1204:, is their attitude towards dogs. Pious Muslims commonly avoid dogs, arguing the hadith -- "If a dog drinks from your bowl then you must wash it seven times" -- indicate that dogs are unclean on the grounds that there is no other reason for thoroughly cleaning what dogs have used. Ẓāhirīs, in contrast, maintain that (in the words of one adherent), "if the prophet meant 'the dog is an unclean animal', ... he would have said 'the dog is an unclean animal'" but they accept religious interference which is similar to analogy.
3287:
2242:
472:
54:
986:, there are communities of Ẓāhirīs in existence, usually due to the presence of Ẓāhirī scholars of Islamic law. In particular, adherents of the modern-day Ahl-i Hadith movement in India and Pakistan have self-consciously emulated the ideas of the Ẓāhirī school and identified themselves with it. Modernist revival of the general critique by
1180:, or interest, on hand-to-hand exchanges of gold, silver, dates, salt, wheat and barley are prohibited per Muhammad's injunction, but analogical reasoning is not used to extend that injunction to other agricultural produce as is the case with other schools. The Ẓāhirīs are joined in this by early scholars such as
1066:
defines the Ẓāhirī schools as resting on two presumptions. The first is that if it were possible to draw more general conclusions from the strict reading of the sources of
Islamic law, then God certainly would have expressed these conclusions already; thus, all that is necessary lies in the text. The
1286:
has been complicated. Throughout the school's history, its adherents have always included both Sufis as well as harsh critics of Sufism. Many practitioners of Sufism, which often emphasizes detachment from the material world, have been attracted to the Ẓāhirī combination of strict ritualism and lack
1295:
Discerning who exactly is an adherent to the Ẓāhirī school of thought can be difficult. Harbi has claimed that most Muslim scholars who practiced independent reasoning and based their judgment only on the Qur'an and Sunnah, or Muslim prophetic tradition, were Ẓāhirīs. Followers of other schools of
1242:
has suggested that Ibn Abdul-Barr remained Ẓāhirī privately and outwardly manifested Maliki ideas due to prevailing pressures at the time. At least with al-Ballūṭī, one example of a Ẓāhirī jurist applying Maliki law due to official enforcement is known. Ẓāhirīs such as Ibn Hazm were challenged and
913:
that the Ẓāhirī school enjoyed official state sponsorship. While not all of the
Almohad political leaders were Ẓāhirīs, a large plurality of them were not only adherents but were well-versed theologians in their own right. Additionally, all Almohad leaders – both the religiously learned and the
1263:
conveyed by whole groups from whole groups back to their prophetic origin (tawatur). For most of the Shari‘a proceeds from ijtihad, and the unequivocal statements from the Qur’an and hadith do not deal with even a tenth of the Shari‘a , so these are considered like unlearned, common people.”
1262:
The position adopted by the most exacting of scholars is that those who deny analogy are not considered scholars of the Umma or conveyers of the Shari‘a, because they oppose out of mere obstinacy and exchange calumnies about things established by an overwhelming preponderance of the evidence,
1213:
Like its founder Dawud, the Ẓāhirī school has been controversial since its inception. Due to their some so-called rejection of intellectual principles considered staples of other strains within Sunni Islam, adherents to the school have been described as displaying non-conformist attitudes.
1327:
Scott Lucas states "The most controversial aspect of al-Bukhari's legal principles is his disapproval of qiyas" and "A modern study of personal status laws in the Arab world by Jamal J. Nasir contains one sentence that explicitly mentions that the Ẓāhirīs and al-Bukhari rejected qiyas..."
914:
laymen – were extremely hostile toward the
Malikis, giving the Ẓāhirīs and in a few cases the Shafi‘is free rein to author works and run the judiciary. In the late 12th century, any religious material written by non-Ẓāhirīs was at first banned and later burned in the empire under the
1194:
in an
Islamic court of law is seen as indivisible by Ẓāhirīs, meaning that a party cannot accept some aspects of the opposing party's testimony and not other parts. The Ẓāhirīs are opposed by the Hanafi and Maliki schools, though a majority of Hanbalites share the Ẓāhirī
1222:
The Ẓāhirī school has often been criticized by other schools within Sunni Islam. While this is true of all schools, relations between the
Hanafis, Shafi‘is and Malikis have warmed to each other over the centuries; this has not always been the case with the Ẓāhirīs.
1315:, for example, referred to himself as a Ẓāhirī when pressed on the matter. When Ibn Hazm listed the most important leaders of the school, he listed known Ẓāhiralh bin Qasim, al-Balluti, Ibn al-Mughallis, al-Dibaji and Ruwaym, but then also mentioned
2217:
Wiederhold, Lutz. "Legal–Religious Elite, Temporal
Authority, and the Caliphate in Mamluk Society: Conclusions Drawn from the Examination of a “Zahiri Revolt” in Damascus in 1386." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31.2 (1999):
1310:
would include Ẓāhirī opinions when comparing differing views of Sunni
Muslims, yet he founded a distinct school of his own. The case of Muslim figures who have mixed between different schools have proven to be more problematic.
1246:
Followers of the Shafi‘i school within Sunni Islam have historically been involved in intellectual conflict with Ẓāhirīs. This may be due to Al-Shafi'i being a major proponent of the principle of Qiyas; rejected by the
Zahiris.
1296:
thought may have adopted certain viewpoints of the Ẓāhirīs, holding Ẓāhirī leanings without actually adopting the Ẓāhirī school; often, these individuals were erroneously referred to as Ẓāhirīs despite contrary evidence.
946:, a Medieval manual on Ẓāhirī jurisprudence, served in part as inspiration for the revolt and as a primary source of the school's positions. However, soon afterwards the school ceased to function and in the 14th century
1133:
The school differs from the more prolific schools of
Islamic thought in that it restricts valid consensus in jurisprudence to the consensus of the first generation of Muslims who lived alongside Muhammad only. While
2681:
We may guess at some of the reasons for the demise of the original Zahiri school. This is roughly the explanation of Wael B. Hallaq: that the juridical theory of
Sunnism recognized qiyas and therefore excluded
2227:
Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. II, C-G, pg. 182. Eds. Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat and Joseph Schacht. Assist. J. Burton-Page, C. Dumont and V.L. Menage. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1971. Photomechanical print.
930:, but in the fifth century it lost ground to the Hanbalite school. Even after the Zahiri school became extinct in Baghdad, it continued to have some followers in Shiraz. Ẓāhirism maintained its prestige in
1048:
sciences. According to Dawud, the validity of religious issues is only upheld by certainty, and that speculation cannot lead to the truth. This certainty is to be determined by the outward or literal (
954:
and the loss of Iberia to Christian rule, most works of Ẓāhirī law and legal theory were lost as well, with the school only being carried on by individual scholars, once again on the periphery.
1306:
has most often been referred to as a Ẓāhirī because of a commentary on one of Ibn Hazm's works, despite having stated twice that he isn't a follower of the Ẓāhirī school of thought. Similarly,
1067:
second is that for man to seek the motive behind the commandments of God is not only a fruitless endeavor but a presumptuous one. Another major characteristic was their fierce condemnation of
982:
In the modern era, the Ẓāhirī school has been described as "somewhat influential", though "not formally operating today". While the school does not comprise a majority of any part of the
3290:
2245:
1161:
and followers of his school agree with the Ẓāhirīs in rejecting the juristic discretion, all other Sunni schools accept the analogical reasoning, though at varying levels.
990:– the school's most prominent representative – of Islamic legal theory among Muslim academics has seen several key moments in recent Arab intellectual history, including
906:. Starting in the late 9th century CE, an increasing number of "hir" scholars emerged in various regions of the Iberian peninsula, but none of their works have survived.
5246:
1254:, while himself a critic of the Ẓāhirī outlook, defended the school's legitimacy in Islam, stating rhetorically that their only sin was "following the book of their
966:(analogical reasoning) in Ẓāhirī methodology led to exclusion of the school from the Sunni juridical consensus and ultimately its extinction in the pre-modern era.
2366:
Camilla Adang (2006). "This Day Have I Perfected Your Religion for You: A. Ẓāihīrī Conception of Religious Authority". In Gudrun Krämer; Sabine Schmidtke (eds.).
762:
school after Dawud al-Ẓāhirī himself, and attracted many adherents, although they felt free to criticize his views, in line with the Ẓāhirī school's rejection of
7160:
2848:, "Muhammad b. Dawud al-Zahiri's Manual of Jurisprudence." Taken from Studies in Islamic Law and Society Volume 15: Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by
1634:"Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth"
6773:
2468:
Adang, "The Spread of Zahirism in al-Andalus in the Post-Caliphal Period: The evidence from the biographical dictionaries," pp. 297–346. Taken from
3147:
974:
theology, its difficulty in attracting the right patronage, and its reliance on outmoded methods of teaching have all contributed to its decline.
1569:(died 2003), Palestinian scholar of Arabic and Islamic studies, widely considered to be at the forefront of both fields during the 20th century.
1010:
recognized the Ẓāhirī school as legitimate, although it did not include it among Sunni madhhabs, and the school also received recognition from
5429:
2448:
1018:. The literalist school of thought represented by the Ẓāhirī madhhab remains prominent among many scholars and laymen associated with the
7215:
1226:
Not surprisingly given the conflict over al-Andalus, Maliki scholars have often expressed negative feelings regarding the Ẓāhirī school.
3710:
2828:
1385:
3880:
2623:
2289:
1594:
3645:
942:
marked both a brief rekindling of interest in the school's ideas as well as affirmation of its status as a non-mainstream ideology.
6150:
5897:
3562:
Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam".
3535:
Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam".
3508:
Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam".
3481:
Lucas, Scott C. (2006). "The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam".
870:) followed the methods and rulings of the Ẓāhirī school, and therefore it can be regarded as "the school of the first generation."
5941:
4002:
654:. The Ẓāhirī school is said to have lingered on in various locations under various manifestations before being superseded by the
5373:
635:), used by other schools of Islamic jurisprudence, although the Anti-Hazm wing of Zahiris usually accept Religious inference.
5113:
4522:
4012:
3994:
3612:
3121:
2922:
2641:
2606:
2385:
2199:
2172:
2138:
2111:
1962:
1879:
1852:
1816:
1778:
500:
6484:
5123:
3811:
2339:, The Proposed Political, Legal and Social Reforms. Taken from Modernist Islam 1840-1940: A Sourcebook, pg. 281. Edited by
1580:
926:
The Ẓāhirī school enjoyed its widest expansion and prestige in the fourth Islamic century, especially through the works of
1501:
4467:
2367:
5784:
3111:
3039:
3469:
3453:
3438:
3384:
3180:
3067:
2882:
2804:
2767:
2735:
2674:
2497:
2414:
2085:
2038:
1665:
878:
Parallel to the school's development in the east, Ẓāhirī ideas were introduced to North Africa by theologians of the
343:
6844:
812:) as an independent source of Islamic law. By the end of the 10th century, members of the madhhab were appointed as
6824:
1157:, pointing to a verse in the Qur'an which declares that nothing has been neglected in the Muslim scriptures. While
1113:
75:
5577:
5322:
7467:
7150:
7098:
6712:
5760:
5424:
4312:
4192:
1557:, correspondent member of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo and proponent of language education reform.
1346:
Abu l-'Abbās "Ibn Shirshīr" Al-Nāshī Al-Akbar (died 906 CE), prominent kalām theologian and teacher of Niftawayh.
736:
7392:
5140:
5118:
4432:
4397:
3873:
3787:
2705:
1906:
1540:
2271:, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E., pg. 179. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.
1299:
Additionally, historians would often refer to any individual who praised the Ẓāhirīs as being from them. Sufi
1198:
Another example of the ignoring of analogical reasoning by Ẓāhirīs and how it separates that school from most
5267:
5150:
4407:
4227:
3638:
2432:, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E., p. 190. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.
1312:
3764:
1495:
7413:
6453:
5934:
5606:
5452:
5402:
4843:
4287:
3847:
3686:
3449:
3144:
1574:
1349:
1307:
675:
2372:. Vol. Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 16–18.
894:
lands, where the Ẓāhirī school developed in parallel and in opposition to other madhhabs (chiefly Hanafi,
7081:
5971:
5835:
5183:
4497:
4007:
3984:
3979:
3889:
3417:
Samir Kaddouri, "Refutations of Ibn Hazm by Maliki Authors from al-Andalus and North Africa." Taken from
1583:(living), Saudi Arabian polymath and correspondent member of the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo.
902:), in the West it only had to contend with its Maliki counterpart, which enjoyed official support of the
277:
4545:
3588:
Ess, Josef van, Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra, Vol.4, at page 164.
6490:
6085:
6071:
5810:
5555:
5329:
4811:
4442:
4402:
4137:
4054:
3908:
3216:
3172:
2560:
2130:
The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali
2030:
382:
3034:
Hisham M. Ramadan (2006), Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, Rowman Altamira,
2794:
7403:
6037:
5755:
5406:
5168:
4392:
4297:
4272:
4122:
3866:
3837:
3354:
3059:
1727:
1544:
1465:
863:
604:
493:
105:
63:
7315:
7418:
7408:
7398:
6168:
5688:
5302:
4921:
4492:
4422:
3842:
3832:
3631:
2959:
Muhammad Muslehuddin, "Philosophy of Islamic Law and Orientalists," Kazi Publications, 1985, p. 81
2162:
7306:
7270:
5295:
5253:
5108:
4723:
4512:
4417:
4247:
4202:
4068:
2344:
1577:(died 2001), A Yemeni hadīth scholar and founder of the Dar al-Hadīth Institute in Damaaj, Yemen.
1331:
Lucas also points out that the legal methodology of Bukhari is very similar to that of Ibn Hazm.
514:
100:
2754:, pg. 98. Volume 103 of Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1: The Near and Middle East. Eds.
2598:
2445:
1844:
1389:
903:
643:
6988:
6942:
6336:
6017:
5512:
5173:
5103:
5063:
5048:
4728:
4482:
4387:
4372:
4363:
4242:
4207:
4132:
3770:
3758:
3304:
2666:
2097:
1507:
1489:
1462:(died 1196), Andalusian judge and linguist, and an early champion of language education reform.
1251:
855:
534:
400:
85:
17:
2695:
2128:
1938:
1896:
1869:
1806:
1633:
998:'s biography of Ibn Hazm, and the republishing of archived epistles on Ẓāhirī legal theory by
7211:
6870:
6042:
5959:
5705:
5675:
5232:
5128:
4675:
4502:
4252:
4162:
3734:
3602:
3212:
2912:
2725:
2309:
2189:
2101:
1547:, former prayer leader at Islam's two holiest mosques and professor at multiple universities.
1411:
1227:
118:
6911:
2658:
1038:
Of the utmost importance to the school is an underlying principle attributed to the founder
7452:
6657:
6064:
5922:
5847:
5692:
5507:
5355:
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5239:
5098:
5053:
5038:
4587:
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4427:
4412:
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4197:
4187:
4182:
4157:
2633:
2470:
Ideas, Images and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam
2429:
2369:
This Day I have Perfected Your Religion For You: A Zahiri Conception of Religious Authority
2281:
2268:
1934:
1477:
967:
486:
36:
8:
7324:
7091:
6891:
6662:
6393:
6270:
5909:
5209:
5135:
4477:
4127:
3941:
3817:
3805:
3793:
2446:
Al-zahiriyya hiya al-madhhab al-awwal, wa al-mutakallimun 'anha yahrifun bima la ya'rifun
2073:
2068:
Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from
1600:
1586:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1316:
1231:
999:
859:
435:
95:
3372:
7255:
6138:
6094:
5839:
5652:
5539:
5313:
5274:
5188:
5023:
4986:
4948:
4870:
4745:
4517:
4302:
4177:
4152:
3974:
3961:
3752:
3746:
3674:
3623:
3055:
2591:
1968:
1837:
1671:
1534:
1483:
1459:
1427:
1340:
1170:
Some followers of the Ẓāhirī school differ with the majority in that they consider the
995:
728:
573:
80:
7231:
3337:
1239:
743:) was in contrast to the views of his father, who was a follower of the less orthodox
7462:
7281:
7247:
7191:
6434:
6373:
6280:
5988:
5852:
5701:
5647:
5543:
5178:
5145:
5073:
5068:
5028:
5016:
5001:
4981:
4882:
4858:
4684:
4507:
4347:
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3608:
3465:
3434:
3176:
3117:
3063:
3035:
2918:
2878:
2800:
2763:
2750:
Adam Sabra, "Ibn Hazm's Literalism: A Critique of Islamic Legal Theory." Taken from:
2731:
2701:
2670:
2659:
2637:
2602:
2544:
2493:
2410:
2381:
2377:
2285:
2195:
2168:
2134:
2107:
2081:
2034:
1976:
1958:
1902:
1875:
1848:
1812:
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1774:
1675:
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1517:
1471:
1116:
891:
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377:
355:
215:
6439:
2574:
Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur. Zweite den Supplementbänden angepasste Auflage
1062:. Most Ẓāhirī principles return to this overarching maxim. Japanese Islamic scholar
7457:
6249:
6223:
5926:
5599:
5502:
5343:
5225:
5078:
5058:
5043:
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2939:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2629:
2373:
1954:
1766:
1762:
1680:
1653:
1606:
1563:(died 2002), Indian-born Saudi Arabian linguist, jurist, theologian and journalist.
1530:
1449:
1439:
1423:
1373:
1319:, who despite his Ẓāhirī leanings is almost universally recognized as a Hanbalite.
1235:
1181:
1139:
927:
732:
569:
350:
2968:
Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq, "The Doctrine of Ijma: Is there a consensus?," June 2006
2914:
The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law
1751:
The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law
7447:
7319:
7206:
6793:
6143:
6128:
6090:
6057:
6032:
5946:
5893:
5794:
5789:
5765:
5679:
5582:
5529:
5524:
5011:
4914:
4909:
4892:
4853:
4793:
4750:
4557:
4487:
4292:
4040:
3668:
3457:
3388:
3204:
3151:
2586:
2552:
2488:, p. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. New York City:
2452:
2340:
2077:
1590:
1445:
1191:
1063:
1039:
915:
833:
798:
658:
school, but has also been revived in the mid-20th century in some regions of the
557:
525:
451:
441:
360:
90:
6933:
1871:
Islam and Literalism: Literal Meaning and Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory
7341:
7260:
7126:
7103:
7086:
6937:
6862:
6786:
6307:
6213:
5822:
5777:
5772:
5623:
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5497:
5380:
5218:
4971:
4904:
4897:
4887:
4735:
4472:
4333:
4262:
4237:
4097:
4030:
3946:
3575:
3548:
3521:
3494:
3422:
3012:
2759:
2481:
2158:
2154:
1158:
1015:
971:
771:
752:
292:
220:
7301:
7108:
6300:
2622:
Esposito, John L. EspositoJohn L. (January 1, 2003). Esposito, John L. (ed.).
1770:
1230:, whose father was a Ẓāhirī, nevertheless considered Ẓāhirī law to be absurd.
7441:
7265:
7195:
7175:
7137:
6761:
6746:
6510:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
6317:
6242:
6052:
6013:
6000:
5975:
5881:
5670:
5642:
5473:
5391:
5090:
4991:
4976:
4966:
4801:
4763:
4740:
4702:
4613:
4343:
4337:
4327:
4315:
2755:
1994:
1832:
1788:
1692:
1657:
1645:
1420:(died 1095), hadith scholar, historian and biographer in Spain and then Iraq.
1171:
1094:. The first is the Qur'an, considered by Muslims to be the verbatim word of
1027:
1007:
939:
776:
744:
678:, and still retains a measure of influence and is recognized by contemporary
577:
302:
210:
205:
7227:
3728:
2873:
Coulson, N.J (1978). "4- Master Architect: Muhammad ibn-Idris Ash-Shafi'i".
2549:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
2405:
Coulson, N.J (1978). "4- Master Architect: Muhammad ibn-Idris Ash-Shafi'i".
2103:
The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qur'anic Principle of Wasatiyyah
1417:
7293:
7222:
7010:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
6950:
6928:
6919:
6819:
6296:
6112:
6047:
5740:
5637:
5628:
5534:
5288:
4956:
4875:
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4167:
4107:
4082:
4063:
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3017:
2727:
Islam and Contemporary Civilization: Evolving Ideas, Transforming Relations
2540:
1684:
1453:
1355:
1255:
1095:
1087:
991:
983:
683:
659:
476:
456:
370:
284:
6960:
6458:
6078:
1376:(died 936), credited with popularizing the school across the Muslim world.
7275:
6997:
6965:
6915:
6781:
6479:
6444:
6426:
6218:
5955:
5885:
5565:
5464:
5033:
5006:
4996:
4933:
4838:
4828:
4823:
4655:
4638:
4462:
4377:
4217:
4092:
3799:
3604:
The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements
3598:
2508:
2336:
1802:
1726:) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the
1566:
1468:(died 1199), third Almohad Caliph, authored his own collection of hadith.
1003:
957:
951:
947:
895:
748:
672:
639:
53:
44:
774:, Ẓāhiris constituted one of the major schools that originated from the
6924:
6721:
6502:
6448:
6346:
6284:
6235:
6201:
6154:
6075:
6008:
5995:
5913:
5889:
5818:
5723:
5665:
5587:
5490:
4863:
4627:
4623:
4457:
4382:
4358:
4323:
4277:
4212:
4172:
4147:
4102:
4087:
4077:
3740:
3461:
3392:
3325:
3281:
2593:
The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800
2321:
2236:
1972:
1513:
1433:
1401:
1135:
943:
804:
during his lifetime) in legal jurisdiction, and denied the validity of
686:
movement have identified themselves with the Ẓāhirī school of thought.
647:
549:
288:
4708:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
4567:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
7179:
7167:
7145:
7076:
6989:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
6980:
6886:
6831:
6756:
6410:
6405:
6331:
6275:
6021:
5876:
5869:
5745:
5656:
5570:
5550:
5395:
5336:
4848:
4816:
4771:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
4659:
4537:
4452:
4447:
4257:
4222:
4117:
4112:
3716:
3698:
3168:
2556:
2489:
2206:
Ahl-i-Hadith consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.
2026:
1939:"How Ḥanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina"
1745:
Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī
1718:) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering
1649:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1303:
1300:
1127:
724:
417:
365:
242:
7170:
2730:. Melbourne University Publishing, Academic Monographs. p. 84.
1480:(died 1232), renegade who issued a challenge for the Almohad throne.
1370:(died 935), student of the school's namesake and teacher of his son.
755:, actually a direct reaction to the Ḥanafī system of jurisprudence.
650:, particularly under the leadership of the Andalusian Muslim jurist
7364:
7331:
7186:
7071:
7063:
6857:
6262:
6193:
6116:
6099:
5930:
5917:
5750:
5696:
5478:
4926:
4717:
4550:
4142:
3858:
3722:
3404:
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, "Shareet al-Khobar," tape #4, 1989:
1707:
1700:
1603:(living), professor of Qur'anic exegesis at Umm al-Qura University.
1407:
1364:(died 915), spiritual pioneer from the second generation of Sufism.
1154:
1082:
The Ẓāhirī school of thought generally recognizes three sources of
987:
841:
801:
651:
298:
165:
158:
3419:
Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker
3286:
2752:
Ibn Ḥazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker
2697:
The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E.
2661:
The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E.
2241:
1980:
1898:
The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th-10th Centuries C.E.
723:) with a number of notable Muslim scholars of the time, including
565:
7369:
7349:
7310:
7155:
7002:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
6946:
6903:
6750:
6740:
6465:
6414:
6368:
6206:
6103:
6004:
5983:
5862:
5857:
5732:
5683:
5611:
5560:
5281:
5160:
4833:
4647:
4579:
3969:
3113:
The Way of the Strangers : Encounters with the Islamic State
3100:, p. 175. Trns. Farhat Jacob Ziadeh. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1961.
1946:
1200:
1185:
1143:
910:
899:
849:
829:
821:
805:
704:
667:
655:
194:
125:
7374:
7354:
7235:
7199:
6388:
6291:
6228:
6107:
5950:
5904:
5384:
4693:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
4651:
4598:
4022:
3933:
3692:
3426:
3405:
2853:
1950:
1758:
1754:
1696:
1641:
1361:
1283:
1234:, himself a former Ẓāhirī, excluded Dawud al-Ẓāhirī along with
1153:
as a source of Islamic law, nor do they accept the practice of
1109:
1105:
1083:
1075:
1058:
1042:; who had robustly denounced the delicacies and ambiguities in
1023:
1019:
883:
879:
845:
825:
793:
785:
763:
716:
708:
612:
589:
412:
387:
321:
263:
256:
249:
175:
70:
4558:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
2064:
2062:
1146:
schools generally do not, nor do the other two Sunni schools.
7359:
6400:
6025:
5826:
5814:
4616:
4591:
4562:
3951:
3022:
2897:
Kojiro Nakamura, "Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians."
1711:
1404:(died 982), early mystic from the third generation of Sufism.
1150:
1100:
1069:
1053:
1011:
962:
935:
931:
837:
797:(accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the
781:
679:
620:
585:
561:
407:
329:
312:
135:
130:
2779:
1492:(died 1239), Andalusian botanist, pharmacist and theologian.
1268:
Dhia' ul-Dīn 'Abd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Juwaynī al-Shafi'ī,
7053:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
4602:
4597:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
4527:
2456:
2059:
1719:
1177:
1142:
agreed with them in this, most followers of the Hanafi and
1120:
1091:
1044:
934:
until 788 A.H. and had an even longer and deeper impact in
813:
700:
596:
553:
325:
198:
170:
145:
140:
7013:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
3829:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
2459:. 15 July 2006, Iss. #1824. Photography by Salih Ba Habri.
2025:: Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pp. 28 and 32.
1638:
The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology
1343:(died 885), responsible for spreading the school in Spain.
1022:
movement, and traces of it can be found in the modern-day
4961:
3052:
Beyond The Exotic: Women's Histories In Islamic Societies
2409:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 70–71.
2017:
2015:
1706:(c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist
1217:
1126:
Certain followers of the Ẓāhirī school include religious
628:
180:
4703:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
3653:
2762:, and Sabine Schmidtke. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012.
1504:(died 1334), Andalusian-Egyptian biographer of Muhammad.
1238:
from his book on Sunni Islam's greatest jurists, though
970:
suggests that the association of the Ẓāhirī school with
665:
Zahirism is characterized as a fifth school of thought (
3456:, vol. 1: From the Creation to the Flood, p. 72. Trns.
2070:
The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought
2056:, p. 37. Pakistan Law Times Publications, 2006. 6th ed.
1524:
3307:, Ighadah al-Lahfan fi Masayid al-Shaytan, v.1, p. 570
2576:. Vol. 1, p. 400. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1937–1949.
2012:
1510:(died 1344), Andalusian linguist and Qur'anic exegete.
1486:(died 1235), hadith scholar from Spain and then Egypt.
4755:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
4718:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
3373:
Review of Michel Chodkiewicz's An Ocean without Shore
2877:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 71.
1410:(died 1064), Andalusian polymath, author of numerous
1073:(analogical reasoning) as a heresy and distortion of
751:
has suggested that Ẓāhirī's school was, like that of
699:
During his formative years, al-Ẓāhirī relocated from
6985:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
4588:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
3209:
The Passion of al-Hallaj: Mystic and Martyr of Islam
2693:
2656:
2048:
2046:
1753:. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 38.
1079:(Islamic law) but still accept religious inference.
890:
by one of Dawud al-Ẓāhirī's direct students. Unlike
539:
3222:
3165:
The Arabic Grammatical Tradition: a Study in taʻlīl
2531:, pg. 34. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.
1516:(died 1442), Egyptian historian, especially of the
1498:(died 1261), Andalusian-Tunisian scholar of hadith.
882:school who were engaged in lively debates with the
7029:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
6977:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
4696:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
2590:
1836:
1382:(died 956), early Muslim historian and geographer.
1112:, which consist of the sayings and actions of the
1026:movement. The school experienced a revival in the
6522:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
3355:"A History of Muslim Philosophy Volume 1, Book 1"
2043:
1553:(died 1997), former Arabic language professor at
1334:
7439:
5451:
4685:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
3079:
3077:
3075:
2527:Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem,
1149:Additionally, the Ẓāhirī school does not accept
6849:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
4699:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
1243:attacked by Maliki jurists after their deaths.
780:school, which advocated the superiority of the
2839:
2191:Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought
2153:
2126:
2023:Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought
1710:(994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject
1448:(died 1184), second Almohad Caliph, memorized
5430:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
4780:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
3874:
3639:
3259:(Paris : Marchal et Billard, 1892–1898.)
3072:
2365:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1589:(died 2020), Moroccan polymath, authored the
513:"Zahiri" redirects here. For other uses, see
494:
2259:Abu Ishaq al-Faqih, Tabaqat al-Fuqaha, pg.92
1927:
1740:
1738:
1426:(died 1113), responsible for canonizing the
6528:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
1874:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 150.
1811:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
758:The Ẓāhirī school was initially called the
638:After a limited success and decline in the
6549:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
3901:
3881:
3867:
3646:
3632:
3250:
3116:. New York: Random House. pp. 128–9.
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2290:Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
2194:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32.
1618:
1436:(died 1130), founder of the Almohad Empire
501:
487:
3344:, p. 165. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1971.
2904:
2829:"The American Climbing the Ranks of ISIS"
2332:
2330:
2167:. Harvard University Press. p. 190.
1735:
1533:(died 1973), Second General Guide of the
1388:(died 966), early judge in Spain for the
1352:(died 909), son of the school's namesake.
6151:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
4690:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
3110:Wood, Graeme (2017). "Musa Cerantonio".
2792:
2621:
2221:
1945:. Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 6.
1943:Hadith, Piety, and Law: Selected Studies
1933:
1894:
1808:The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law
1270:Dhahabi, Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala’ , 13.105
862:has argued that the first generation of
6374:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
3231:The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
3228:
2971:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2719:
2717:
2547:, "The Religious Sciences." Taken from
2523:
2521:
2440:
2438:
2404:
2350:
2127:Picard, Michel; Madinier, Rémy (2011).
2106:. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
1987:
14:
7440:
5731:
5374:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3597:
3270:The Early Development of Mohammedanism
3257:Étude sur la théorie du droit musulman
3054:, p. 402. Ed. Amira El-Azhary Sonbol.
2962:
2891:
2597:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2585:
2472:. Ed. Sebastian Gunther, Leiden: 2005.
2327:
2294:
2262:
2096:
1867:
1831:
1801:
1631:
1282:The relationship between Ẓāhirism and
1277:
1218:Views on the Ẓāhirī within Sunni Islam
950:considered it to be extinct. With the
735:. His study under renowned figures of
642:, the Ẓāhirī school flourished in the
5450:
4523:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
3900:
3862:
3627:
3561:
3534:
3507:
3480:
3233:. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
2910:
2799:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 44.
2253:
2230:
2187:
2133:. Taylor & Francis. p. 100.
1744:
873:
3888:
3812:Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri
3655:Muslim scholars of the Zahiri School
3245:Verspreide Geschriften. v.ii. 1923-7
2863:
2826:
2723:
2714:
2646:– via www.oxfordreference.com.
2634:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001
2534:
2518:
2435:
2274:
1581:Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri
1525:Contemporary followers of the school
1358:(died 909), early scholar of hadith.
1108:as given in historically verifiable
6162:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
3671:(founder of the school; d. 883/884)
2780:"Amman Message – The Official Site"
1957:/Lockwood Press. pp. 318–347.
1843:. Oxford University Press. p.
1474:(died 1213), fourth Almohad Caliph.
1398:(died 970), Muslim warrior-scholar.
1164:
1130:as a fourth source of Islamic law.
1014:'s former Islamist Prime Minister,
1006:between 1980 and 1983. In 2004 the
529:
24:
3295:., v.13, Entry 55, pp. 97–108
3211:. Trans. Herbert W. Mason. p. 16.
2990:
2937:
2827:Wood, Graeme (December 16, 2016).
2529:Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers
1839:Introduction to Middle Eastern Law
1442:(died 1163), first Almohad Caliph.
25:
7479:
6534:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
3454:History of the Prophets and Kings
3385:History of the Prophets and Kings
2072:, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'.
1595:Bibliothèque générale et Archives
977:
960:has argued that the rejection of
909:It was not until the rise of the
6552:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
4774:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
4646:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
4324:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
3285:
2796:Europe and Its Muslim Minorities
2378:10.1163/ej.9789004149496.i-310.6
2240:
938:. In the 14th century C.E., the
747:school. Indian Muslim reformist
682:. In particular, members of the
584:) meaning of expressions in the
470:
52:
7099:United Submitters International
6383:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
5761:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
5114:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
3591:
3582:
3555:
3528:
3501:
3474:
3443:
3411:
3398:
3377:
3365:
3347:
3331:
3310:
3298:
3275:
3262:
3237:
3198:
3185:
3157:
3137:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3045:
3028:
3006:
2984:
2953:
2931:
2820:
2786:
2772:
2744:
2687:
2650:
2615:
2579:
2566:
2502:
2486:The Arabic Linguistic Tradition
2475:
2462:
2423:
2398:
2315:
2303:
2211:
2181:
2147:
2120:
2090:
1322:
1258:and example of their Prophet."
994:'s republishing of Al-Muhalla,
7393:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
6411:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
5124:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
5119:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
4777:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
4398:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
3788:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
3421:, p. 541. Eds. Camilla Adang,
3383:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari,
3098:Falsafat al-tashri fi al-Islam
2625:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
2324:, Mizan al-'Itidal, v.2, pg.15
2286:A History of Muslim Philosophy
2054:The Code of Muslim Family Laws
1921:
1895:Melchert, Christopher (1997).
1888:
1861:
1825:
1795:
1699:, founded by his student, the
1541:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali
1335:Followers of the Ẓāhirī school
1174:to have been a female prophet.
1104:); the second consists of the
578:strict adherence to literalism
556:founded in the 9th century by
13:
1:
6825:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
5151:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
3145:The Riba-Interest Equivalence
2694:Christopher Melchert (1997).
2657:Christopher Melchert (1997).
2513:Refutation of the Grammarians
2511:, Introduction to Ibn Mada's
2312:, Lisan al-Mizan, v.2, pg.422
2250:., v.13, Entry 55, pp. 97–108
2164:A History of the Arab Peoples
1612:
1502:Fatḥ al-Din Ibn Sayyid al-Nās
1313:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
1033:
864:Muhammad's closest companions
605:Muhammad's closest companions
603:) of the first generation of
580:and reliance on the outward (
6513:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
6454:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
6435:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
5453:Islamic schools and branches
4288:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
4193:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
3711:Mundhir ibn Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī
3687:Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
3450:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
2392: – via Brill
1636:. In Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.).
1543:(died 1987), translated the
1386:Mundhir bin Sa'īd al-Ballūṭī
1350:Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
1308:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
1208:
694:
629:societal custom or knowledge
7:
6445:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
5141:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
4498:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
4433:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
2911:Osman, Amr (18 July 2014).
2628:. Oxford University Press.
1691:) was exceeded only by the
1685:explicit import of the text
540:
27:Legal school in Sunni Islam
10:
7484:
7196:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
6641:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
6394:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
6072:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
5556:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
4812:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
4443:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
4403:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
4228:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
3765:Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās
3576:10.1163/156851906778946341
3549:10.1163/156851906778946341
3522:10.1163/156851906778946341
3495:10.1163/156851906778946341
3318:Words of Ecstasy in Sufism
3217:Princeton University Press
3173:Edinburgh University Press
3143:Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq,
2561:Cambridge University Press
2031:Cambridge University Press
1632:Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021).
1496:Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās
1290:
1287:of emphasis on dogmatics.
921:
689:
512:
7387:
7340:
7292:
7246:
7136:
7123:
7062:
6959:
6902:
6885:
6772:
6720:
6711:
6650:
6567:
6501:
6478:
6425:
6345:
6330:
6260:
6127:
5970:
5834:
5809:
5785:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
5722:
5622:
5472:
5463:
5459:
5446:
5420:
5365:
5312:
5208:
5201:
5159:
5129:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
5089:
4947:
4844:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
4792:
4762:
4669:
4637:
4578:
4536:
4357:
4311:
4298:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
4273:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
4123:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
4062:
4053:
4021:
3993:
3960:
3932:
3925:
3921:
3896:
3827:
3780:
3661:
3607:. Routledge. p. 82.
3229:Schacht, Joseph (1959) .
3060:Syracuse University Press
2917:. Brill. pp. 37–40.
2901:, v. 10, pp. 89–113. 1974
2793:Nachmani, Amikam (2009).
2700:Brill. pp. 188–189.
2188:Brown, Daniel W. (1999).
1901:Brill. pp. 178–197.
1771:10.1163/9789004279650_003
1728:Companions of the Prophet
1575:Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi'i
1466:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur
1123:of the Muslim community.
576:. It is characterized by
278:Sunni schools of theology
6814:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
5689:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
5303:The Moderation in Belief
5184:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
4922:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
4493:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
4423:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
3387:. Vol. 1, p. 66. Trans.
2875:A History of Islamic Law
2407:A History of Islamic Law
1999:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1658:10.4324/9780367816230-16
7271:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
6667:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
6585:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
6357:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
5296:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
5254:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
5109:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
4513:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
4418:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
4408:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
4248:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
4203:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
4138:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
3564:Islamic Law and Society
3537:Islamic Law and Society
3510:Islamic Law and Society
3483:Islamic Law and Society
3021:, vol. 7, pp. 309–320.
2394:(subscription required)
2345:Oxford University Press
2098:Kamali, Mohammad Hashim
1995:"Ẓāhirīyah ISLAMIC LAW"
1868:Gleave, Robert (2012).
737:traditionalist theology
515:Zahiri (disambiguation)
76:Prophets and Messengers
7468:Sunni Islamic branches
6943:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
6525:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
6018:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
5513:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
5174:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
5169:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
5104:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
5064:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
5049:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
4729:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
4724:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
4483:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
4393:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
4388:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
4373:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
4243:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
4208:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
4133:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
3771:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
3759:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati
3425:and Sabine Schmidtke.
3305:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
1508:Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati
1490:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati
1275:
856:Umm al-Qura University
344:Contemporary movements
159:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
86:Succession to Muhammad
7212:Wallace Fard Muhammad
6169:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
5676:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
5425:Early Muslim scholars
5233:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
4503:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
4253:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
4163:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
3735:Ibn Tahir of Caesarea
3292:Siyar a`lam al-nubala
3243:Snouck Hurgronje, C.
2310:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
2280:Dr. Omar A. Farrukh,
2247:Siyar a`lam al-nubala
1935:Melchert, Christopher
1260:
1228:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
1092:Islamic jurisprudence
554:Islamic jurisprudence
6863:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
6658:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
5848:Theology of Twelvers
5693:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
5240:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
5039:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
4438:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
4428:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
4413:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
4233:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
4198:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
4188:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
4183:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
4158:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
2993:"Questions on Qiyas"
2724:Rane, Halim (2010).
2515:, p. 6. Cairo, 1947.
2430:Christopher Melchert
2269:Christopher Melchert
1712:analogical reasoning
1390:Caliphate of Córdoba
1151:analogical reasoning
968:Christopher Melchert
709:prophetic traditions
646:and more broadly in
644:Caliphate of Córdoba
621:analogical deduction
619:); and rejection of
126:Declaration of Faith
7092:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
6839:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
6811:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
6609:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
6271:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
5578:Other Salafi trends
5407:Musta'li Isma'ilism
5323:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
4714:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
4478:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
4128:Zakariyya al-Ansari
3818:Abdul Aziz al-Harbi
3806:Muhammad Abu Khubza
3794:Abu Turab al-Zahiri
3268:Margoliouth, D.S.,
2444:Falih al-Dhibyani,
1683:'s reliance on the
1601:Abdul Aziz al-Harbi
1587:Muhammad Abu Khubza
1561:Abu Turab al-Zahiri
1555:Damascus University
1537:and Islamic author.
1317:Abu Bakr al-Khallal
1278:Zahirism and Sufism
1155:juristic discretion
886:school, and to the
860:Abdul Aziz al-Harbi
7391:Other scholars of
7282:Islamic modernists
7256:Modernist Salafism
6912:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
6871:Abdullah ibn Saba'
6806:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
6691:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
6679:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
6670:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
6601:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
5923:Astarabadi (Naimi)
5653:Abdullah al-Harari
5607:Muhammad bin Dawud
5540:Syed Nazeer Husain
5275:Tabsirat al-Adilla
5189:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
5024:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
4871:Syed Nazeer Husain
4794:Salafi Theologians
4546:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
4518:Muhammad Abu Zahra
4303:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
4153:Abdul Qadir Gilani
3753:Ibn Dihya al-Kalby
3675:Abd Allah al-Qaysi
3193:Zahiri Conceptions
3150:2012-03-12 at the
3085:Zahiri Conceptions
3025:Dar al-fikr, 1990.
2572:Carl Brockelmann,
2451:2013-07-03 at the
1535:Muslim Brotherhood
1484:Ibn Dihya al-Kalby
1341:Abd Allah al-Qaysi
1121:absolute consensus
996:Muhammad Abu Zahra
874:Westward expansion
611:), for sources of
574:Islamic Golden Age
383:Neo-traditionalism
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7383:
7382:
7192:Muhammad Jaunpuri
7119:
7118:
7045:Sumāma ibn Ashras
6881:
6880:
6732:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
6707:
6706:
6577:Gaylān ibn Marwān
6474:
6473:
6326:
6325:
5989:Abdallah al-Aftah
5805:
5804:
5718:
5717:
5702:Necmettin Erbakan
5544:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5508:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5416:
5415:
5356:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
5350:Tashih al-I'tiqad
5261:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
5197:
5196:
5179:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
5146:Idris Imad al-Din
5099:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
5074:Ruhollah Khomeini
5054:Zurarah ibn A'yan
5029:Sharif al-Murtaza
5017:Muhammad al-Mahdi
5002:Muhammad al-Jawad
4982:Muhammad al-Baqir
4883:Siddiq Hasan Khan
4859:Rabee al-Madkhali
4508:Murtada al-Zabidi
4283:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
4049:
4048:
3856:
3855:
3614:978-1-134-01229-9
3460:. New York City:
3391:. New York City:
3371:Mohammed Rustom,
3123:978-0-8129-8875-8
3096:Subhi Mahmasani,
2979:Zahiri Conception
2924:978-90-04-27965-0
2665:. Brill. p.
2643:978-0-19-512558-0
2608:978-0-521-58813-3
2545:Morteza Motahhari
2455:. Interview with
2387:978-90-04-14949-6
2343:. New York City:
2201:978-0-521-65394-7
2174:978-0-674-01017-8
2140:978-1-136-72639-2
2113:978-0-19-025145-1
2021:Daniel W. Brown,
1964:978-1-937040-49-9
1881:978-0-7486-3113-1
1854:978-0-19-923049-5
1818:978-0-521-00580-7
1780:978-90-04-27965-0
1765:. pp. 9–47.
1518:Fatimid Caliphate
1478:Idris I al-Ma'mun
1472:Muhammad al-Nasir
1052:) meaning of the
888:Iberian Peninsula
770:). Alongside the
538:
511:
510:
356:Deobandi movement
16:(Redirected from
7475:
7134:
7133:
6900:
6899:
6718:
6717:
6694:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
6676:Awn ibn Abdullāh
6663:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
6633:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
6499:
6498:
6343:
6342:
6312:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
6281:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
6250:Khashabiyya Shia
6186:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
6144:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
5927:Imadaddin Nasimi
5832:
5831:
5729:
5728:
5600:Salafi Modernism
5503:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
5470:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5448:
5447:
5344:Awail Al Maqalat
5226:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
5206:
5205:
5136:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
5091:Isma'ili Shi'ism
5079:Wilayat al-faqih
5059:Hisham ibn Hakam
5044:Allamah Al-Hilli
4268:Muhammad Mayyara
4060:
4059:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3898:
3897:
3890:Islamic theology
3883:
3876:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3705:Ibn al-Mughallis
3648:
3641:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3478:
3472:
3447:
3441:
3431:Brill Publishers
3415:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3359:www.al-islam.org
3351:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3289:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3163:Yasir Suleiman,
3161:
3155:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3070:
3049:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2861:
2858:Brill Publishers
2850:Bernard G. Weiss
2846:Devin J. Stewart
2843:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2596:
2587:Berkey, Jonathan
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2363:
2348:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:Goldziher, pg.28
2298:
2292:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2094:
2088:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1955:Brill Publishers
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1842:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1763:Brill Publishers
1742:
1733:
1732:
1640:(1st ed.).
1629:
1607:Yahya al-Bahrumi
1551:Sa'id al-Afghani
1531:Hasan al-Hudaybi
1450:Sahih al-Bukhari
1428:six hadith books
1424:Ibn al-Qaisarani
1374:Ibn al-Mughallis
1273:
1250:Hanbali scholar
1236:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1232:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr
1182:Tawus ibn Kaysan
1165:Distinct rulings
1140:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
1000:Sa'id al-Afghani
928:Ibn al-Mughallis
764:legal conformity
733:Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal
717:Quranic exegesis
707:and studied the
543:
533:
531:
503:
496:
489:
477:Islam portal
475:
474:
473:
351:Barelvi movement
317:
316:
230:
229:
56:
47:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7423:
7379:
7336:
7307:Ahmed Raza Khan
7288:
7242:
7232:Fethullah Gülen
7207:Nation of Islam
7128:
7125:
7115:
7058:
7035:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
6963:
6955:
6893:
6889:
6877:
6798:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
6768:
6703:
6688:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
6646:
6563:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6470:
6421:
6334:
6322:
6256:
6130:
6123:
6091:Hassan-i Sabbah
5974:
5966:
5838:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5801:
5766:Hasan al-Utrush
5714:
5680:Ahmed Raza Khan
5626:
5618:
5525:Dawud al-Zahiri
5476:
5455:
5434:
5412:
5361:
5308:
5268:Kitab al-Tawhid
5193:
5155:
5085:
5012:Hasan al-Askari
4987:Ja'far al-Sadiq
4949:Twelver Shi'ism
4943:
4915:Salafi Jihadism
4910:Osama bin Laden
4893:Safar Al-Hawali
4854:Saleh Al-Fawzan
4788:
4758:
4751:Sahib ibn Abbad
4746:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
4711:Ja'far ibn Harb
4676:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
4673:
4665:
4633:
4594:ī (Muqātilīyya)
4574:
4532:
4488:Shah Abdul Aziz
4361:
4353:
4307:
4293:Ahmad al-Dardir
4178:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
4066:
4045:
4017:
3989:
3956:
3917:
3916:
3892:
3887:
3857:
3852:
3823:
3776:
3669:Dawud al-Zahiri
3657:
3652:
3622:
3615:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3560:
3556:
3533:
3529:
3506:
3502:
3479:
3475:
3458:Franz Rosenthal
3448:
3444:
3416:
3412:
3408:, Saudi Arabia.
3403:
3399:
3389:Franz Rosenthal
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:. June 9, 2014.
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:Ignác Goldziher
3336:
3332:
3316:Carl W. Ernst,
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3280:
3276:
3272:, 1914, p. 65ff
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3205:Louis Massignon
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3162:
3158:
3152:Wayback Machine
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3050:
3046:
3033:
3029:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2940:"Ijma in Brief"
2936:
2932:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2871:
2864:
2844:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2677:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2553:Richard N. Frye
2539:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2453:Wayback Machine
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2364:
2351:
2341:Charles Kurzman
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2159:Ruthven, Malise
2155:Hourani, Albert
2152:
2148:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2078:Wiley-Blackwell
2067:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2020:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1965:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1800:
1796:
1781:
1743:
1736:
1704:Dawud al-Zahiri
1668:
1652:. p. 165.
1630:
1619:
1615:
1591:library catalog
1527:
1446:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
1430:of Sunni Islam.
1337:
1325:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1240:Ignác Goldziher
1220:
1211:
1167:
1119:; the third is
1114:Islamic prophet
1064:Kojiro Nakamura
1036:
980:
924:
916:Almohad reforms
876:
799:Islamic prophet
772:Ḥanbali jurists
729:Yaḥyā ibn Maʿīn
697:
692:
680:Muslim scholars
676:branch of Islam
558:Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī
518:
507:
471:
469:
464:
463:
442:Kutub al-Sittah
431:
423:
422:
403:
393:
392:
346:
336:
335:
310:
309:
280:
270:
269:
227:
226:
201:
186:
185:
161:
151:
150:
121:
111:
110:
66:
43:
42:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7481:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7313:
7298:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7261:Muhammad Abduh
7252:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7142:
7140:
7131:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7104:Rashad Khalifa
7096:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7087:Muhammad Iqbal
7079:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6971:
6969:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6940:
6938:Bektashi Order
6931:
6922:
6908:
6906:
6897:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6787:Abu al-Khattab
6778:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6745:Abū Hulmān al-
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6724:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6700:Amr ibn Murrah
6698:
6697:Ahmad ibn Hārb
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6685:Salm ibn Sālem
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6617:Sāleh ibn Umar
6612:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6593:Gassān al-Kūfī
6588:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6507:
6505:
6496:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6451:
6442:
6440:Jābir ibn Zayd
6437:
6431:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6408:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6351:
6349:
6340:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:Tawussite Shia
6305:
6304:
6303:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6163:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6135:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6110:
6097:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6011:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5980:
5978:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5953:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5920:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5844:
5842:
5829:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5778:Imams of Yemen
5775:
5773:Yahya ibn Umar
5770:
5769:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5737:
5735:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5699:
5686:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5645:
5634:
5632:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5484:
5482:
5467:
5457:
5456:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5399:
5388:
5381:Kitab al-Majmu
5377:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5219:Asas al-Taqdis
5214:
5212:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5069:Ja'far Sobhani
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Husayn ibn Ali
4969:
4964:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4905:Salman al-Ouda
4902:
4901:
4900:
4898:Sahwa movement
4890:
4888:Zubair Ali Zai
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Al-Zamakhshari
4733:
4732:
4731:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4595:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Ahmad Sirhindi
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4334:Malik ibn Anas
4331:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Al-Shahrastani
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3590:
3581:
3554:
3527:
3500:
3473:
3442:
3423:Maribel Fierro
3410:
3397:
3376:
3364:
3346:
3330:
3309:
3297:
3274:
3261:
3249:
3236:
3221:
3197:
3184:
3156:
3136:
3122:
3102:
3089:
3071:
3044:
3040:978-0759109919
3027:
3005:
2983:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2930:
2923:
2903:
2890:
2883:
2862:
2838:
2819:
2805:
2785:
2771:
2760:Maribel Fierro
2743:
2736:
2713:
2706:
2686:
2675:
2649:
2642:
2614:
2607:
2578:
2565:
2551:. p. 476. Ed.
2533:
2517:
2501:
2482:Kees Versteegh
2474:
2461:
2434:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2386:
2349:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2293:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2229:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2180:
2173:
2146:
2139:
2119:
2112:
2089:
2058:
2042:
2011:
1986:
1963:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1853:
1833:Mallat, Chibli
1824:
1817:
1794:
1779:
1734:
1666:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1292:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1098:(Arabic: الله
1040:Dawud ibn 'Ali
1035:
1032:
1016:Sadiq al-Mahdi
979:
978:Modern history
976:
923:
920:
904:Umayyad rulers
875:
872:
696:
693:
691:
688:
648:Islamic Iberia
562:Muslim scholar
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
466:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:
448:
447:
446:
445:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
368:
358:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
307:
306:
296:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
101:Predestination
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7480:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7342:Other beliefs
7339:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7316:Hilmi Tunahan
7314:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7266:Muhammad Asad
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7176:Sabbatai Zevi
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7122:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:Ali al-Aswarī
7025:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:Muʿāmmarīyya
6802:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6488:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6318:Waqifite Shia
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6243:Ishaq al-Turk
6241:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
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6195:
6192:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6002:
6001:Hamdan Qarmat
5999:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5898:Safavid Islam
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5882:Sheikh Haydar
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5474:Ahl al-Hadith
5471:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5161:Zaydi Shi'ism
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Musa al-Kazim
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Ali al-Sajjad
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Hasan ibn Ali
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4938:Post-Salafism
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Ibn Taymiyyah
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4783:Mustadrakīyya
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Amr ibn Ubayd
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
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4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
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4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
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4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
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4224:
4221:
4219:
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4211:
4209:
4206:
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4201:
4199:
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4189:
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4179:
4176:
4174:
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4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
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4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
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3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
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3965:
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3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
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3679:
3676:
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3471:
3470:9781438417837
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
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3440:
3439:9789004243101
3436:
3432:
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3401:
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3306:
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3181:9780748606979
3178:
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3125:
3119:
3115:
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3099:
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3068:9780815630555
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2994:
2991:Hassan, Abu.
2987:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2941:
2938:Hassan, Abu.
2934:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2915:
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2900:
2894:
2886:
2884:0-85224-354-5
2880:
2876:
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2859:
2855:
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2823:
2808:
2806:9781845192921
2802:
2798:
2797:
2789:
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2775:
2769:
2768:9789004234246
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Camilla Adang
2753:
2747:
2739:
2737:9780522857283
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2699:
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2683:
2678:
2676:9789004109520
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2416:0-85224-354-5
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2197:
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2142:
2136:
2132:
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2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2086:9781405178488
2083:
2079:
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2065:
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2055:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2039:9780521653947
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
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1966:
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1698:
1697:Ẓāhirī school
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:9780367816230
1663:
1659:
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1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:Abd al-Mu'min
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
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1314:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:Ibn al-Qayyim
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
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1160:
1156:
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1141:
1137:
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1129:
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1118:
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1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1028:Islamic State
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Amman Message
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Zahiri Revolt
937:
933:
929:
919:
917:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
795:
790:
788:
783:
779:
778:
777:Ahl al-Ḥadīth
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:
671:) within the
670:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
536:
527:
523:
522:Ẓāhirī school
516:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
478:
468:
467:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
443:
439:
438:
437:
434:
433:
427:
426:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
339:
331:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
314:
304:
303:Ahl al-Hadith
300:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
254:
252:
251:
247:
245:
244:
240:
238:
237:
233:
232:
231:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
196:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
155:
154:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:
115:
114:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
96:Judgement Day
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
65:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
46:
38:
32:
31:
19:
7325:Other orders
7230: /
7223:Nur movement
7194: /
7151:Mirza Ghulam
7082:Tolu-e-Islam
6951:Galibi Order
6949: /
6934:Balım Sultan
6929:Babai revolt
6920:Qalandariyya
6918: /
6820:Mufaḍḍaliyya
6729:Jawārībīyya
6682:Umar ibn Zar
6651:Other Murjīs
6380:Bayhasīyyah
6297:Nuqta-yi Ula
6113:Pir Sadardin
6106: /
6020: /
6016: /
5933: /
5925: /
5912: /
5892: /
5888: /
5884: /
5741:Zayd ibn Ali
5691: /
5678: /
5629:Ilm al-Kalam
5542: /
5535:Ahl-i Hadith
5519:
5403:Umm al-kitab
5401:
5390:
5379:
5372:
5354:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5301:
5294:
5289:Fihi Ma Fihi
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
4957:Twelve Imams
4876:Ahl-i Hadith
4807:Ibnul Qayyim
4687:(Nazzāmīyya)
4168:Ibn al-Jawzi
4108:Al-Taftazani
4083:Al-Baqillani
3781:Contemporary
3743:(d. 1128/30)
3681:Ibn Abi Asim
3677:(d. 885/886)
3654:
3603:
3599:Ashour, Omar
3593:
3584:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3445:
3418:
3413:
3400:
3379:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3317:
3312:
3300:
3291:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3247:, p. 286–315
3244:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3164:
3159:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3112:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3051:
3047:
3030:
3018:Kitab al-Umm
3016:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2986:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2933:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2874:
2841:
2833:The Atlantic
2832:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2795:
2788:
2774:
2751:
2746:
2726:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2660:
2652:
2624:
2617:
2592:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2548:
2541:Hossein Nasr
2536:
2528:
2512:
2504:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2425:
2406:
2400:
2368:
2317:
2305:
2296:
2276:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2205:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2102:
2092:
2069:
2053:
2052:M. Mahmood,
2022:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1897:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1838:
1827:
1807:
1803:Hallaq, Wael
1797:
1750:
1746:
1723:
1715:
1708:Ali Ibn Hazm
1703:
1688:
1679:
1637:
1454:Sahih Muslim
1356:Ibn Abi Asim
1330:
1326:
1323:Imam Bukhari
1298:
1294:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1199:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1099:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1002:in 1960 and
992:Ahmad Shakir
984:Muslim world
981:
961:
956:
925:
908:
877:
867:
854:
817:
809:
792:
786:
775:
767:
759:
757:
740:
720:
712:
698:
684:Ahl-i Hadith
666:
664:
660:Muslim world
637:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
590:
581:
550:Sunnī school
545:
521:
519:
440:
371:Ahl-i Hadith
311:In terms of
308:
262:
255:
248:
241:
235:
234:
225:
119:Five Pillars
7453:Sunni Islam
7276:Rashid Rida
7124:Independent
7109:Edip Yüksel
7072:Ahle Qur'an
7023:Nazzāmīyya
7020:Ikhshīdiyya
7007:Huzaylīyya
6998:Bahshamiyya
6974:Mā’marīyya
6966:Rationalism
6916:Malamatiyya
6836:Mānsūrīyya
6782:Khaṭṭābiyya
6713:Mu'shabbiha
6673:Sābit Kutna
6606:Sawbānīyya
6590:Gassānīyya
6574:Gaylānīyya
6568:Other sects
6363:Sa'labīyyah
6360:Maymunīyyah
6337:Arbitration
6219:Khurramites
6183:Sam‘ānīyya
5956:Bābā Rexheb
5886:Shah Ismail
5706:Millî Görüş
5624:Ahl ar-Ra'y
5566:Al-Uthaymin
5487:Kullabiyya
5465:Sunni Islam
5366:Independent
5210:Sunni books
5034:Shaykh Tusi
5007:Ali al-Hadi
4997:Ali al-Rida
4934:Yasir Qadhi
4839:Al-Uthaymin
4829:Rashid Rida
4824:Al-Shawkani
4720:(Jāhizīyya)
4705:(Jubbāīyya)
4609:Jawālikīyya
4463:Ali al-Qari
4378:Al-Sarakhsi
4364:Al-Maturidi
4238:Al-Sha'rani
4218:Ibn Khaldun
4093:Al-Qushayri
4055:Theologians
4036:Metaphysics
3942:Eschatology
3909:Theologians
3808:(1932–2020)
3802:(1920–2003)
3800:Ihsan Abbas
3796:(1923–2002)
3790:(1893–1987)
3773:(1256–1344)
3767:(1200–1261)
3761:(1166–1239)
3755:(1150–1235)
3749:(1116–1196)
3731:(1029–1095)
3342:The Zahiris
3320:, pg. 163.
3154:, June 2006
3042:, pp. 26–28
2509:Shawqi Daif
2337:Chiragh Ali
1567:Ihsan Abbas
1172:Virgin Mary
1086:within the
1084:Islamic law
1004:Ihsan Abbas
972:Mu'tazilite
958:Wael Hallaq
952:Reconquista
948:Ibn Khaldun
749:Chiragh Ali
640:Middle East
613:Islamic law
457:Persecution
293:Ahl al-Ra'y
45:Sunni Islam
7442:Categories
7320:Süleymancı
7228:Said Nursî
7187:Mahdavīyya
7138:Messianism
7042:Sumamīyya
7032:Hābītīyya
6925:Baba Ishak
6867:Saba'īyya
6854:Mukhāmmīsa
6845:Mughīrīyya
6832:Ghurābīyya
6794:Bāzīghiyya
6762:Bārāq Bābā
6741:Hulmānīyya
6638:Ziyādīyya
6630:Ubaydīyya
6622:Shamrīyya
6614:Sālehīyya
6598:Tūmanīyya
6582:Yūnusīyya
6543:Sauwāqīyya
6519:Hakāiqīyya
6503:Karrāmīyya
6493:Hanafiyyah
6347:Kharijites
6285:Nuktawiyya
6236:al-Muqanna
6214:Muḥammirah
6202:Abu Muslim
6198:Rezāmīyya
6173:Hārithīyya
6165:Janāhiyya
6155:Hashimiyya
6129:Kaysanites
6076:Badakhshan
6009:Qarmatians
5996:Batiniyyah
5976:Isma'ilism
5947:Demir Bābā
5942:Baktāshism
5935:Bektashism
5914:ibn Nusayr
5910:al-Khaṣībī
5894:Kul Nesîmî
5890:Pir Sultan
5795:Khalafiyya
5790:Dukayniyya
5724:Shia Islam
5666:Maturidism
5588:Madkhalism
5491:Ibn Kullab
5314:Shia books
4864:Madkhalism
4764:Najjārīyya
4654:al-Qībtī (
4628:Karramiyya
4624:Ibn Karram
4580:Mu'jassimā
4468:Al-Maydani
4458:Ali Qushji
4383:Al-Bazdawi
4359:Maturidism
4344:Al-Shafi'i
4213:Al-Baydawi
4173:Qadi Ayyad
4148:Ibn Tumart
4103:Al-Ghazali
4088:Al-Juwayni
4078:Al-Bayhaqi
4069:al-Ash'ari
4041:Philosophy
3962:Philosophy
3741:Ibn Tumart
3729:Al-Humaydī
3725:(994–1064)
3570:(3): 312.
3543:(3): 290.
3516:(3): 303.
3489:(3): 292.
3462:SUNY Press
3393:SUNY Press
3326:SUNY Press
3282:Al-Dhahabi
3167:, p. 150.
3013:al-Shafi‘i
2852:. p. 111.
2707:9004109528
2322:Al-Dhahabi
2237:Al-Dhahabi
1981:2015954883
1914:2016-01-03
1908:9004109528
1693:literalism
1681:Ibn Hanbal
1613:References
1514:Al-Maqrizi
1434:Ibn Tumart
1418:Al-Humaydī
1402:Ibn Khafif
1159:al-Shafi‘i
1136:Abu Hanifa
1088:principles
1034:Principles
944:Al-Muhalla
858:professor
789:literature
753:Ibn Ḥanbal
593:literature
570:theologian
436:Literature
401:Holy sites
289:Maturidism
146:Pilgrimage
81:Holy books
7248:Modernism
7180:Sabbatean
7168:Kabbalist
7146:Ahmadiyya
7077:Kala Kato
7050:Kā‘bīyya
6981:Bishriyya
6961:Muʿtazila
6894:al-Juhani
6887:Qadariyah
6757:Kalandars
6737:Hāshwīyya
6625:Abū Shamr
6558:Zarībīyya
6555:Wāhidīyya
6546:Sūramīyya
6540:Razīnīyya
6516:Dhīmmīyya
6485:Hasan ibn
6459:Wahbiyyah
6406:Abu Qurra
6332:Muhakkima
6276:Hurufiyya
6263:Mahdiists
6178:Riyāhīyya
6159:Hārbīyya
6100:Aga Khans
6095:Assassins
6058:Sulaymani
6022:ad-Darazi
5960:Hārābātīs
5877:Qizilbash
5870:Shaykhism
5746:Jarudiyya
5657:Al-Ahbash
5638:Ash'arism
5571:Al-Albani
5551:Wahhabism
5396:Ahmadiyya
5337:Al-Khisal
5247:Al-Irshad
5202:Key books
4849:Al-Albani
4817:Wahhabism
4671:Mu'tazila
4660:Qadariyah
4538:Mu'attila
4453:Ibn Kemal
4448:Khidr Bey
4328:Hanafiyah
4263:Al-Bahūtī
4258:Ibn Ashir
4223:Ibn Arafa
4118:Ibn Furak
4113:Al-Maziri
4064:Ash'arism
4031:Cosmology
4008:Cosmology
4003:Astronomy
3975:Education
3820:(b. 1965)
3814:(b. 1942)
3747:Ibn Maḍāʾ
3737:(d. 1113)
3717:Al-Qassab
3713:(887–966)
3699:Niftawayh
3213:Princeton
3169:Edinburgh
2682:Zahirism.
2557:Cambridge
2490:Routledge
2027:Cambridge
1937:(2015) .
1789:1384-1130
1720:consensus
1676:237931579
1650:Routledge
1460:Ibn Maḍāʾ
1396:Al-Qassab
1380:Al-Masudi
1368:Niftawayh
1304:Ibn Arabi
1209:Reception
1195:position.
1192:Admission
1128:inference
1106:prophetic
834:Firuzabad
725:Abū Thawr
695:Emergence
597:consensus
535:romanized
418:Jerusalem
378:Modernism
366:Wahhabism
326:al-Wijdan
285:Ash'arism
7463:Ibn Hazm
7365:Tawakkul
7332:Tawassul
7294:Taṣawwuf
7216:doctrine
7064:Quranism
6858:Namiriya
6487:Muḥāmmad
6480:Murji'ah
6194:Rawendis
6117:Satpanth
6038:Musta'li
6033:Fatimids
5931:Hurufism
5918:Alawites
5823:Sects in
5815:Mahdiist
5751:Batriyya
5697:Deobandi
5648:Shafi'is
5583:Jihadism
5530:Salafism
5498:Hanbalis
5479:Atharism
5392:Malfūzāt
5330:Al-Amali
4927:Hazimism
4639:Murji'ah
4563:Jahmīyya
4551:Mu'jbira
4143:Ibn Aqil
3723:Ibn Hazm
3719:(d. 970)
3707:(d. 936)
3701:(d. 935)
3695:(d. 915)
3689:(d. 909)
3683:(d. 900)
3662:Medieval
3601:(2009).
3464:, 1989.
3433:, 2013.
3195:, p. 20.
3175:, 1999.
3148:Archived
3129:22 March
3087:, p. 44.
3062:, 2005.
3056:Syracuse
2981:, p. 15.
2856:: 2002.
2589:(2003).
2492:, 1997.
2449:Archived
2282:Zaharism
2218:203-235.
2161:(2002).
2100:(2015).
2080:, 2008.
2033:, 1996.
2004:19 April
1835:(2007).
1805:(2005).
1646:New York
1593:for the
1408:Ibn Hazm
1266:—
1117:Muhammad
988:Ibn Hazm
911:Almohads
842:Damascus
802:Muhammad
652:Ibn Hazm
546:Zahirism
541:Ẓāhiryya
361:Salafism
330:al-Kashf
299:Atharism
166:Abu Bakr
37:a series
35:Part of
7458:Madhhab
7414:Shafi'i
7404:Hanbali
7370:Tewafuq
7350:Sadaqah
7311:Barelvi
7302:Ṭarīqah
7156:Qadiani
7129:beliefs
6904:Alevism
6751:Dimashq
6537:Nūnīyya
6531:Maʿīyya
6491:ibn al-
6466:Azzabas
6427:Ibadism
6415:Nukkari
6369:Azariqa
6354:Ajardi
6301:Bábīyya
6207:Sunpadh
6139:Mukhtār
6104:Nizaris
6079:Alevism
6053:Dawoodi
6043:Tayyibi
6005:Sevener
5984:Fathite
5858:Akhbari
5853:Ja'fari
5840:Twelver
5819:Shi'ite
5756:Imamate
5733:Zaydism
5684:Barelvi
5671:Hanafis
5643:Malikis
5612:Maqrizi
5561:Ibn Baz
5520:Zahiris
5282:Masnavi
4834:Ibn Baz
4648:Dimashq
4348:Shafi‘i
4278:'Illish
4013:Physics
3995:Science
3848:Shafi'i
3838:Hanbali
3395:, 1989.
3328:, 1983.
3219:, 1994.
3191:Adang,
3083:Adang,
2998:14 July
2977:Adang,
2945:14 July
2563:, 1999.
2347:, 2002.
2074:Hoboken
1973:3399501
1947:Atlanta
1747:Madhhab
1701:Persian
1695:of the
1291:Zahiris
1201:madhhab
1186:Qatadah
1144:Hanbali
1110:reports
922:Decline
900:Hanbali
896:Shafi‘i
892:Abbasid
850:Bukhara
830:Isfahan
822:Baghdad
705:Baghdad
690:History
668:madhhab
656:Ḥanbalī
617:sharīʿa
572:of the
537::
452:History
221:Hanbali
216:Shafi'i
195:schools
141:Fasting
136:Charity
64:Beliefs
7448:Zahiri
7419:Zahiri
7409:Maliki
7399:Hanafi
7375:Thawab
7355:Sunnah
7280:Other
7236:Hizmet
7200:Zikris
7171:Dönmes
7161:Lahori
7127:Muslim
6947:Rifa`i
6892:Ma'bad
6774:Tajsīm
6722:Tamsīl
6449:Ifrani
6389:Najdat
6292:Shayki
6261:Other
6229:Mazyar
6108:Khojas
6086:Nizari
6065:Hafizi
6026:Druzes
6007:
5951:Alians
5905:Ghulat
5385:Alawis
4652:Nabati
4617:Abdals
4599:Juzjan
4338:Maliki
4023:Sufism
3947:Ethics
3934:Aqidah
3926:Fields
3905:Fields
3843:Maliki
3833:Hanafi
3693:Ruwaym
3611:
3468:
3437:
3427:Leiden
3406:Khobar
3322:Albany
3179:
3120:
3066:
3038:
2921:
2899:Orient
2881:
2854:Leiden
2812:10 May
2803:
2766:
2734:
2704:
2673:
2640:
2605:
2496:
2413:
2384:
2198:
2171:
2137:
2110:
2084:
2037:
1979:
1971:
1961:
1951:Leiden
1905:
1878:
1851:
1815:
1787:
1777:
1759:Boston
1755:Leiden
1674:
1664:
1642:London
1545:Qur'an
1362:Ruwaym
1301:mystic
1284:Sufism
1272:(1984)
1076:Sharia
1059:Hadith
1054:Qurʾān
1024:Salafi
1020:Salafi
898:, and
884:Hanafi
880:Maliki
868:ṣaḥāba
848:, and
846:Fustat
826:Shiraz
814:judges
794:sunnah
791:, and
787:ḥadīth
768:taqlīd
760:Dāwūdi
745:Ḥanafī
741:Atharī
731:, and
721:tafsīr
715:) and
713:ḥadīth
627:) and
609:ṣaḥāba
595:; the
591:ḥadīth
568:, and
566:jurist
530:ظاهرية
526:Arabic
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