394:, held the view that the soul of a person who had fallen in love was actually only half a soul. In this view, the bodies of two people in love were each given only half of the same soul by God. Later writers have mistaken this for being Ibn Dawud's own belief, though modern scholarship has shown that he was merely quoting the speech of philosophers in an almost derisive way rather than ascribing to the belief himself. Ibn Dawud's own beliefs regarding the soul were never actually stated, and were likely no different from those held by the rest of Islamic orthodoxy at the time.
256:; there was no reason to analyze the meaning of names in order to know that they had been established. His father then actually affirmed the nickname given by the other children, emphasizing that all things occur according to divine will. While Ibn Dawud told his father that he was as mean as the other children were for laughing at his own son, it is not known if this episode continued to affect Ibn Dawud into adulthood, or if this was characteristic of the entire father-son relationship.
554:
in praise of admirers who keep their affections secret. Similarly, the opening chapter is titled "he whose glances are many, his sorrows are prolonged," indicating a belief that pursuing multiple objects of affection will yield negative results. The martyrdom of chastity is a repeated theme, as is
546:
as the three most important works for one who wanted to become eloquent in speaking and writing. The book is organized as an anthology, with each chapter headed by an appropriate aphorism and being devoted to various phenomena relating to the true meaning of love. Although he wrote from more of a
374:. This is not surprising considering the Mu'tazilites ill reception of Ibn Dawud's father, in whose footsteps Ibn Dawud followed, and the scorn which the Mu'taziltes heaped upon Zahirites in general. More is known about what Ibn Dawud opposed theologically rather than what he himself believed.
306:
The setting of his death has been perhaps the most vividly described piece of his biography. During his final moments, Ibn Dawud lied on a bed between the light filtering in through the grated window and the empty space of the floor as a blind nightingale sang in a gilded cage nearby; he was
302:
recorded Ibn Dawud's death as
Ramadan 9, 297 Hijri, or 22 May 910 Gregorian. While the exact cause of death is not known, Ibn Dawud proclaimed a deathbed confession to his teacher Niftawayh that he was dying of a broken heart, due to a forbidden love for another man. The topic of Ibn Dawud's
264:
Upon his father's death in 884, Ibn Dawud took up Dawud's teaching position in
Baghdad. Despite being only fifteen years old, he was still considered an outstanding jurist, and the four-hundred or so students of his father became his own students. Ibn Dawud had a tendency to speak using
504:
of Ibn Dawud and the works of Dawud's father, rather than Shafi'is work or even post-9th century works on the topic. This not only contradicts the common theme within the genre, but also implies similarities between the extant yet non-mainstream
Zahirite school of law, and the extinct
251:
Ibn Dawud's relationship with his father was complex. As a child, Ibn Dawud was bullied by other children, being given the name "poor little sparrow." When he complained to his father about the nickname, his father insisted that names of people and things are predestined by
520:
both attribute three other works to Ibn Dawud within the field of Muslim jurisprudence: the Book of
Admonishment, the Book of Excuse and the Book of Refutation. The latter book includes another critique of the views Tabari.
533:
while in his native city of
Baghdad. His work is considered to be one of the first Arabic language works on the theory of love, though only the first half is concerned with this: the second half is an anthology of poetry.
547:
humanistic perspective than a theological one, Ibn Dawud's piety was apparent, as chastity was a common theme. Chapter eight of the book, "A refined person will be chaste," is opened with an alleged quote from the
248:, also learned the Qur'an from the same study circle in addition to having been a student of Ibn Dawud's father, suggesting a close relationship early on, despite their later rivalry.
417:
was not heeded, and Hallaj was able to continue preaching his ideas for a time. It is likely, however, that Ibn Dawud's verdict was one contributing factor to the caliph
362:
Like his father, Ibn Dawud has not left theological works which have survived to the modern era. Ibn Dawud was known to have been involved in public debates with the
577:
492:
has not survived on complete form to the modern era; however, large tracts of it are quoted in other works and modern scholarship suggests that al-Nu'man's
437:
Shi'ites have criticized Ibn Dawud for rejecting the usage of analogical reason and juristic preference in religious verdicts while affirming inference.
303:
affections has been the topic of much discussion, as his confession of such feelings is unique among Muslim theologians even up to the present era.
1401:
1047:, ed. by Joseph Lowry, Shawkat Toorawa, Islamic History and Civilisation: Studies and Texts, 141 (Leiden: Brill, 2017), pp. 122-49 (p. 122);
623:
Nasser, Iyas. "The
Traditional Qaṣīda and Kitāb al-Zahra by Ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣfahānī", Journal of Arabic Literature 53 (2022), pp. 132–153.
1205:
343:
in order to deduce religious verdicts. The same views were held by his father, whom Ibn Dawud followed in his
Zahirite religious views.
1140:
1381:
350:
of
Muslims could constitute a source of law. This position is not specific to the Zahirite rite, being the preferred view of the
496:
was derived from Ibn Dawud's book. Despite their differences in opinion, Tabari's own work on the principles of jurisprudence,
488:, Ibn Dawud criticizes his former companion Tabari as having contradictory views on the subject. Like Ibn Dawud's other works,
596:, ed. by Ibrāhīm al-Samarrā’ī and Nūrī Ḥamūdī al-Qaysī, 2 vols (al-Zarqā', Jordan: Maktabat al-Manār, 1985). (Chapters 1–100.)
538:, who authored the second ever comprehensive dictionary of the language, ranked this book along with the treatises on love by
754:
1306:
993:. Vol. 4, pg. 272. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Sold by W.H. Allen and Co. (now
288:
Although Ibn Dawud is generally considered to have died young, his exact date of death has been a matter of some dispute.
572:
1101:
1081:
723:
1096:, pg. 250. Ed. James Edward Montgomery. Volume 135 of Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Peeters Publishers, 2004.
168:, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣbahānī, also known as Avendeath, was a medieval theologian and scholar of the
1282:
241:
1411:
1133:
1064:
Shawkat M. Toorawa, "Defing Adab by re-defining the Adib: Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur and storytelling." Taken from
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1406:
1386:
1376:
1342:
718:
245:
149:
669:
1332:
1337:
1327:
1126:
1043:
Lara Harb, 'Beyond the Known Limits: Ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣfahānī's
Chapter on "Intermedial" Poetry', in
965:
Abbasid
Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of Abbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 January 2002
910:
269:, a form of Arabic rhymed prose, in everyday speech. This caused difficulty for many who sought
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1253:
758:
294:
1229:
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307:
described as weary with regrets, yet also serene in his last moments. His body was ritually
1391:
1366:
539:
447:
was particularly scathing, accusing Ibn Dawud and his father of contradicting themselves.
8:
1371:
1312:
1300:
1288:
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1068:, pg. 303. Ed. Philip F. Kennedy. Volume 6 of Studies in Arabic language and literature.
1002:
985:
1247:
1241:
1169:
1118:
828:
Roads of Excess, Palaces of Wisdom: Eroticism and Reflexivity in the Study of Mysticism
202:
626:
W. Raven, Ibn Dâwûd al-Isbahânî and his Kitâb al-Zahra (Diss. Leiden), Amsterdam 1989.
1097:
1077:
839:
558:
Incomplete portions of the book are still extant today, though not widely available.
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444:
391:
277:
221:
145:
629:
W. Raven, „The manuscripts and editions of Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd’s Kitāb al-Zahra,“ in
580:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932. (A critical edition of chapters 1–50.)
292:
recorded Ibn Dawud's death at 296 Hijri, corresponding to 908 or 909 Gregorian. The
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1199:
1048:
906:
805:
732:
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records his death as 294 Hijri and 909 Gregorian, yet the two dates do not match.
1163:
943:
728:
657:
587:, ed. by Ibrāhīm al-Sāmarrāʾī and Nūrī al-Qaysī, Baghdād 1975. (Chapters 50–100.)
481:
316:
177:
123:
990:
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213:
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963:
and the Genre of Usul al-Fiqh in Ninth Century Baghdad," pg. 337. Taken from
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244:, one of the ten primary transmitters of the Qur'an. Ibn Dawud's classmate,
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994:
731:. Vol. 1: General Introduction and From the Creation to the Flood, pg. 58.
592:
543:
517:
461:
383:
363:
253:
217:
997:), Leadenhall Street, and B. Duprat, Paris. Bibliotheca Regia Monacensis.
602:, ed. Michele Vallaro (Naples 1985). (Critical edition of chapters 51–55.)
212:. By the age of ten, he was already an exemplary student in the fields of
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65:
1045:
Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson
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from him, though it is not regarded as having lessened his popularity.
229:
693:, "Muhammad b. Dawud al-Zahiri's Manual of Jurisprudence." Taken from
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1094:ʻAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies
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Theory of Profane Love Among the Arabs: The Development of the Genre
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administration appointed him to a judicial post in western Baghdad.
228:, himself a student of Ibn Dawud's father. In regard to the variant
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1030:
Roger Boase, "Arab Influences of European Love-Poetry." Taken from
555:
Ibn Dawud's denial of the possibility of divine-human mutual love.
551:
430:
332:
99:
971:: Peeters Publishers and the Department of Oriental Studies, 2004.
1092:
Shawkat M. Toorawa, "Ibn Abi Tayfur versus al-Jahiz." Taken from
438:
339:. At the same time, Ibn Dawud still upheld the validity of using
266:
237:
792:
Lois Anita Giffen, "Ibn Hazm and the Tawq al-Hamama. Taken from
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998:
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801:
761:, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 9 January 2013
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411:
407:
347:
197:
Ibn Dawud was born in Baghdad in the year 255 according to the
181:
173:
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in a well-known verdict. Initially, Ibn Dawud's appeal to the
1034:, pg. 460. Ed. Salma Jayyusi. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1994.
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55:
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336:
95:
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Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
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Ibn Dāwūd al-Iṣfahānī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Abī Sulaymān
201:, corresponding roughly to the year 868 according to the
1148:
468:. It was one of the earliest works on the subject after
346:
Ibn Dawud also rejected the notion that verdicts of the
382:
In his book on love, Ibn Dawud quoted Greek playwright
830:, pg. 132. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
697:
Volume 15: Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by
529:
In the late 9th century, Ibn Dawud composed his book
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Halsband der Taube, uber die Liebe und die Liebenden
662:
The Passion of al-Hallaj: Mystic and Martyr of Islam
176:. He was one of the early propagators of his father
573:
Kitab al-Zahrah, The Book of the Flower, first half
366:, an ancient Muslim sect, in a court of the caliph
205:. By the age of seven, he had memorized the entire
1066:On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature
484:mentions that in a chapter of the book regarding
1358:
770:Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem,
397:
498:The Clarification of the Principles of Verdicts
959:Devin Stewart, "Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari's
600:Kitāb az-Zahra. Parte seconda (Capitoli LI–LV)
460:Ibn Dawud composed a book on the topic of the
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480:, despite Nu'man's criticisms of Ibn Dawud.
276:Some years after his teaching position, the
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583:Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Dāwūd al-Isfahānī,
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16:Iraqi theologian and scholar (c. 868–909)
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466:The Path to Knowledge of Jurisprudence
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1402:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
1307:Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri
1150:Muslim scholars of the Zahiri School
844:Differences Among the Schools of Law
742:
664:. Trans. Herbert W. Mason. Pg. 167.
478:Differences Among the Schools of Law
1166:(founder of the school; d. 883/884)
421:'s ordering of Hallaj's execution.
327:Ibn Dawud was an opponent of using
13:
772:Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers
695:Studies in Islamic Law and Society
585:An-niṣf al-ṯānī min Kitāb az-Zahra
14:
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724:History of the Prophets and Kings
778:: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.
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402:In 901, he declared the mystic
1382:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
1283:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
967:. Edited by James Montgomery.
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1001:: Garrison and Co. Printers,
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631:Manucripts of the Middle East
500:, was strongly resemblant of
398:Anathematisation of al-Hallaj
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1206:Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī
1182:Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
719:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
424:
246:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
180:'s method in jurisprudence,
166:Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Zahiri
150:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
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561:
357:
47:909 (aged 40–41)
10:
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1260:Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās
1032:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
961:al-Bayan 'an Usul al-Ahkam
794:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
670:Princeton University Press
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817:Masiggnon, pgs. 168–169.
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889:. Pg. 19. Leiden: 1944.
433:writers and especially
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1266:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
1254:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati
759:Encyclopaedia of Islam
295:Encyclopaedia of Islam
260:Academia and judiciary
1230:Ibn Tahir of Caesarea
948:Dictionary of Writers
576:. Eds. A.R. Nykl and
242:Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'
1412:10th-century jurists
903:The A to Z of Sufism
612:Giffen, Lois Anita.
540:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
1407:9th-century jurists
1387:Sunni fiqh scholars
1377:People from Baghdad
1313:Abdul Aziz al-Harbi
1301:Muhammad Abu Khubza
1289:Abu Turab al-Zahiri
1074:Harrassowitz Verlag
986:The Meadows of Gold
826:Jeffrey J. Kripal,
333:juristic preference
193:Youth and education
1248:Ibn Dihya al-Kalby
1170:Abd Allah al-Qaysi
950:, vol. 18, pg. 32.
922:Massignon, pg. 14.
876:Massignon, pg. 18.
486:juristic consensus
386:who, according to
378:Nature of the soul
224:under his teacher
203:Gregorian calendar
118:Influenced by
25:Muhammad ibn Dawud
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934:Stewart, pg. 100.
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867:Stewart, pg. 125.
633:4 (1989), 133–37.
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541:
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515:
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82:Jurisprudence
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50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1353:
1276:Contemporary
1238:(d. 1128/30)
1181:
1176:Ibn Abi Asim
1172:(d. 885/886)
1108:
1093:
1088:
1065:
1060:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1015:Ibn al-Nadim
1010:
995:Virgin Books
984:
976:
964:
960:
955:
947:
939:
918:
905:, pg. xxvi.
902:
886:
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843:
835:
827:
822:
813:
793:
771:
766:
753:J.C. Vadet,
722:
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661:
630:
613:
607:Bibliography
599:
591:
584:
571:
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557:
544:Ibn Qutaybah
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518:Ibn al-Nadim
513:
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384:Aristophanes
381:
361:
345:
326:
305:
293:
287:
275:
263:
250:
218:lexicography
196:
165:
163:
72:Denomination
18:
1392:Sunni imams
1367:860s births
1303:(1932–2020)
1297:(1920–2003)
1295:Ihsan Abbas
1291:(1923–2002)
1285:(1893–1987)
1268:(1256–1344)
1262:(1200–1261)
1256:(1166–1239)
1250:(1150–1235)
1244:(1116–1196)
1226:(1029–1095)
1021:, page 363.
701:. Pg. 114.
525:Divine Love
494:Differences
419:Al-Muqtadir
415:Al-Mu'tadid
368:Al-Muwaffaq
174:Islamic law
66:Mesopotamia
1372:909 deaths
1361:Categories
1236:Ibn Tumart
1224:Al-Humaydī
1220:(994–1064)
1019:al-Fihrist
846:, pg. 161.
774:, pg. 34.
737:SUNY Press
638:References
536:Ibn Duraid
462:principles
352:Shafi'ites
335:in Muslim
323:Philosophy
140:Influenced
1315:(b. 1965)
1309:(b. 1942)
1242:Ibn Maḍāʾ
1232:(d. 1113)
1212:Al-Qassab
1208:(887–966)
1194:Niftawayh
1070:Wiesbaden
981:Al-Masudi
776:New Delhi
755:Ibn Dāwūd
727:, trans.
666:Princeton
593:al-Zahrah
442:historian
425:Reception
392:Symposium
364:Mu'tazila
354:as well.
341:inference
226:Niftawayh
164:Abu Bakr
128:Niftawayh
104:Mysticism
39:c. 868 CE
1218:Ibn Hazm
1214:(d. 970)
1202:(d. 936)
1196:(d. 935)
1190:(d. 915)
1184:(d. 909)
1178:(d. 900)
1157:Medieval
1076:, 2005.
705:: 2002.
618:New York
562:Editions
552:Muhammad
514:The Path
509:school.
502:The Path
490:The Path
358:Theology
271:verdicts
230:readings
210:by heart
182:Zahirism
100:Theology
52:Religion
31:Personal
1397:Zahiris
1343:Shafi'i
1333:Hanbali
913:, 2005.
808:, 1994.
739:, 1989.
672:, 1994.
620:: 1971.
549:prophet
470:Shafi'i
439:Fatimid
435:Ismaili
431:Shi'ite
408:heretic
319:rites.
278:Abbasid
238:Al-Duri
232:of the
1338:Maliki
1328:Hanafi
1188:Ruwaym
1100:
1080:
999:London
969:Leuven
907:Lanham
802:Leiden
733:Albany
703:Leiden
507:Jariri
474:Risala
412:caliph
309:washed
290:Masudi
234:Qur'an
207:Qur'an
170:Arabic
86:Zahiri
62:Region
451:Works
406:as a
388:Plato
372:Wasit
284:Death
76:Sunni
56:Islam
1098:ISBN
1078:ISBN
542:and
331:and
267:Saj'
220:and
188:Life
96:Fiqh
44:Died
36:Born
1049:doi
983:'s
472:'s
390:'s
370:in
254:God
1363::
1072::
1017:,
946:,
927:^
909::
894:^
851:^
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804::
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783:^
757:.
744:^
735::
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668::
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126:,
102:,
98:,
1142:e
1135:t
1128:v
1055:.
1051::
1005:.
709:.
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