454:Ragsdale, Hugh (2001).
3301:Treaty of Prague (1973)
2623:The American historian
2586:Map of the Sudetenland
2551:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2451:, commanded by General
2075:British Prime Minister
1862:Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz
1603:Czechoslovakia built a
1419:Treaty of Saint-Germain
1307:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1301:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
476:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
417:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
411:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
32:Treaty of Munich (1816)
8003:Czech National Council
7778:Konstantin von Neurath
7562:United Nations Charter
7502:Armistice of Cassibile
7454:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
6616:Watt, Donald Cameron.
6613:10.23 (1999): 122–159.
6587:International Security
6574:Riggs, Bruce Timothy.
6439:Bouverie, Tim (2019).
6236:McDonough, F. (2002).
6069:: Frank Cass & Co.
6033:Douglas, R.M. (2012).
5733:"The Churchill Center"
5582:McDonough, 2002, p. 73
4919:Watt, Richard (1998).
4877:Baliszewski, Mariusz.
3974:, p. 105, Vol. 3.
3817:, p. 102, Vol. 3.
3750:The History of Germany
3352:
3344:
3336:
3286:Causes of World War II
3216:Iran nuclear agreement
3135:In September 1942 the
3133:
3116:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3046:
3029:
2967:France–Italy relations
2899:
2857:Konstantin von Neurath
2738:
2722:
2707:
2655:
2590:
2526:
2410:
2318:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2157:
2149:
2087:
2068:
1937:
1790:
1726:
1668:
1608:
1402:
1384:
1369:
975:Occupation of the Ruhr
957:Franco-Polish alliance
816:
807:
695:
691:from Luxembourg (1959)
682:Belgium–Germany border
637:Bonn–Paris conventions
519:
373:totalitarian states."
295:grouped its army units
280:Germany had started a
274:
266:
8555:September 1938 events
8299:Theresienstadt Ghetto
8245:Kremnička and Nemecká
7749:Chief of Intelligence
7580:Austrian State Treaty
7273:Casablanca Conference
7148:Arms and the Covenant
7024:(Mar 1945 – Dec 1973)
6930:(Nov 1938 – Sep 1939)
6830:Border fortifications
6797:(Oct 1925 – Sep 1938)
6747:ULB's Digital Library
6727:1 August 2014 at the
6632:online free to borrow
6622:online free to borrow
6603:19 March 2022 at the
6309:(in Polish). Bellona.
6042:Faber, David (2008).
5686:"Neville Chamberlain"
5526:15.3 (1982): 266–296.
5124:"Franco-Czech Treaty"
5037:10.4324/9780203045077
4883:historia.uwazamrze.pl
4650:. Quill. p. 105.
4646:Leach, Barry (1989).
3912:, vol. 3 pp. 102–103.
3883:Hehn, Paul N (2005).
3472:10.1353/see.2001.0004
3262:Arab–Israeli conflict
3201:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
3120:
3099:
3082:
3069:
3050:
3042:
3024:
2889:
2793:Reichsgau Sudetenland
2748:Bohemia, Moravia and
2728:
2713:
2698:
2653:
2585:
2524:
2408:
2316:
2223:About us, without us!
2155:
2143:
2074:
2007:
1994:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1935:
1788:
1724:
1717:Berchtesgaden meeting
1666:
1602:
1522:appeasement of Hitler
1514:Further information:
1390:
1375:
1367:
1211:Battle of Lake Khasan
1124:December 9th Movement
924:Polish–Lithuanian War
664:Austrian State Treaty
593:Paris Protocol (1949)
348:First Slovak Republic
8560:Partition (politics)
8367:1st Armoured Brigade
7568:Paris Peace Treaties
7071:Paris Peace Treaties
6991:Slovak–Hungarian War
6899:Godesberg Memorandum
6816:Sudeten German Party
6698:15 July 2011 at the
6670:The Munich Agreement
6651:The Munich Agreement
6518:24.1 (2015): 95–130.
6468:(2010) 66#2 pp 1–30.
6344:(in German). Essen.
5773:Jan, Kuklík (2015).
5632:Terry M. Parssinen,
5560:(2007). pp. 161–163.
5228:The Second World War
4693:. 30 September 1968.
4453:9.3 (1974): 191–216.
4345:www.historyguide.org
3270:Lufthansa Flight 615
3197:Cuban Missile Crisis
2513:on 2 November 1938.
2453:Władysław Bortnowski
1919:Godesberg Memorandum
1621:German general staff
1526:British Conservative
1474:Sudeten German Party
1445:, which bordered on
1381:Sudeten German Party
1360:Demands for autonomy
1259:Slovak–Hungarian War
906:Treaty of Versailles
757:Two Plus Four Treaty
423:Treaty of Versailles
58:From left to right:
8416:Emergency Divisions
8322:Czechoslovak Legion
8289:Carpathian Ruthenia
7949:Vrba–Wetzler report
7910:Minister of Defence
7700:Government-in-exile
7556:Potsdam Declaration
7514:Moscow Declarations
7436:Moscow Peace Treaty
7231:Atlantic Conference
6977:Bohemia and Moravia
6846:Hossbach Memorandum
6681:8 July 2011 at the
6662:24 May 2011 at the
6461:9.3 (1974): 191–216
5975:"Deutsche Feigheit"
5760:, pp. 378–380.
5661:, pp. 116–130.
5606:The Gathering Storm
5604:Winston Churchill,
5573:40.1 (2005): 25–39.
5381:15 (1979): 130–156.
5213:The Gathering Storm
5211:Winston Churchill,
4719:, pp. 339–340.
4707:(1943) pp. 297–324.
4609:Neville Chamberlain
4568:Robert Rothschild,
3791:Hruška, E. (2013).
3597:. 30 September 2013
3595:history.blog.gov.uk
3571:. 24 September 2019
3089:Legal nullification
3056:'s return from the
2920:invasion of Albania
2912:Free City of Danzig
2881:Czechoslovak koruna
2758:Carpathian Ruthenia
2611:The Gathering Storm
2493:have characterised
2465:Dariusz Baliszewski
2124:Prinzregentenstraße
2077:Neville Chamberlain
2046:, on 16 March 1939.
2034:Carpathian Ruthenia
2024:Carpathian Ruthenia
1948:also be satisfied.
1817:government-in-exile
1611:Hitler's adjutant,
1581:Juliusz Łukasiewicz
1530:Neville Chamberlain
1496:Karlsbader Programm
1291:Apr.–Aug. 1939
1273:Mar.–Aug. 1939
1267:Mar.–Apr. 1939
1213:July–Aug. 1938
1159:Anti-Comintern Pact
1046:January 28 incident
628:Treaty of Zgorzelec
611:Belgian annexations
413:with Ukraine (1918)
401:Act of 5th November
388:in the 20th century
346:In March 1939, the
125:Neville Chamberlain
60:Neville Chamberlain
48:
8125:Čajánek's barracks
7804:Karl Hermann Frank
7380:Potsdam Conference
7249:Arcadia Conference
7117:Peace for our time
6942:First Vienna Award
6626:Werstein, Irving.
6596:7.7 (2019): 5–14.
6535:5#1 (1991): 48–73.
6481:History and Theory
6475:(2004) pp 277–301.
6329:Shirer, William L.
6315:Shirer, William L.
6207:Krytyka Polityczna
6165:Kirkpatrick, Ivone
6147:Palgrave Macmillan
6118:: Time-Life Books.
5987:on 19 October 2013
5645:H. James Burgwyn,
5608:(1948) pp 381–401.
5593:The Polish Review,
5398:on 2 December 2014
4858:. 14 February 2008
4805:, p. 459-460.
4666:The New York Times
4570:Peace For Our Time
4557:Past & Present
4523:Douglas, pp. 14–15
3769:Douglas, pp. 12–13
3717:Orderly and Humane
3616:"Munich Agreement"
3220:Secretary of State
3187:told US President
3078:David Lloyd George
3058:Congress of Berlin
3030:
3017:Peace for our time
2989:Suez Canal Company
2900:
2812:Karl Hermann Frank
2739:
2723:
2708:
2691:First Vienna Award
2656:
2591:
2527:
2511:Vienna Arbitration
2411:
2372:Conservative Party
2352:British Parliament
2331:The New York Times
2319:
2309:Britain and France
2166:Immediate response
2158:
2150:
2135:peace for our time
2088:
2069:
2028:First Vienna Award
2012:2. Poland annexes
1957:Berlin Sportpalast
1938:
1791:
1755:Hitler's residence
1727:
1678:self-determination
1669:
1640:request a mediator
1625:British rearmament
1609:
1484:Shortly after the
1478:front organisation
1463:Slovak nationalism
1435:Subcarpathian Rus'
1403:
1398:and leader of the
1385:
1370:
1313:Invasion of Poland
1303:May–Sep. 1939
1235:First Vienna Award
1112:He–Umezu Agreement
832:Adjacent countries
797:Hallstein Doctrine
703:Return of Selfkant
654:from France (1953)
647:from the UK (1952)
573:Berlin Declaration
554:Potsdam Conference
514:General Government
333:Subcarpathian Rus'
329:First Vienna Award
46:
8512:
8511:
8445:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8257:
8249:
8241:
8221:
8206:
8185:
8177:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8145:
8137:
8129:
8121:
8113:
8105:
8082:
8081:
8011:
7999:
7969:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7920:
7919:
7867:
7866:
7782:Reinhard Heydrich
7744:František Moravec
7647:
7646:
7550:Potsdam Agreement
7544:Nuremberg Charter
7508:Cairo Declaration
7316:Tehran Conference
7169:
7168:
7158:Why England Slept
7057:Potsdam Agreement
6560:978-1-64313-221-1
6290:. Pimlico Press.
6225:Maugham, Viscount
6124:Hildebrand, Klaus
6053:978-1-84737-008-2
5739:on 5 October 2016
5422:bohumildolezal.cz
5329:, 7 December 1938
5130:. 7 January 1924.
5073:The Polish Review
4950:The Polish Review
4648:Hitler's Generals
4581:Roger Parkinson,
3748:Eleanor L. Turk.
3728:Douglas, pp. 7–12
3694:978-0-8229-6426-1
3503:, pp. 88–89.
3374:see the text at
3353:Münchner Abkommen
3345:Mníchovská dohoda
3337:Mnichovská dohoda
3330:Munich Agreement:
3250:US foreign policy
3246:American politics
3225:, Representative
3154:"Ghost of Munich"
3141:Charles de Gaulle
3065:Winston Churchill
2979:, control of the
2955:Reich Chancellery
2625:William L. Shirer
2348:Buckingham Palace
2299:Graf von Helldorf
2262:Nobel Peace Prize
2200:Mníchovský diktát
2192:Mnichovský diktát
2079:after landing at
2044:puppet government
1985:Alexander Cadogan
1953:Sir Horace Wilson
1942:Germans in Poland
1900:Czechoslovak Army
1885:God Save the King
1858:counter-espionage
1842:On 20 September,
1835:made a speech in
1744:10 Downing Street
1423:Treaty of Trianon
1352:
1351:
1147:Spanish Civil War
1082:Italo-Soviet Pact
1052:Geneva Conference
951:Treaty of Rapallo
945:Treaty of Trianon
918:Polish–Soviet War
886:
885:
696:Ausgleichsvertrag
616:Esrablishment of
588:Saar Protectorate
579:Potsdam Agreement
567:Post-World War II
536:Tehran Conference
405:Kingdom of Poland
243:German annexation
215:
214:
87:30 September 1938
18:Munich Conference
16:(Redirected from
8602:
8530:1938 conferences
8525:Munich Agreement
8502:
8501:
8486:Western betrayal
8469:Munich Agreement
8428:Slovak Air Force
8312:
8311:
8255:
8247:
8239:
8219:
8218:
8204:
8183:
8175:
8167:
8159:
8157:Prague Offensive
8151:
8143:
8135:
8133:Slovak–Hungarian
8127:
8119:
8117:Carpatho-Ukraine
8111:
8103:
8091:
8090:
8070:
8042:Slovak partisans
8023:
8005:
7993:
7991:Council of Three
7967:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7931:
7930:
7905:Ferdinand Čatloš
7766:
7765:
7737:foreign minister
7696:
7695:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7651:
7650:
7538:Moscow Armistice
7466:Atlantic Charter
7400:Munich Agreement
7366:Yalta Conference
7359:Malta Conference
7303:Cairo Conference
7279:Adana Conference
7196:
7189:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7162:
7152:
7143:Western betrayal
7138:
7127:
7125:Lesson of Munich
7120:
7111:
7100:
7082:
7079:Treaty of Prague
7074:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7025:
7009:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6931:
6915:
6908:
6906:Oster Conspiracy
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6878:Runciman Mission
6873:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6841:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6809:Locarno Treaties
6798:
6783:Munich Agreement
6776:
6769:
6762:
6753:
6752:
6564:
6516:Security Studies
6504:
6454:
6427:
6398:Fredrik Logevall
6391:Journal articles
6386:
6384:
6373:
6355:
6336:
6335:. Da Capo Press.
6324:
6310:
6301:
6283:
6266:
6249:
6232:
6220:
6193:
6191:
6176:
6169:The Inner Circle
6160:
6135:
6128:Das Dritte Reich
6119:
6113:
6099:
6070:
6057:
6038:
6029:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5916:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5847:
5841:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5770:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5735:. Archived from
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5682:
5676:
5671:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5596:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5574:
5567:
5561:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5448:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5394:. Archived from
5388:
5382:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5336:
5330:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4550:
4541:
4538:Kirkpatrick 1959
4535:
4524:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4402:
4396:
4381:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4290:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4233:
4232:(in Czech), Brno
4225:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4186:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4117:
4100:
4099:
4071:
4048:
4042:
4033:
4018:
4009:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3962:, vol. 3 p. 105.
3957:
3946:
3945:, vol. 2 p. 201.
3940:
3934:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3880:
3874:
3873:, vol. 3 p. 104.
3868:
3857:
3856:, vol. 3 p. 102.
3851:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3829:, vol. 3 p. 101.
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3746:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3540:"Hoedl-Memoiren"
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3404:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3355:
3327:
3291:Lesson of Munich
3242:Fredrik Logevall
3231:Texas Republican
3177:Republican Party
3095:Second World War
3038:Heston Aerodrome
2947:Oster conspiracy
2941:Oster Conspiracy
2869:Battle of France
2844:Carpatho-Ukraine
2607:Viscount Maugham
2463:. The historian
2236:
2230:
2217:
2215:Mníchovská zrada
2211:
2209:Mnichovská zrada
2081:Heston Aerodrome
2030:(November 1938).
1981:Nevile Henderson
1961:House of Commons
1870:
1844:German opponents
1833:Benito Mussolini
1751:Lockheed Electra
1740:Sir Samuel Hoare
1590:Édouard Daladier
1520:As the previous
1379:, leader of the
1344:
1337:
1330:
1229:Munich Agreement
1165:Suiyuan campaign
1013:Great Depression
1001:Locarno Treaties
888:
887:
878:
871:
864:
821:
812:
802:Drang nach Osten
776:Areas and issues
736:Treaty of Prague
718:Treaty of Warsaw
712:Treaty of Moscow
698:
597:Dutch annexation
548:Yalta Conference
524:
456:Munich Agreement
395:Pre-World War II
381:
380:
291:Jeseník District
275:Mníchovská zrada
267:Mnichovská zrada
219:Munich Agreement
205:
203:
202:
192:
190:
189:
179:
177:
176:
166:
164:
163:
147:Benito Mussolini
145:
144:
143:
136:Édouard Daladier
134:
133:
132:
123:
122:
121:
112:
111:
110:
72:Benito Mussolini
64:Édouard Daladier
56:
49:
47:Munich Agreement
45:
21:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8595:1930s in Munich
8540:1938 in Germany
8515:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8490:
8479:Sudeten Germans
8437:
8423:Government Army
8392:
8371:
8303:
8260:
8212:
8188:
8078:
8056:
8017:
7979:
7965:Prague uprising
7916:
7873:Slovak Republic
7863:
7859:Emanuel Moravec
7847:Richard Bienert
7843:Jaroslav Krejčí
7815:
7809:Chief of Police
7796:Reichsprotektor
7755:
7687:
7678:
7648:
7643:
7622:
7591:
7478:Paris Protocols
7442:Tripartite Pact
7392:
7386:
7205:
7200:
7170:
7165:
7155:
7141:
7130:
7123:
7114:
7103:
7096:
7085:
7077:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7023:
7012:
7006:Generalplan Ost
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6970:Slovak Republic
6968:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6934:
6929:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6892:Runciman Report
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6860:
6851:
6844:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6801:
6796:
6785:
6780:
6729:Wayback Machine
6700:Wayback Machine
6683:Wayback Machine
6664:Wayback Machine
6647:
6605:Wayback Machine
6589:33(2): 148–181.
6561:
6493:10.2307/2504843
6451:
6450:978-1847-924407
6435:
6433:Further reading
6430:
6393:
6382:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6298:
6217:
6189:
6157:
6096:
6054:
6011:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5935:
5931:
5926:
5919:
5910:
5906:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5848:
5844:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5692:on 2 April 2012
5684:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5644:
5640:
5631:
5627:
5616:
5612:
5603:
5599:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5568:
5564:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5472:EUR.AC research
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5376:
5372:
5337:
5333:
5326:Chicago Tribune
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5223:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5151:
5147:
5141:Hildebrand 1991
5139:
5135:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5023:
5019:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4964:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4917:
4913:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4736:
4727:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4698:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4619:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4593:
4589:
4580:
4576:
4567:
4563:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4475:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4403:
4399:
4382:
4373:
4356:
4352:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4329:. p. 1393.
4323:
4319:
4308:
4304:
4291:
4268:
4259:
4255:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4187:
4156:
4139:
4135:
4118:
4103:
4088:
4072:
4051:
4043:
4036:
4019:
4012:
3991:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3747:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3659:
3658:
3656:. Prague. 1935.
3652:
3651:
3638:
3637:
3635:. Prague. 1934.
3631:
3630:
3626:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3452:
3448:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3405:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3282:
3266:Munich massacre
3189:John F. Kennedy
3173:Barry Goldwater
3156:
3091:
3019:
3013:
3003:in French-held
3001:Italian culture
2969:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2922:in April 1939.
2908:Polish Corridor
2898:, 15 March 1939
2873:Bank of England
2826:
2820:
2706:, November 1938
2693:
2687:
2648:
2640:Joseph Goebbels
2618:postwar memoirs
2596:
2566:
2519:
2507:
2457:Frysztat County
2428:Ignacy Mościcki
2423:Cieszyn Silesia
2419:Kazimierz Papée
2403:
2340:Communist Party
2311:
2295:Wilhelm Canaris
2270:
2247:Czecho-Slovakia
2204:Munich Betrayal
2202:). The phrase "
2173:
2168:
2163:
2058:Slovak Republic
2047:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2020:(October 1938).
2011:
2009:
2002:
1927:Saint Wenceslas
1864:
1748:British Airways
1719:
1619:, chief of the
1613:Fritz Wiedemann
1541:Operation Green
1518:
1512:
1500:minority rights
1362:
1357:
1348:
1319:
1318:
1179: 1937–1945
1149: 1936–1939
1143: 1936–1939
1131: 1935–1936
1090: 1933–1936
1054: 1932–1934
1042: 1931–1942
1029:
1028:
1019:
1018:
991: 1923–1932
977: 1923–1925
940:
939:
930:
929:
926: 1919–1920
920: 1919–1920
901:
900:
882:
853:
852:
833:
825:
824:
792:German question
782:Alsace–Lorraine
777:
769:
768:
568:
560:
559:
498:Großdeutschland
492:
482:
481:
469:
396:
387:
379:
259:Munich Betrayal
235:French Republic
211:
200:
198:
187:
185:
174:
172:
161:
159:
141:
139:
138:
130:
128:
127:
119:
117:
116:
108:
106:
79:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8608:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8535:1938 in France
8532:
8527:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8471:
8466:
8459:
8453:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8408:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8379:
8377:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8329:
8324:
8318:
8316:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8250:
8242:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8207:
8198:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8178:
8170:
8162:
8154:
8146:
8138:
8130:
8122:
8114:
8106:
8097:
8095:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8012:
8000:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7962:
7954:
7946:
7937:
7935:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7898:Prime Minister
7890:
7889:
7888:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7852:Prime minister
7836:
7835:
7834:
7823:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7801:
7800:
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7774:
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7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7725:Prime Minister
7717:
7716:
7715:
7704:
7702:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7681:Czechoslovakia
7677:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7654:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
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7615:
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7605:
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7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
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7481:
7475:
7469:
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7457:
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7415:
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7215:
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7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7153:
7139:
7128:
7121:
7112:
7101:
7093:
7091:
7090:Related topics
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7075:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7031:
7029:
7027:
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7021:
7017:
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6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
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6952:
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6933:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6885:Bled Agreement
6881:
6874:
6867:
6858:
6854:Heim ins Reich
6849:
6842:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6737:
6732:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6703:
6690:
6673:
6667:
6654:
6646:
6645:External links
6643:
6642:
6641:
6634:
6624:
6614:
6607:
6590:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6559:
6546:
6536:
6533:French History
6529:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6487:(2): 149–174.
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6449:
6434:
6431:
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6392:
6389:
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5998:
5966:
5941:
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5842:
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5819:
5799:
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5762:
5750:
5724:
5703:
5677:
5663:
5651:
5638:
5625:
5610:
5597:
5584:
5575:
5562:
5549:
5540:
5538:, p. 184.
5536:Herzstein 1980
5528:
5515:
5511:Zimmerman 1999
5503:
5488:
5476:
5459:
5434:
5409:
5383:
5370:
5357:10.1086/499795
5331:
5313:
5292:
5285:
5265:
5256:
5254:, p. 520.
5244:
5237:
5217:
5204:
5192:
5170:
5163:
5145:
5133:
5115:
5097:
5059:
5045:
5017:
4999:
4992:
4974:
4936:
4929:
4911:
4896:
4869:
4843:
4831:
4829:, p. 410.
4819:
4817:, p. 409.
4807:
4795:
4793:, p. 157.
4780:
4778:, p. 405.
4768:
4753:
4751:, p. 122.
4734:
4732:(2008), p. 421
4721:
4709:
4696:
4678:
4653:
4638:
4634:Parssinen 2004
4626:
4613:
4600:
4587:
4574:
4561:
4542:
4540:, p. 135.
4525:
4513:
4498:
4484:
4481:. p. 346.
4469:
4455:
4439:
4437:, p. 178.
4427:
4420:
4406:Dallek, Robert
4397:
4371:
4350:
4332:
4317:
4302:
4266:
4253:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4154:
4133:
4101:
4086:
4049:
4047:, p. 239.
4034:
4010:
3992:Adolf Hitler,
3976:
3964:
3947:
3935:
3933:, p. 238.
3914:
3902:
3895:
3875:
3858:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3805:Douglas, p. 18
3798:
3783:
3771:
3762:
3730:
3721:
3708:
3693:
3673:
3624:
3608:
3582:
3556:
3531:
3505:
3493:
3466:(4): 698–720.
3446:
3419:
3396:
3394:, pp. 164–169.
3379:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3227:John Culberson
3205:Lyndon Johnson
3155:
3152:
3090:
3087:
3015:Main article:
3012:
3009:
2965:Main article:
2962:
2959:
2939:Main article:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2822:Main article:
2819:
2816:
2737:, October 1938
2700:Admiral Horthy
2689:Main article:
2686:
2683:
2674:was signed in
2647:
2644:
2595:
2594:Later opinions
2592:
2573:Prime Minister
2565:
2562:
2558:co-belligerent
2542:Central Europe
2518:
2515:
2506:
2503:
2491:Anna Cienciala
2461:Cieszyn County
2402:
2399:
2356:Clement Attlee
2310:
2307:
2269:
2266:
2254:Nobel laureate
2243:Czech Republic
2234:O nás bez nás!
2228:O nás bez nás!
2172:
2171:Czechoslovakia
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2001:
1998:
1976:Galeazzo Ciano
1736:Sir John Simon
1718:
1715:
1644:Western Europe
1633:Wilhelm Keitel
1585:Georges Bonnet
1511:
1510:Sudeten crisis
1508:
1470:Konrad Henlein
1413:at the end of
1377:Konrad Henlein
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:Sep. 1939
1310:
1309:Aug. 1939
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1285:Apr. 1939
1280:
1279:Mar. 1939
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:Mar. 1939
1256:
1255:Mar. 1939
1250:
1249:Mar. 1939
1244:
1243:Mar. 1939
1238:
1237:Nov. 1938
1232:
1231:Sep. 1938
1226:
1225:Sep. 1938
1220:
1219:Aug. 1938
1217:Bled Agreement
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:Mar. 1938
1196:
1195:Mar. 1938
1190:
1180:
1174:
1171:Xi'an Incident
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1064:Battle of Rehe
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
978:
972:
969:Corfu incident
966:
960:
954:
948:
941:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
921:
915:
909:
902:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
884:
883:
881:
880:
873:
866:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
813:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
778:
775:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
760:
754:
748:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
706:
700:
692:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
648:
634:
631:
625:
614:
608:
594:
591:
585:
582:
576:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
526:
525:
521:Zone interdite
516:
511:
506:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
473:
465:
459:
453:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
378:
375:
255:ethnic Germans
247:Czechoslovakia
231:United Kingdom
213:
212:
210:
209:
196:
183:
181:United Kingdom
170:
156:
154:
150:
149:
104:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
76:Galeazzo Ciano
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8607:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8545:1938 in Italy
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8505:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8487:
8484:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
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8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
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8313:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8254:
8251:
8246:
8243:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8216:
8211:
8208:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8182:
8179:
8174:
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8166:
8163:
8158:
8155:
8150:
8147:
8142:
8139:
8134:
8131:
8126:
8123:
8118:
8115:
8110:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8085:
8075:
8074:Working Group
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8032:Obrana národa
8030:
8028:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7958:
7955:
7950:
7947:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7790:Wilhelm Frick
7787:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:Organizations
7594:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7412:Pact of Steel
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7197:
7192:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7064:Beneš decrees
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7022:
7020:Nullification
7019:
7018:
7015:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6403:World Affairs
6399:
6395:
6394:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6353:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6257:(in German).
6256:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6216:9788366232419
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6181:Kornat, Marek
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6156:9781137449641
6152:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6130:(in German).
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6095:9781136328398
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6063:The Appeasers
6059:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6022:Harlow, Essex
6019:
6014:
6013:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5970:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5908:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5890:9780307269362
5886:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5803:
5788:
5786:9788024628608
5782:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5754:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5713:
5707:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5594:
5588:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5556:N.J.W. Goda,
5553:
5544:
5537:
5532:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5445:
5438:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5380:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5302:
5296:
5288:
5286:9781604266849
5282:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5260:
5253:
5248:
5240:
5238:9780795308321
5234:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5215:(1948) p 318.
5214:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5108:
5101:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5048:
5046:9780203045077
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4993:9781349106462
4989:
4985:
4978:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4930:9780781806732
4926:
4922:
4915:
4907:
4900:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4841:, p. 66.
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4803:Majewski 2019
4799:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4766:, p. 82.
4765:
4764:Jesenský 2014
4760:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4731:
4728:David Faber,
4725:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4607:Robert Self,
4604:
4597:
4594:Ian Kershaw,
4591:
4584:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4554:
4553:Richard Overy
4549:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4477:Kuklik, Jan.
4473:
4465:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4421:9780199826667
4417:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4393:9781929631421
4390:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:9781929631421
4364:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4298:9781929631421
4295:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4260:Nigel Jones.
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4199:
4198:9781929631421
4195:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:9781929631421
4147:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4129:9781929631421
4126:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4087:9780786744589
4083:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:9780865166271
4027:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4006:9780865166271
4003:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3973:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3896:9780826417619
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3802:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3766:
3759:
3758:9780313302749
3755:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3520:
3519:kafkadesk.org
3516:
3509:
3502:
3501:Jesenský 2014
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3422:
3420:9781136328398
3416:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:to appeal to
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2892:Prague Castle
2888:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2828:In 1937, the
2825:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2736:
2733:by Poland in
2732:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:rapprochement
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:Joseph Stalin
2523:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:Ludvík Krejčí
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2305:is doubtful.
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:Lord Dunglass
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:Bad Godesberg
1874:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Berchtesgaden
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:client regime
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1648:Lord Runciman
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:May 1939
1296:
1295:Pact of Steel
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:Danzig Crisis
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:May 1938
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:March on Rome
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
934:
933:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
895:
894:
890:
889:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
859:
857:
856:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
829:
828:
820:
819:
814:
811:
810:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
773:
772:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
523:
522:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
495:
494:
491:
486:
485:
477:
474:
471:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
386:
383:
382:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Cheb District
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Fascist Italy
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
208:
197:
195:
184:
182:
171:
169:
158:
157:
155:
151:
148:
137:
126:
115:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8468:
8462:
8411:Hlinka Guard
8403:
8279:Protectorate
8210:Heydrichiáda
8037:Out Distance
7909:
7897:
7893:Vojtech Tuka
7885:
7851:
7831:
7808:
7794:
7786:Kurt Daluege
7761:Protectorate
7748:
7736:
7724:
7712:
7708:Edvard Beneš
7685:World War II
7399:
7393:and treaties
7391:Declarations
7378:
7364:
7314:
7251:(1941– 1942)
7156:
7146:
7005:
6926:Consequences
6861:
6852:
6837:
6782:
6741:
6731:at omniatlas
6637:
6627:
6617:
6610:
6593:
6586:
6568:
6550:
6539:
6532:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6440:
6410:(2): 13–26.
6407:
6401:
6378:
6341:
6332:
6319:
6306:
6287:
6271:
6254:
6237:
6228:
6202:
6198:
6185:
6168:
6141:
6127:
6109:
6076:
6062:
6043:
6034:
6017:
6004:Bibliography
5989:. Retrieved
5985:the original
5978:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5953:
5944:
5937:
5932:
5907:
5879:
5872:
5860:. Retrieved
5856:The Atlantic
5855:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5809:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5775:
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5737:the original
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5706:
5696:23 September
5694:. Retrieved
5690:the original
5680:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5633:
5628:
5619:
5613:
5605:
5600:
5592:
5587:
5578:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5552:
5543:
5531:
5523:
5518:
5506:
5500:Radio Prague
5491:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5450:. Retrieved
5437:
5425:. Retrieved
5421:
5412:
5400:. Retrieved
5396:the original
5386:
5378:
5373:
5351:(1): 65–92.
5348:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5316:
5304:. Retrieved
5295:
5275:
5268:
5259:
5247:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5207:
5200:Maugham 1944
5195:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5154:
5148:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5100:
5088:. Retrieved
5079:(3): 68–71.
5076:
5072:
5062:
5050:. Retrieved
5027:
5020:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4983:
4977:
4965:. Retrieved
4953:
4949:
4939:
4920:
4914:
4905:
4899:
4887:. Retrieved
4882:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4855:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4771:
4729:
4724:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4647:
4641:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4487:
4478:
4472:
4458:
4450:
4430:
4410:
4400:
4384:
4369:. pp. 73–74.
4358:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4264:. pp. 73–74.
4261:
4256:
4248:
4229:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4189:
4152:. pp. 71–72.
4141:
4136:
4120:
4076:
4021:
3997:
3967:
3938:
3905:
3885:
3878:
3834:
3822:
3810:
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3792:
3786:
3774:
3765:
3749:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3683:
3676:
3653:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3594:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3543:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:
3508:
3496:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3424:, retrieved
3409:
3387:
3382:
3370:
3329:
3325:
3255:
3239:
3218:mediated by
3213:
3185:Curtis LeMay
3169:conservative
3161:Harry Truman
3157:
3145:
3139:, headed by
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:as follows:
3035:
3031:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2901:
2896:protectorate
2876:
2866:
2840:Slovak State
2835:
2829:
2827:
2801:
2790:
2783:
2747:
2740:
2719:ethnic Poles
2680:
2664:World War II
2657:
2646:Consequences
2635:air defences
2628:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2597:
2576:Joseph Lyons
2567:
2555:
2528:
2517:Soviet Union
2508:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2437:
2433:
2412:
2395:Pope Pius XI
2392:
2376:
2368:Vyvyan Adams
2360:Labour Party
2344:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:Gallup Polls
2320:
2291:Franz Halder
2286:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2251:
2221:The slogan "
2220:
2180:
2174:
2132:
2119:
2116:
2108:Adolf Hitler
2089:
2085:Adolf Hitler
2065:client state
1969:
1965:
1950:
1939:
1916:
1908:Soviet Union
1893:
1889:
1851:
1841:
1827:
1825:
1794:
1792:
1780:
1732:Lord Halifax
1728:
1670:
1637:
1610:
1594:Jakob Suritz
1578:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1538:
1534:mobilization
1519:
1504:
1492:Edvard Beneš
1485:
1483:
1472:founded the
1467:
1455:
1404:
1392:Edvard Beneš
1228:
1184:
1076:Tanggu Truce
980:
730:Basic Treaty
640:
622:West Germany
496:
490:World War II
455:
450:with Austria
447:
403:proclaiming
371:expansionist
363:Adolf Hitler
360:
352:puppet state
345:
326:
322:
310:Soviet Union
307:
299:Soviet Union
279:
258:
227:Nazi Germany
218:
216:
114:Adolf Hitler
68:Adolf Hitler
43:
8474:Sudetenland
8433:Slovak Army
8274:Sudetenland
8213: [
8202:17 November
8181:Operation B
8057: [
8018: [
7973:Czech Radio
7839:Alois Eliáš
7732:Jan Masaryk
7211:Conferences
7109:Appeasement
6687:Adobe Flash
6255:Deutschland
5980:Der Spiegel
5862:5 September
5858:. p. 6
5659:Müller 1943
5252:Shirer 1960
5090:13 February
5052:13 February
4967:13 February
4885:(in Polish)
4791:Kornat 2012
4717:Shirer 1969
4691:Le Monde.fr
4509:Shirer 1960
4464:"Peacetime"
3994:Max Domarus
3258:West German
3195:during the
3171:US Senator
3093:During the
3025:Map of the
2993:condominium
2981:Addis Ababa
2770:Český Těšín
2449:Polish Army
2364:Duff Cooper
2258:Thomas Mann
1923:Jan Masaryk
1873:coup d'etat
1865: [
1856:(Germany's
1650:, a former
1629:Alfred Jodl
1617:Ludwig Beck
1579:On 22 May,
1563:Scharnhorst
1443:Sudetenland
1439:Czech Lands
1415:World War I
1027: 1930s
938: 1920s
899: 1910s
670:Saar Treaty
367:appeasement
350:, a German
314:Czech state
251:Sudetenland
249:called the
245:of part of
103:Signatories
8519:Categories
8194:War crimes
8141:Dukla Pass
7941:Anthropoid
7926:Resistance
7881:Jozef Tiso
7827:Emil Hácha
7720:Jan Šrámek
7692:Government
6871:May Crisis
6424:Q125208142
6351:3884747703
6297:1844133079
5820:0691025355
5402:2 December
5164:0415122899
4889:12 October
3312:References
3264:after the
3223:John Kerry
3165:Korean War
2848:Emil Hácha
2797:Nazi Party
2731:Trans-Olza
2602:Guilty Men
2570:Australian
2444:Józef Beck
2440:Ribbentrop
2415:Trans-Olza
2014:Trans-Olza
2000:Resolution
1972:Lord Perth
1896:Jan Syrový
1848:Hans Oster
1775:minorities
1711:Pierre Cot
1694:Ukrainians
1690:Hungarians
1355:Background
1205:May Crisis
1189: 1937
1173: 1936
1167: 1936
1161: 1936
1155: 1936
1137: 1936
1120: 1935
1114: 1935
1108: 1935
1102: 1935
1096: 1934
1084: 1933
1078: 1933
1072: 1933
1066: 1933
1060: 1933
1048: 1932
1036: 1931
1015: 1929
1009: 1929
1007:Young Plan
1003: 1925
997: 1924
995:Dawes Plan
985: 1925
982:Mein Kampf
971: 1923
965: 1922
959: 1921
953: 1920
947: 1920
914: 1919
908: 1919
818:Ostpolitik
809:Lebensraum
689:Kammerwald
687:Return of
650:Return of
645:Heligoland
643:return of
8463:Fall Grün
8335:Squadrons
8266:Holocaust
8248:(1944–45)
7886:President
7832:President
7713:President
6863:Anschluss
6838:Fall Grün
6416:1940-1582
6242:Cambridge
6173:Macmillan
6110:The Nazis
5959:4 October
5899:608213334
5743:1 October
5717:1 October
5484:Siwek n.d
5365:142647561
5186:Roosevelt
4956:(1): 16.
4862:29 August
4096:646810103
4045:Bell 1986
4032:. p. 627.
4008:. p. 626.
3931:Bell 1986
3760:. p. 123.
3703:951158062
3662:cite book
3641:cite book
3524:4 October
3480:0037-6795
3426:25 August
3392:"vol. 23"
3362:Citations
2973:free port
2877:Wehrmacht
2836:Fall Grün
2831:Wehrmacht
2762:Hungarian
2627:, in his
2588:Reichsgau
2564:Elsewhere
2553:in 1939.
2303:1944 plot
2283:world war
2264:in 1939.
2161:Reactions
2146:Führerbau
2092:Führerbau
1809:terrorist
1574:naval war
1569:Gneisenau
1487:Anschluss
1193:Anschluss
448:Anschluss
343:regions.
98:, Germany
8504:Category
8284:Slovakia
8253:Ploština
8237:Životice
8225:Kobylisy
8173:Racibórz
8087:Military
6725:Archived
6696:Archived
6679:Archived
6660:Archived
6601:Archived
6569:Survival
6420:Wikidata
6361:Websites
6331:(1969).
6317:(1960).
6227:(1944).
6183:(2012).
6167:(1959).
6126:(1991).
6116:New York
6106:(1980).
5954:BBC News
5470:. Nr 7,
5085:25777835
4962:27920627
4856:4258 III
4827:Rak 2019
4815:Rak 2019
4776:Rak 2019
4408:(1995).
4395:. p. 74.
4300:. p. 73.
4238:citation
4200:. p. 72.
4131:. p. 71.
3601:29 April
3575:29 April
3544:joern.de
3435:citation
3386:Text in
3280:See also
3181:liberals
3060:in 1878)
3054:Disraeli
2985:Djibouti
2977:Djibouti
2910:and the
2721:in 1938.
2380:Napoleon
2358:and the
2241:and the
2239:Slovakia
2120:de facto
2060:, as an
2050:Catholic
1912:Red Army
1763:airplane
1696:and the
1550:Bismarck
1187:incident
641:de facto
605:Selfkant
303:Red Army
92:Location
8315:Western
8165:Slivice
8101:Sudeten
8094:Battles
7934:Actions
7627:Related
7516:(1943)
6793:Prelude
6640:(1948).
6630:(1969)
6620:(1989)
6527:excerpt
6525:(2021)
6501:2504843
6259:München
6132:München
6026:Longman
5991:16 July
5792:20 July
5636:(2001).
5452:17 July
5427:20 July
5306:11 June
4671:20 July
3549:20 July
3488:4213322
3390:, 1924
3209:Vietnam
3005:Corsica
2997:Tunisia
2808:Gestapo
2766:Slovaks
2750:Silesia
2743:Hungary
2735:Karviná
2616:In his
2579:shown."
2505:Hungary
2470:Bohumín
2388:Romania
2268:Germany
2181:Munich
2096:English
2054:fascist
2042:with a
1946:Hungary
1881:Cologne
1837:Trieste
1686:Slovaks
1682:Germans
1657:Ostrava
1652:Liberal
1556:Tirpitz
1451:Austria
1447:Germany
1431:Moravia
1427:Bohemia
377:History
233:, the
168:Germany
153:Parties
8450:Topics
8376:Soviet
8256:(1945)
8240:(1944)
8230:Lidice
8220:(1942)
8205:(1939)
8184:(1945)
8176:(1945)
8168:(1945)
8160:(1945)
8152:(1945)
8144:(1944)
8136:(1939)
8128:(1939)
8120:(1939)
8112:(1938)
8109:Liptaň
8104:(1938)
7984:Groups
7968:(1945)
7960:(1944)
7952:(1944)
7944:(1942)
7588:(1990)
7582:(1955)
7576:(1951)
7570:(1947)
7564:(1945)
7558:(1945)
7552:(1945)
7546:(1945)
7540:(1944)
7534:(1943)
7510:(1943)
7504:(1943)
7498:(1942)
7492:(1942)
7486:(1942)
7480:(1941)
7474:(1941)
7468:(1941)
7462:(1941)
7456:(1941)
7450:(1941)
7444:(1940)
7438:(1940)
7432:(1940)
7426:(1940)
7420:(1940)
7414:(1939)
7408:(1939)
7402:(1938)
7383:(1945)
7375:(1945)
7369:(1945)
7361:(1945)
7355:(1944)
7349:(1944)
7343:(1944)
7337:(1944)
7331:(1944)
7325:(1943)
7319:(1943)
7311:(1943)
7305:(1943)
7299:(1943)
7293:(1943)
7287:(1943)
7281:(1943)
7275:(1943)
7269:(1942)
7263:(1942)
7257:(1942)
7245:(1941)
7239:(1941)
7233:(1941)
7227:(1941)
7221:(1941)
7161:(1940)
7151:(1938)
7081:(1973)
7073:(1947)
6598:online
6557:
6544:online
6499:
6447:
6422:
6414:
6348:
6323:. Pan.
6294:
6263:Berlin
6213:
6153:
6092:
6082:London
6067:London
6050:
5897:
5887:
5817:
5783:
5363:
5283:
5235:
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5083:
5043:
4990:
4960:
4927:
4418:
4391:
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4196:
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4084:
4028:
4004:
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3756:
3701:
3691:
3486:
3478:
3417:
3349:German
3341:Slovak
3274:Israel
2951:Abwehr
2715:Poland
2704:Košice
2668:London
2499:Stalin
2401:Poland
2384:Poland
2196:Slovak
2183:Diktat
2177:Czechs
2104:German
2102:, and
2100:French
1853:Abwehr
1738:, and
1707:France
1692:, the
1688:, the
1684:, the
1545:U-boat
1417:. The
765:(1991)
759:(1991)
753:(1990)
744:(1973)
738:(1973)
732:(1972)
726:(1971)
720:(1970)
714:(1970)
705:(1963)
699:(1960)
678:(1957)
672:(1956)
666:(1955)
660:(1954)
630:(1950)
624:(1949)
613:(1949)
607:(1949)
590:(1947)
581:(1945)
575:(1945)
556:(1945)
550:(1945)
544:(1943)
538:(1943)
532:(1941)
478:(1939)
472:(1939)
464:(1939)
458:(1938)
452:(1938)
443:(1936)
437:(1935)
431:(1922)
425:(1919)
407:(1916)
271:Slovak
237:, and
229:, the
223:Munich
204:
194:France
191:
178:
165:
96:Munich
84:Signed
74:, and
8308:Units
8217:]
8069:]
8022:]
7820:Czech
6497:JSTOR
6383:(PDF)
6276:Devon
6201:[
6190:(PDF)
6009:Books
5447:(PDF)
5361:S2CID
5110:(PDF)
5081:JSTOR
4958:JSTOR
3484:JSTOR
3333:Czech
3317:Notes
3235:Syria
2995:over
2779:Orava
2754:Czech
2676:Paris
2188:Czech
1869:]
1767:train
1698:Poles
1592:told
1459:Czech
1185:Panay
601:Elten
341:Orava
263:Czech
207:Italy
8397:Axis
8054:ÚVOD
7770:Nazi
6555:ISBN
6445:ISBN
6412:ISSN
6346:ISBN
6292:ISBN
6261:and
6211:ISBN
6151:ISBN
6090:ISBN
6048:ISBN
5993:2013
5961:2021
5895:OCLC
5885:ISBN
5864:2020
5815:ISBN
5794:2019
5781:ISBN
5745:2016
5719:2016
5698:2008
5454:2021
5429:2019
5404:2014
5308:2020
5281:ISBN
5233:ISBN
5159:ISBN
5128:Time
5092:2021
5054:2021
5041:ISBN
4988:ISBN
4969:2021
4925:ISBN
4891:2019
4864:2019
4673:2019
4416:ISBN
4389:ISBN
4363:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4244:link
4194:ISBN
4146:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4092:OCLC
4082:ISBN
4026:ISBN
4002:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3699:OCLC
3689:ISBN
3668:link
3647:link
3603:2024
3577:2024
3569:TIME
3551:2019
3526:2021
3476:ISSN
3441:link
3428:2019
3415:ISBN
3256:The
3229:, a
3193:Cuba
2786:rump
2777:and
2775:Spiš
2568:The
2495:Beck
2459:and
2386:and
2366:and
2252:The
2144:The
2062:Axis
1944:and
1829:Duce
1799:, a
1771:boat
1566:and
1553:and
1461:and
1429:and
1405:The
1183:USS
652:Kehl
639:and
620:and
618:East
603:and
339:and
337:Spiš
289:and
285:the
217:The
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8350:312
8345:311
8340:310
8332:RAF
7683:in
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6489:doi
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3468:doi
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8067:pl
8065:;
8063:de
8061:;
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